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FM 3-34.2(formerly FM 90-13-1)

Combined-ArmsBreaching

Operations

Headquarters,

Department of the Army

DISTRIBUTION RESTRICTION: Approved for public release; distribution is unlimited.

This reprint includesChanges 1 through 3.


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C3, FM 3-34.2

Change 3 Headquarters


Washington, DC, 11 October 2002

Combined-Arms Breaching Operations

1. Change FM 3-34.2, 31 August 2000, as follows:

Remove Old Pages Insert New Pages

E-13 E-13

2. A bar ( ) marks new or changed material.

3. File this transmittal sheet in front of the publication.


By Order of the Secretary of the Army:

ERIC K. SHINSEKIGeneral, United States Army

Chief of Staff

Official:

DISTRIBUTION:

Active Army, Army National Guard, and US Army Reserve: To be distributed in accordance

with the initial distribution number 115012, requirements for FM 3-34.2.

JOEL B. HUDSON

Administrative Assistant to the

Secretary of the Army

0226801


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FM 3-34.2C2


Department of the ArmyWashington, DC, 26 February 2001


1. Change FM 3-34.2, 31 August 2000, as follows:

Remove Old Pages Insert New Pages

C-13 and C-14 C-13 and C-14

2. A bar (|) marks new or changed material.




Official:


Chief of Staff

Administrative Assistant to theSecretary of the Army 0102307

DISTRIBUTION:

Active Army, Army National Guard, and U.S. Army Reserve: To be distributed inaccordance with the initial distribution number 115012, requirements forFM 3-34.2.


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FM 3-34.2C1



Washington, DC, 15 November 2000

Combined-Arms Breaching Operations1. Change FM 3-34.2, 31 August 2000, as follows:

Insert New Pages

E-1 through E-13

2. A bar ( ) marks new or changed material.





Chief of Staff

Official:

0030702

DISTRIBUTION:

Active Army, Army National Guard, and US Army Reserve: To be distributed in accordance

with the initial distribution number 115012, requirements for FM 3-34.2.

JOEL B. HUDSON

Administrative Assistant to the

Secretary of the Army


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i

*FM 3-34.2

F ield Ma n ua l H ea d q ua rt ers

N o. 3-34.2 D epa rt m en t of t h e Ar m y

Wash ington, DC , [pending da te]


Contents

Page

PREFACE .................................................................................................................. iv

Chapter 1 OBSTACLE BREACHING THEORY....................................................................... 1-1

Definitions ................................................................................................................ 1-1Breaching Tenets ..................................................................................................... 1-4

Intelligence......................................................................................................... 1-4Breaching Fundamentals................................................................................... 1-6

Breaching Organization ..................................................................................... 1-7Mass ................................................................................................................ 1-11

Synchronization ............................................................................................... 1-13

Breaching Operations in Support of Deliberate andHasty Attacks................................................................................................... 1-18

Planning Sequence ................................................................................................ 1-18

Chapter 2 BREACHING OPERATIONS................................................................................... 2-1

Planning ................................................................................................................... 2-1Receipt of Mission ............................................................................................. 2-1

Mission Analysis ................................................................................................ 2-3Course-of-Action Development.......................................................................... 2-4

Course-of-Action Analysis (War Game)............................................................. 2-9Preparation............................................................................................................. 2-10

Execution ............................................................................................................... 2-12

Distribution Restriction: Approved for public release; distribution is unlimited.

______________________________

*This publication supersedes Field Manuals (FMs) 5-101, 23 January 1985, and 90-13-1, 28 February 1991.
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ii

FM 3-34.2

Page

Chapter 3 LANE AND BYPASS MARKING ............................................................................ 3-1

Lane-Marking System.............................................................................................. 3-1

Lane-Marking Terms ............................................................................................... 3-2Entrance Markers.............................................................................................. 3-2Handrail Markers ............................................................................................... 3-2

Exit Markers ...................................................................................................... 3-2Entrance-Funnel Markers.................................................................................. 3-3

Final-Approach Markers.................................................................................... 3-3

Far-Recognition Markers................................................................................... 3-3Traffic-Control Posts and Guides ...................................................................... 3-3

Levels of Lane Marking and Patterns ...................................................................... 3-4Initial Lane Marking ........................................................................................... 3-4

Intermediate Lane Marking ............................................................................... 3-6Full (Two-Way) Lane Marking ........................................................................... 3-9

Commanders Guidance for Lane Marking ............................................................ 3-11

Movement Through the Lane ................................................................................ 3-11Lane Maintenance and Responsibilities of Traffic

Through Lanes ................................................................................................ 3-13Lane-Marking Devices ........................................................................................... 3-17

Bypass Marking ..................................................................................................... 3-19Marking Requirements Under the North Atlantic

Treaty Organization......................................................................................... 3-19Commanders Responsibilities ........................................................................ 3-19

Marking Patterns and Devices ........................................................................ 3-19

Complex Obstacles ............................................................................................... 3-21

Chapter 4 BREACHING REHEARSALS ................................................................................. 4-1

Planning................................................................................................................... 4-1Types ....................................................................................................................... 4-1

Combined-Arms Rehearsal............................................................................... 4-1Battle Drill .......................................................................................................... 4-2

Techniques .............................................................................................................. 4-2

Appendix A METRIC CONVERSION CHART ............................................................................ A-1

Appendix B THREAT MINE OPERATIONS ............................................................................... B-1

Mine Operations ...................................................................................................... B-1

Foreign-Mine Data ................................................................................................... B-6

Appendix C OBSTACLE-REDUCTION TECHNIQUES.............................................................. C-1Detecting ................................................................................................................. C-1

Visual ................................................................................................................ C-1

Physical............................................................................................................. C-2Electronic .......................................................................................................... C-3

Mechanical ........................................................................................................ C-4Reporting ................................................................................................................. C-4

Reducing ................................................................................................................. C-4

Explosive......................................................................................................... C-12
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FM 3-34.2

Page

iii

Mechanical...................................................................................................... C-18Electronic ........................................................................................................ C-26

Manual ............................................................................................................ C-27

Appendix D BREACHING SCENARIO AND SPECIAL PLANNING CONSIDERATIONS........ D-1

Sample Breaching Operation .................................................................................. D-1

Considerations for Restricted Terrain ..................................................................... D-9Considerations for Military Operations in Urbanized Terrain ................................ D-11

Planning.......................................................................................................... D-11Method of Entry .............................................................................................. D-12

Obstacle Intelligence ...................................................................................... D-14Breaching Fundamentals................................................................................ D-14

Appendix E ROUTE CLEARANCE ............................................................................................ E-1

Methods and Levels ................................................................................................ E-1Clearance Methods........................................................................................... E-1Sweep Levels ................................................................................................... E-3

Equipment ............................................................................................................... E-4

Interim Vehicle-Mounted Mine Detector ........................................................... E-4MiniFlail............................................................................................................. E-6

Planning .................................................................................................................. E-6Intelligence........................................................................................................ E-6

Fundamentals ................................................................................................... E-7Organization ..................................................................................................... E-7

Mass ................................................................................................................. E-7

Synchronization ................................................................................................ E-7Planning Considerations ......................................................................................... E-8

Task Organization ................................................................................................. E-12Support Force ................................................................................................. E-12

Security Force................................................................................................. E-12Sweep Force................................................................................................... E-13

GLOSSARY ................................................................................................ Glossary-1

BIBLIOGRAPHY.................................................................................... Bibliography-1

INDEX ............................................................................................................... Index-1
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iv

PrefaceFM 3-34.2 provides combined-a rms comma nders, from company to briga de, and their st affs w ith

the doctrine, tact ics, and techniques needed to successfully overcome obstacles. I t provides the

comma nder wit h breaching fundament als a nd informa tion for planning, prepar ing, and executing

b re a ch in g o p e ra t io n s. T h is m a n u a l g ive s t h e co o rd in a t in g a n d sp e cia l s t a f f o f f ice r a b a sis f o r

synchronizing a ll combat multipliers during a breaching operat ion.

Th i s i s n o t a s t a n d -a l o n e m a n u a l . Th e u s e r m u s t h a v e a f u n d a m e n t a l u n d e r s t a n d i n g o f t h e

concepts outlined in FMs 5-71-2, 5-71-3, 5-71-100, 17-98, 20-32, 34-130, 71-1, 71-2, 71-3, 100-5,

100-7, 101-5, and 101-5-1. This manual also implements Standardization Agreement (STANAG)

2036.

Appendi x A conta ins a metric conversion cha rt .

The proponent for this publication is HQ, TRADOC. Send comments and recommendations on

D e p a r t m e n t o f t h e Ar m y (D A ) F or m 2 02 8 d ir e ct l y t o C o m m a n d a n t , U n i t e d S t a t e s (U S ) Ar m y

En gineer School, ATTN: ATSE -DO T-DD , D irectora te of Tra ining, 320 E ngineer Loop, S uite 336,

Fort Leona rd Wood, Miss ouri 65473-8929.

U nless this publicat ion st at es otherw ise, masculine nouns a nd pronouns do not r efer exclusively

to men.
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Obstacle Breaching Theory 1-1

Chapter 1

Obstacle Breaching Theory

B r e a c h i n g o p e r a t i o n s a r e c on d u c t e d t o a l l o w m a n e u v e r d e s p i t e t h e

p r e s e n c e o f o b s t a c l es . O b s t a c l e b r e a c h i n g i s t h e e m p l oy m e n t o f a

combinat ion of ta ct ics and techniques to adva nce an a t t acking force to the

far side of an obstacle that is covered by fire. It is perhaps the single, most

d i f f i c u l t c o m b a t t a s k a f o r c e c a n e n c o u n t e r . U n d e r s t a n d i n g b r e a c h i n g

theory is the f irst step to understanding breaching tact ics. Breaching is a

synchronized combined-arms operat ion under the control of a maneuver

co m m a n d e r . B r e a ch i n g o p e r a t i o n s b e g i n w h e n f r i e n d l y f o r ce s d e t e ct a n

o b s t a c l e a n d b e g i n t o a p p l y t h e b r e a c h i n g f u n d a m e n t a l s , a n d t h e y e n dw h e n b a t t l e h a n d o v er h a s o ccu r r e d b et w e en f o l lo w -on f o r ce s a n d a u n i t

conducting the breaching operation. B u l l i n g t h r ou g h or forcing through is

n o t a b r e a c h i n g o pe r a t i on . B u l l in g t h r o u g h i s a d e ci s i on m a d e w h e n a

c om m a n d e r m u s t r e a c t i m m e d i a t e l y t o e x t r i c a t e h i s f o r c e f r o m a n

u n t e n a b l e po si t i on w i t h i n a n ob s t a cl e a n d n o ot h e r b r e a ch i n g o p er a t i on s

a r e p os s i b le . Wh e n a f or c e i s i n a m i n e f i el d r e c ei v i n g f i r e s a n d t a k i n g

heavy losses, the comma nder ma y decide to immediately bull through t he

minefield ra ther t ha n w ithdra w or reduce the obsta cle.

DEFINITIONS

1-1. The following definitions are inherent to obstacle breaching and are used

t h ro u gh o ut t h is m a n u a l :

Obstacle. An obstacle is any obstruction that is designed or employedt o d i s r u p t , f i x , t u r n , o r b l o ck t h e m o v e m e n t o f a n o pp os i n g f o r c e

(O P F O R ) a n d t o i m p os e a d d i t i o n a l l o s s e s i n p e r s o n n e l , t i m e , a n d

equipment on the OP FOR. Obsta cles can exist na tura lly (exist ing), be

m a n -m a d e ( r e i n f o r c i n g ) , o r b e a c om b i n a t i o n o f b o t h . A c om p l e x

obsta cle is a combinat ion of different types of individual obsta cles tha t

re qu ire s m o re t h a n o n e re d u ct ion t e ch n iqu e ( exp losive, m e ch a n ica l ,

ma nua l) to create a lane t hrough the obsta cle. A reinforcing obsta cle is

a n o b st a cle t h a t is sp e cif ica l ly co n st ru ct e d , e m p la ce d , o r d e t o n a t e d

t h r o u g h m i l i t a r y e f f o r t . ( F o r m o r e i n f o r m a t i o n o n o b s t a c l eclassification, see FM 90-7.) The t ypes of reinforcing obsta cles a re

!!!! Tactical. A t a c t ica l ob st a cl e i s em pl oy ed t o d is r up t en em yf or m a t i o n s , t u r n t h e m i n t o a d e s i r e d a r e a , f i x t h e m i n p os i t i on

u n d e r d ire ct a n d in d ire ct f ire s, o r b lo ck t h e ir p e n e t ra t io n wh ile

multiplying the effects and capabilities of firepower.

!!!! Protective. A protective obstacle is employed to assist a unit inits local, close-in protection.


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FM 3-34.2

1-2 Obstacle Breaching Theory

Lane. A lane is a route through, over, or a round a n enemy or friendlyobstacle that provides safe passage of a passing force. The route may

b e r e d u c e d a n d p r o o f e d a s p a r t o f a b r e a c h i n g o p e r a t i o n , b e

constr ucted as par t of the obsta cle, or be mar ked as a bypass. Reduction. This is a task to create and mark lanes through, over, or

a r o u n d a n o bs t a cl e t o a l l ow t h e a t t a c k i n g f or c e t o a c co m pl i s h i t s

mission. Norma lly, engineers a nd r eduction as sets a re used to reduce

an obsta cle.

Proofing. Pro o f in g ve ri f ie s t h a t a la n e is f re e o f m in e s a n d t h a t t h ew i d t h a n d t r a f f ic a b i li t y o f t h e p oi n t o f b r e a c h a r e s u i t a b l e fo r t h e

assa ult force. P roofing can be conducted visually (a gainst surfa ce-laid

m in e f ie ld s) , e le ct r o n ica l ly (m in e d e t e ct o rs), o r m e ch a n ica l ly (m in e -

clearing rollers [MCRs]). Proofing is conducted when the risk of live

m i n e s r e m a i n i n g i n t h e l a n e e x c e ed s t h e r i s k o f l o s s ( l i v es a n d

e qu ip m en t ) t o e n e m y f ire s w h ile wa it in g t o com p let e p ro of in g. S o m e

m i n e s a r e r e s i s t a n t t o s o m e r e d u c t i o n a s s e t s ; f o r e x a m p l e ,

m a g n e t i ca l l y f u s ed m i n e s m a y b e r e s i s t a n t t o a m i n e -c le a r i n g l i n ech a rg e (M I CL I C) . Pr o of in g is vi t a l ly im p ort a n t , co n sid e rin g t h e va st

va rie t y o f m in e s in u se . I t sh o u ld a lwa ys b e p la n n e d f o r a b re a ch in g

operation; however, the t ime ava ilable, the t hreat , or the mission may

dictate that proofing not be done.

Clearing. This is the t otal elimination or neutra lizat ion of an obsta cleo r a p o rt io n o f t h e o b st a cle . Cle a rin g o p e ra t io n s a re n o t co n d u ct e d

under fire and are usually performed by follow-on engineer forces.

Breach area. The breach a rea is established an d fully defined by t heh i g h e r h e a d q u a r t e r s ( H Q ) o f t h e u n i t c o n d u c t i n g b r e a c h i n g

operations. It is the area where a breaching operation occurs. The area

must be large enough to a llow the a t ta cking unit t o deploy its support

f o rce a n d e xt e n d f a r e n o u g h o n t h e f a r s id e o f t h e o b st a cle t o a l lo wf o l l o w -o n f o r c e s t o d e p l o y b e f o r e l e a v i n g t h e b r e a c h a r e a . O n e

t e ch n iqu e is t o e st a b l ish t h e b re a ch a re a u sin g p h a se l in e s ( PL s) o r

u n it b o u n d a rie s. Th e P L d e f in in g t h e f a r s id e of t h e b re a ch a re a m a y

be esta blished a s a bat t le han dover line (B HL ).

Farside objective. The fa rside objective is t he imm ediat e objective oft h e a t t a c ki n g u n i t s a s s a u l t f o r c e, a n d i t m a y b e o r i en t e d b y t h e

t e r r a i n o r t h e e n e m y f o r c e . T h e h i g h e r H Q a s s i g n s t h e o b j e c t i v e ;

h o w e v er, t h e a t t a c ki n g u n i t n o r m a l l y s u b d i v id e s t h e o bj ec t i v e i n t o

smaller objectives to assign responsibilit ies and to control and focus

t h e a ssa u lt of su b o rd in a t e f orces. Wh e n b re a ch in g a s p a rt of a la rg e r

force, seizing the farside objective provides the necessary maneuver

space for th e higher u nit s follow-on forces to move securely th rough

the la nes, assemble or deploy, a nd continue the a t t ack w ithout enemyinterference.

Bypass. A bypass is a t act ical ta sk tha t involves maneuvering aroundan obstacle, a posit ion, or an enemy force to maintain the momentum

o f a d va n ce. Wh e n a u n it b yp a sse s a n o bst a cle , it p h ys ica l ly ch a n g e s

t h e d ire ct io n o f m o vem e n t t o a vo id t h e o b st a cle . Th is m u st b e d o n e

wit h ca u t io n b e ca u se i t m ig h t p la y in t o t h e e n e m ys h a n d . B yp a sse d

obsta cles an d enemy forces a re reported t o higher HQ.


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FM 3-34.2


Point of penetration. This is the location, which is identified on theground, where th e comma nder concentr at es his efforts a t t he enemys

w e a k e s t p oi n t t o s e i z e a f o o t h o l d o n t h e f a r s i d e o b je ct i v e . Th i s i s

a c h i e v e d a l o n g a n a r r o w f r o n t t h r o u g h m a n e u v e r a n d d i r e c t a n di n d i r e c t f i r e s t h a t a r e a c c u r a t e l y p l a c e d a g a i n s t e n e m y f o r c e s . A

com m a n d e r co n d u ct in g a b re a ch in g o p era t io n e st a b l ish e s a p o in t o f

p e n e t ra t io n t h a t su p p o rt s p la n n in g lo ca t io n s f o r t h e re d u ct io n a re a

and the seizure of the farside objective.

Reduction area. This is a number of adjacent points of breach thata re u n d e r t h e co n t ro l o f t h e b re a ch in g com m a n d e r. Th e com m a n d e r

c on d u c t i n g t h e a t t a c k d e t e r m i n e s t h e s i z e a n d l o ca t i o n o f t h e

reduction a rea tha t supports th e seizure of a point of penetra t ion (see

Fi gure 1-1).

Point of breach. Th is i s t h e l oca t i on a t a n ob st a cl e w h er e t h ecre a t io n o f a la n e is b e in g a t t e m p t e d . I n i t ia l ly , p o in t s o f b re a ch a re

p l a n n e d l oc a t i o n s o n l y. N o r m a l l y, t h e b r e a c h f o r ce d e t e r m i n e s t h e

actua l points of breach during the breaching opera tion.

Figure 1-1. Breach Area

Farside objective

Point of

penetration

BHL(PL)PL

Breach area

Reduction area

Point of breach

(Planned)

(Actual)RL(PL)
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FM 3-34.2


BREACHING TENETS

1-2. Successful breaching operat ions a re chara cterized by a pplying breaching

tenets. These tenets should be applied whenever an obstacle is encountered in

t h e a r e a o f o pe r a t i on s ( AO ), w h e t h e r d u r i n g a n a t t a c k or d u r i n g a r o u t eclearance operation. The tenets are

I n t el li ge nce.

B r e a ch in g f un d a m en t a ls .

B r e a ch i n g or g a n i za t i on .

Ma ss.

S y n ch r on iz a t ion .

INTELLIGENCE

1-3. Success depends largely on the force commanders ability to see th e battl e

space. He m u st id e n t i f y h o w t h e e n e m y is u sin g t h e t e rra in t o m in im iz e t h e

r i s k o f s u r p r i s e . T h i s i s p a r t i c u l a r l y t r u e w h e n a t t e m p t i n g t o c o u n t e r t h eenemys use of obstacles. The force commander does this with the intelligence

p r e p a r a t i o n o f t h e b a t t l e f ie l d ( I P B ) p r oc es s . D u r i n g t h e I P B p r o ce s s , t h e

situa tion templa te (SI TE MP ) is developed. The SI TEM P is a gr a phic depiction

of expected threa t d isposit ions ba sed on threa t doctrine a nd t he effects of the

ba tt le space for a par ticula r course of action (COA). B a sed on the comma nders

e s t i m a t e s , t h e s t a f f d e v e l o p s a S I T E M P f o r m u l t i p l e e n e m y C O A s . T h e

SITEMP helps drive the maneuver plann ing in support of war gam ing and th e

development of the event template. The SITEMP also drives the decisions the

co m m a n d e r m u st b e p re p a re d t o m a k e . T h e co m m a n d e r u se s t h e d e cisio n -

su p p ort t e m p la t e (D S T) t o con ve y t h e se d e cision s in g ra p h ic f orm . Th e I P B

p ro ce ss h e lp s a ch ie ve su cce ss b y f o cu sin g a va i la b le in t e l l ig e n ce - g a t h e rin g

assets toward answering the commanders priority intelligence requirements

(P IR). Intelligence tha t is gat hered lat er by r econ becomes th e founda tion for

developing and revising a SITEMP. (See Appendi x B for informat ion on thr eat

mine operations.)

1 -4 . Ti m e -c on s t r a i n e d p l a n n i n g r e q u i r e s t h e r a p i d d e v e l o pm e n t o f t h e

e n e m ys S I T E M P. A m in im a l S I T E M P, co m p le t e wit h t e m p la t e d o b st a cle s,

a l lo ws t h e d e velop m en t of a n in i t ia l e ve n t t e m p la t e a n d p rovid es in i t ia l P I R

for the intelligence-collection plan (IC P ). At a minim um, th e unit can t emplat e

a n o bs t a c le t r a c e t h a t i s p r e ci s e, a s f a r a s t h e l oc a t i o n , a n d r e p r e s en t s t h e

t o t a l e xp e ct e d e n e m y co u n t e rm o b il i t y e f f o rt b u t d o e s n o t d e p ict in d ivid u a l

o b s t a c l e s . Th e s t a f f p l o t s t h e a c t u a l c om p o s i t i o n o f t h e t r a c e b a s e d o n

incoming obstacle reports. Adequate time for intelligence collection is critical

in d e ve lop in g a n a ccura t e p ict u re o f t h e b a t t le sp a ce, ye t t im e is n orm a lly in

short supply. While templating is essential to focus the ICP, too much time canb e s p en t on t e m p la t i n g a t t h e e x p e n s e of i n t e l l i g en c e, s u r v e i l l a n c e, a n d

reconnaissance (ISR).

1 -5 . I n a n y o p er a t i on w h e r e e n em y ob s t a c le s c a n i n t e r f e r e w i t h f r i en d l y

m a n e u v e r , o b s t a c l e i n t e l l i g e n c e ( O B S TI N T E L ) i s a l w a y s o n e o f t h e

i n f o r m a t i on r e q u i r e m e n t s ( I R ) a n d s h o u l d b e c om e P I R . F i n d i n g e n e m y

o b s t a c l e s o r s e e i n g e n e m y o b s t a c l e a c t i v i t y v a l i d a t e s a n d r e f i n e s t h e

I n t e l l i g e n c e O f f i c e r s ( U S A r m y ) ( S 2 s ) p i c t u r e o f t h e b a t t l e s p a c e .
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O B S TI N TE L h e l ps t h e S 2 d e t e r m i n e t h e e n e m y s i n t e n t i on s , p l a n s , a n d

d e f e n s e s t r e n g t h . Th e f o r c e e n g i n e e r i s t h e u n i t s e x p e r t o n e n e m y

countermobility capabilit ies. He a ssists t he S2 in templating enemy obsta cles,

analyzing OBSTINTEL, and analyzing the effects of terrain.1-6. An unverified enemy t emplat e can lead to disast er becaus e the force may

a i m a n a t t a c k a t t h e w r o n g p l a c e. U n i t s m a y d e p lo y t o r e d u c e e x pe ct e d

o bs t a c le s e a r l y, w a s t i n g m i s s i o n t i m e t o feel t h e i r w a y i n t o n on e x is t e n t

o bs t a c le s ; or t h e y m a y b l u n d er i n t o a n u n e x pe ct e d o b s t a c l e or a n e n em y

engagement area (EA).

1-7. OBS TINTEL can be a crit ical indicat or to verify a n enemy t empla te. The

f o rce s Op e ra t io n s a n d T ra in in g Of f ice r ( US A rm y) ( S 3 ) , S 2 , a n d e n g in e e r

establish effective OBSTINTEL collection by determining specific obstacle IR.

Exa mples of informa tion tha t is needed t o fulfill obsta cle IR include

The location of exist ing and reinforcing obsta cles.

Th e orien t a t ion a n d de pt h of ob st a cle s.

C o nd i t ion s o f t h e s oi l (i n t h e c a s e o f a m i n ef ie ld ) t o d et e r m in e t h e

ability t o use ta nk plow s.

The presence, location, and type of w ire.

L a n es a n d b y pa s s es .

The composition of th e minefield (buried or surfa ce-la id a nt ita nk [AT]

and antipersonnel [AP] mines, antihandling devices [AHDs], and the

depth of the mines).

Typ es of m in es a n d fu ses.

Th e l oca t i on of e n em y i n di r ect -f ir e s y s t e ms t h a t ca n f ir e i n t o t h e

b re a ch a re a .

The composition of complex obsta cles.

Areas between successive obsta cle belts.

1-8. OB STINTEL is par t icula rly im porta nt for discovering the types of mines

a n d m i n e f u s e s t h e e n e m y h a s e m p l oy e d . Th e e n g i n e er d e p e n d s o n t h i s

in f o rm a t io n sin ce h e m u st d e t e rm in e wh ich re d u ct io n t e ch n iqu e s o f f e r t h e

b e st ch a n ce f o r su cce ss a n d m in im iz e t h e r isk t o t h e b re a ch f o rce . Th is m a y

require a dismounted recon patrol to examine mines within a minefield. The

enemy may employ security patr ols, ha ve forces overwa tching th e obstacle, or

place forces within the obstacle to prevent obstacle recon.

1-9. Obta ining OB STINTE L requir es dedica ted collection as sets. These asset s

id e n t i f y su rviva b il it y p osi t io n s a n d o bst a cle e m p la cem e n t a ct ivi t y . Avia t ion

u n i t s , w h o a r e t a s k ed t o p e r f or m r e con i n t h e a r e a , m a y b e a b l e t o pr o v id e

v a l u a b l e O B S TI N TE L i n f or m a t i o n . G r o u n d -s u r v e i ll a n c e r a d a r m a y a l s o

provide useful information.

1-10. Recon forces should ha ve th e capa bility to collect OB STINTE L. To be

su cce ssf u l in t h is co lle ct io n , t h e o bst a cle re con e f f ort s m u st b e t ie d in t o t h e

maneuver forces overall reconnaissance and surveillance (R&S) plan. A force

e n s u r e s t h i s c a p a b i l i t y b y t r a i n i n g d e d i c a t e d r e co n a s s e t s o n c o ll e ct i n g

re qu ire d o b st a cle in f orm a t io n or b y a u g m e n t in g r e co n f orce s wit h e n g in e er

re con t e a m s p ro vid e d b y t h e su p p o rt in g e n g in e e r f o rce . An e n g in e e r r e co n

t e a m m o v e s w i t h s c o u t s o r a p a t r o l a n d c on d u c t s d i s m o u n t e d r e c o n o f


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t e m p la t e d o r con f irm e d o b st a cle s. Th is t e a m h a s t h e f le xib i l i t y t o d ism ou n t

an d develop the deta ils of the obstacle. P ersonnel enga ged in a recon m ission

for OB STINTEL should be used r a rely, if ever, t o reduce obsta cles during the

m i s s i on ; a l t h o u g h t h e y m a k e i d e a l g u i d e s t o b r e a c h f o r c es f o r s u b s e q u e n tb r e a c h i n g o p e r a t i o n s . I n a d v e r t e n t d e t o n a t i o n d u r i n g r e d u c t i o n m a y

co m p ro m ise e n g in e e rs a n d sco u t s , d e f e a t in g t h e re co n m issio n . I t m a y a lso

co m p ro m ise t h e e n t ire a t t a ck . F M 5 - 1 7 0 d e scrib e s ca p a b il it ie s , l im it a t io n s,

and employment concepts of engineer recon teams.

BREACHING FUNDAMENTALS

1 -1 1. S u p p r e s s , o b s c u r e , s e cu r e , r e d u c e , a n d a s s a u l t (S O S R A ) a r e t h e

b r e a c h i n g f u n d a m e n t a l s t h a t m u s t b e a p p l i ed t o e n s u r e s u c c es s w h e n

breaching against a defending enemy. These fundamentals will a lways apply,

b u t t h e y m a y v a r y b a s e d o n t h e s p e ci f i c b a t t l e -s p a c e s i t u a t i on ( m i s s i on ,

e n e m y, t e rr a in , t r o op s, t im e a va i la b le , a n d civi l ia n co n sid e ra t io n s [ M E TT-

TC ]).

Suppress

1-12. Suppression is a ta ct ica l ta sk used to employ direct or indirect f ires or

an electronic attack on enemy personnel, weapons, or equipment to prevent or

d e g r a d e e n e m y f i r e s a n d o b s e r v a t i o n o f f r i e n d l y f o r c e s . Th e p u r p o s e o f

su p p re ssio n d u rin g b re a ch in g o p e ra t io n s is t o p ro t e ct f o rce s re d u cin g a n d

ma neuvering through an obsta cle.

1 -1 3. E f f e ct ive su p pre ssion is a m ission -cri t ica l t a sk p e rf orm e d d u rin g a n y

breaching operation. Suppressive fires in sufficient volume serve to secure the

r e d u c t i o n a r e a . S u c c e s s f u l s u p p r e s s i o n g e n e r a l l y t r i g g e r s t h e r e s t o f t h e

a c t i o n s a t t h e o b s t a c l e. F i r e c on t r o l m e a s u r e s e n s u r e t h a t a l l f i r e s a r e

syn ch ro n iz e d wit h o t h e r a ct io n s a t t h e o b st a cle . A lt h o u g h su p p re ssin g t h ee n e m y o v e r w a t c h i n g t h e o b s t a c l e i s t h e m i s s i o n o f t h e s u p p o r t f o r c e , t h e

b r e a c h f o r c e s h o u l d b e a b l e t o p r o v i d e a d d i t i o n a l s u p p r e s s i o n a g a i n s t a n

enemy that the support force cannot effectively suppress.

Obscure

1 -1 4. Ob scu ra t io n m u s t b e e m p lo ye d t o p ro t e ct f orce s con d u ct in g o b st a cle

r e d u c t i o n a n d t h e p a s s a g e o f a s s a u l t f o r c e s . O b s c u r a t i o n h a m p e r s e n e m y

o b s er v a t i o n a n d t a r g e t a c q u i s i t i o n a n d c on c e a l s f r i e n d l y a c t i v i t i e s a n d

m o v e m e n t . O b s c u r a t i o n s m o k e d e p l oy e d o n o r n e a r t h e e n e m y s p o s i t i on

minimizes its vision. Screening smoke employed between the reduction area

a n d t h e e n e m y co n ce a ls m o vem e n t a n d re d u ct io n a ct ivi t ies . I t a lso d e g ra d e s

enemy gr ound a nd a erial observa tions. Obscuration must be carefully planned

to provide maximum degradation of enemy observation and fires, but it must

not significan tly degra de friendly fires a nd control.

Secure

1 -1 5. F rie n d ly f o rce s se cu re t h e r e d u ct ion a re a t o p re ve n t t h e e n e m y f ro m

i n t e r f e r i n g w i t h o b s t a c l e r e d u c t i o n a n d t h e p a s s a g e o f t h e a s s a u l t f o r c e

t h ro u g h t h e la n e s cre a t e d d u rin g t h e re d u ct io n . S e cu ri t y m u st b e e f f e ct ive

a g a i n s t o u t p o s t s a n d f i g h t i n g p os i t i o n s n e a r t h e o b s t a c l e a n d a g a i n s t


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overwa tching units, a s necessary. The far side of the obstacle must be secured

by fires or be occupied before a tt empting a ny effort to reduce the obsta cle. The

at ta cking unit s higher HQ h as t he responsibility t o isola te the breach ar ea by

f i xi n g a d j a c en t u n i t s , a t t a c ki n g e n e m y r e s e r v es i n d e p t h , a n d p r o v i d in gcounterfire support.

1-16. Ident ifying t he extent of th e enemys defenses is critical before selecting

the a ppropriate t echnique t o secure t he point of breach. If t he enemy controls

t h e p o i n t o f b r e a c h a n d c a n n o t b e a d e q u a t e l y s u p p r e s s e d , t h e f o r c e m u s t

secure the point of breach before it can reduce the obstacle.

1 -1 7. Th e b re a ch f o rce m u st b e re sou rce d wit h e n o u g h m a n e u ve r a ss e t s t o

p r o v i d e l o c a l s e c u r i t y a g a i n s t t h e f o r ce s t h a t t h e s u p p or t f o r c e c a n n o t

s u f f i c i e n t l y e n g a g e . E l e m e n t s w i t h i n t h e b r e a c h f o r c e t h a t s e c u r e t h e

r e d u c t i on a r e a m a y a l s o b e u s e d t o s u p p r e s s t h e e n e m y o n c e r e d u c t i on i s

complete.

Reduce1-18. Reduction is the creation of lanes through or over an obstacle to allow

an a t ta cking force to pass. The number a nd w idth of lanes creat ed varies wit h

the enemy sit uat ion, t he as sault forces size a nd composit ion, and the scheme

of m a n e u ver. Th e la n e s m u st a l lo w t h e a ssa u lt f orce t o ra p id ly p a ss t h ro u g h

the obst a cle. The brea ch force w ill reduce, proof (if requ ired), mar k, a nd r eport

la n e lo ca t ion s a n d t h e la n e -m a rk in g m e t h o d t o h ig h e r HQ. F o llow- on u n it s

will further reduce or clear the obstacle when required. Reduction cannot be

a cco m p lish e d u n t i l e f f e ct ive su p p re ssio n a n d o b scu ra t io n a re in p la ce , t h e

o b s t a c l e h a s b e e n i d e n t i f i e d , a n d t h e p o i n t o f b r e a c h i s s e c u r e . O b s t a c l e -

reduction techniques ar e discussed in m ore deta il in Appendi x C.

Assault1-19. A breaching operat ion is not complete unt il

F rie n dly f orces h a ve a ssa u lt e d t o d e st ro y t h e e n em y o n t h e f a r s id e of

the obsta cle tha t is capable of placing or observing direct a nd indirect

fires on t he reduction a rea.

B a t t le h a n d over w it h f ol low-on f orces h a s o ccurre d , un less n o b a t t le

ha ndover is planned.

BREACHI NG ORGANIZATION

1 - 2 0 . A co m m a n d e r o rg a n iz e s f r ie n d ly f o rce s t o a cco m p lish t h e b re a ch in g

fundamentals quickly and effectively. This requires him to organize support ,

breach, and assault forces with the necessary assets to accomplish their roles(see Table 1-1, page 1-8).
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Support Force

1-21. The support forces prim ar y r esponsibility is to elimina te t he enemy's

ability to interfere wit h a br eaching operation. I t must

I sola t e t h e re d u ct ion a re a wit h f ires.

M a ss a n d con t ro l d irect a n d in d ire ct f ires t o su p pre ss t h e en e m y a n d

t o n e u t r a l i z e a n y w e a p on s t h a t a r e a b l e t o b r in g f i r e s on t h e b r e a ch

force.

C on t r ol ob s cu r in g s m ok e t o pr e ve nt en e my -ob s er v ed d i r ect a n d

indirect fires.

1-22. Su ppression is crit ica l for a successful breaching operat ion; therefore,

allocation of adequate forces to the support force is essential. The commander

must a llocate enough direct- an d indir ect-fire systems to the s upport force to

a l l o w i t t o a c co m p l i s h i t s m i s s i o n s . Wh e n r e s o u r c i n g t h e s u p p o r t f o r c e ,

con sid e r t h e lo sse s i t wi l l r e ce ive a s i t f ig h t s i t s w a y in t o i t s su p p ort -b y-f ire

(S B F ) p o s i t i o n . To i n c r e a s e t h e s u r v i v a b i l i t y o f t h e s u p p or t f o r c e, t h e

c om m a n d e r m a y e s t a b l i s h c r i t i ca l f r i e n d l y z o n es ( C F Z s ) i n s u p p or t o f t h e

support force once it ha s occupied it s S B F posit ions. A CFZ is a n a rea, usua lly

a f r i en d l y u n i t o r l oc a t i o n , t h a t t h e m a n e u v er c om m a n d e r d e s i gn a t e s a s

crit ical to protect a n a sset w hose loss w ould seriously jeopar dize the mission.

C o v e r e d b y a r a d a r s e c t o r, t h e C F Z s u p p o r t s c ou n t e r f i r e o p er a t i o n s b y

providing the most responsive submission of targets to the fire-support system

wh en rounds impact inside th e CFZ. (For m ore deta iled informat ion on C FZs,

see FM 6-121.)

Table 1-1. Relationship Between Breaching Organization and Breaching Fundamentals

Breaching

Organization

Breaching

FundamentalsResponsibilities

Support force Suppress

Obscure

Suppress enemy direct-fire systems covering the

reduction area.

Control obscuring smoke.

Prevent enemy forces from repositioning or

counterattacking to place direct fires on the breach force.

Breach force Suppress (provides additional

suppression)

Obscure (provides additional

obscuration in the reduction

area)

Secure (provides local security)

Reduce

Create and mark the necessary lanes in an obstacle.

Secure the nearside and far side of an obstacle.

Defeat forces that can place immediate direct fires on the

reduction area.

Report the lane status/location.

Assault force Assault

Suppress (if necessary)

Destroy the enemy on the far side of an obstacle that is

capable of placing direct fires on the reduction area.

Assist the support force with suppression if the enemy is

not effectively suppressed.

Be prepared to breach follow-on and/or protective

obstacles after passing through the reduction area.


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1 -2 3 . T h e s u p p or t f o r c e m u s t s e i z e a n S B F p o s i t i o n , s e e k i n g m a x i m u m

p r o t e ct i o n f r o m t h e t e r r a i n . I f p os s i b l e, t h e s u p p or t f or c e s h o u l d f ol l ow a

covered or concealed r oute t o the S B F posit ion, t ake up its ass igned sectors of

f i r e a n d o b s er v a t i on , a n d b e g i n t o en g a g e t h e e n em y. I t m a y h a v e t o m a k esome adjustments to its direct-fire plan if the situation dictates. Observation

is part icularly crit ical. Artillery observers w ith t he support force may init ially

b rin g in d ire ct f ire s o n e n e m y p o si t ion s t o f ix a n d su p p re ss t h e e n e m y. Th e

support force a djusts t he a rt illery-delivered obscuring smoke, if necessa ry, to

protect the breach an d as sault forces as they a pproa ch the reduction area .

Breach Force

1-24. The breach force assist s in t he passa ge of the a ssa ult force by creat ing,

p r o of i n g (i f n e c es s a r y ) , a n d m a r k i n g l a n e s . (F or m o r e i n f or m a t i o n o n t h e

in it ia l la n e -m a r k in g p a t t e rn , se e Chapter 3 .) The breach force is a combined-

a r m s f or c e. I t i n cl u d e s e n g i n ee r s , r e d u ct i o n a s s e t s , a n d e n o u g h m a n e u v er

forces to provide a ddit iona l suppression a nd local s ecurit y. The brea ch force

may apply portions of the following breaching fundamentals as it reduces an

obstacle:

Suppress. Th e b re a ch f orce m u st b e a l loca t e d e n ou g h m a n e u verf or c e s t o pr o v i d e a d d i t i on a l s u p p r es s i on a g a i n s t v a r i ou s t h r e a t s ,

including

!!!! En emy direct-fire systems tha t ca nnot be effectively observed a nd

suppressed by th e support force due to the terra in or the m as king

of the support forces f ires by the br each force a s it moves forwa rd

to reduce the obstacle.

!!!! Co u n t era t t a ck in g a n d /or re posit ion in g f orces t h a t ca n n o t b e

engaged by the support force.

Obscure. The breach force employs vehicle-mounted smoke systemsan d smoke pots, if necessary, for self-defense a nd to cover la nes w hilethe a ssa ult force is pass ing.

Secure. The breach force secures itself from dismounted threat forceswho are providing close-in protection of the obstacle. The breach force

a l s o s e cu r e s t h e l a n e s t h r o u g h t h e t a c t i ca l o b st a c le s , on c e t h e y a r e

crea ted, to allow sa fe passage of the a ssault force.

Reduce. The breach force performs its primary mission of reducingt h e ob s t a c l e. To s u p p or t t h e d e v e l op m e n t o f a p l a n t o r e d u c e t h e

obstacle, the composit ion of the obsta cle system must be an IR.

Assault. The breach force assau lts t hrough th e point of breach t o thefar side of an obsta cle and seizes the r eduction area .

1-25. The breach force is comprised of two subordinate elementssecurityan d reduction:

Security element. The security element is comprised primarily ofm a n e u ve r f orce s. I t is n o rm a lly re sp on sib le f or p ro vid in g a d d it ion a l

suppression, obscuration, and local security.

Reduction element. The reduction element is comprised prima rily ofre d u ct io n a sse t s ( m in e - cle a rin g b la d e s [ M CB s] , M I CL I Cs, a rm o re d

v e h i c l e-l a u n c h e d b r i d g e s [ AV L B s ], a r m o r e d c o m b a t e a r t h m o v e r s
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[A C E s ] , d i s m o u n t e d e n g i n e e r s , a n d s o f o r t h ) . I t i s n o r m a l l y

responsible for r educing th e obsta cle.

Chapter 2 provides more details on the roles, responsibilit ies, and command

and control (C 2) of the security and reduction elements.

1-26. The brea ch force must b e able to deploy a nd begin r educing the obsta cle

a s s o on a s e n e m y f i r e s h a v e b e e n s u p p r e s s ed a n d e f f e ct i v e o b s cu r a t i o n i s

achieved. I t can expect enemy a rt illery fires within a ma tter of minutes. CFZs

should be activated at the point of breach before the commitment of the breach

force.

1 - 2 7 . E n g i n e e r s w i t h i n t h e b r e a c h f o r c e a r e a l l o c a t e d w i t h t h e r e d u c t i o n

a s s e t s n e ce s s a r y t o c l ea r m i n e s , n on e x pl os i v e ob s t a cl e s, a n d s m a l l g a p s .

S c o u t s , e n g i n e e r s , o r o t h e r r e c o n a s s e t s a r e a l s o c a p a b l e o f f i n d i n g l o c a l

bypasses or exist ing la nes in the obstacle system.

1-28. The commander allocates engineers and reduction assets based on the

n u m b e r o f la n e s r e qu ire d , t h e t e rra in , a n d t h e t yp e o f ob st a cle. Th e b re a chf or c e m u s t b e a b l e t o c r e a t e a m i n i m u m o f o n e la n e f or e a c h a s s a u l t i n g

company or tw o lanes for t he a ssau lt ing t ask force (TF).

1-29. The comma nder s hould plan for a 50 percent loss of mobility a ssets in

clo se co m b a t . As a p la n n in g f a ct o r, h e s h o u ld a l lo ca t e o n e e n g in ee r p la t o on

with the necessary reduction assets to create and mark one lane.

1-30. After the breach force has reduced the obstacle and passed the assault

f or c e t h r o u g h , t h e b r e a c h f or c e m a y b e r e q u i r e d t o h a n d o ve r t h e l a n e t o

follow-on units. At a minimum, t he lanes must be mar ked and their locat ions

an d condit ions reported t o higher H Q a nd follow-on units a s prescribed in th e

unit s sta nding operating procedures (SOP ).

Assault Force

1 -3 1. Th e a ssa u lt f o rces p rim a ry m ission is t o d e st ro y t h e e n e m y a n d se iz e

terra in on the fa r side of the obstacle to prevent t he enemy from placing direct

f i r es o n t h e c r e a t e d l a n e s. Th e a s s a u l t f or c e m a y b e t a s k e d t o a s s i s t t h e

support force with suppression while the breach force reduces the obstacle.

1 -3 2 . Th e a s s a u l t f o r c e m u s t b e s u f f i c i e n t i n s i z e t o s e i z e t h e p o i n t o f

p en e t r a t i o n . C o m b a t p ow e r i s a l l oc a t e d t o t h e a s s a u l t f o r ce t o a c h i e v e a

m i n i m u m 3 : 1 r a t i o o n t h e p o i n t o f p e n e t r a t i o n . I n a b r e a c h i n g o p e r a t i o n ,

p a r t i c u l a r l y TF a n d a b o v e, t h e a s s a u l t f o r c e n o r m a l l y m a n e u v e r s a s a

s e pa r a t e f or c e a t t a c k i n g t h r ou g h a r e d u ce d ob s t a c le . H o w e v er , br e a c h a n d

a ssa u lt a sse t s m a y m a n e u ve r a s a s in g le f o rce wh e n co n d u ct in g lo we r- le ve l

b re a ch in g op era t io n s, su ch a s a n in d e p en d e n t co m pa n y t e a m co n d u ct in g a n

a t t a c k .

1 -3 3. I f t h e o bst a cle is d e f en d e d b y a sm a ll e n e m y f o rce, a ssa u lt a n d b re a ch

f o r ce s m i s s i on s m a y b e c om b i n e d . Th i s s i m p l i f i e s C 2 a n d p r ov i d es m o r e

immediate combat power for security a nd suppression.

1 - 3 4 . F ire co n t ro l m e a su re s a re e sse n t ia l , s in ce su p p o rt a n d b re a ch f o rce s

may be firing on th e enemy wh en the a ssault force is committed. Suppression

of overwa tching enemy posit ions must continue a nd other enemy forces must

re m a in f ixed b y f ire s u n t i l t h e e n e m y h a s b e e n d e st ro yed . Th e a ssa u lt f orce
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m u st a ssu m e con t ro l f or d ire ct f ire s o n t h e a ssa u lt o bject ive a s su p p ort a n d

breach forces fires are lifted or shifted.

MASS1 - 3 5 . B re a ch in g is co n d u ct e d b y ra p id ly a p p lyin g co n ce n t ra t e d e f f o rt s a t a

point t o reduce the obsta cle an d penetra te th e defense. Massed combat power

is directed aga inst the enemys wea kness. The locat ion selected for brea ching

d e pe n d s la r g e ly o n t h e w e a k n e ss in t h e e n e m ys d e f e n se, w h e re i t s cove rin g

f ire s a re m in im iz e d . I f f r ie n d ly f o rce s ca n n o t f in d a n a t u ra l we a k n e ss, t h e y

c r ea t e on e b y f i x i n g t h e m a j or i t y o f t h e en e m y f o r c e a n d i s o la t i n g a s m a l l

portion of it for attack.

Support Force

1-36. The support force suppresses th e enemy t o eliminat e effective fires on

t h e b re a ch f o rce . S m o k e a n d t e rra in a r e u se d t o h e lp iso la t e t h e f o rce u n d e r

a t t a ck . S u p p re ssio n re qu ire s t h e co m m a n d e r t o m a ss e n o u g h o ve rwa t ch in gdirect fires to protect the breach force.

1 -3 7 . N o r m a l l y , t h e TF i s o l a t e s a n d d e s t r o y s p l a t o o n -s i z e e l e m e n t s i n

succession, sta rt ing w ith t he pla toon identified a s th e easiest to overwhelm. In

F i g u r e 1 -2 , t h e TF c om m a n d e r e m p lo y s a t a n k c om p a n y t e a m t o f i x t w o

defending platoons a nd uses s creening smoke (ta rget AA1102) to help isolate

the platoon selected for attack. Objective (OBJ ) Cowboy has been identified by

t h e TF c om m a n d e r a s t h e p o in t o f p en e t r a t i o n . Th e c e n t e r a n d e a s t e r n

p l a t o on s a r e s u p p r e s s ed b y d i r e ct a n d i n d i r e c t f i r e s f r o m a s e co n d t a n k

company team.

Figure 1-2. Technique for Achieving Mass in the Breach

OBJCOWBOYAA1101

AA1103

(+)

(-)

x

x

x x

v

v

v

v

x

x x

AA1102

AA1104

x

x

x

x
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1-38. The support force should be provided wit h reduct ion a ssets t o reduce the

i m p a c t t h a t u n e x p e c t e d o b s t a c l e s o r s c a t t e r a b l e m i n e f i e l d s h a v e o n t h e i r

a p p r o a c h t o a n d o cc u pa t i on o f S B F p os i t i on s . F a i l u r e t o d o s o m a y g r e a t l y

im p a ct o n syn ch ro n iz in g t h e e n t ire b re a ch in g o p e ra t io n . A s a t e ch n iqu e , au n it m a y cre a t e a m o bil it y re se rve t h a t su p p ort s t h e m a in e f fort t h ro u g h ou t

t h e o p era t io n . I n i t ia l ly, t h e m o b il i t y r e se rve m a y su p p ort t h e su p p ort f orce

until i t ha s seized its SB F posit ions and t hen shift i ts support t o the breach or

assa ult force.

Breach Force

1-39. The commander also masses engineers and reduction assets to reduce

t h e o b s t a c le . Th e b r e a c h f or c e i s o r g a n i z e d a n d e q u i p pe d t o u s e s e v e r a l

d i f f e r e n t r e d u c t i o n t e c h n i q u e s i n c a s e t h e p r i m a r y t e c h n i q u e f a i l s ; f o r

e x a m p l e , i f a k e y v e h i c l e i s d e s t r o y e d o r i f c a s u a l t i e s r e n d e r d i s m o u n t e d

e n g in ee rs in e f f ect ive. A d d it ion a l re d u ct ion a sse t s a re p re se n t t o h a n d le t h e

u n e xp e ct e d . N o rm a lly, 5 0 p e rce n t m o re re d u ct io n a sse t s t h a n re qu ire d f o r

obstacle reduction are positioned with the breach force.

1-40. The breach force masses reduction efforts against the obstacle to ensure

tha t it w ill successfully crea te enough lanes. A mounted TF-size assa ult force

r e q u i r es a t l e a s t t w o la n e s, b u t m o r e l a n e s w i l l s p ee d p a s s a g e t h r o u g h t h e

d a n g e r a r e a . Th e b r e a c h f or c e a t t e m p t s t o s im u l t a n e ou s l y c r e a t e a s m a n y

lanes a s necessary to ensure the ra pid pass age of the assa ult force through the

o bst a cle syst e m . Th is m a y r e qu ire t h e b re a ch f orce t o s im u lt a n e ou sly u se a

combination of mechanical, explosive, and manual techniques. For example,

an engineer pla toon ma y use tw o MIC LIC s as t he primary t echnique to reduce

a m i n e f i e l d . As s o o n a s t h e e n g i n e e r p l a t o on f i r e s t h e s e co n d M I C L I C ,

e n g i n e e r s q u a d s e m p l o y m a n u a l e x p l o s i v e t e c h n i q u e s t o c r e a t e t h r e e

a d d it io n a l la n e s t h ro u g h t h e m in e fie ld . Th e com m a n d e r m u st ca re f u lly p la n

a n d syn ch ro n iz e t h e cre a t ion o f a d d it ion a l la n e s t o re d u ce t h e p o t e n t ia l f o rfratricide with assault ing troops. The distance between the lanes depends on

the enemy, th e terra in, the n eed t o minimize the effects of enemy a rt illery, th e

direct-fire pla n of t he support force, C 2, a nd r eduction-site congestion.

Assault Force

1 -4 1. Ach ievin g n e cessa r y m a ss f or t h e a ssa u lt re qu ire s t h e b r e a ch f orce t o

op en e n o u g h l a n e s t h r o u gh t h e o bs t a c le t o p e r m it r a p id p a s s a g e a n d t h e

buildup of forces on the farside. The size of the assault force determines the

n u m b e r o f l a n e s i n i t i a l l y c r e a t e d . A m o u n t e d TF r e q u i r e s o n e l a n e p e r

a ssa u lt in g com p a n y t e a m . A d ism ou n t e d a ssa u lt f o rce re qu ire s on e la n e f o r

e a c h l ea d i n g a s s a u l t p l a t o on . Th e t a ct i c a l s i t u a t i on m a y r e q u i r e a d d i t i on a l

l a n e s t o q u i ck l y p a s s a l a r g e a s s a u l t f or c e t h r o u g h t h e o b s t a c l e t o a ch i e v esufficient combat-power ratio.

1-42. The principle of ma ss influences t he selection of the point of brea ch; th e

t a s k o r g a n i z a t i o n o f t h e s u p p o r t , b r e a c h , a n d a s s a u l t f o r c e s ; a n d t h e

in t e g ra t ion o f e n g in ee rs in m o vem e n t o r a t t a ck f orm a t io n s. F i g u r e 1 -2 , p a g e

1-11, shows a technique to achieve mass in t he breach.

1 -4 3. Th e n e e d t o g e n era t e e n ou g h m a ss a n d t h e m a n e u ver sp a ce a va i la b le

s t r o n g l y i n f l u e n ce w h i ch e c h e lo n c a n c o n d u c t t h e b r e a c h i n g o p er a t i o n . A
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c om p a n y t e a m c a n n o t s i m u l t a n e o u s l y m a s s s u f f i c i en t f i r e s , r e d u c e t h e

o bs t a c le , a n d a s s a u l t t h e d e f e n d i n g p os i t i o n u n l es s i t i s a s i m p l e ob s t a c le

defended by no more tha n one pla toon. A TF sh ould have a comba t-power ra tio

of 3:1 to reduce an obsta cle defended by a compan y, a nd a TF is n ormally t hee ch e lon u se d t o e xecu t e a b re a ch . A b rig a d e h a s su f f icie n t com b a t p owe r t o

a t t a c k a c o m p l e x , w e l l -d e f e n d e d o b s t a c l e ; b u t a b r i g a d e h a s d i f f i c u l t y

deploying a ll i ts comba t power w ithin ra nge. Norma lly, a brigade brea ches by

isolat ing a sma ll segment of the defense (platoon or company ) that the TF ca n

then at tack as the breaching echelon. If obstacles and defenses are in-depth,

m a ss is a ch ie ved b y p a ssin g a d d it ion a l TF s t h ro u g h t h e o b st a cle t o con t in u e

t h e a t t a ck.

SYNCHRONIZATION

1-44. Breaching operations require precise synchronization of the breaching

f u n d a m e n t a ls b y su p p ort , b re a ch , a n d a ssa u lt f o rce s. Fa i lu re t o syn ch ro n ize

effective suppression a nd obscura tion with obsta cle reduction and a ssault can

r e s u l t i n r a p i d , d e v a s t a t i n g l o s s es o f f r i en d l y t r o op s i n t h e o bs t a c le o r t h e

enemys E A.

1 -4 5. A co m b in e d -a rm s b re a ch is a com p le x op e ra t io n b y n a t u r e . S u p p ort ,

b r e a ch , a n d a s s a u l t f o r ce s m u s t a p pl y t h e S O S R A br e a c h in g f u n d a m e n t a l s

wit hin a short t ime a nd dista nce. The support force masses its direct f ires and

con t ro ls in d ire ct f ire s in con cert wit h b re a ch a n d a ssa u lt f o rce s m a n e u vers.

The commander must employ smoke at the right t ime and place to maximize

i t s e f f ec t i ve n es s o r r i s k h a m p er i n g h i s o w n t a r g e t a c q u i s it i o n a n d C 2. The

b r e a c h f or c e m u s t h a v e t h e r i g h t r e d u ct i o n a s s e t f or t h e t y p e of o b s t a c l e

e n co u n t e re d . E n g in e e rs m u st e n su re t h a t t h e y d o n o t p re m a t u re ly e xh a u st

reduction a ssets n eeded to reduce subsequent obsta cles. Table 1-2, page 1-14,

shows the complexity of a combined-arms breach.

1-46. The comma nder ensur es synchronizat ion t hrough proper pla nning a nd

force prepara tion. Fundam entals t o achieve synchronizat ion a re

D e t a i le d r e ve r se p la n n i n g.

C l ea r s u bu n it i n st r u ct i on s .

E f fect ive C 2.

Well-rehearsed forces.

Detailed Reverse Planning

1 - 4 7 . S yn ch ro n iz in g a co m b in e d - a rm s b re a ch b e g in s b y u sin g t h e re ve rse -

p la n n in g p ro ce ss t o e n su re t h a t a ct io n s a t o b st a cle s su p p o rt a ct io n s o n t h e

objective. Pla nning t he breach w ithout rega rd to a ctions on t he objective leads

t o d isa st e r. D u rin g C OA d eve lo pm e n t , t h e st a f f a n a lyz e s t h e re la t ive com b a t

power and compares enemy and friendly strengths and weaknesses. The staff

t h e n g e n e r a t e s o pt i on s b a s e d o n t h e c om m a n d e r s g u i d a n c e a n d a r r a y s t h e

forces necessa ry to a ccomplish the mission. The st aff develops the options by

analyzing the objective and allocating forces to accomplish the mission. The

c om m a n d e r d e c i d e s h o w h e m u s t a t t a c k t h e o b je ct i v e t o a c co m p li s h h i s

m i s s i o n . Th i s d e c i s i on d r i v e s w h e r e , h o w, a n d w i t h w h a t f o r c e h e m u s t

support , breach, and assault through the enemys obstacles. The commander

a p p ro ve s t h e sch e m e of m a n e u ve r f o r t h e b re a ch in g p h a se o f t h e o p e ra t io n
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tha t achieves a dequa te suppression, obscura tion, and security. He a lso creat es

su f f icie n t la n e s t o ra p id ly p ro je ct com b a t p owe r o n t h e p o in t o f p e n et ra t io nand the far side of the objective, not just to the far side of the obstacle. Reverse

p l a n n i n g g i v e s p u r p o s e t o t h e b r e a c h i n g p l a n t h a t s u p p o r t s m i s s i o n

accomplishment.

1-48. The commander begins developing COAs as discussed in FM 101-5. H e

determines relat ive comba t-power ra t ios, generat es options, and a rra ys forces

t o a c co m p l i s h t h e m i s s i o n . H e t h e n d e v e l op s t h e s c h e m e o f m a n e u v e r ,

including actions on the objective. In Figur e 1-3, a three-company-team TF is

conducting a deliberate a t t ack to destroy a motorized infantr y company (MIC)

in th e defense. The comma nder believes seizing OB J Ca t t o be decisive. This is

the point from w hich reverse plann ing of a ct ions on th e objective begins. The

c om m a n d e r u s e s Te a m C t o s e i z e t h e i n i t i a l f o ot h o l d ( OB J B i r d ) (p oi n t o f

penetr at ion) into the enemys defense. The focus of brea ch plann ing is to getTeam C t o its objective. The num ber a nd location of la nes a re driven by Team

Cs m a n e u ve r o n OB J B ird a s t h e a ssa u lt f o rce . T h e co m m a n d e r n o w p la n s

how t he breach force must ma neuver to reduce the obsta cle. Supporting fires

f rom C o m pa n y A a n d Te a m B in S B F s 1 5 a n d 2 5 a re p la n n e d t o su p po rt t h e

re d u ct io n o f t h e o b st a cle a n d t h e a ssa u lt on t h e o b je ct ive . Re verse p la n n in g

c on t i n u e s t o d r i v e t h e m a n e u v er f or m a t i on t o e n s u r e t h a t f or c es a r e i n t h e

correct relative positions to accomplish their missions.

Table 1-2. Breach Complexity

Action ElementTime

(Minutes)Controlled By

Develop the situation (verify the boundary of the

enemy obstacle system).

Force in contact M to 2 S3

Maneuver the support force into the overwatch

position.

Support M + 2 to 15 Support cdr

Maneuver the assault force into the covered

assault position.

Assault M + 2 to 15 Assault cdr

Call for artillery. DS artillery M + 2 to 15 FSO

Build smoke. Mortars M + 5 to 10 FSO

Suppress the enemy with direct fires. Support M + 15 to 29 Support cdr

Suppress the enemy with artillery fires. DS artillery M + 10 to 29 FSO

Maintain smoke. DS artillery/mortars M + 10 to 30 FSO

Maneuver the breach force to the breachlocation.

Breach M + 20 to 23 Reduction cdr

Reduce the obstacle, and prepare two lanes. Breach M + 23 to 30 Engineer ldr

Place smoke pots. Breach M + 23 to EOM Reduction cdr

Shift direct fires off the objective. Support M + 29 to 30 Assault cdr

Shift indirect fires beyond the objective. DS artillery M + 29 to 30 Assault cdr

Assault to destroy the enemy on the far side of

the obstacle.

Assault M + 30 to 45 Assault cdr

Reorganize to continue the mission. TF M + 45 to EOM S3

NOTE: M = Contact with the obstacle
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Clear Subunit Instructions

1 - 4 9 . S u b o rd in a t e u n it s m u st cle a rly u n d e rst a n d t h e ir m issio n s, h o w t h e ir

m ission s re la t e t o t h e p h a se s o f t h e op era t io n , a n d w h a t ro le a d ja ce n t u n it sp l a y i n t h e o v e r a l l p l a n . T h e c o m m a n d e r m a y u s e a n e x e c u t i o n m a t r i x t o

synchronize his forces. An execution ma trix is a superb synchroniza tion tool,

a n d i t l is t s su b u n it in st ru ct ion s se qu e n t ia l ly in r e la t ion t o k e y e ve n t s o r t h e

s e q u e n c e o f t h e a t t a c k . I t a l s o p r o v i d e s s u b o r d i n a t e c o m m a n d e r s w i t h a n

u n d e rst a n d in g o f h ow t h e ir m ission s a n d t h o se o f a d ja cen t u n it s f i t in t o t h e

o v e r a l l p l a n . M o r e i m p o r t a n t l y , i t a l l o w s s u b o r d i n a t e s t o b e t t e r t r a c k t h e

batt le and coordinate their own maneuver with that of adjacent units. This is

c r i t i c a l t o a c h i e v i n g u n i t y o f e f f o r t b e t w e e n s u p p o r t , b r e a c h , a n d a s s a u l t

Figure 1-3. Reverse Planning

Size ofsupport

force

Amount of

suppression

and

obscuration

Overwatching

enemy

Size ofbreach

force

Number

and

location of

lanes

Actions at

obstacles

Size ofassault

force

Actionsonthe

objective

Isolate Suppress Obscure Secure Reduce Penetrate Exploit

Reverse-planning sequence

LD

(PL DALLAS)

LD

(PL DALLAS)

A

B

AXIS HORSE

AXIS MAN

SBF 25

SBF 15

OBJ BIRD

OBJ CAT

OBJ DOG

PL AUSTIN

PL AUSTIN

PL HOUSTON

PL HOUSTON

09

27

33

SBF 45

BHL

(PL KILLEEN)

BHL

(PL KILLEEN)

1620

SBF 35

(+)

(-)

C


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f o r c e s . F i g u r e 1 - 4 s h o w s a s a m p l e e x e c u t i o n m a t r i x f o r t h e s c h e m e o f

maneuver in Fi gure 1-3, page 1-15.

Units

Company A

(Support Force)

Team B(Support/

Assault Force)

Team C

(Assault Force)

Team Engineer

(Breach Force)

Force

Allocation

LD to PL

Austin

Move to left of

Team B; echelon

left.

Lead TF. Trail team

engineer.

Trail Team B

center.

Maneuver

formation

PL Austin to PL

Houston

Attack with

Team B on Axis

Horse.

Occupy SBF 25.

Lead attack on

Axis Horse.

Occupy SBF 15.

Occupy CP 20. Lead attack on

Axis Man.

Obstacle

reduction

SBF 25.

Orient TRP 09.

On order TRP

27.

SBF 15.

Orient TRP 09.

Occupy CP 16.

Identify lane.

Create and mark

two lanes

(vicinity

AB123456).

Attack on OBJ

Bird

Shift fires to

TRP 33.

Shift fires to

TRP 27.

On order, move

through lane to

seize OBJ Bird.

Assist passage

of Team C.

Secure lanes.

Reduce

Attack on OBJ

Cat

Orient TRP 33. On order, lift

fires and occupy

CP 16.

Identify lanes.

On order, seize

OBJ Cat.

Secure/improve

lanes.

Attack on OBJDog Lift fires.Consolidate on

SBF 25.

On order, seizeOBJ Dog. Occupy SBF 45.Orient TRP 33.

On order, lift

fires.

Assist passageof Team B.

Secure/improve

lanes.

Action onOBJ

Consolidate SBF 25.

Orient north.

OBJ Dog.

Orient northeast.

OBJ Cat.

Orient east.

Support hasty

defense

operations.

Figure 1-4. Sample Execution Matrix
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Effective C2

1-50. E ffective C 2 is paramount to mission success. C 2 is in t e g ra t e d in t o t h e

p l a n t h r o u g h t h e u s e o f m a n e u v e r a n d f i r e c o n t r o l m e a s u r e s a n d t h e

posit ioning of key leaders to see the bat t le space. Man euver contr ol measuresenable the commander to graphically convey his intent , scheme of maneuver,

a n d su b u n it in st ru ct ion s. Re la t in g su b u n it a ct ion s t o t h e t e rra in is cri t ica l t o

successful execution.

1 - 5 1 . I n F i g u r e 1 -3 , p a g e 1 -1 5, t h e c o m m a n d e r u s e s P L s t o i n i t i a t e t h e

breaching operat ion an d t o control a ct ions on the objective. At P L Austin, th e

support force ma neuvers t o occupy S B Fs 15 a nd 25. The a ssa ult force occupies

c h e ck p oi n t (C P ) 16 t o p r e v e n t p r e m a t u r e a d v a n c e m e n t t o t h e o b s t a c l e,

r e d u c t i o n - s i t e c o n g e s t i o n , a n d t h e e n g a g e m e n t o f f o r c e s b e f o r e l a n e s a r e

created and marked. The commander uses target reference points (TRPs) on

o bv i ou s t e r r a i n f e a t u r e s t o o r i en t , f o cu s , a n d s h i f t s u p p r e s s iv e d i r e ct a n d

indirect fires.

1 - 5 2 . K e y l e a d e r s m u s t b e a b l e t o s e e t h e b a t t l e s p a c e t o m a k e i n f o r m e d

decisions. Nowhere is t his m ore t rue th an during t he breaching opera tion. The

comma nder must posit ion himself where he can best contr ol the batt le. Since

effective suppression is the most crit ical event during breaching operations,

the commander may position himself with the support force. This enables him

t o p e r s on a l l y i n f l u e n ce f i r e co n t r o l a n d f a c i l i t a t e t h e n e c es s a r y c r os s t a l k

between breach an d a ssa ult forces. The S3 ma y init ia lly move w ith t he breach

f o r c e t o t r a c k t h e p r o g r e s s o f o b s t a c l e r e d u c t i o n a n d a n t i c i p a t e t h e

co m m it m e n t o f t h e a ssa u lt f o rce . A co m m a n d e r wh o f e e ls t h a t h is p e rso n a l

influence is required with the breach or assault force must make a conscious

effort to track the entire battle and must not focus completely on the reduction

of th e obsta cle or t he as sault itself.

Well-Rehearsed Forces

1-53. The most effective synchronizat ion t ool av aila ble to the comman der is

t h e r e h e a r s a l . Th e i n h e r e n t c om p l ex i t y o f t h e b r e a c h in g o p e r a t i o n m a k e s

rehearsals at every level essential to success. The commander must give his

su b ord in a t e s t im e t o p la n h o w t h e y w il l execu t e t h e ir a ssig n ed m ission s a n d

t i m e t o r e h e a r s e t h e p l a n w i t h t h e i r u n i t . Th e TF f a c il i t a t e s r e h ea r s a l s b y

p rep a rin g r e h ea r sa l s i t e s a n d m a n a g in g t h e ir u se. Th e TF com m a n d e r m u st

be sensit ive to the impact TF-level rehearsals have on subordinate planning

a n d p r e pa r a t i on , a n d h e m u s t c a r e f u ll y c h oo se t h e t i m e a n d p l a c e of t h e

re h ea rsa l . Co m pa n y t e a m s r e h ea rse t h e ir su p p ort , b re a ch , a n d a ssa u lt ro les.

TF re h e a rsa ls f o cu s o n sy n ch ron iz in g t h e m a n e u ver o f su p p ort , b re a ch , a n d

a s s a u l t f o r ce s t o a c h i ev e t h e b r e a c h i n g f u n d a m e n t a l s . R e h e a r s a l s a l s o

highlight key events tha t m ust be coordinated dur ing breach execution.

Typical Breaching Operations

1-54. Table 1-3, page 1-18, shows the types of breaching operations versus the

sizes of the enemy forces overwatching the obstacle.
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FM 3-34.2


BREACHING OPERATIONS IN SUPPORT OF DELI BERATE ANDHASTY ATTACKS

1 -5 5. At t a ck s t a k e p la ce a lo n g a con t in u u m b a se d o n t h e k n o wle d g e of t h ee n e m y s c a p a b i l i t i e s a n d d i s p o s i t i o n a n d t h e i n t e n t i o n s a n d d e t a i l s o f t h e

f rie n d ly f o rce s p la n n in g a n d p re p a ra t io n . T h e t e rm s d el i b er a t e a t t a c k a n d

h a s t y a t t a ck r e f e r t o t h e o pp os i t e e n d s o f t h a t c on t i n u u m a n d d e s c r i b e

characterist ics of the at tack:

Deliberate attack. F r i en d ly f or ces h a v e m or e k n ow l ed g e o f t h ee n e m y s i t u a t i o n a n d h a v e m o r e t i m e t o p l a n a n d p r e p a r e f o r t h e

enemy. With this knowledge, friendly forces conducting the deliberate

a t t a ck c a n d e v el op d e t a i l ed p l a n s , t a s k -o r g a n i z e t o a c co m pl i s h t h e

mission, a nd execute rehear sals down t o the lowest levels.

Hasty attack. Th e e n e m y si t u a t ion is va g u e, or i t ch a n g e s ra p id ly.Friendly forces ha ve lit t le or no t ime to plan or prepar e for t his ty pe of

op er a t i o n . B e ca u s e t h e p r i m a r y p u r p os e of t h e h a s t y a t t a c k i s t o

m a i n t a i n m o m en t u m o r t a k e a d v a n t a g e of t h e e n e m y s i t u a t i on , i t i s

n or m a l l y c on d u ct e d o n l y w i t h t h e r e s o ur c es t h a t a r e i m m e d ia t e ly

available.

1 -5 6. B re a ch in g op era t io n s m a y b e re qu ire d t o su p po rt a n a t t a ck a n yw h e re

a l o n g t h e c o n t i n u u m . D u r i n g a d e l i b e r a t e a t t a c k , f r i e n d l y f o r c e s , s u c h a s

e n g in e ers a n d sm o ke p la t o on s, a re t a sk -o rg a n iz e d b e f ore t h e a t t a ck t o b e st

s u p p o r t t h e c o n ce p t o f t h e o p e r a t i o n . I n a h a s t y a t t a c k , t h e r e m a y b e

i n s u f f i ci e n t t i m e t o t a s k -o r g a n i z e a s s e t s , s u ch a s e n g i n e e r s a n d r e d u c t i on

a sse t s , in t h e b e st m a n n e r. Ad d it ion a l ly, t h e u n it m a y n o t h a ve t im e t o p la n

t h e b re a ch in g o pe ra t ion in d e t a i l b u t m a y h a ve t o re ly o n t h e u n it s S OP f or

e x ec u t io n . R e g a r d l es s o f w h e r e t h e a t t a c k f a l l s a l o n g t h e c o n t i n u um , t h e

breaching tenets a pply w hen conducting th e breaching operat ion in support of

t h e a t t a ck.

PLANNING SEQUENCE

1 -5 7. Th e sch e m e o f m a n e u ve r, e n g in e e r o p e ra t ion s, f i re s, a ir d e f en se , a n d

a ct ion s a t ob st a cles a re a l l b a se d o n t h e sa m e S I TE M P. P la n n e rs d e velop t h e

breaching plan using the following sequence:

Reverse planning begins wit h a ctions on the objective.

Table 1-3. Types of Breaching Operations Versus Enemy Sizes

Enemy Overwatching

the Obstacle

Maneuver Units Conducting

Breaching Operations

Brigade TF Company

MIBN X

MIC O X

MIP O X

NOTES:

X = Normal (combat-power ratio 3:1)

O = Desirable (combat-power ratio >3:1)


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FM 3-34.2


Actions on the objective drive the size an d composit ion of the assa ult

force.

Th e siz e of t h e a ssa u lt f orce d e t erm in e s t h e n u m b er a n d loca t ion o f

lanes t o be creat ed. L a n e requ ire m en t s a n d t h e t yp e o f ob st a cle d rive t h e a m o u n t a n d t yp e

of mobility assets task-organized to the breach force.

The ability of the enemy to interfere w ith the reduction of the obsta cle

d e t e rm in e s t h e siz e a n d co m p o sit io n o f t h e se cu ri t y e le m e n t in t h e

brea ch force.

Th e a b i lit y of t h e e nem y t o m a s s fi res on t h e p oin t of b rea ch

d e t e r m i n e s t h e a m ou n t o f s u pp r e s s io n r e q u i r e d a n d t h e s i z e a n d

composition of the support force.


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Breaching Operations 2-1

Chapter 2

Breaching Operations

F o r a b r e a c h i n g o pe r a t i o n , a u n i t d e v e l op s a s c h e m e o f m a n e u v e r

s p e c i f i ca l l y d e s i g n e d t o c r o s s a n o b s t a c l e a n d c on t i n u e a m i s s i o n .

Ma n e u v e r com p a n y t e a m s , TF s , a n d b r i g a d e s ca n con d u ct b r e a ch i n g

o p e r a t i o n s . N o r m a l l y, a TF e x e c u t e s a b r e a c h i n g o p er a t i o n a n d t h e

company teams are assigned as support , breach, and assault forces. Units

will conduct a breaching operation when

Th e f or ce-a l loca t i on r a t io i nd ica t e s t h a t a con fi rm ed en em y

s i t u a t i o n i s b e y o n d t h e s u b o r d i n a t e u n i t s c a p a b i l i t i e s t os u cce s s f u l l y co n d u ct a b r e a ch i n g o p e r a t i o n . ( Wh e n com p a n i e s

ca n n o t s u cce s s f u l l y co n d u ct a b r e a ch i n g o p e r a t i o n , t h e b a t t a l i o n

will.)

2002 us army combined arms breaching operations 150p

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