2. rock cycle.ppt

8/20/2019 2. Rock cycle.ppt

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RRoocckk CCyycclleeAn understanding for the formationAn understanding for the formationof rock typesof rock types


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is a sequence of events involving theformation, alteration, destruction, andreformation of rocks as a result ofnatural processes ...

Glossary of Geology, Bates & Jackson, AGI

RRoocckk CCyyccllee

A more traditional definition is:


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he RRoocckk CCyyccllee e!plains

ho" RocksRocks and Natural ProcessesNatural Processes are related

"eathering

m e l t i

n g

p r e s s u r e

, h

e a t

Sedimentary Metamorphic

Igneous


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he RRoocckk CCyyccllee involves therecognition of three mainclasses of rocks.

he three rock types are #


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CEMETERYCEMETERY META!"ICMETA!"IC

IN#ENI!$SIN#ENI!$S

SedimentaryRocks

MetamorphicRocks

IgneousRocks Right%Right%


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he mantle, crust and surface of the earthcan $e thought of as a giant recycling machine%rocks are neither created nor destroyed,

$ut redistri$uted and transformed fromone rock type to another.

IM

S


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&iagram of the Interior ofthe 'arthCrust

( to )( km (*+

$pper Mantle)( to -( km

,(((*+

"o&er Mantle-( to /,01( km

/,(((*+

!uter Core

/,01( to 2,2( km3,-((*+

Inner Core2,2( to ,3-( km

),3((*+


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lets move to some of thesmallest components of Geology #

4o" that "e $etter understand thelargest components of Geology #


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.

Minerals make up rocks'

4atural compounds

and elements com$ine to form minerals'

Elements com$ine to formthe natural compounds'

Rocks make up the Earth'

here is a hierarchy to theelements of Geology

Atoms make up elements'


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Elements can $e arranged, $ased on theiridentifia$le properties, into the Periodic Ta(le

Atomic Theory proposes that all matter iscomposed of the atoms of a$out (( differentchemical elements. It further proposes that

chemical compounds are formed $y the com$inationof the atoms of different chemical elements.


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5nly eighteight elements make up over )*+ of the earth6s crust7

MgNa

,

!

SiAl

-eCa


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.

Minerals make up rocks'

4atural compounds

and elements com$ine to form minerals'

Elements com$ine to formthe natural compounds'

Rocks make up the Earth'

here is a hierarchy to theelements of Geology

Atoms make up elements'

8hat are Minerals%.o& can &e tell &hat they are%


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The identifia(le characteristicsThe identifia(le characteristics

ofof MineralsMinerals areare

naturally occurring inorganic elements or compoundsnaturally occurring inorganic elements or compounds

ha/ing an orderly internal structureha/ing an orderly internal structure

and a characteristic chemical compositionand a characteristic chemical composition0

crystal form andcrystal form and

physical properties of a solidphysical properties of a solid


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MineralsMinerals com$ine to formcom$ine to form RocksRocks


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9ome RRoocckkss are made up of ust one mineral ;like the sedimentary rock salt


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4o" that some of the $asicshave $een covered, letsconsider some of the

details a$out the

RRoocckk CCyyccllee


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T he RRoocckk CCyyccllee

"eathering


Igneous

>ocks are&eathered0eroded0transported0deposited0andlithifiedto formsedimentary

rocks


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he igneous rock granite can$e physically "eathered toproduce clay and sand.

ecoming a SE2IMENTARY R!C, 3

Sand can $ecome sandstone.Clay can $ecome shale

hese sediments can $e transporteddeposited and lithified to formsedimentary rocks.


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he metamorphic rock gneisscan $e physically "eatheredto produce clay and sand.


Sand can $ecome sandstone.

Clay can $ecome shale

hese sediments can $e transporteddeposited and lithified to formsedimentary rocks.


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Sedimentary rocks can $e physically"eathered to produce sediments thatcan $ecome other sedimentary rocks.



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+hemical "eathering dissolves the minerals in rocks.he resulting dissolved compounds could form evaporiteslike rock salt or rock gypsum or chemical precipitates likesome kinds of limestones. 8hat forms depends uponcomposition and depositional environment factors.

.4! 5 C!4 .4C!6

4,AlSi6!*5 4.5 5 .4!Al4Si4!78!.9:5 4,

5 5 :Si!4



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m e l t i n g


Igneous

IgneousRocksform from molten rock or magma in the su$surface or from la/a

e!truded atthe surface


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ecoming an I#NE!$S R!C, 3

8hen magma cools to a solid it $ecomes an igneousrock.

?olten rock is called magma.

Any e!isting rock @ igneous, metamorphic orsedimentary ; can $e su$ected to enough heat and orpressure causing it to melt.

he kind of igneous rock formed depends on "hat"as melted and ho" it cooled.

Igneous rocks are classified $ased on theirmineral composition and te!ture.


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$asaltgranite

granodiorite

rhyolite

pegmatite

Igneous rocks :


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p r e s s u r e

, h

e a t


Igneous


Pressure0Pressure0heatheatand fluidsand fluids cause

pree!istingrocks orsediments to$ecome

metamorphicmetamorphicrocksrocks


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ecoming a METAM!RP.IC R!C, 3

8hen the prefi! meta is applied to a rockname that means thatthe original rock has

$een metamorphosed.

If the igneous rock (asalt is e!posed to sufficient heatand or pressure it can $e transformed into themetamorphic rock call meta(asalt


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If the sedimentary rock sandstone is metamorphosed it can $ecomethe metamorphic rock 1uart;ite.

If the sedimentary rock limestone ordolomite is metamorphosed it can$ecome the metamorphic rock mar(le.

If the sedimentary rock shale ismetamorphosed it can $ecome themetamorphic rock slate.


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If the metamorphic rock phyllite ismetamorphosed it can $ecome the

metamorphic rock schist.

If the metamorphic rock slate is

metamorphosed it can $ecome themetamorphic rock phyllite

If the metamorphic rock schist ismetamorphosed it can $ecome themetamorphic rock gneiss.

If the metamorphic rock gneiss ismetamorphosed it can $ecome themetamorphic rock granite.


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"eathering

m e l t i n g

p r e s s u r e

, h

e a t


Igneous


he RRoocckk CCyyccllee does not go in ust one

direction.Any given rockcan go throughany part of thecycle any num$er

of times.

DEQ GLMD - The Rock Cycle in Michigan - February 2001


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2. rock cycle.ppt

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