20 th /21 st century

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20 th /21 st Century. Adjusted Grading structure of Class Participation Grade: 1/3 of Overall Grade. Zeros (not 50s) will be averaged into class participation grades for the following behaviors (not limited to 1 per day) or lack of: - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

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Page 1: 20 th /21 st  Century

2020thth/21/21stst Century Century

Page 2: 20 th /21 st  Century

Adjusted Grading structure of Class Adjusted Grading structure of Class Participation Grade: 1/3 of Overall Participation Grade: 1/3 of Overall

GradeGradeZeros (not 50s) will be averaged into class participation grades Zeros (not 50s) will be averaged into class participation grades for the following behaviors (not limited to 1 per day) or lack of:for the following behaviors (not limited to 1 per day) or lack of:Must raise hand and be called on to speak during presentations of any kind.Must raise hand and be called on to speak during presentations of any kind.Must sit in assigned seat without correction.Must sit in assigned seat without correction.Making racial, ethnic, religious slurs. (If you’re not sure, don’t say anything)Making racial, ethnic, religious slurs. (If you’re not sure, don’t say anything)Side conversations or making faces across the room. (can’t believe I even Side conversations or making faces across the room. (can’t believe I even have to write this)have to write this)Blatant rudeness/ to teacher or other students. (I will decide what is blatant)Blatant rudeness/ to teacher or other students. (I will decide what is blatant)Inciting misbehaviors of other students (commonly referred to as stirring the Inciting misbehaviors of other students (commonly referred to as stirring the pot)pot)Cell phone use of any kind without permission.Cell phone use of any kind without permission.Unexcused absences.Unexcused absences.

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Between the WarsBetween the Wars

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All for naughtAll for naught

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Pattern of 20Pattern of 20thth Century Emerging Century Emerging NationsNations

Countries that were colonized were released at Countries that were colonized were released at some point.some point.

The imperialist countries worked to install pro-The imperialist countries worked to install pro-Western governments who they could control.Western governments who they could control.

Exploit natural resourcesExploit natural resources

Keep Markets for their manufactured goods secureKeep Markets for their manufactured goods secure

Cold War politics Cold War politics

These governments were mostly run mostly by These governments were mostly run mostly by dictators or Kings, enforced by military (used dictators or Kings, enforced by military (used against own citizens.)against own citizens.)

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Institutions Matter: countries that Institutions Matter: countries that have succeeded over the long runhave succeeded over the long runDemocraticDemocratic: more vested interest for politicians: : more vested interest for politicians: incentivesincentivesRule of LawRule of Law: laws stay, leaders come and go.: laws stay, leaders come and go.Belief in private ownership of propertyBelief in private ownership of property. . IncentivesIncentivesMeritocraciesMeritocracies not Aristocracies: upward mobility: not Aristocracies: upward mobility: Incentives count!Incentives count! Civilian Civilian Control of Military Control of Military (military to defend from (military to defend from outside, not control inside).outside, not control inside).Lack of corruptionLack of corruption in execution of laws and workings of in execution of laws and workings of the economy.the economy.Government acts to benefit business.Government acts to benefit business.Egalitarian view toward literacy and educationEgalitarian view toward literacy and educationBut are they necessary? But are they necessary?

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Institutions increase efficiencies in Institutions increase efficiencies in EconomiesEconomies

Are these necessary for efficient economy?Are these necessary for efficient economy?

Freedom of PressFreedom of Press

Tolerance of religionTolerance of religion

Rights of minorities, protections from majorityRights of minorities, protections from majority

What about China? Hitler’s Germany, Japan, What about China? Hitler’s Germany, Japan, South KoreaSouth Korea

Where dictators and Kings rule, can these Where dictators and Kings rule, can these institutions work?institutions work?

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Also: Also: Free Market CapitalismFree Market Capitalism where resources are rationed by where resources are rationed by

PricePriceAll resources are limited: scarcity (supply)All resources are limited: scarcity (supply)

All resources have utility (creates demand)All resources have utility (creates demand)

Price is a function of the interaction of supply Price is a function of the interaction of supply and demand.and demand.

How are scarce resources rationed?How are scarce resources rationed?– Total free market: money, who’s got it.Total free market: money, who’s got it.– Socialist: some parts are controlled by stateSocialist: some parts are controlled by state– Communist: all controlled by stateCommunist: all controlled by state– Oligarchy: by Wealthy families and Dictator/KingsOligarchy: by Wealthy families and Dictator/Kings

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What’s the fairest why to ratio What’s the fairest why to ratio scarcity? Which produces the most scarcity? Which produces the most

efficient economy?efficient economy?NeedNeed

LotteryLottery

Price: Earned through labor/innovationPrice: Earned through labor/innovation

Rotate the distributionRotate the distribution

Rich get richerRich get richer

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Examples of those places with Examples of those places with limited Markets, corrupt institutions, limited Markets, corrupt institutions,

historicallyhistoricallyCentral America Central America All Sub-Saharan Africa (South Africa?)All Sub-Saharan Africa (South Africa?)ChinaChinaSouth Korea, temporarily.South Korea, temporarily.VietnamVietnamAll Eastern EuropeAll Eastern EuropeAll South AmericaAll South AmericaAll North Africa and Middle East, Except IsraelAll North Africa and Middle East, Except IsraelBurmaBurmaMexicoMexico

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Notable Exceptions of Freed Notable Exceptions of Freed colonies who didn’t go that routecolonies who didn’t go that route

United StatesUnited States

CanadaCanada

AustraliaAustralia

IndiaIndia

Ireland (Republic and North)Ireland (Republic and North)

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Boer War/Spanish American WarBoer War/Spanish American War

Beginning of use Beginning of use Asymmetrical Asymmetrical warfare, warfare, as a tactic against more powerful nations.as a tactic against more powerful nations.

Attacks on civilian populations and use of Attacks on civilian populations and use of concentration camps to separate guerillas concentration camps to separate guerillas from their base of support. Repeated from their base of support. Repeated pattern.pattern.

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Spanish American War: 1898Spanish American War: 1898

Manifest DestinyManifest Destiny

Had been eyeballing Cuba for a whileHad been eyeballing Cuba for a while

Already taken Florida 1819 from Spanish.Already taken Florida 1819 from Spanish.

Taken Texas, Southwest from Mexico.Taken Texas, Southwest from Mexico.

Trumped up war by “Yellow Journalists”Trumped up war by “Yellow Journalists”

Easy winEasy win

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CubaCuba

Had been causing Spain problems for a Had been causing Spain problems for a whilewhile

Basically Cuba hadBasically Cuba had– SugarSugar– TobaccoTobacco– CoffeeCoffee– CommerceCommerce

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CubaCuba

CreolesCreoles; people of Spanish Descent; people of Spanish Descent

AfricansAfricans who were enslaved for sugar who were enslaved for sugar plantations in one of the most brutal plantations in one of the most brutal enslavement in history.enslavement in history.

People of mixed racial backgroundPeople of mixed racial background– Unlike the U.S. Slaves were allowed to keep Unlike the U.S. Slaves were allowed to keep

the money they made of the plantation and the money they made of the plantation and many of the bought their freedom.many of the bought their freedom.

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Spanish American WarSpanish American War

Puerto Rico, Guam and Philippines went Puerto Rico, Guam and Philippines went to U.S.to U.S.

Cuba lease on Guantanamo in 1903 in Cuba lease on Guantanamo in 1903 in exchange for independence, in perpetuity.exchange for independence, in perpetuity.

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Philippines' WarPhilippines' War

After we won it from Spain, Dewy rolled in After we won it from Spain, Dewy rolled in only to find warships of Britain, Germany, only to find warships of Britain, Germany, France and Japan, waiting to see what France and Japan, waiting to see what they could get.they could get.

Philippines' had been in revolt for 20 years Philippines' had been in revolt for 20 years from Spain, U.S. sided with revolutionaries from Spain, U.S. sided with revolutionaries until Spain surrendered. until Spain surrendered.

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U.S. Philippines' WarU.S. Philippines' War

From 1899 to 1902, we fought a brutal war From 1899 to 1902, we fought a brutal war against the Filipinos.against the Filipinos.

U.S. used concentration camps, U.S. used concentration camps, segregating the population from the segregating the population from the “guerrillas” (same tactics used by British “guerrillas” (same tactics used by British against Boers)against Boers)

New Tactics against New Tactics against asymmetrical asymmetrical warfarewarfare

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U.S. puts down independence U.S. puts down independence movement: 1902movement: 1902

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CasualtiesCasualties

34000 Filipino Soldiers, as many as 34000 Filipino Soldiers, as many as 200,000 civilians from Disease200,000 civilians from Disease

Around 3000 American troops died (1 Around 3000 American troops died (1 tenth of Spanish American War)tenth of Spanish American War)

Anti imperialism movement started in the Anti imperialism movement started in the U.S.U.S.

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Central AmericaCentral America

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South AmericaSouth America

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Central AmericaCentral America

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Monroe Doctrine 1823Monroe Doctrine 1823

Europe these are ours’. Europe these are ours’. Central America had been turned into a Central America had been turned into a series of hacienda estates by the Spanish, series of hacienda estates by the Spanish, taking land from indigenous subsistence taking land from indigenous subsistence farmers and turned into single crop farmers and turned into single crop economies.economies.Of course the natives could work on the Of course the natives could work on the plantations for wages….easier to control plantations for wages….easier to control that way.that way.

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Main CropsMain Crops

Bananas, Coffee, Indigo. Bananas, Coffee, Indigo.

Bananas were the staple crop of Bananas were the staple crop of Nicaragua, controlled by United Fruit.Nicaragua, controlled by United Fruit.

The Government was controlled by the The Government was controlled by the landowners and the “national guards” landowners and the “national guards” controlled the peasants.controlled the peasants.

United fruit controlled them all. The title United fruit controlled them all. The title “Banana Republic” came from O Henry.“Banana Republic” came from O Henry.

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U.S. in Nicaragua.U.S. in Nicaragua.

The President of Nicaragua, Zelaya was The President of Nicaragua, Zelaya was going to build a competitive canal there, going to build a competitive canal there, favoring the Japanese and Germans.favoring the Japanese and Germans.– Mad that we had chosen Panama.Mad that we had chosen Panama.

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The Marines were sent in to support a The Marines were sent in to support a Zelaya uprising and he was forced from Zelaya uprising and he was forced from office 1903.office 1903.

Replaced by U.S. backed candidateReplaced by U.S. backed candidate

From 1912 to 1933 we kept troops there From 1912 to 1933 we kept troops there as a gentle reminder to have a as a gentle reminder to have a conservative government that supported conservative government that supported our economic interest.our economic interest.

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Somozas (Garcia)Somozas (Garcia)

From 1933 until 1980 the Somoza family From 1933 until 1980 the Somoza family supported by the U.S. remained in power.supported by the U.S. remained in power.

Protected by National Guard, who kept the Protected by National Guard, who kept the peasants in line. National Guard trained peasants in line. National Guard trained and run by U.S. until mid-20s.and run by U.S. until mid-20s.

Somoza, his families and friends, and of Somoza, his families and friends, and of course United Fruit reaped the benefits.course United Fruit reaped the benefits.

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Guatemala, Panama, Costa Rica, Guatemala, Panama, Costa Rica, HondurasHonduras

This was a pattern in Central America, This was a pattern in Central America, with United Fruit and other U.S. with United Fruit and other U.S. corporations installing and protecting a corporations installing and protecting a series of dictators who maintain control of series of dictators who maintain control of the population with the use of the military.the population with the use of the military.

We called in “dollar diplomacy” but that We called in “dollar diplomacy” but that ignores the repressive methods used by ignores the repressive methods used by the dictators.the dictators.

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El SalvadorEl Salvador

Their cash crop was coffee.Their cash crop was coffee.

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Britain Takes Cape TownBritain Takes Cape Town

During Napoleonic Wars from DutchDuring Napoleonic Wars from Dutch– Creates and 1Creates and 1stst, 2, 2ndnd and 3 and 3rdrd class citizenry: class citizenry:

English, Dutch, African, respectivelyEnglish, Dutch, African, respectively– Active encouragement of English emigrationActive encouragement of English emigration

Later in 19Later in 19thth Century Expends Northward Century Expends Northward and to the East: Rhodesia.and to the East: Rhodesia.Fights and wins war with Zulus in defense Fights and wins war with Zulus in defense of Boers, takes their colonies in 2 Boer of Boers, takes their colonies in 2 Boer WarsWars

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Britain shows CracksBritain shows Cracks

Boer War and Concentration campsBoer War and Concentration camps

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Boer Wars 1880-1900Boer Wars 1880-1900

Transvaal (Boers) and Orange Free State Transvaal (Boers) and Orange Free State taken by British.taken by British.

Caused tremendous damage to British Caused tremendous damage to British army and prestige.army and prestige.

A flattening world: Press broadcasted A flattening world: Press broadcasted images worldwide.images worldwide.

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Zulu-Anglo War 1879Zulu-Anglo War 1879

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Zulu King: Zulu King:

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Britain as VulnerableBritain as Vulnerable

British Army struggle to put down a British Army struggle to put down a uprising of farmers.uprising of farmers.

Cost them a lot of moneyCost them a lot of money

Showed that a dedicated group, picking at Showed that a dedicated group, picking at the edges of a great power could have a the edges of a great power could have a positive effect.positive effect.

Encouraged Germany to push the British Encouraged Germany to push the British as World War I approached. as World War I approached.

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Japan Defeats Russians in 1905Japan Defeats Russians in 1905

In 1910: Annexes Korea into the Japanese In 1910: Annexes Korea into the Japanese Empire.Empire.

Attempted to eliminate Korean culture and Attempted to eliminate Korean culture and to Japanese ize the Korean people.to Japanese ize the Korean people.

Korean were second class citizens in their Korean were second class citizens in their own country.own country.

Marks Japan’s ascendency into World Marks Japan’s ascendency into World imperialism.imperialism.

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World War I Marked the beginning:World War I Marked the beginning:

Of the end of European ImperialismOf the end of European ImperialismBeginning of the American centuryBeginning of the American centuryRise of Socialism/Communism as an Rise of Socialism/Communism as an economic/political force.economic/political force.Shift from colonialism to economic imperialism Shift from colonialism to economic imperialism as a way to control world’s resources and as a way to control world’s resources and markets.markets.– Support of dictators in emerging nations.Support of dictators in emerging nations.– Securing resources for industry and as food suppliesSecuring resources for industry and as food supplies– Control of markets and development.Control of markets and development.

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World War I Marked the beginningWorld War I Marked the beginning

Mandate systemMandate system: Created by the League : Created by the League of Nations for colonialists to remain in of Nations for colonialists to remain in control of colonial possessions, but called control of colonial possessions, but called for an orderly release of former colonies.for an orderly release of former colonies.

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The World at WWIThe World at WWI

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After the CapitualtionsAfter the Capitualtions

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The Irish RebellionThe Irish Rebellion

Henry VIII proclaims Himself King of Henry VIII proclaims Himself King of IrelandIreland

In Mid-15In Mid-15thth Century Henry the VII creates Century Henry the VII creates the Church of England (Anglican, the Church of England (Anglican, Episcopalian)Episcopalian)

Mostly for his own purposes, not much Mostly for his own purposes, not much different that Catholicism, except the Pope different that Catholicism, except the Pope

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My favorite town: known for the My favorite town: known for the musicmusic

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ProtestantismProtestantism

The Protestant Churches created by Luther, The Protestant Churches created by Luther, Calvin, John Wesley and the other Europeans Calvin, John Wesley and the other Europeans were much stricter and far different from the were much stricter and far different from the Catholic Church or Church of England.Catholic Church or Church of England.

Calvinist Churches like Calvinist Churches like PresbyterianPresbyterian in in Scotland much more extreme in doctrine: Scotland much more extreme in doctrine: predestination.predestination. These Churches were as These Churches were as disliked by English Monarchy as Catholicism.disliked by English Monarchy as Catholicism.

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1717thth Century Century

Through the Reigns of the English Kings from Through the Reigns of the English Kings from Elizabeth I to the protectorate of Oliver Cromwell Elizabeth I to the protectorate of Oliver Cromwell England displaced the Irish aristocracy with England displaced the Irish aristocracy with English for military, political and patronage English for military, political and patronage reasons, mainly in Dublin Area (The Pale)reasons, mainly in Dublin Area (The Pale)

Colonization was the new big thing, Irish Colonization was the new big thing, Irish aristocrats lands were consolidated into aristocrats lands were consolidated into English English plantationplantation with mainly Irish Workers and with mainly Irish Workers and English, many times absentee, landlords.English, many times absentee, landlords.

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Late 17Late 17thth Century Century

Particularly with Cromwell, a Puritan, not Particularly with Cromwell, a Puritan, not Anglican, the English accelerated the Anglican, the English accelerated the displacement of Irish nobles with English displacement of Irish nobles with English (always worried about the Irish nobility (always worried about the Irish nobility allying with Catholic France, Spain)allying with Catholic France, Spain)

Began to Began to import Scottish protestantsimport Scottish protestants to to work on the work on the plantations,plantations, particularly in particularly in Northern Ireland province of Ulster.Northern Ireland province of Ulster.

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CromwellCromwell“to Hell or Connaught”, beyond “the “to Hell or Connaught”, beyond “the

Pale”: Move to the far west or be Pale”: Move to the far west or be killed, so he could pay his soldiers killed, so he could pay his soldiers

with Irish landwith Irish land

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16891689

William and MaryWilliam and Mary brought from Holland to brought from Holland to be the King and Queen by Parliament.be the King and Queen by Parliament.Battle of the BoyneBattle of the Boyne: Irish uprising put : Irish uprising put down and the spelled end of the Irish down and the spelled end of the Irish nobility.nobility.Marching seasonMarching season in Northern Ireland in Northern Ireland commemorates this battle and is commemorates this battle and is considered a major insult to Catholics in considered a major insult to Catholics in Northern Ireland.Northern Ireland.

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Marching SeasonMarching Season

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Three tiered Society DevelopedThree tiered Society Developedin 18in 18thth century century

Anglicans Anglicans on top, located mainly in Dublin, the on top, located mainly in Dublin, the “Pale.” Beyond the Pale; to Hell or Connaught.“Pale.” Beyond the Pale; to Hell or Connaught.

Scot-Irish,Scot-Irish, Presbyterians mainly in Ulster Presbyterians mainly in Ulster (Northern Ireland) dominate work force and (Northern Ireland) dominate work force and merchants.merchants.

Irish CatholicsIrish Catholics: totally displaced third class : totally displaced third class citizens.citizens.– Routinely evicted from land, move to non-arable Routinely evicted from land, move to non-arable

locations, discriminated in all aspects of civil and locations, discriminated in all aspects of civil and social society.social society.

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Penal Laws: (Penal Laws: (Many of these also applied to Many of these also applied to

Scots Protestants)Scots Protestants)

Banned from:Banned from:holding office.holding office.interfaith marriageinterfaith marriageowning firearms or joining armyowning firearms or joining armymembership in Parliament, Votingmembership in Parliament, Votingeducation, even abroadeducation, even abroadspeaking Irish (Gaelic)speaking Irish (Gaelic)gathering in groupsgathering in groupsBegins the mass exodus to U.S. AustraliaBegins the mass exodus to U.S. Australia

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1840s1840s

Potato Famine: million or so starved to Potato Famine: million or so starved to death while grain sat in English storage bins in death while grain sat in English storage bins in Ireland and ships full of corn were off shore. Ireland and ships full of corn were off shore. British economist did not want to disrupt grain British economist did not want to disrupt grain prices.prices.““Irish food needs to feed Irish people”Irish food needs to feed Irish people”Food was actually being exported from English Food was actually being exported from English farms in Ireland, while the Irish Catholics farms in Ireland, while the Irish Catholics starved.starved.Million more fled to U.S., which was Million more fled to U.S., which was

fine with the British and the U.S. who needed fine with the British and the U.S. who needed cheap labor for their new I.R.cheap labor for their new I.R.

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Easter Uprising: 1916Easter Uprising: 1916

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Asymmetrical WarfareAsymmetrical Warfare

This remarkable vehicle was constructed during the Irish Easter Rising of 1916. The vehicle was built for the British Army in Dublin. On the morning of 30th April 1916 authority was given to build an armored car for convoy and patrol work. Work was finished by 6:30pm the same day, being done at the Great Southern Railway works at Inchmore. The lorry was a 3-ton Daimler commandeered from the Guinness brewery. The armored body was assembled from locomotive smoke boxes; flat steel plates protected cab and radiator, with a locomotive cab roof as overhead cover. Many of the loopholes in the circular body are actually painted-on dummies, to confuse snipers. The armor was not actually bullet proof at close ranges, but the curve of the body did help deflect bullets. After the Rising, the armor was returned to the railway works and the Daimler returned to the brewery to deliver Guinness.

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Easter Uprising 1916Easter Uprising 1916

Britain preoccupied with World War IBritain preoccupied with World War IIrish Catholics sympathies laid with Germans.Irish Catholics sympathies laid with Germans.Boer war and U.S. in Cuba and Philippines had shown a Boer war and U.S. in Cuba and Philippines had shown a way to fight the British.way to fight the British.Group declared a Republic of Ireland and its own army: Group declared a Republic of Ireland and its own army: The IRA.The IRA.Its own political party: Its own political party: Sinn Fein and Parliament led by Sinn Fein and Parliament led by Eamon De ValeraEamon De ValeraPut down brutally in 7 days. 15 Leaders shot by firing Put down brutally in 7 days. 15 Leaders shot by firing squad , except Eamon de Valera (born in U.S.) squad , except Eamon de Valera (born in U.S.) considered first President of Republic.considered first President of Republic.Fought with Michael Collins over which peace to accept.Fought with Michael Collins over which peace to accept.

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<<<<<<<The Pale

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Michael CollinsMichael Collins

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Kitty KiernanKitty Kiernan

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HarryHarry

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Eamon De velaraEamon De velara

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Ned BroyNed Broy

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Civil War Broke out after British leftCivil War Broke out after British left

Between Michael Collins group who was willing Between Michael Collins group who was willing to settle for self-rule within the British Empire: to settle for self-rule within the British Empire: Irish Free State, Irish Free State, which left Ulster as part of which left Ulster as part of the United Kingdom of Britainthe United Kingdom of Britain, , andandEamon De Valera’s group who wanted to Eamon De Valera’s group who wanted to continue the fight until full independence was continue the fight until full independence was achieved and a united Island.achieved and a united Island.More died fighting this than the war of More died fighting this than the war of independence. independence. Lasted for 11 monthsLasted for 11 months. Between . Between 1992-19231992-1923Irish Republic with full independence achieved in Irish Republic with full independence achieved in 1949.1949.

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Eamon De ValeraEamon De Valera

De Valera was head of government of the De Valera was head of government of the Irish Free State between 1932 and 1948.Irish Free State between 1932 and 1948.

He was the president of the Republic of He was the president of the Republic of Ireland (Ireland (founded in 1949founded in 1949) between 51 ) between 51 and 54, then again between 1957 and 58.and 54, then again between 1957 and 58.

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Bloody Sunday: 1972Bloody Sunday: 1972

British soldiers opened fire on Irish British soldiers opened fire on Irish Nationalist protestors in London(Derry). Nationalist protestors in London(Derry). Britain’s response to IRA violence Britain’s response to IRA violence backfired in the Public Relations war.backfired in the Public Relations war.

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The TroublesThe Troubles

Fighting broke out between Catholics and Fighting broke out between Catholics and Protestants in Northern Ireland during the Protestants in Northern Ireland during the 1960s, and extension of Civil Rights 1960s, and extension of Civil Rights movements world wide.movements world wide.

The asymmetrical warfare, civil war and The asymmetrical warfare, civil war and British reprisals are referred to as the British reprisals are referred to as the “troubles.”“troubles.”

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Combatants during “the troubles”Combatants during “the troubles”

NationalistsNationalists: the : the IRA paramilitaryIRA paramilitary, wanted a united , wanted a united Ireland, with Northern Ireland becoming a part of the Ireland, with Northern Ireland becoming a part of the Republic of Ireland in the South. Republic of Ireland in the South. Sinn FeinSinn Fein is amd was is amd was the political arm of the IRA led by Gerry Adams.the political arm of the IRA led by Gerry Adams.UnionistUnionist: Scot Irish, protestants, who wanted Northern : Scot Irish, protestants, who wanted Northern Ireland to remain part of the United Kingdom. Unionist Ireland to remain part of the United Kingdom. Unionist had their own had their own paramilitariesparamilitaries (Ulster defense force) to (Ulster defense force) to fight the IRA. fight the IRA. Ian PaisleyIan Paisley the firebrand preacher was the the firebrand preacher was the leader.leader.Britain,Britain, who maintained troops in Northern Ireland to who maintained troops in Northern Ireland to keep the parties a part. They were seen by the Irish keep the parties a part. They were seen by the Irish Catholic community as supporting the Unionists. Catholic community as supporting the Unionists. The IRA targeted the British in Ireland, Britain and The IRA targeted the British in Ireland, Britain and Europe for “terrorist” attacks.Europe for “terrorist” attacks.

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Good Friday AccordsGood Friday Accords

Ended the fighting between the IRA, the Unionist Ended the fighting between the IRA, the Unionist paramilitaries and the British.paramilitaries and the British.It was decided that:It was decided that:– The IRA would disarm in exchangeThe IRA would disarm in exchange– Britain would begin withdrawing troops from Northern Britain would begin withdrawing troops from Northern

IrelandIreland– There would be a complex power sharing political There would be a complex power sharing political

system in Parliament, the executive branch, and system in Parliament, the executive branch, and police protecting Catholic minority rights from the police protecting Catholic minority rights from the majority Protestants.majority Protestants.

– No determination of uniting North and South without No determination of uniting North and South without the agreement of all sides.the agreement of all sides.

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The Troubles: IRA vs Protestant The Troubles: IRA vs Protestant Paramilitaries, supported by British Paramilitaries, supported by British

Army: 1970s to 1990s)Army: 1970s to 1990s)

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Ulster (Northern Ireland) Volunteer Ulster (Northern Ireland) Volunteer Force: paramilitary of Unionist Force: paramilitary of Unionist

(Protestant Scots Irish)(Protestant Scots Irish)

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British Army accused of colluding British Army accused of colluding with the Unionist paramilitarieswith the Unionist paramilitaries

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Irish Tinkers and Travellers have Irish Tinkers and Travellers have been mostly settled, but still roam been mostly settled, but still roam

the countryside. (Brad Pitt) the countryside. (Brad Pitt)

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U.S. Involvement in Latin AmericaU.S. Involvement in Latin America

Monroe DoctrineMonroe Doctrine –(1823): designed to –(1823): designed to warn European powers, particularly warn European powers, particularly Britain, to keep its hands off Latin Britain, to keep its hands off Latin America.America.

Roosevelt CorollaryRoosevelt Corollary (1904) to MD: U.S has (1904) to MD: U.S has right to intervene to protect interests there, right to intervene to protect interests there, economic or political.economic or political.

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Manifest Destiny and Social Darwinism Manifest Destiny and Social Darwinism were the intellectual underpinning of U.S. were the intellectual underpinning of U.S. Involvement middle and late 19Involvement middle and late 19thth Century: Century:– MD: it was thought by many that the areas MD: it was thought by many that the areas

comprising today’s Mexico, Central America comprising today’s Mexico, Central America and the Caribbean sugar islands would and the Caribbean sugar islands would inevitably become part of U.S.inevitably become part of U.S.

– SD: Besides the brown people would benefit SD: Besides the brown people would benefit from U.S. Involvement.from U.S. Involvement.

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Fredrick Jackson Turner’s Frontier Fredrick Jackson Turner’s Frontier PhilosophyPhilosophy

U.S. strength comes from those who move U.S. strength comes from those who move and live on the edge of the frontier, like the and live on the edge of the frontier, like the Westward Movement and immigrants. So, Westward Movement and immigrants. So, extending the frontier Southward, would extending the frontier Southward, would make the U.S. stronger. (Basically what make the U.S. stronger. (Basically what Alec Baldwin was saying on 30 Rock)Alec Baldwin was saying on 30 Rock)

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Business InterestsBusiness Interests

Besides providing us with tropical goods Besides providing us with tropical goods and a canal to connect Atlantic and and a canal to connect Atlantic and Pacific, particularly the Navy, it was Pacific, particularly the Navy, it was believed that there was not enough believed that there was not enough demand in the U.S. alone to sustain the demand in the U.S. alone to sustain the growth our manufacturing sector was growth our manufacturing sector was enjoying. To use that capacity we needed enjoying. To use that capacity we needed new markets, Latin America was a natural.new markets, Latin America was a natural.

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Liberal vs. Conservative DictatorsLiberal vs. Conservative Dictators

Dictators emerged and were supported by Dictators emerged and were supported by U.S. interests partially because they were U.S. interests partially because they were more easily controlled than democracies.more easily controlled than democracies.

Liberals wanted to invite in foreign Liberals wanted to invite in foreign business interests, rights to come later.business interests, rights to come later.

Conservatives wanted the “homegrown” Conservatives wanted the “homegrown” oligarchies to control the economies, leave oligarchies to control the economies, leave thing the way they were.thing the way they were.

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Rigid Caste systems developed to Rigid Caste systems developed to some degree everywheresome degree everywhere

Peninsulares: those born in Spain were on Peninsulares: those born in Spain were on top.top.Creoles: native born people of Spanish Creoles: native born people of Spanish descent.descent.Those of mixed heritage of above.Those of mixed heritage of above.Indians , Africans and Mixed from those Indians , Africans and Mixed from those groups.groups.All wealth lay with the top groups or All wealth lay with the top groups or foreigners.foreigners.

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Borrowing was a problemBorrowing was a problem

Britain and the U.S. lent lots of money to these Britain and the U.S. lent lots of money to these countries for development, much which was countries for development, much which was stolen by corrupt politicians and their friends.stolen by corrupt politicians and their friends.

These loans justified much of the interventions These loans justified much of the interventions that occurred there. Didn’t matter if it was stolen that occurred there. Didn’t matter if it was stolen or poorly lent, it must be repaid.or poorly lent, it must be repaid.

Some believe the IMF and World Bank does the Some believe the IMF and World Bank does the same today.same today.

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PlantationsPlantations

Throughout Latin America, Throughout Latin America, indigenous, indigenous, subsistence farmers were dispossessedsubsistence farmers were dispossessed of of their lands, which were turned into large, their lands, which were turned into large, economy of scale, estates. They then were economy of scale, estates. They then were forced to become cheap, wage laborers on that forced to become cheap, wage laborers on that land.land.

This both controlled them and provided a This both controlled them and provided a necessary cheap labor supply.necessary cheap labor supply.

African slaves too were used in some places.African slaves too were used in some places.

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Single product economiesSingle product economies

Most Caribbean and Central American Most Caribbean and Central American economies relied on a single cash crop economies relied on a single cash crop for their income (cash went to the top, no for their income (cash went to the top, no trickle down):trickle down):– Cuba: SugarCuba: Sugar– Nicaragua: CoffeeNicaragua: Coffee– Honduras: Bananas Honduras: Bananas

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All lacked Key institutions for All lacked Key institutions for balanced economic development.balanced economic development.None were democracies.None were democracies.Education was minimal.Education was minimal.None had laws that protected the majority None had laws that protected the majority population of Indians that could not be population of Indians that could not be subverted.subverted.None had meritocracies were anyone None had meritocracies were anyone could succeed.could succeed.Oligarchs and Foreign business controlled Oligarchs and Foreign business controlled the prices and wages.the prices and wages.

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Batista, The Mafia, & Castro: Batista, The Mafia, & Castro: Why didn’t the U.S. support Why didn’t the U.S. support

Castro?Castro?

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Brief infoBrief info

As WE ALL KNOW CUBA As WE ALL KNOW CUBA WAS Colonized by the WAS Colonized by the Spanish over 400 years.Spanish over 400 years.

Got their independence Got their independence in 1901 thanks to the in 1901 thanks to the United States.United States.

People like Jose Julian People like Jose Julian Marti, Bautista, and Marti, Bautista, and Fidel Castro became Fidel Castro became famous for their famous for their rebellion.rebellion.

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Who is batista?Who is batista?

He was a sergeant of the Cuba’s He was a sergeant of the Cuba’s army & took the power as the Cuba army & took the power as the Cuba leader in 1933 after winning the leader in 1933 after winning the elections.elections.

Later on after losing the election Later on after losing the election against his opponent, he went to against his opponent, he went to the US but came back to be run the US but came back to be run again at the presidential election again at the presidential election but failed.but failed.

He then seized power through a He then seized power through a coup d’etat in 1952 and retook the coup d’etat in 1952 and retook the power by force and became a power by force and became a dictator.dictator.

He only last 7 years in power after He only last 7 years in power after a lawyer, Fidel Castro, created a a lawyer, Fidel Castro, created a rebellion against him.rebellion against him.

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BatistaBatista

Was elected, but when he lost reelection he took Was elected, but when he lost reelection he took power and suspended the Contitution.power and suspended the Contitution.His predissers was a liberal dictator and His predissers was a liberal dictator and believed in government intervention in the believed in government intervention in the economy, and tried to reduce sugar production economy, and tried to reduce sugar production to increase price, which hurt producers.to increase price, which hurt producers.Many of the producers were American Many of the producers were American corporations, who then backed the repressive corporations, who then backed the repressive Batista who wasn’t interested in land reform or Batista who wasn’t interested in land reform or civil rights. Plus he was a favorite of the Mafia.civil rights. Plus he was a favorite of the Mafia.

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Who is Castro?Who is Castro?Fidel Castro is a Cuban who was Fidel Castro is a Cuban who was studying law when Batista was in studying law when Batista was in power. power.

Later on, he decided to create a Later on, he decided to create a rebellion because he was against rebellion because he was against the way Batista was ruling.the way Batista was ruling.

He and Che Guevara, another He and Che Guevara, another famous rebel, joined force to famous rebel, joined force to overthrow Batista’s dictatorship.overthrow Batista’s dictatorship.

After defeating Batista, he gained After defeating Batista, he gained power in Cuba in 1976 to 2008!!power in Cuba in 1976 to 2008!!

He was loved by his people after He was loved by his people after the greatest revolution ever the greatest revolution ever made in Cuba.made in Cuba.

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Who Are the Mafia?Who Are the Mafia?The Mafia was a gang in The Mafia was a gang in which it was all over the which it was all over the world killing, kidnapping, world killing, kidnapping, stealing and fighting stealing and fighting against the government.against the government.

Lucky Luciano, a member Lucky Luciano, a member of the Mafia chose Cuba as of the Mafia chose Cuba as the intermediate point the intermediate point between the heroin between the heroin supplies and the supplies and the consuming markets of consuming markets of North America.North America.

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The U.S getting involve in cubaThe U.S getting involve in cuba

After hearing that Luciano was in the Cuba After hearing that Luciano was in the Cuba they wanted to get rid of him at any cost. they wanted to get rid of him at any cost.

Because of him, drugs selling increased Because of him, drugs selling increased more and more in the U.S and Cuba.more and more in the U.S and Cuba.

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Relationship between Batista Relationship between Batista and the Mafiaand the Mafia

Since Batista was a leader who always Since Batista was a leader who always wanted fun, the Mafia and him formed a wanted fun, the Mafia and him formed a friendship and business relationship that friendship and business relationship that flourished for a decade.flourished for a decade.

Batista gave Luciano and the Mafia control Batista gave Luciano and the Mafia control of Havana’s racetracks and casinosof Havana’s racetracks and casinos..

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Why the U.S step back from Why the U.S step back from CubaCuba