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P ! August 14, 1953

Dr. Z. K. Matthews South African Native College Fort Hare, Cape Province South Africa

Dear Dr. Matthews:

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-aace Relations in World Perspective,- i5 the theme for a conference to be conducted at the University of Hawaii during the summer of 1954. On behalf of the steering Committee of the conference, I am writing to extend to you an invitation to participate as a full member of the con­ference to be held in Honolulu from June 28 to July 23, 1954.

The need for a world perspective upon a problem of such elplosive potentialities has become increasingly apparent to administrators and scholars alike during the past few years. Only recently, the necessary funds have been obtained to enable a small group of qualified observers and analysts from the more distinctive areas of raoe relations around the world to gather in Honolulu for a period of four weeks of undivided attention to the common problems resulting from race and cultural con­tacts. Three American universities especially concerned with research in this ~ea--the University of California, the University of Chicago, and the University of Hawaii--have jointly agreed to sponsor such a con­ference. The Steering Committee, representing these three institutions consists of Dr. Robert Redfield ,Dr. Herbert Blumer, and myself.

The enclosed prospectus indicates something of the conceptual frame­work within which this conference is being conceived. Briefly stated, the conference is designed, through its preliminar,y papers and discusBbn sessions, to review the state of scientific knowledge regarding race relations, and to evolve if pOSSible, the lines upon which subsequent research might profitably be conducted.

It is believed that the objectives of the conference can best be achieved b,y the meeting and close association over an extended period of persons who combine scholarly attainments or administrative skills in the field of race relations with a breadth of vision and facility in communication. Probably, not more than twenty-five persons will be selected for active partioipation in the conference, although an addi­tional group of observers may also be admitted.

~/

Participation in the conference, should you find it possible to acoept our invitation, would involve you in the following respects:

1. The preparation in adv3noe of the conference (by March 14, 1954) of a paper summarizing your observations with regard to one or another of the areas of race relations outlined in Part II of the prospectus . Because of your special interest and aocomplishments in the study of the adjustmentssbetween native and European peoples whioh have occurred in Afrioa, we assume that you might wish to focus attention upon' that general area of rac,e relations. Your suggestions on the matter will be greatly appreciated. The precise topic oan be de­fined within the next month or two. It is hoped that the papers prepared by the conferees may constitute a signifi-oant contribution to the theory and emperioal researoh of raoe relations. It is planned to distribute these papers in mimeographed form for the ~embers of the oonferenoe by April of 1954, and these papers will provide the basis of one of the major published volumes to emerge from the conference.

2. The Steering Committee is able to offer you a maximum of $300 for secretarial and research assistance for the prep­aration of your manusoript prior to the conferenoe.

2. Attendance and active participation in the conference ses­sions extending from June 28 through July 23, 1954. Afternoon and evening sessions (Monday through Friday) will be devoted to the discussion of the subject matter of the oonference (details to be worked out later).

Your expenses fof travel to Hawaii and return by the most direct route, and for food and housing accommodations dur­ing the period of the conference will be met by the con­ferenoe • Although it is not possible to pay a salary to the conferees, an honorarium of $500 will be provided.

We believe that this conference can contribute to the future peaoe of the world by its assistance in funding and re-ordering knowledge with respect to race relations. We earnestly hope that you may find it possible to part j cipate.

AWL/hk Encls.

oopied/lD-17-53

Sinoerely yours,

ANDREW W. LIND Director,

RACE RELATIOM3 OO NFERENCE

II. AREAS OF CONCENTRATION

~upon !~es::::o:p~~~~:t:hi~~rf~~ii~:~:o~;'i:~e~~~: ::!:n:~~:c:;v!h~~~~;~r~~~ng in areas of race and culture o~ntaots around the world. Analyses thus far completed of the literature available reveal certain oommon sources of social tension wherever diverse ethnic stocks intermingle; and one of the major functions of the oonference will be to examine the nature of these tensions, to determine if possible the uni­versal sequences involved, and to ascertain the most effeotive means of dealing with them.

The rapidly changing d ds tor labor and the shifting opportunities for economio advancement have usually set t e stage and provided the matrix for race relations in the modern world, and as a consequence, the initial contaots tend to be upon a strictly impersonal basis of economic utility and interdependence. Not always apparent but universally signU'icant under these oircUlllstanoes is the oompe­tition among the ethnic g~~ups for bioloBical 8urvival. At the out et particul rly, there 1s evidenoe of sharp differenoes in their reproductive tendenoies and in their susoeptibilities to dis8&se in the new environment, and tho entire pattern of subsequent race relations 1s frequ ntly governed to a large degree by t e nature of this unconscious biological strug Ie. There is much to be aine for both sci~~c. and sound administration by 8 IIlOre adequate un4erstanding of what happenc at t 1s level of differing racial immunities and fertility. FUrther case studies of wbat appears to be the inevitable diminution of differences in the reproduction and bIo­loctcal survival of roes withIn the same environment might 8ssist terially to allay some of the fears and tensions relatin to "raoe suicide" and "population peril".

The widely observed tendenoy of iJlll'lligrants to be assigned plaoes in the ex­isting economic structure in aocordance with the 80cial status achieved by their ethnio group suggests a second area of interest for the conferenoe. The struggle for economio survival, although assuming an impersonal oharacter at the outset, tends inevitably under the oircumstances of modern life to become highly conscious and personal as the prooess oontinues. Certainly, one of the major .ouroe of racial tension throughout the world is the tendency of' the ethnic roups "to get out of place. It

The relations of races and people are never for very long aerely eoonomic and utilitarian, and no efforts to conceive them in this way have ever been permanently successful. We have imported labor as it it were mere commodIty, and 60metiaes we have been disappointed to find, as we invariably do, that the laborers were human like ou~selves. The strug Ie for ex18t~c. terminates in a struggle for status, for reoognition, for pOSition and prestige. (Robert:. Park, Race and Culture (1950), p . 150)

The barriers of oaste or raoe discrimination which interfere with the free participation in this rivalry for status and pOSition differ markedly, of course, between areas such as Brazil and So'th Africa and within the same area from time to time. MOreover, the oolleotive frustrations and resentments resulting from the existence of such barriers assume widely different forms . The disoovery of such co.mmon elements 8S do exist and the fOrlllulation of the more important factors res­ponsible for the varied types of raoial oleavages along eoonomio lines might con­stitute important proble s for pre-oonference and conference consideration.

Closely aS80ciated with the problems just mentioned are the raoial stresses and strains in colonial areas arising out of the conflicting values and practioes of the self-suffioient native economy on the one hand , and of t e invading trading

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economy of t e west of the ot~er. Basic to much of the racial unrest and the associated nationalism in the colonial areas of the world are t he con~licts inherent in what eke calls economic dualism. Although a number of effective studies of economic dualism have been conducted in separate areaa, little has as yet been done tc evolve 8 common body of theory.

- t the level of political and administrative relations between racial groups are a number of problems which merit the attention of such a ccnference. Ihether or not all of them should be included depends largely upon the specialists who are available. Because of the compleXity and highly sensitive nature of many of the issues here in­volved, it seems important thet. the conference avoid over-involvement with adminis­trative detail and concern itself rather v'ith the description of what actually trans­pires under given conditions and the discovery of principles of effecti va functioning.

The systems of political sovereignty and of citizenship whioh have evolved in the critioal areas of races and culture contacts are, of cour~e, symptomatic of the type of moe relations to be expected. Regardless of tho protective Dowers involved, the nature of the relations between ethnio groups tend to assume a somewhat common pattern in all trusteeships, for example. Similarly in areas more advanced politically, second or t~ird rate citizenship on the part of certain racIal elements roflects a disparity in soctal and economic st tus which potentle.l1y breeds strife. Especially in regions where nominally there is political equl1ty acroes race lines but political discrimina­tion is widely practIsed, the dangers of conflicts are, of ccurse, much freater than 11" the pretense did not exist. A caret'lll comparison of such areas with reference to the political status of all the ethnio ~roups involved--of tne1r real position in contrast to those allegedly conferred by law--might reveal significant and unsuspected points of similarity as well as li ght u!)()n the points of difference. .

The growth of nationalism and the struFgle for political self-expeession on the part of raCial minorities would c0mmand considerable attention by the conferring speciali ets. The comparllti va. etfoct! veness of contrasted admini strati va poli cies-­domination, assimilation, and emanCipation, to mention only three of the more eeneral t~es--mi r~t be carrie considerably further than has yet been attempted particularly insofar as a tew typical cases are Dresented .by well-infor~ed conferees. The importance of a relatively s~li conference with t~e ryossib1lity of extensive, informal, and of1'-record discussions among com")etent speCialists is perhaps nowhere more ap.::·arent than in this area.

Problems ot education and langu r,e ' as atfecting rnce relations become apparent at this pOint. The policies adopted by the central govornment or by the colonizing powers on the racial frontiers with respect to the amoun~ and character of formal education pBrmltted to the minority groups aft ,ct very profoundly the attitudes developed within and between the various ethnic rroups. Quite apart from official policies, however, the spread of ideas and techniques by the various mass communication .media and their effect upon the racial outlook of the so-called colored peoples of the earth has been fre­quently sensed by scholars but only sl1phtly investigated. The 6h.ristian missions ave been pefiorally recogni zed to be amon the most influential of tlte propaganda and edu­cational agencies in coloni~l areas, but their not effects upon race relations ; ave yet to be detarminc1. The conference mig t also protitably examine the functioninr on the frontier of the various standard langua~es, as well as of the usual oreated languages-­the nlsntation creole and the tradinr pidgin--lf only as sympolizing the character 01" the race relations T"ich exist.

A varjety of other social movements and institutions characteristic of the modern ethnic frontiers are known to influence markedly t~e interaction acros s raclal and cultural lines. The nlantation, mine, mission, and tradinr ,ost--each affords its own unique facilities ~or interracinl contacts and association. The family an- tribal organization tend co~~only to interfere w1th interethnic cooperation while labor,

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religious, (lnd nationalistio movements more c01:1111.only tac111 tate it. Only wi thin the past two decades has any considerable attention been directed to the widespread malaise am.ong oolonial people resul tin~ from the detribnli ZEition and the atomi zation of' society following ccntacts with the j,est. The exotic religious sects and nativistic movements, as well a the more formidable nationalistio movements, represent the collective eftorts to reorganize life on a more satisfylnp basi s . The funded kno ~ledge within th.is field, however, 1s still surprisingly limited.

11nally, there is much still to be learned about the obliteration of race lines throuph biological amalgamation. The rate of miscegenation is kno~n to vary strikinp~y i~ dif erent parts ot the eart , but relatively 11 t"',le has yet been done to tormulate precisely the principles governing this phenomenon. T e part played by the mixed bloods in facilitstine racial croSSing and in the total pattern 0 interraoial rela­tions, desryite its dramatic and striking character, has still only pArtially been told.

The strlkinp ranpe of problems available for study by the conference is, of couTse, both a threat and a challen~ine promise. Care will need to be riporously exorcised to keep the preliminary rese,'lrc 1, the RToparod pB.per~ , an t e liil"cu8sion to the central problems of. race rolations. The conference cannot--must not attompt-to--define the principles affeoting all of the topiCS mentioned in this section. ',ith the proper selection of personnel, adequate preparation, and effective orpanizntion and ~u1 ance dur1nll tho session, it can, we believe, make eil'-ni:t"1cant contritJntions to both the scientific and the practical knowledre in t is critical field.

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