20 april 2005d. verkindt, lapp, virgo1 virgo experiment gravitational waves detector d. verkindt
TRANSCRIPT
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20 April 2005 D. Verkindt, LAPP, Virgo 1
VIRGO experimentGravitational waves detector
D. Verkindt
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20 April 2005 D. Verkindt, LAPP, Virgo 2
First detection of gravitation
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20 April 2005 D. Verkindt, LAPP, Virgo 3
Gravitational Waves
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20 April 2005 D. Verkindt, LAPP, Virgo 4
First words about gravitational waves
A. Einstein, Preussiche Akademie der Wissenschaften, Sitzungsberichte, p. 688 (1916) A. Einstein, Preussiche Akademie der Wissenschaften, Sitzungsberichte, p. 154-167 (1918)
25 Novembre 1915
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20 April 2005 D. Verkindt, LAPP, Virgo 5
An accelerated electric charge produce an electromagnetic wave
How is created a gravitational wave?
An asymmetrically accelerated mass produce a gravitational wave
e-
E
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20 April 2005 D. Verkindt, LAPP, Virgo 6
A gravitational wave affects space-time. It modifies the measure of distances.
The visible effects of a gravitational wave
h
xh
h = L / L
L+LL
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20 April 2005 D. Verkindt, LAPP, Virgo 7
Undetectable source of GW : you!
h = 10-41 at 1 meter
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20 April 2005 D. Verkindt, LAPP, Virgo 8
Strong sources: stars!
Black holesh = 10-20 at 0.02 Mpc
Formation d’un trou noir
Supernovaeh = 10-21 at 1 Mpc
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20 April 2005 D. Verkindt, LAPP, Virgo 9
Un signal bien connu théoriquement
Confirmed source: binary coalescence
h(t)
f(t)
Hz
sec
h = 10-21 at 1 Mpc
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20 April 2005 D. Verkindt, LAPP, Virgo 10
Binary pulsar 1913+16
- Discovered in 1974 by Hulse and Taylor with Arecibo radio-telescope
- Orbital period : 7.7 hours- Distance: 15000 ly- Coalescence in 300 million years
Hulse Taylor
R.A. Hulse et J.H.Taylor, The Astrophysical Journal, 195, 1975, L51
J.H.Taylor and J.M. Weisberg, « Further experimental tests of relativistic gravity using the binay pulsar 1913+16 », Astrophysical Journal 345, 434-450 (1989)
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20 April 2005 D. Verkindt, LAPP, Virgo 11
Challenge of gravitational waves detection
10-10 meters
h = L / L = 10-21
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20 April 2005 D. Verkindt, LAPP, Virgo 12
Interferometric detection
IncidentLaser beam
Interference fringes
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20 April 2005 D. Verkindt, LAPP, Virgo 13
Dark fringe
Interferometric detection
IncidentLaser beam
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20 April 2005 D. Verkindt, LAPP, Virgo 14
Out of dark fringe
L
L
Interferometric detection
IncidentLaser beam
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20 April 2005 D. Verkindt, LAPP, Virgo 15
L = h L
< 10-21 3 km
Gravitational Wave
Source: K. Thorne (Ligo)
< 3.10-18 m
Interferometric detection of a gravitational wave
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20 April 2005 D. Verkindt, LAPP, Virgo 16
VIRGO experiment
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VIRGO experimentFrom NASA world wind software (http://worldwind.arc.nasa.gov)
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20 April 2005 D. Verkindt, LAPP, Virgo 18
3 km arms
VIRGO experiment
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20 April 2005 D. Verkindt, LAPP, Virgo 19
West
North
VIRGO experiment
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20 April 2005 D. Verkindt, LAPP, Virgo 20
Vacuum tanks
VIRGO experiment
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20 April 2005 D. Verkindt, LAPP, Virgo 21
Anti-seismic towers
VIRGO experiment
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20 April 2005 D. Verkindt, LAPP, Virgo 22
Mirrors
VIRGO experiment
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20 April 2005 D. Verkindt, LAPP, Virgo 23
Suspended detection bench
VIRGO experiment
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20 April 2005 D. Verkindt, LAPP, Virgo 24
Detection photodiodes
VIRGO experiment
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20 April 2005 D. Verkindt, LAPP, Virgo 25
photodiode
laser
Nature is noisy!
VIRGO experiment
laser noise
seismic motion
actuators noise
phase noise
pendulum thermal noise
wires thermal noise
shot noise
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20 April 2005 D. Verkindt, LAPP, Virgo 26
Sensibilité du détecteur
VIRGO experiment
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20 April 2005 D. Verkindt, LAPP, Virgo 27
septembre 2001 décembre 2001 avril 2002 mai 2002 juillet 2002
First sensitivity of VIRGO interferometer
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20 April 2005 D. Verkindt, LAPP, Virgo 28
run E0 (september 2001) run E4 (july 2002)
E 0
VIRGO experiment
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20 April 2005 D. Verkindt, LAPP, Virgo 29
VIRGO experiment
Control loops
From R. Flaminio
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20 April 2005 D. Verkindt, LAPP, Virgo 30
VIRGO experiment
Locking scheme of recombined interferometer
Common Mode control loop (low
frequency)
Laser0
B2
B1_ACp
+
-
Differential Mode control loop
BS
B2 phase
Reference cavity
+
+
B2 quad
LW
LN
BS angular control (Sc_BS_txCmir)
from R. Gouaty
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20 April 2005 D. Verkindt, LAPP, Virgo 31
VIRGO experiment
Laser0
B2_3f ACp B1
ACp
+
-
Differential mode
B5
PR
Laser frequency control loop (SSFS)
B5_ACp
B5_ACq
BS
Locking scheme of recycled interferometer B1_ACp used to control the Differential Mode
B5_ACq used to control the Beam Splitter (Michelson mode)
B2_3f_ACp used to control the Recycling cavity length (PR)
B5_ACp used to control laser frequency (Common Mode)
from R. Gouaty
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20 April 2005 D. Verkindt, LAPP, Virgo 32
VIRGO experiment
from R. Gouaty
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20 April 2005 D. Verkindt, LAPP, Virgo 33
C1: Sept 2003 C4: juil 2004 C5: dec 2005
Current sensitivity of VIRGO interferometer
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20 April 2005 D. Verkindt, LAPP, Virgo 34
VIRGO experiment
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20 April 2005 D. Verkindt, LAPP, Virgo 35
Other GW interferometric detectors
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4 km600 m 3 km
300 m
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20 April 2005 D. Verkindt, LAPP, Virgo 37
LIGO experiment
LIGO Hanford Observatory (LHO)H1 : 4 km armsH2 : 2 km arms
LIGO Livingston Observatory (LLO)L1 : 4 km arms
10 ms
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20 April 2005 D. Verkindt, LAPP, Virgo 38
LIGO experiment
Livingston
Hanford
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20 April 2005 D. Verkindt, LAPP, Virgo 39
Current sensitivy of LIGO interferometers
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20 April 2005 D. Verkindt, LAPP, Virgo 40
New telescopes: giant interferometers 3 km long…listening to the sky
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20 April 2005 D. Verkindt, LAPP, Virgo 41
LISA project
Interferometer in space
The Future (…2014 ?)
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20 April 2005 D. Verkindt, LAPP, Virgo 42
A new way to see the Universe
Crabe Nebula
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Source: A Weinstein (Ligo)
Ondes Gravitationnelles
?
A new way to see the Universe
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20 April 2005 D. Verkindt, LAPP, Virgo 44
Gravitational waves a new window on the Universe…
More informations
lapp.in2p3.fr/virgowww.virgo.infn.itwww.ligo.caltech.edu