Literature Review :Purpose, Procedure and Citation

Dr. Pramil K. Panda

Sequence of LectureWhat is Literature Review?Functions of Literature ReviewProcedures of Literature ReviewWriting of Literature ReviewSources of LiteratureCitation of Literature Inside TextMethods of Preparing the Bibliography/ References

What is Literature ReviewBeing acquainted with the existing body of literature in the proposed area of researchIntegral part of the entire research processEnhances and consolidates the preliminary ideas on research problemHelps to establish theoretical roots of studyClarifies ideas and develops methodologyIntegrates the findings with existing body of knowledge by either justifying or falsifying the earlier researches

Functions of Literature ReviewBrings clarity and focus to research problemHelps synchronizing the broad area into smaller ones for empirical investigationAdds to the existing knowledge baseIdentifies research gaps and enables to conduct research in less explored areasImproves research methodologyAcquaints with the earlier methodologies and their drawbacksContextualizes research findingsCompares with earlier findings to similar research problems

Procedures of Literature ReviewIdentify a broad area of interest with an aim of gradually narrowing it downPrepare a reading list in that area with the help of library, Internet, expert consultation etc. Collect the literatures and read them allNote down all the main points of them: research problems, methodologies and findingsIdentify the research issues and research gapsDevelop theoretical and conceptual frameworksPosition your proposed research problem within that framework

Writing of Literature ReviewList out the different themes of the reviews and categorize them accordinglyDevelop subheadings for each of the theme and follow a logical progressionUnder each subheading record the reviews by highlighting the main pointsWriting can be done in two ways:Direct Quote: copying the sentence (s) word by word within a quotation mark ( )Paraphrase: writing the theme of the sentence (s) in own words

Writing of Literature Review (cont.)Indention: If in any case quotation exceeds forty words then instead of putting within quotation marks put it indented on the left side with smaller font sizeFootnote/Endnote:Put all the explanatory notes serial wise in the sequence as they are referred in the text (using numbered superscripts) and place them at the bottom of the page if following footnote pattern and at the end of the respective chapters with the heading Notes if following endnote pattern

Sources of LiteratureAuthored BookEdited BookChapter in an Edited BookArticle in Journal / Periodical / MagazineInternet Web PageMaterial Downloaded from InternetUnpublished Report / ThesisSeminar / Conference Paper

Citation of Literature Inside TextWhy citation of the source of literature is needed?To acknowledge the intellectual contribution of the authorTo prevent plagiarism in researchPlagiarism: Wrongful appropriation or stealing of another authors ideas, thoughts, language or expressions and claiming as own work without giving due acknowledgements to the original author

Citation of Literature Inside Text (cont.)For single author: (Surname of author, year of publication, page number (s))Example: (Beteille, 1965, p. 34)For double authors: (Surname of first author and Surname of second author, year of publication, page number (s))Example: (Panda, & Nayak, 2009, p. 94-95)For Multiple authors: (Surname of first author et al., year of publication, page number (s))Example: (Ennew et al., 1977, p. 298)

Citation of Literature Inside Text (cont.)For multiple citation by same author: (Surname of author, year of publication, page number (s), repeat as many times year & page)Example: (Beteille, 1965, p. 34, 1974, p. 46)For group citation by different authors: (Surname of author, year of publication: page number (s), repeat all as many times in the chronological order)Example: (Brass, 1990, Jodhka, 1994, & Chattopadhyay, 2001)

Citation of Literature Inside Text (cont.)To distinguish different works by the same author in the same year, use the letters a, b, c etc.Example: (Beteille, 1974a, p. 25, 1974b, p. 72)For repetition of citations from same source, use (ibid, page number (s))Example: (ibid, p. 54)Use et al. when citing a work by more than two authors but list all of them in the reference unless it is more than five

Bibliography / ReferencesBibliography:Listing of all the materials that have been consulted during the review of literature for a research studyReference:Listing of those materials that have been actually referred in the text of the research reportProcedures of Putting References:Arrange all the references in alphabetical order

Bibliography / References (cont.)Authored Book:Name (s) of Author (s) starting with surname of first Author. (year of publication). Title of book. Location: Publisher.Example:Beteille, Andre. (1965). Caste, class and power: Changing patterns of stratification in a Tanjore village. Berkeley: University of California Press.

Bibliography / References (cont.)Edited BookName (s) of Editor (s) starting with surname of first Editor. (Eds.). (year of publication). Title of book. Location: Publisher.In case of single editor, replace (Eds.) with (Ed.)Example:Bryceson, Deborah, Kay, Cristobal, & Mooij, Jos. (Eds.). (2000). Disappearing peasantries? Rural labour in Africa, Asia and Latin America. London: Intermediate Technology Publications.

Bibliography / References (cont.)Chapter in Edited BookName (s) of Author (s) starting with surname of first Author. (year of publication). Title of chapter. In Name (s) of Editors (Eds.), Title of book (pp. beginning page-ending page). Location: Publisher.In case of single editor, replace (Eds.) with (Ed.)Example:Gosal, G.S., & Krishan, G. (1975). Patterns of internal migration in India. In Leszek A. Kosinski, & R. Mansell Prothero (Eds.), People on the move: Studies on internal migration (pp. 193-206). London: Methuen and Co. Ltd.

Bibliography / References (cont.)Article in Journal / Periodical / MagazineName (s) of Author (s) starting with surname of first Author. (year of publication). Title of article. Title of Journal / Periodical, Volume Number(Issue Number), beginning page-ending page.Example:Panda, Pramil K. (2005). The left behinds: Women and household management in a male out-migrated Kalahandi village. Social Action, 55(3), 298-308.

Bibliography / References (cont.)Internet Web PageTitle of article. Source of access. Web address (Accessed on date).Example:Hypothesis. Wikipedia: The free encyclopedia. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypothesis (Accessed on 3 October 2012).

Bibliography / References (cont.)Material Downloaded from InternetName (s) of Author (s) starting with surname of first Author. (year of publication). Title of web material. Web address (Accessed on date).Example:Felluga, Dino. (2003). Guide to critical theory. http://www.cla.purdue.edu/english/theory (Accessed on 3 October 2012).

Bibliography / References (cont.)Unpublished Report / ThesisName (s) of Author (s) starting with surname of first Author. (year of submission). Title of Report / Thesis (Unpublished Report / Thesis). Place of Organization / Institution : Name of Organization / Institution.Example:Panda, Pramil Kumar. (2005). Peasantisation of migrant agricultural labourers in western Orissa (Unpublished Ph.D. thesis). New Delhi: Jawaharlal Nehru University.

Bibliography / References (cont.)Seminar / Conference PaperName (s) of Author (s) starting with surname of first Author. (year of seminar / conference). Title of the paper. Paper presented at name of seminar / conference during starting date-ending date with month organized by venue.Example:Panda, Pramil Kumar. (2005). Agricultural labour migration in western Orissa. Paper presented at national seminar on Sociology in Orissa during 22-23 February organized by the Department of Sociology, Sambalpur University, Odisha, India.

Thank You