2. operating systems
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Hardware - OS course @ Telerik Software Academy
2 Operating Systems
Marian MarinovCEO of 1H [email protected]
Borislav VaradinovSystem Administratorbobi [ at ] itp.bg
What is Operating System?
To manages hardware resources.
To provides common services for the application developers.
To acts as an intermediary between the user(s) and the computer system. From a users point of view, the operating system is there to execute programs.
Non-interrupted execution
Interrupted execution
Arduino example
int pin = 13;volatile int state = LOW;void setup() { pinMode(pin, OUTPUT); attachInterrupt(0, blink, CHANGE);}void loop() { digitalWrite(pin, state);}void blink() { state = !state;}
Arduino example
void loop() { noInterrupts(); // critical, time-sensitive code here interrupts(); // other code here}
Kernel architecture
User spaceKernel space
Monolithic kernels
Micro kernels
Hybrid kernels
Kernel architectures
Kernel software
CPU Handling
Memory Manager
Interrupt handler
Device drivers
File systems
Network
CPU Scheduler
I/O Scheduler
Network Scheduler
Security mechanisms
Multi-platform
27 CPU Architectures x86 / x86_64
RISC / PA-RISC
SPARC
ARM
24 x86 CPU types 486/586/K5...
Athlon/Opteron
Cyrix
AMD Elan
Winchip
Intel Pentium*, Atom, Core*
Memory Manager (MM)
Does the physical memory allocation
Implements Physical Address Extension (PAE)
Linux specific allocation SLAB per cpu and per node queues
SLUB faster and default
SLOB fragmentation
Memory compaction
Huge pages
SLAB Simple List of allocated blocksSLUB Unqueued slab allocatorSLOB simple list of blocks
Normal page - 4kHuge page - 4MB
Interrupt Manager
This code is a simple dispatcher of events
Device drivers....
File Systems
The Virtual File System(VFS) layer is the 'One ring to rule them all' system in terms of file systems.
It is responsible for the main file system cache
It was introduced to the Linux Kernel in the 2.2 series
It provides abstraction layer above the actual file system code
Network
Devices
Drivers
Protocols
EthernetWiFiWiMax
GPRS/HSDPAAmateur Radio
BridgesVLANsTunnelsFirewall
ARPIPICMPUDPTCP
SCTP
DCCPRDSB.A.T.M.A.N.
Types of Operating Systems
Single/Multi-platform
Single/Multi-processing
Single/Multi-tasking
Cooperative
Preemptive
Single/Multi-threading
Single/Multi-user
Real-time
Thread scheduling
Windows
Linux Completely Fair Scheduler (CFS)
Niceness
Level 0
PIDTICKS
21426185
64723200
Level 0Level 0Level 0
PIDTICKS
21426185
64723200
Level 0Level 0Level 0
PIDTICKS
21426185
64723200
Level 0Level 0Level -19
PIDTICKS
31512132
3423194
Level 0Level 0CPU Core 1
Level 0
PIDTICKS
21426185
64723200
Level 0Level 0Level 0
PIDTICKS
21426185
64723200
Level 0Level 0Level 0
PIDTICKS
21426185
64723200
Level 0Level 0Level 0
PIDTICKS
21426185
64723200
Level 0Level 0CPU Core 0
I/O scheduling
Linux I/O schedulers Completely Fair Queuing - per-process queues and then allocates time slices for each of the queues to access the disk
Anticipatory - "anticipating" synchronous read, good for video streaming
Deadline - imposing a deadline on all I/O operations to prevent starvation of requests
Noop - simple FIFO queue and implements request merging
Network scheduling
Windows
Linux Traffic queuing with
different 23 different QoS mechanisms INGRESS and
EGRESS queuing
Operating Systems
http://academy.telerik.com/student-courses/software-technologies/os-windows-linux/
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