A Timeline of A Timeline of AnimationAnimationLesson TwoLesson Two

Photographic Photographic ProcessesProcesses

PHOTOPHOTO

Fledgling Photographic Fledgling Photographic ProcessesProcesses

• The first photographic processes, The first photographic processes, developed at the beginning of the developed at the beginning of the nineteenth century, involved light-sensitive nineteenth century, involved light-sensitive emulsions requiring long exposure times to emulsions requiring long exposure times to capture any permanent image, therefore capture any permanent image, therefore were not suitable for shots of moving were not suitable for shots of moving images. It was not until the 1870’s that images. It was not until the 1870’s that emulsions sensitive enough to take a emulsions sensitive enough to take a photograph in a fraction of a second photograph in a fraction of a second became practically available, although a became practically available, although a single photographic plate was needed for single photographic plate was needed for each picture.each picture.

The World’s First The World’s First PhotographPhotograph

1826 1826• This is the world’s first photograph, which This is the world’s first photograph, which was taken in in France by Joseph Nicéphore was taken in in France by Joseph Nicéphore Niépce, who took the photo from a second Niépce, who took the photo from a second story window utilizing pewter plates. story window utilizing pewter plates.

………………………………Eadward Eadward MuybridgeMuybridge

• On June 11, 1878, Eadward Muybridge developed a On June 11, 1878, Eadward Muybridge developed a system of placing individual stills cameras set system of placing individual stills cameras set alongside a track to record the normal movement of alongside a track to record the normal movement of men, horses and other animals. This film was created men, horses and other animals. This film was created using 12 cameras, over 20 ft, set parallel to the track using 12 cameras, over 20 ft, set parallel to the track over on which the horse ran. As the horse galloped, over on which the horse ran. As the horse galloped, it engaged trip wires to fire the camera and take a it engaged trip wires to fire the camera and take a picture. All of these still pictures were assembled picture. All of these still pictures were assembled and viewed one after the other.and viewed one after the other.

George EastmanGeorge Eastman

• George Eastman (founder of Kodak), George Eastman (founder of Kodak), developed a sensitized strip of celluloid film in developed a sensitized strip of celluloid film in 1888. This discovery marked the end to 1888. This discovery marked the end to calm….From then on, inventors in Europe and calm….From then on, inventors in Europe and America vied with one another to patent America vied with one another to patent cincmatic devices, and studied each others’ cincmatic devices, and studied each others’ patents with equal frenzy.patents with equal frenzy.

• Cinema was finally born in 1895, when the Cinema was finally born in 1895, when the first successful method for filming and first successful method for filming and projecting moving pictures, the projecting moving pictures, the Cinematographe, was introduced in Paris.Cinematographe, was introduced in Paris.

CinematographeCinematographe

Thomas Alva Edison Thomas Alva Edison (1847-1931)(1847-1931)

• By the end of the 1880’s all elements By the end of the 1880’s all elements required to make moving pictures had required to make moving pictures had fallen into place in the US. Thomas Edison fallen into place in the US. Thomas Edison had already recorded sound with his had already recorded sound with his invention of the Phonograph, then took up invention of the Phonograph, then took up the challenge to develop an apparatus for the challenge to develop an apparatus for recording moving images.recording moving images.

• In 1888, he entrusted his assistant WKL In 1888, he entrusted his assistant WKL Dickson, with the task of inventing Dickson, with the task of inventing something on his behalf. By late 1890, something on his behalf. By late 1890, Dickson developed the Kinetograph.Dickson developed the Kinetograph.

The Kinetograph and The Kinetograph and KinetoscopeKinetoscope

• Kinetograph – a device which could Kinetograph – a device which could take rapid sequential images.take rapid sequential images.

• Kinetoscope – a slotted machine that Kinetoscope – a slotted machine that provided a brief display of moving provided a brief display of moving images for an audience of one.images for an audience of one.

The Execution of Mary, The Execution of Mary, Queen of ScotsQueen of Scots

• On August 28, 1895, Alfred Clarke used a On August 28, 1895, Alfred Clarke used a Kinetoscope to film a recreation of the execution Kinetoscope to film a recreation of the execution of Mary, Queen of Scots at a studio in Edison, NJ. of Mary, Queen of Scots at a studio in Edison, NJ.

• This project was the first known special effect.This project was the first known special effect.• To create the illusion of a royal beheading Clarke To create the illusion of a royal beheading Clarke

first filmed the Queen as she knelt before the first filmed the Queen as she knelt before the executioner. After the axe was raised, the executioner. After the axe was raised, the camera was stopped so the actress could leave camera was stopped so the actress could leave and be replaced with a dummy.and be replaced with a dummy.

• When filming resumed, the axe was dropped and When filming resumed, the axe was dropped and the Queen’s head appeared to be separated from the Queen’s head appeared to be separated from its shoulders.its shoulders.

• http://www.archive.org/details/Execuhttp://www.archive.org/details/Execution_of_Mary_1895tion_of_Mary_1895

Early Films by the Lumieres Early Films by the Lumieres brothers. 1895brothers. 1895

• It was soon realized that moving It was soon realized that moving pictures could be projected on to a pictures could be projected on to a screen, and a paying audience would screen, and a paying audience would gather for each presentation. The gather for each presentation. The Lumiere brothers (Auguste and Louis) Lumiere brothers (Auguste and Louis) wanted to exploit this new medium for wanted to exploit this new medium for financial gain. They produced the financial gain. They produced the following films…..following films…..

• http://http://www.youtube.com/watch?vwww.youtube.com/watch?v=S1G6v4Ycmnk=S1G6v4Ycmnk

Cinema as a businessCinema as a business

• Auguste and Louis Lumieres quickly Auguste and Louis Lumieres quickly noticed the power of this medium noticed the power of this medium and hired 200 agents to travel to and hired 200 agents to travel to every part of the world exhibiting every part of the world exhibiting their films and shooting new ones to their films and shooting new ones to add to their library.add to their library.

• Eventually, their invention was Eventually, their invention was copied and exploited in countries copied and exploited in countries where the patents did not apply.where the patents did not apply.

The Introduction of “The The Introduction of “The Story”Story”

• It soon became clear that because no It soon became clear that because no particular system had a unique selling particular system had a unique selling point, the only way to make a point, the only way to make a successful business of film would be to successful business of film would be to produce films that told a story, rather produce films that told a story, rather than simply filming simple actions.than simply filming simple actions.

• Soon, sound, color and widescreen Soon, sound, color and widescreen would be developed within a few years.would be developed within a few years.

CitationsCitations

• http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eadwearhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eadweard_Muybridged_Muybridge - Wikipedia - Wikipedia

• You Tube – You Tube – http://http://www.youtube.comwww.youtube.com• Internet Archives – Feature FilmsInternet Archives – Feature Films• http://www.archive.org/index.phphttp://www.archive.org/index.php