2-vertebrate structure and development (part ii)2-vertebrate structure and development (part ii)...
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2-Vertebrate Structure and Development (Part II)
DEVELOPMENT OF CHORDATE CHARACTERS IN VERTEBRATES
NEURAL CREST
SCALING
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Weekly Quizzes
• Posted Wednesday by 17:00 • First Quiz Next Friday • Due Friday before 17:00
2
PK
• Sign up by Friday Jan 27 • Choose topic and give it close to lecture on same
Articles• Meant to be read as exam prep • PK prep/background
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zygote morula blastula
Q: What is the fate of the blastopore?
Gastrulation: one layer to three
http://worms.zoology.wisc.edu/frogs/gastxen/wholegas.html
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So, why do we care . . .
Evolution shaped chordates into vertebrates (us!)
From this …… ….. to this
Devonian “Age of Fishes” ~ 400 MYA
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“tube within a tube” organization
Amphioxus, a NON-vertebrate chordate
Q: Predict organ systems that must have been elaborated in early, predaceous vertebrates
Branchiostoma (Amphioxus)
CHORDATE BODY PLAN
Quick Quiz!
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neural tube differentiation
ectodermal placodes associated with the “special senses”
Ectoderm
ELABORATION OF CHORDATE CHARACTERS IN VERTEBRATES
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olfactory placode
lens placode
otic placode
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Cranial mesoderm –
braincase
Postcranial mesoderm
notochord
paraxial mesoderm or somites
vertebrae and axial skeleton
more
Mesoderm
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paraxial mesoderm or somites, cont’d.
segmental muscles (myomeres)
migratory muscle cells
(somitic derivatives are segmental)
intermediate mesoderm
kidneys
lateral plate mesoderm
appendicular skeleton
heart
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The heart is VENTRAL
each perforation of the pharynx is associated with a skeletal support (= gill arch), blood vessels and a gill.
Endoderm
Q: what is the function of the perforated pharynx in vertebrates?
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non-vertebrate chordate
vertebrate chordate
Q: in what ways do vertebrate chordates differ from non-vertebrate chordates?
Summary of chordate and vertebrate structure
mouth perforated pharynx gut anus notochord dorsal tubular nerve cord
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Neural crest cells, labeledNeural crest formation
The essential vertebrate tissue: = the 4th germ layer?
NEURAL CREST
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Neural crest cells contribute to many distinctively vertebrate structures: Pharyngeal arches, jaws, teeth, cranial nerves, heart, melanocytes, teeth, adrenal glands, autonomic nervous system, dermal bone
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Scaling and allometry: importance of size
Scaling basics:
-allometric equation
-geometric similarity
Groovy and childish examples
SCALING
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SCALING
Q: How much bigger is the larger “animal” than the smaller?
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Scaling basics: geometric similarity (large organisms could be (but are not necessarily) just geometrically scaled-up versions of small organisms)
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Metabolism, as well as structure, is scaled….
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Harwood, P. 1963. Therapeutic dosage in small and large mammals . Science 139: 684-685.
West, L. J., C. M. Pierce and W. D. Thomas. 1962. Lysergic acid diethylamide: its effects on a male Asiatic elephant. Science 138:1100-1103.
0.5-1.0 mg/kg is the minimum to cause a “transient rage”
6.5 mg/kg is lethal.
297 mg (= 0.10 mg/kg) was administered to “Tusko”, a male Indian elephant (West et al. 1962).
0.1 - 0.2 mg causes mental disturbance
0.02 mg/kg causes psychotic symptoms
Predicting LSD dosage for a large animal……
Q: Was Tusko overly “sensitive” to LSD?
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