2. mud testing

7/23/2019 2. Mud Testing

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PE7123-FALL/2003-

Mud Testing

• Importance o !ood data " T#ere is no $a% to e&a'uate a dri''ing 'uid(s

perormance or to diagnose a pro)'em un'ess testingdata are a&ai'a)'e* And i t#at data are unre'ia)'e---romau't% e+uipment, poor tec#ni+ues or care'essness---t#enan incorrect e&a'uation $i'' resu't*

• Importance o tandard Procedure

" It is t#ereore imperati&e t#at mud testing )e donecorrect'% )% using API standardi.ed procedures*t#er$ise t#e data are ot $ort# t#e paper it is $rittenon



PE7123-FALL/2003-

4#% 5oes t#e i' Industr% eed to 6a&e

tandard Testing Procedures or 5ri''ing F'uids

• ma'' dierences in procedure can ma8e a'arge dierence in test resu'ts9suc# as

" tirring or not stirring a samp'e--- can put air

into samp'e and ma8e retort &o'ume inaccurate

" Temperature o oi'-mud r#eo'og% test---can

ma8e a 10-20: error in P'astic ;iscosit% and

t#e <ie'd Point &a'ues o)tained

" Incorrect end-point co'or reading o c#'oride---going to )ric8-red rat#er t#an sa'mon-pin8

can gi&e 10 or 20: #ig#er c#'orides



PE7123-FALL/2003-

• Large dierences in procedures " not in API

9s#ou'd )e or)idden* A person doing t#is

is not perorming proper mud

engineering---suc# as

" =unning i'tration test or 7*> minutes, rat#er

t#an 30 minutes---and dou)'ing resu'ts andreporting resu'ts as 30 minute &o'ume

" Perorming titrations $it#out proper pipettes,

correct stirring, proper 'ig#ting " or )eing

una)'e to see t#e endpoint co'or c#ange*



PE7123-FALL/2003-

tandard Test Procedures

@an )e o)tained rom t#e

American Petro'eum Institute

Pu)'ication and 5istri)ution ection

1220 L treet, 4

4as#ington, 5@ 2000>

B202C-D2-37>



PE7123-FALL/2003-

Mud Tests Are sed to 5iagnose t#e

Fo''o$ing 5ri''ing Pro)'ems

• a't $ater 'o$• 6%drau'ic pressure o mud in $e'')ore too #ig# or

too 'o$

• Lost circu'ation

• tuc8 pipe• 4e'')ore sta)i'it%

• 4rong r#eo'og%, $rong r#eo'og% mode'

• @ontaminated mud

• EGcess pressure drop

• Poor #o'e c'eaning

• 5ierentia' pressure stic8ing



PE7123-FALL/2003-

• Formation damage

• F'occu'ation o mud

• Hua'it% o so'ids in mud are poor

• EGcess pump $ear

• nconso'idated sands

• @orrosion

• Mud c#emica's not so'u)'e in mud• Poor mud caused )% car)onate and )icar)onate

contamination

• Poor mud caused )% ca'cium

• En'argement o sa't ormation

• @ontamination )% su'ides

• Emu'sion deterioration


http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/2-mud-testing 7/62PE7123-FALL/2003-

API 5iagnostic Tests

• Mud )a'ance

• Mars# unne'

• =otationa' &iscometer • Fi'ter press9i'tration rate and mud ca8e c#aracteristics

• 6P6T i'ter press

• p6 meter

• and screen ---sand content

• Mud sti'' ---so'ids, oi', and $ater contents

• Titration apparatus---c#emica' ana'%sis



Mud 4eig#t- B$ater muds i' mudsC

• E+uipment Mud Ja'ance

" @up $it# )eam and rider Matc#ing 'id

upport )ase

" T#ermometer 32-220KF

• To o)tain density of mud



Test Procedure

• Measure temperature o mud and record on API

Mud report• Fi'' cup $it# mud* Press cap into p'ace* A''o$

gas/air and eGcess to escape t#roug# #o'e in cap

• 4it# 'id secure'% #e'd, $ipe o&er'o$ mud o cap

and 'id* I necessar%, $as# )a'ance in $ater or oi'• P'ace )a'ance on 8nie-edge o )ase support* Mo&e

rider unti' )u))'e s#o$s 'e&e'

• =ead @areu''% t#e position o t#e rider to o)tain

densit%• =ecord densit% on API mud report

• @'ean mud )a'ance $it# $ater or oi'

• 5r% and proper'% store )a'ance in case



• 4#at Important Inormation Is )tained$it# T#is Test

" 5ensit% o mud at temperature of sample tested

• 4#at Is T#is Test sed in t#e Ana'%sis

" a't $ater 'o$s

" T#e ca'cu'ation o #%drostatic pressure

" Lost circu'ation, stuc8 pipe, and $e'')ore

sta)i'it% pro)'ems



Errors

• Ja'ance not ca'i)rated proper'%

• Ja'ance $as $et or dirt% $#en used or test

• Mud )a'ance reads a densit% too 'o$ i t#e

mud contains gas or air

• Lid and cup are not a matc#ed set

• ;i)ration or $ind causes inaccurate )a'ance

position



Pressuri.ed Mud 4eig#t

• E+uipment Mud Ja'ance

" @up $it# )eam and rider Matc#ing 'id

upport )ase

" Pressuri.ation pump




Test Procedure• Measure temperature o mud and record on API Mud report

• Fi'' cup $it# mud to $it#in inc# o u''

• ecure cap onto cup $it# top &a'&e on cap open

• Fi'' Pressuri.ation pumpB'i8e a s%ringeC $it# mud

• Attac# pump out'et onto top &a'&e

• Pump mud into cup using at 'east >0 ')s do$n$ard orce• P'ace )a'ance on 8nie-edge o )ase support

• Mo&e rider unti' )u))'e s#o$s 'e&e'

• =ead @areu''% t#e position o t#e rider to o)tain densit%

• =ecord densit% on API mud report

• 4as# mud )a'ance $it# $ater or oi'

• 5r% and proper'% store )a'ance in case



• 4#at Important Inormation Is )tained$it# T#is Test

" 5ensit% o mud at temperature of sample tested

" Assurance t#at mud $as not air/gas cut in t#e

)a'ance


" !as 'o$ detection

" A'' pro)'ems $#ere accurate mud densit% is

needed



Errors

• Ja'ance not ca'i)rated proper'%

• Ja'ance $as $et or dirt% $#en used or test

• Lid and cup are not a matc#ed set

• Lid improper'% attac#ed

• ;i)ration or $ind causes in accurate )a'ance position

• Improper use o pump or pressuri.ation



p6 5etermination

• E+uipment p6 Meter " p6 meter, 0-1? range

" Jatter% po$ered

" o'id state circuits

" 5igita' readout

" Temperature compensated

" Lo$-sodium-error g'ass p6e'ectrode

" Ag/Ag@' reerence

e'ectrode " Juer o'ution

" 5eioni.ed $ater

• To o)tain pH of mud



Test Procedure

• amp'e o mud or mud i'trate at 70-0KF

• A''o$ )uer to a'so reac# 7-0KF• @'ean e'ectrodes )% $as#ing in disti''ed $ater

• P'ace pro)e in p6 7*0 )uer* Turn on meter* A''o$ readingto sta)i'i.e* Measure temperature o )uer*

• et t#is temperature on Temperature 8no)

• et meter to 7*0 $it# ca'i)ration 8no)

• =inse e'ectrodes $it# disti''ed $ater and )'ot dr%

• =epeat a)o&e operations $it# p6 ?*0 )uer or 10 )uer,depending on $#ic# side o neutra' t#e samp'e 'ies

• @#ec8 p6 7 )uer again and reset ca'i)ration 8no)

• P'ace e'ectrodes in mud or i'trate samp'e

• Ater D0-0 seconds, read p6 record on API mud report

• @'ean e'ectrodes and store in p6 ? )uer



• 4#at Important Inormation Is )tained$it# T#is Test " pH of sample. Relates to soluble chemicals in

mud

" To know if mud should be treated with causticor not

• 4#at Is T#is Test sed in t#e Ana'%sis " @orrosion, so'u)i'it% and eecti&eness o mud

c#emica's



Errors

• 6ig# p6 and a@' muds $i'' read muc# 'o$er

t#an true i 'o$-+ua'it% e'ectrodes are used

• 5eteriorated )uers Bincorrect p6C ca'i)rate

$rong'%

• Jro8en e'ectrodes, dried out e'ectrodes, $ea8

)atteries



Fi'tration---LTLP Test B$ater mudsC

• E+uipment " Lo$-pressure, 'o$-

temperature ce''

" @%'indrica' ce'', cap,

gas8et, pressure sourceand stand

" Fi'ter paper 0-mmdiameter 4#atman >0

N o* >7D* " Timer

" !raduated @%'inders10mL and 2>mL

d



Test Procedure

• Je sure t#e ce'' is c'ean and dr%, itted $it# i'ter paper

• Pour mud into ce'' $it#in O inc#es o top• P'ace graduated c%'inder under ce'' out'et

• App'% 100 psi pressure to top o ce'' and start timer

• At end o 30 min* measure &o'ume in graduated c%'inder

Bsa&e i'trate or c#emica' ana'%ses as neededC• =ecord mL i'trate on mud report

• =eport ca8e t#ic8ness Bin 1/32-inc#esC on API mud report

• 5escri)e ca8e teGture, irmness etc on API mud report



• 4#at Important Inormation Is )tained$it# T#is Test " Filtrate volume in static condition for 30 min

" Thickness and quality of cake after 30min

" Filtrate sample for soluble component analyses


" Differential stickin and formation damae problems

" !ll chemical composition tests



Errors

• =eading top o meniscus produces too #ig# &a'ue

• Incorrect or c#eap graduated c%'inder

• !raduate or i'ter ce'' #ad $ater in it )eore test

• 5id not run 30 min

• ot correct paper used " more t#an one s#eet used



Fi'tration---6T6P Test B$ater and i' mudsC

• E+uipment

" 6ig#-pressure, 6ig#-

temperature ce''

" @%'indrica' ce'', cap,

gas8et, pressure sourceand stand

" Fi'ter paper 4#atman

>0 N o* >7D*

" Timer

" !raduated @%'inders

10mL and 2>mL

T P d



Test Procedure

• Pre#eat #eating ac8et to 10F a)o&e test temperature

• tir mud > min Bor JMC, 10 min Bor 4JMC• Pour mud into ce''* Lea&e 1 BJMC or O inc#es B4JMC

space

• Assem)'e ce'' #ig# pressure top, 'o$ pressure )ottom

• Put ce'' $it# mud into #eating ac8et• App'% proper top and )ottom pressures

• P'ace graduated c%'inder under out'et

• =ecord &o'ume ater 30 minutes on API mud report

• @oo' ce''* pen and reco&er i'ter ca8e* Measure ca8e*

• =ecord ca8e t#ic8ness Bin 1/32 inc#esC and ca8e +ua'it%



• 4#at Important Inormation Is )tained $it# T#is

Test

" Filtrate volume in HT"H# static condition for 30 min

" Thickness and quality of cake after 30min

" $ompare HT"H# filtrate and %T"%# filtrate volumes


" Hih temperature mud chemical deradation

" #roblems of differential stickin and formation damae

in hot holes



Errors

• =eading top o meniscus produces too #ig# &a'ue

• Incorrect or c#eap graduated c%'inder

• !raduate or i'ter ce'' #ad $ater in it )eore test

• 5id not run 30 min

• ot correct paper used " more t#an one s#eet used

• Incorrect ce'' pressure or mud temperature



PE7123-FALL/2003-

• For $ater, t#e

unne' &iscosit% is

2D sec/+t Q7>F

• Jut Mud does not

'o$ at a constants#ear rate $#i'e

going t#roug# t#e

Mars# Funne'(s

tu)e at )ottom

T t P d



PE7123-FALL/2003-

Test Procedure

• @o&er t#e 'o$er oriice o t#e unne' $it# inger

• Pour res#'% samp'ed mud t#roug# t#e screen unti'mud is touc#ing )ottom o t#e screen

• 6o'd t#e unne' o&er cup

• =emo&e inger and start stop$atc#

• Measure time or one +uart to eGit unne' oriice

• Measure temperature o mud in cup

• =ecord Funne' ;iscosit%, sec/+uart, on API mud

report• =ecord temperature o samp'e on API mud report

• 4as# unne' and mud cup* tore proper'%



PE7123-FALL/2003-

•4#at Important Inormation Is )tained$it# T#is Test

" Funne' ;iscosit% o mud at temperature of

sample tested

" Indicates i maor c#anges #a&e occurred in

mud


" @ontaminated 'occu'ated mud, suc# as sa't$ater 'o$s



PE7123-FALL/2003-

Errors

• Funne' not in usa)'e condition* riice )ent or

p'ugged

• Mud not poured t#roug# screen " cuttings p'ugoriice

• ot enoug# mud in Funne' at start o test

• top$atc# not started/stopped on time

• 5iicu't% seeing mar8s on mud cup at one-+uart

• Incorrect mud cup used*



PE7123-FALL/2003-

5irect Indicating ;iscometer

• E+uipment ;iscometer " 5irect indicating &iscometer

" T#ermostatic samp'e cup


" top$atc#

• To o)tain rheoloy of mud

T t P d



PE7123-FALL/2003-

Test Procedure

• Put mud samp'e in t#ermostatic mud cup

• et temperature at 120KF or 1>0KF Boi' mud on'%C• =ecord test temperature on API mud report

• et at D00 =PM note dia' reading $#en stead%

• =epeat, $it# instrument at 300=PM

• tir samp'e at D00=PM or 10 seconds• A''o$ mud to sit undistur)ed or 10 secs

• Turn rotor at 3=PM* ote 10secs* ge' strengt# ondia'*

• tir samp'e at D00rpm or 10 secs

• A''o$ mud to sit undistur)ed or 10 minutes

• Turn rotor at 3 rpm* ote 10 min* ge' strengt# on dia'



PE7123-FALL/2003-

• 4#at Important Inormation Is )tained $it# T#is

Test

" &ield point

" #lastic viscosity

" '0 sec. and '0 min. el strenth on dial


" Mud r#eo'og% and proper mode' se'ection

" @ontaminated mud

" Pressure drop and #o'e c'eaning ca'cu'ations, etc



PE7123-FALL/2003-

Errors

• Incorrect )o) or spring spring not ca'i)rated

• Jent spind'e causing non-uniorm annu'ar gap

• Incorrect =PMs " s'ipping c'utc#, $orn gears, )ad

motor

• Incorrect temperature )ad t#ermometer



PE7123-FALL/2003-

and @ontent

• 200-mes# sie&e

• Funne' to it sie&e

• A g'ass tu)e

ca'i)rated to read

direct'% t#e : o

sand )% &o'ume

T t P d



PE7123-FALL/2003-

Test Procedure• Fi'' g'ass measuring tu)e to mar8 $it# mud

•Add $ater to neGt mar8 • #a8e t#e tu)e &igorous'%

• Pour contents o tu)e onto screen, discarding 'i+uid

• Add More $ater to tu)e, s#a8e and pour t#roug# screen

• =epeat unti' tu)e is c'ean• 4as# so'ids on t#e screen unti' t#e% are c'ean

• Put unne' upside do$n o&er top o sie&e

• Insert unne' tip into mout# o g'ass tu)e• 4as# sand o screen into g'ass tu)e $it# $ater spra%

• A''o$ sand to sett'e and read &o' : sand

• =eport and as &o' : on API Mud =eport



PE7123-FALL/2003-

•4#at Important Inormation Is )tained$it# T#is Test

" Amount o coarse so'ids in mud, t#at ma% )e

a)rasi&e

" 5ri''ing contractors app'% t#is test to $arn o

possi)'e $ear on pumps, etc


" EGcess pump $ear " Fai'ure o unconso'idated sands



PE7123-FALL/2003-

Errors

• Incomp'ete $as#ing o so'ids on screen

• sing $rong graduation mar8s on tu)e

• creen p'ugs, so sma''er partic'es are

retained

• @an(t use oi'-)ase mud in t#is test



PE7123-FALL/2003-

A'8a'init% B$ater mudsC

• E+uipment A'8a'init% Titration

" 0*02 u'uric acid so'ution

" P#enop#t#a'ein indicator so'ution p6R*3Endpoint

" p6 meter Boptiona'C

" 4#ite titration dis# " Pipettes, 1mL and 10mL, and a stirring rod



PE7123-FALL/2003-

• Procedure

" P'ace 1*0mL Bor moreC LT-LP i'trate in titration dis# " Add p#enop#t#a'ein p6 indicator so'ution, pin8 appears

" 4#i'e stirring rapid'%, add su'uric acid so'ution drop )%

drop unti' pin8 co'or disappears

" n API Mud =eport, record PRmL acid/mL i'trate " Add met#%' orange p6 indicator so'ution* <e''o$

appears*

" 4#i'e stirring rapid'%, add su'uric acid so'ution drop )%

drop unti' %e''o$ co'or c#anges to pin8 or reddis# " n API Mud =eport, record MRmL acid/mL i'trate

" TE M inc'udes acid to reac# PSM endpoint*



PE7123-FALL/2003-

• 4#at Important Inormation is )tained

$it# T#is Test

" sing P and M &o'umes o acid a''o$s t#eca'cu'ation o #%droG%', car)onates and

)icar)onate ion concentrations in i'trate* T#is

is correct on'% in simp'e $ater muds incorrect

in comp'eG mud i'trates

" M re+uent'% corre'ates $it# tota' car)onate

ions

" M gi&es guidance to pro)a)'e need or'ime/g%psum additions to correct car)onate

contamination pro)'ems



PE7123-FALL/2003-

• 4#at is t#is test used in t#e ana'%sis o

" @ontamination )% car)onates and )icar)onates



PE7123-FALL/2003-

• Potentia' @auses o Error

" Titrations can )e $rong

• sing contaminated e+uipment---pipettes, etc

• ot stirring rapid'% during acid additions

• &ers#ooting co'or end points or stopping too soon

• 4#at errors oten occur $#en t#is test is

perormed

" Missing titration dis# $it# drops rom pipette

" A''o$ing i'trates samp'e to a)sor) @2 rom air

" sing $rong strengt# acid 0*1 or 0*02 or >

• Adding di'ution $ater to samp'e

• sing 6T-6P i'trate samp'e, not t#e LT-LP i'trate

L me a 6 2 ontent



PE7123-FALL/2003-

L me a 6 2 ontent

B$ater mudsC

• E+uipment A'8a'init%

Titration

" 0*02 su'uric acid so'ution " P#enop#t#a'ein indicator

so'ution p6R*3 endpoint

" p6 meter Boptiona'C

" 4#ite titration dis# " Pipettes, 1mL and 10mL

" tirring rod



PE7123-FALL/2003-

• Procedure

" Measure 1*0mL o $#o'e mud into titration dis#

" 5i'ute mud $it# 2>->0m' disti''ed $ater " Add p#enop#t#a'ein p6 indicator so'ution pin8 appears

" Add su'uric acid so'ution drop )% drop unti' pin8 co'or

disappears Btir =apid'%C

" n API Mud =eport, record PmRmL acid/mL mud• 4#at important inormation is o)tained

" @a'cu'ate t#e 'ime content using Pm, P and retort $ater

raction


" Mud 'occu'ation )% presence o t#e ca'cium ion



PE7123-FALL/2003-

• Errors

" =eading t#e $rong endpoints*

" Errors o ai'ing to stir t#e titration rapid'%

during addition o su'uric acid---a''o$s #ot

spots Bareas o 'o$ p6C to occur in titration

dis# and 'imestone $i'' consume t#e acid* T#is'eads to o&er estimation o 'ime



PE7123-FALL/2003-

@#'oride B$ater mudsC

• E+uipment @#'oride titration " i'&er nitrate reagent

" Potassium c#romate indicatorso'ution

" u'uric acid so'ution 0*02 " P#enop#t#a'ein so'ution,

indicator

" 5isti''ed $ater

" 4#ite titration dis# " Pipettes, 1m' and 10m'



PE7123-FALL/2003-

• Procedure

" P'ace 1*0m'Bor moreC LT-LP i'trate in titration dis#

" Add p#enop#t#a'ein p6 indicator so'ution, i pin8

appears add su'uric acid unti' pin8 is gone

" I i'trate is dar8 co'ored add 2 m' su'uric acid and 1

gram ca'cium car)onate B to $#iten so'utionC

" Add 2>->0 m' disti''ed $ater

" Add potassium c#romate indicator so'ution

" Add si'&er nitrate drop )% drop unti' %e''o$ c#anges to

reddis# and persists 30 seconds*

" @a'cua'te m' Ag3 so'ution/mL i'trate



PE7123-FALL/2003-

• 4#at important inormation is o)tained

" T#e presence o disso'&ed a@', V@', @a@'2 or

simi'ar c#'oride sa'ts is indicated )% c#'oride

ion in i'trate*


" T#e contro' o sa'init% in saturated and s'ig#t'%

under-saturated a@' muds

" T#e presence o increased c#'orides indicates

t#e 'o$ o sa't $ater into res# $ater muds



PE7123-FALL/2003-

• Errors

" Titration ma% )e in error )ecause o procedura'mista8es )% mud engineer, suc# as

• Fai'ure to stir rapid'% during additions o reagent

and o&ers#ooting endpoint

• Fai'ure to use proper strengt# Ag3

• @ontaminated e+uipment pipettes, titration dis#, etc

• Missing titration dis# $it# titration so'ution

•sing di'ution $ater t#at is not disti''ed



PE7123-FALL/2003-

Tota' 6ardness as @a'cium

• E+uipment Tota' 6ardness titration " E5TA B;ersenateC so'ution B1mLR?00mg @a2SC

" Juer so'ution --- ammonium c#'oride/#%droGides%stem

" 6ardness indicator so'ution @a'magite

" !'acia' acetic acid so'ution

" odium #%poc#'orite

" 5isti''ed or deioni.ed $ater

" Titration )ea8er, 1>0m'

" Pipettes, >m' and 10m'

" 6ot p'ate



PE7123-FALL/2003-

• Procedure

" P'ace 1*0m'Bor moreC LT-LP i'tration in 1>0 m' )ea8er " Add 1m' g'acia' acetic acid, 10 m' #%poc#'orite and

)oi' > min on #ot p'ate to de-co'or i'trate

" @oo' and di'ute samp'e to >0 m' $it# $ater

" Add 2 m' )uer so'ution miG add #ardness indicator " 4it# $ine-red co'or, add E5TA so'ution drop )% drop

" ote &o'ume o E5TA $#en t#e so'ution turns red to

)'ue



PE7123-FALL/2003-


" Possi)'e #ardness ions are @aSS, MgSS, FeSS

" It can come rom man% sources* In res#$ater

)entonite muds #ardness ions cause

'occu'ation o c'a%s


" F'occu'ated c'a%s and mud contro' pro)'ems



PE7123-FALL/2003-

• Errors

" Titration ma% )e $rong " Fai'ure to stir rapid'% during addition o E5TA

" Fai'ure to use proper strengt# E5TA

" Juer is $ea8, due to ammonia 'ost rom so'ution

" @ontaminated e+uipment, pipette, titration dis#, etc*

" A''o$ing drops o E5TA to a'' outside t#e dis#

" sing di'ution $ater t#at is not disti''ed

" Ina)i'it% o mud engineer to detect t#e su)t'e co'orc#ange rom red to )'ue

P t i A) >000 /L



PE7123-FALL/2003-

Potassium A)o&e >000mg/L• E+uipment potassium @entriuge and Vo'mer

tu)e " odium perc#'orate so'ution

" V@' standard so'ution

" @entriuge 100 =PM--- #and-cran8ed or e'ectric

" Vo'mer tu)e "10m' graduated " ;o'umetric pipettes 0*>, 1*>, 2*> N 3*0 m'



PE7123-FALL/2003-

• Procedure

" Prepare V@' so'ution $it# 0, 3*>, 10*> N 17*> ')/))'

" To our Vo'mer tu)es add 0, 0*>, 1*>, 2*> m' standard

V@' so'ution* 5i'ute to 7*0 m' mar8 on tu)e

" To eac# tu)e add 3*0 m' sodium perc#'orate so'ution

" @entriuge Vo'mer tu)es at 100=PM or 1 min

" =ead #eig#t o $#ite precipitate in Vo'mer tu)e

" P'ot cur&e or use as a ca'i)ration cur&e



PE7123-FALL/2003-

" Ana'%.e mud i'trate samp'e

" Measure a &o'ume o LT-LP i'trate into Vo'mer tu)e

" 5i'ute to 7*0m' $it# deioni.ed $ater

" Add 3*0 m' sodium perc#'orate so'ution

" @entriuge Vo'mer tu)e at 100rpm or 1 min

" Add 2-3 drop more sodium perc#'orate to c'ear 'a%er inVo'mer tu)e* I $#ite precipitate orms, repeat test

using a sma''er &o'ume o i'trate samp'e

" =ead #eig#t o $#ite precipitate in Vo'mer tu)e

" !o to ca'i)ration cur&e to ind ')/))' V@'*



PE7123-FALL/2003-


" @oncentration o V S in i'trate p#ase o $ater

mud " E&en t#oug# it ma% )e VAc Bor ot#er V S

sourceC t#e amount o V S ion is presented as i

it $ere V@'


" @oncentration o V S ion in potassium muds to

sta)i'i.e s#a'es



PE7123-FALL/2003-

• Errors

" Fai'ure to prepare proper $or8ing cur&e or

%our test e+uipment

• @entriuge speed, etc

" Fai'ure to use proper amount o i'trate samp'e

" T#is met#od is usa)'e L< a)o&e >000mg/LV@'* ome muds $i'' #a&e 'ess t#an >000mg/L

" TE or 'ess t#an >000mg/L V@' use t#e

ion-e'ecti&e e'ectrode

2. mud testing

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