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1789–1803

CHAPTER 9 REVOLUTIONARY

LEGACIES

CREATED EQUAL

JONES WOOD MAY BORSTELMANN RUIZ

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“We must guard as a most valuable privilege, the freedom and rights of election. Wherever the wealthy by influence of riches, are enabled to direct the choice of public officers, there the downfall of liberty cannot be very remote.”

George James Warner, sail maker in speech on July 4, 1797

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TIMELINE1789 George Washington inaugurated

French Revolution1787 Free African Society established1790 Battle at Maumee River Valley (victory for Miami Indians)1791 Bill of Rights ratified

Whiskey TaxBank of the United States charteredCongress funds the national debt

1792 Washington reelectedWollstonecraft’s Vindication of the Rights of Women

1793 Neutrality ProclamationThe English-French war Reign of TerrorEli Whitney invents the cotton gin

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TIMELINE continued1794 Whiskey Rebellion in Pennsylvania1795 Pinckney Treaty

Indian cessation of land to U.S.1796 John Adams elected President1798 Alien and Sedition acts1801 Jefferson elected President

War with the Barbary States and the treaty at Tripoli1803 The Louisiana Purchase

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REVOLUTIONARY LEGACIES Overview

Competing Political Visions in the New NationPeople of Color: New Freedoms, New

StrugglesContinuity and Change in the WestShifting Social Identities in the Post-

Revolutionary EraThe Election of 1800: Revolution or Reversal?

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COMPETING POLITICAL VISIONS IN THE NEW NATION

Federalism and Democratic-Republicanism in Action

Planting the Seeds of IndustryEchoes of the American Revolution in

the CountrysideSecuring Peace Abroad, Suppressing

Dissent at Home

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Federalism and Democratic-Republicanism in Action

1793: The English-French war and the Reign of TerrorFederalists (Hamilton) sided with the

British and desired a stable, strong central government

Democratic-Republicans (Jefferson) sympathized with the French revolution (although abhorred the violence)

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Hamilton and the FederalistsA strong federal government through

fiscal policy1790: Congress funds national debt1791: Congress issues charter to Bank of

the United States hoping to stimulate the economy

1791: Hamilton favors factories to stimulate growth

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Jefferson and the Democratic-Republicans

Power to individual states and agricultural interestsFavor lower tariffs to benefit farmers and

small consumersOpposed the Bank of the United StatesGovernments should steer clear of using

fiscal power, and exercise restraint in spending and avoid debt

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Planting the Seeds of Industry

“Report on the Subject of Manufactures” Hamilton (1791)

1791: Slater and the cotton thread spinning machine (Steam Cotton Manufacturing Company)

1793: Whitney and the cotton ginManufacturing economy region

New England to Pennsylvania

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Echoes of the American Revolution in the Countryside

Whiskey Rebellion1794: President Washington quells a revolt in

Pennsylvania over federal tax collection

Resentment of Federalists having power over rural America

1799: Another violent opposition to federal taxes fails in its goals

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Securing Peace Abroad, Suppressing Dissent at Home

1795: Chief Justice Jay negotiates treaty with EnglandEngland evacuates northern forts and stops seizures of American ships

in exchange for payments of debts to pre-Revolution English creditors

1795: Pinckney Treaty/Treaty of San LorenzoU.S. granted navigation rights on Mississippi

Election of 17961791: President Adams and Tallyrand’s bribe1798: Alien and Sedition ActsConvention of 1800 in Paris

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PEOPLE OF COLOR: NEW FREEDOMS, NEW STRUGGLES

Blacks in the NorthManumissions in the South

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Blacks in the North Between 1790 and 1804 all northern states abolished slavery 1792: Congress restricts militia to whites only Restrictions on blacks in New England and Mid-Atlantic states

include right to vote, jury service, interracial marriage Northern black Americans move out into their own homes,

worship in their own churches and celebrate their own holidays. 1787: Free African Society 1794: Bethel African Methodist Episcopal Church Pinkster, Training Day, Negro Election Day, Coronation Day

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Manumissions in the SouthManumissions: process in which owners

release selected slaves from bondage1782: Virginia lifts ban on manumissions10,000 Virginia slaves gain freedom1790-1810: Baltimore’s black population

increased by over 5000

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Free Blacks as a Percentage of Total Population in Selected Societies

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CONTINUITY AND CHANGE IN THE WEST

Indian Wars in the Great Lakes Region

Indian Acculturation in the WestLand Speculation and Slavery

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The Northwest Territory

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Indian Wars in the Great Lakes Region The Northwest Ordinance riles both whites and Native Americans

Whites determined to settle and own land; Indians determined to resist

1790: Miami chief Little Turtle wins the battle at Maumee River Valley over Brigadier General Hamar

1794: Little Turtle urges Ohio Confederacy to seek peace, but General “Mad Anthony” Wayne meets Turkey Foot at British Fort Miami. The Indian warriors are crushed due in part to the refusal of the British to give them shelter in the fort.

1795: Indians cede to U.S. all of present day Ohio and most of Indiana.

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Indian Acculturation in the West

The “middle ground” taking some from the European-American way of life and retaining Indian customs

Alcohol, a crisis among the Indians1799: Seneca leader Handsome Lake and the “Good

Message”

The Spanish attempt to convert IndiansChumashKarankawas

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Land Speculation and Slavery

Ohio Company of Associates and Georgia’s Yazoo Act

Cotton plantations in Mississippi Territory

Laws restricting free blacks

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SHIFTING SOCIAL IDENTITIES IN THE POST-REVOLUTIONARY ERA

The Search for Common GroundArtisan-Politicians and the Plight of

Post-Revolutionary Workers“Republican Mothers” and Other

Well-Off WomenA Loss of Political Influence: The Fate

of Non-Elite Women

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The Search for Common Ground

Mingo Creek Society: tax resistersSociety for the Relief of Poor

Widows and Small ChildrenAfrican churchesThe church as family: Baptist and

Methodists

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Artisan-Politicians and the Plight of Post-Revolutionary Workers

Members of a one craft unite and care for one another stressing the equality of all white, freeborn men

General Society of Mechanics and TradesmenFree men of color take to seafaring jobsCanal workers; menial laborersCommercial activity creates jobs: moving goods,

building, and personal services for merchants

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“Republican Mothers” and Other Well-Off Women

1792: Wollstonecraft’s Vindication of the Rights of Women: Equal education for the sexes

1801: “A Second Vindication of the Rights of Women” by an “American Lady”

“Republican Mothers”: participating in public life as guardians of home and children

Academies for women Sarah Peirce’s in CT, Susanna Rowon’s in MA

The School of “good manners” Alice Izard, Eliza Southgate Bowne

“On the Equality of the Sexes” Judith Sargent Murray

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A Loss of Political Influence: The Fate of Nonelite Women

Indian women lose the power to negotiate treaties and land transactions

Many become indios servientes in Hispanic households in the southwest

Free women of color work domestic and menial jobs

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THE ELECTION OF 1800: REVOLUTION OR REVERSAL?

The Enigmatic Thomas JeffersonProtecting and Expanding the

National Interest: Jefferson’s Administration to 1803

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The Enigmatic Thomas Jefferson

“I have sworn upon the altar of God eternal hostility against every form of tyranny over the mind of man.”

A supporter of slavery Notes on the State of Virginia attempts to

justify the exclusion of nonwhites from politicsJefferson’s view of land ownership was opposed

to that of Native Americans resulting in the decline of Indian land and life

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Protecting and Expanding the National Interest: Jefferson’s Administration to 1803

1801: The war with the Barbary States and the treaty with Tripoli

1803: James Monroe and the Louisiana Purchase

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Distribution of Wealth in the United States and Europe, 1798

INSERT FIGURE 9.4