2006 app india notes

8/22/2019 2006 App India Notes

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Schopenhauers India Notes of 1811

by U rs App (K yoto)

This is a transcription and English translation of the India-related notes which

Schopenhauer, then 23 years old and just beginning to study philosophy, took

during the ethnography lectures of P rof. A. H . H eeren at G t tingen U niversity

in the summer semester of 1811. Schopenhauers notes are related to various

regions of Asia; see the list below and the introduction to my transcription of

notes related to East, N orth, and Southeast Asia in the Schopenhauer Jahrbuch84

(2003), pp. 1339.

These notes reflect not Schopenhauers own views but rather those pro-

nouncements by P rofessor H eeren which Schopenhauer thought w orth writing

down. Nevertheless, the extraordinary volume and detail testifies to Schopen-

hauers curiosity about Asia from his youth. The literature references in the

margins (here relegated to foot notes marked with < margin> ) show that he was

also interested in H eerens sources; in tho se days students did not have to t ake

exams, and notes about sources point to interest rather than exam anxiety. Such

references could come in handy; indeed, it probably was in P rof . H eerens lec-

tures that Schopenhauer first heard about the Asiati ck Researcheswhich were to

become such an important early source of info rmation abo ut I ndian philosophy

and Buddhism (see Schopenhauer Jahrbuch79 [1998], pp. 1133).

H ere, 10 out o f a tot al of 48 Asia-related pages are for the first time tran-scribed and translated into English; they represent everything Schopenhauer

wrot e down during Prof . H eerens lectures which is related to I ndia and C eylon.

The follow ing list show s all Asia-related not es of 1811; the parts transcribed here

are highlighted and printed in bold while those whose transcription which were

already published in the 2003 Schopenhauer Jahrbuchappear in italics.

II I, 6971 Ethnography of Turkish Asia

II I, 7276 Arabia

II I, 7681 Persia

II I, 8182 G reater Tartary

III, 8390 India

III, 9092 Ethnography of India proper [diesseitiges Indien]I I I , 9395 Ethnography of Southeast Asia [ jensei ti ges I ndi en]

I I I , 9597 The I slands


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I I I , 97104 China

I I I , 104105 T ibetI I I , 105 Tangu

I I I , 105106 Lesser Bucharia

I I I , 106 Ki rgistan

I I I , 106107 Kalmukia and Mongolia

I I I , 108 Tungustan or Land of Amur

I I I , 108 Korea

I I I , 109111 Japan

I I I , 112116 Russian Asia

II I, 116 Australia

Schopenhauers t ext is transcribed as it appears in the manuscript, including erra-

tic punctuation, capitalizat ion, and problems of ort hography (fo r example dasin-

stead ofda

); where abbreviations or names pose a problem, their meaning

should become clear from the English translation which also corrects some spell-

ings. Thus, for example, when Schopenhauer wrot e La Bourdo net , the English

translation furnishes the correct spelling La Bourdonnais, and a Frenchman

who in the margin is called By rad od. P irade appears in the English t ranslation

under his real name Billiard. The beginning of each manuscript page is marked

within angular brackets at the appropriate places, and Schopenhauers notes and

references in the margins are added as foo tnot es to the G erman text with t he

marker < margin> . Schopenhauers paragraphs and larger spaces betw een manu-

script parts are adopted as units to synchronize the English translation with

the G erman text; t his should allow concurrent examination of t he G erman origi-

nal and my English translation. The subtitles are Schopenhauers. My translation

is rather literal but such virtue also has limits. At times, for example, Schopen-

hauers I ndus or H indus is used fo r Indians in a generic sense; in suchcases my departure from literality can easily be checked against the original

G erman in the adjacent column. O f course the numerous abbreviations present

in the G erman text are also expanded in the English translation. The G erman

column is thus a faithful reproduction of Schopenhauers notes whose meaning,

where there is any doubt, may be spelled out in the English translation. Words

which I was unable to decipher are represented a number of x marks which

roughly corresponds the number of letters in the illegible word.


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Indien1

India2

Indien hat alle Produkte welche am

hchsten geschzzet werden obgleich

sie nicht die nothwendigen sind.

India has all the products which are

most highly valued even though they

are not t he necessary ones.

Es zerfllt ins dies- u. jen-seitige. It is divided into Ind ia proper and

yonder I ndia [South-East Asia].

Es wird im Norden von einem hohen

G ebirge begrnzt welchem Indus u.

G anges entspringen, deren Quellen

eben so unbekannt als die des Nils

sind.

In the north it is limited by a high

mountain range from which the Indus

and G anges rivers originate w hose

sources are as unknown as those of the

N ile river.

D er G anges ist ein heiliger Flu, an

seinem U fern zu st erben ein groes

G lck.

The G anges is a sacred river; to die on

its banks is a great fortune.

Ehemals war das ganze diesseitige

Indien das Reich des G rMoguls, im

Anfang des 16ten Jhrhdts von Babur

einem Nachfolger Tamerlans gestiftet.

Anfangs des 18ten Jhrhdts gieng das

Reich zu G runde. Akbar d. G roe ist

der berhmteste, 1556, u. Zeitgeno

der Elisabeth v. Engl., er lie den Spie-

gel des Akbar, eine Beschreibg seinesReiches abfaen. Er ist in London

bersezt u. abgedruckt.

Previously, all of India proper consisted

of the empire of the G reat Mogul which

was founded at the outset of the 16th

century by Babur, a successor of Tamer-

lan [Timur]. At the beginning of the 18th

century the empire perished. Akbar the

G reat is the most famous, 1556, contem-

porary of Elizabeth of England; he or-

dered the compilation of the mirror ofAkbar, a description of his empire. It was

translated and printed in London.

1

< margin> Rennel Memoirs to a Map of Indostan 4th edition < Trennlinie> H odje views of In-

dost an < Trennlinie> Karten: Rennels Karte in seinen Memoirs ist die erste gute u. die Basis aller

neueren. Arrowsmit h map o f I ndia zeigt die jezzige politische Begrenzung. Sind in xxxxx zum Theil

nachgestochen: z.B. Manners Karte v. Indien, in Nrnberg ist die beste. Albers sagt Arrowsmith

Karte nachgestochen.2

< margin> Rennel Memoirs to a Map of Indostan 4th edition [correctly: Memoirs to a Map of

H indostan]< horizontal line> H odje [correctly: H odge] views of Indo stan < horizontal line> Maps:

Rennels map in his memoirs is the first good one and the basis of all more recent ones. Arrows-miths map of In dia [H indoost an] shows t he present political borders. In xxxxx they are in part

reproduced: for example Manners map of India [Tanners Map of India] of which the best is found

in N uremberg. Albers says that Arrowsmith s map is reproduced.


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D as Land war in Stadt halterschaften

deren Stadthalter Nabobs od: Sebashieen. D ie Rajahs waren alte unab-

hngige tributre Frsten; u. wenn sie

muhamedanisch waren Sultans, wie

Tippusaib. D as Reich war sehr gut

organisirt. Im Anfang des 18ten

Jhrhdts kamen Succeionsstreitigkei-

ten u. in wenigen Jahren folgten sich

12 Mogols.

The country was [organized] in gover-

norships whose governors were calledNabobs or Sebas. The Rajas were old

independent tributary sovereigns; and

when they were muslim they were

sultans like Tippo Sahib. The empire

was very well organized. At the begin-

ning of the 18th century troubles of

succession occurred, and in t he span of

a few years there were 12 Moguls.

Schach Nadir v. Persien drang 1738 u.

39 ein, nahm D elhi u. plndert e es aus,

soll 500 Millionen G ulden weggefhrthaben. D ie Sebas u. Rajahs fiengen an

sich unabhngig zu machen. Zugleich

suchten die Europer, welche seit dem

15ten Jhrhdt dort einheimisch waren,

Territorialacquisitionen. Englnder u.

Franzosen wetteiferten. La Bourdonet

war G overneur v. Isle de France, such-

te franz sische H errschaft in Indien

zu begrnden, Privatxxxxxxx < II I-

84> vereitelten es. D ie Englnder

lieen sich von dem Mogul Bengalen

abtreten, u. haben von der Zeit ihre

Besizz ungen immer vergrert. D erG roMogul existirt noch hat leeren

Titel u. H errschaft unter Vormund-

schaft der Englnder, die aus Politik

den Schein der alten Regierg beybehal-

ten: die Mnzen fhren noch seinen

Namen u. Bildni. Es giebt noch eini-

ge unabhngige Rajahs. D ie G anges

Lnder sind bekannter als die Indus

Lnder.

Shah Nadir of Persia invaded in 1738

and 39, conquered D elhi and pillaged

it, is said to have taken away 500 mil-lion guilders. The sebas and rajas began

to acquire independence. Simultane-

ously, the Europeans who had settled

there since the 15th century sought

acquisitions of territory. Englishmen

and Frenchmen competed. La Bour-

donnais was governor of Isle de France

[and] attempted to lay the foundation

of French domination in India. Private

xxxxxxx < II I-84> thw arted this. The

English had the Mogul cede Bengal to

them, and from that time they con-

tinuously enlarged their possessions.The G reat Mogul still exists and has

meaningless title and governorship

under the control of the English who,

for reasons of politics, maintain the

appearance of t he old regime: the coins

still bear his name and likeness. There

still are some independent rajas. The

counties of the G anges are bett er

known than those of the Indus.


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Indus Lnder.3

Indus Co untries4

D ie P rovinz Sind steht unter dem

H errscher v. Kabuhl. D ie Indus sind

sehr gedrckt u. ihre Pagoden

zersthrt . . .

Sind Province is ruled by the sovereign

of Kabul. The Indus [countries] are

much suppressed and their pagodas

destroyed . . . [3 dots in manuscript]

Multan, das alte Malli, ist wenig be-

kannt, Sind ist die einzige bedeutende

Sandwste Indiens.

Multan, the ancient Malli, is little

known; Sind is the only important

sandy desert of India.

Panjab, enthlt Lahore: es heit das

Land der 5 Fle: D iese Fle sind

historisch wichtig weil alle Eroberer

Indiens von Alexander ber sie sezten.Lahore ist die H auptst adt u. Sig einer

der mchtigsten Rajahs. D ie Bewohner

v. Panjab sind die Seiks, Abkmmlinge

der Indus, u. eine besondere Religis.

Sekte die sich zu Luthers Zeit gebildet

hat, ihr Stifter ist Nannak. Sie stehen

unter Rajahs, sind ein kriegerisches

Volk, u. jezt mit den Englndern in

Verbindg. D ie G ebirge welche ihr

Land begrnzen sind mit ewigem

Schnee bedeckt. D as Innere derselben

ist von den Europern wenig besucht.D och liegt in ihnen die berhmte

Landschaft Kaschmire. Es ist bey den

Indus ein heiliges Land. Bernier, (voy-

age aux Indes, II) hat es im G efolge

des G rMoguls besucht, 1783 G eorge

Forster. Es ist 15 G eogr. Meilen lang,

8 breit, u. von sehr hohen, fast un-

bersteigbaren Bergen umgeben. D ie

Schaafe sind Lastt hiere.

Punjab, contains Lahore: it is called

the land of the five rivers. These rivers

have historical importance since allconquerors starting with Alexander

crossed them. Lahore is the capital and

Sig [Ranjit Singh?] one of the most

powerful rajas. The inhabitants of

Punjab are the Sikhs, descendants of

the H indus and a particular religious

sect f ormed in Luthers time. Its f oun-

der is Nanak. They are subject to the

rajas, are a warrior people and now in

contact with the English. The moun-

tains which confine their country are

covered by eternal snow. The interior

is little visited by Europeans. But there

lies the famous province of Kashmir.

For the H indus it is a holy land.

Bernier (Voyage aux Indes, II) visited

it as an escort of the G reat Mo gul, and

G eorge Forster in 1783. It s length is of

15 geographical miles, its width of 8,

and it is surrounded by almost insur-

mountable peaks. Sheep are beasts of

burden.

3

< margin> H amilton New account of t he East I ndies. 1728. noch sehr wichtig.4

< margin> H amilton New account of the East Indies. 1728. Still very important.


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D ie Landschaf t ist ein hohes Thal im

G ebirge, mit einem See: jene 5 Fle< II I-85> entspringen meistens in

Kaschmire. Vielleicht war dies ehmals

ganz See. Alle stimmen darin berein

da es die reizendste Landschaft des

O rients sey.

The landscape is a high altitude valley

in the mountains with a lake; thosefive rivers < II I-85> originate for the

most part in Kashmir. Possibly it once

was all covered by a lake. All agree that

it is the most lovely region of the

O rient.

D as Klima ist gemigt, es herrscht ein

ewiger Frhling u. die Regenzeit H in-

dostans tritt nie ein, sondern bloe

einzelne Schauer. D ie Produkte sind

fast die Europischen. Nirgend giebt

es so schne Blumen, die Mohn v.Kaschmire ist berhmt, u. die Zeit

ihres Aufblhens wird durch ein Fest

gefeiert. D ie H auptstadt ist Kashmire

vormals Serinah, sie ist hufiger Erd-

beben wegen von H olz erbaut. D ie

Einwohner sind heller als die des bri-

gen Indiens, u. die Braminen behaup-

ten da ihre Kaste von hier ausgegan-

gen sey. D er D ialekt von Kaschmire

hnl der alten heilgen Sanskritsprache.

D ie Einwohner sind knstlich: die

Kaschmir-Schawls sind berhmt, wer-

den nicht aus Wolle, sondern aus demH aar der Ziege von Tibet gewebt. D as

Land gehrte zum Besiz des G romo-

gols der es zu achten u. jhrlich zu

bereisen pflegte. Seit dem Fall des

G rMogols ist es von den Kgn v. Ka-

buhl erobert u. nicht geschont. Statt-

halter erpreten Tribut, u. so dauert es

noch. H indurch hat auch der Karakter

der Einwohner verlohren, so da sie

jetz t als B etrger verschrien sind.

The climate is temperate; eternal

spring reigns, and the rainy season of

India never occurs, only scattered

showers. The products are almost like

those of Europe. Nowhere else are

there such beautiful flowers; the pop-pies of Kashmir are famous and their

blossoming season is celebrated in a

festival. The capital is Kashmir, for-

merly Serinah [Srinagar]; due to fre-

quent earthquakes it is built of wood.

Its inhabitants are of lighter complex-

ion than those of the rest of India, and

the Brahmins hold that their caste had

its origin from here. The dialect of

Kashmir is similar to the old sacred

Sanskrit language. The inhabitants are

artistic: cashmere shawls are famous;

they are not made from wool but fromthe hair of the Tibetan goat. The land

formed part of the possession of the

G reat Mogul who honored it and used

to travel there every year. Since the fall

of t he G reat Mo gul it has been cap-

tured by the kings of Kabul and was

not spared. G overnors used to extort

tribute and they still do. In this way

the character of the people has suf-

fered to a degree that they are now

reputed to be crooks.


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G anges-Lnder G anges C ountries

Am G anges liegen die grt en u. be-

rhmtesten Stdte I ndiens. H ier war

also die eigent l. H eimath Indischer

Kultur u. Religion.

Indias largest and most famous cities

are situat ed on the G anges. Thus this

was the true homeland of Indian cul-

ture and religion.

Bengalen im engern Sinn ist die Proviz

der ehemaligen Nabobs v. Bengalen:

als aber 1765 die Englnder H errn v.

Bengalen wurden, schlugen sie noch 2

benachbarte P rovinzen hinzu.

Bengal in the narrower sense is the

province of the former nabobs of B en-

gal; but when the English in 1765 be-

came sovereigns of Bengal, they added

two neighboring provinces.

< II I-86> D as alte Bengalen hat 11

Millionen Menschen u. 12000 Mei-len. D ie unzhligen I nseln welche die

Arme des G anges u. Burambutt er dicht

vor ihrer Mndung bilden sind un-

fruchtbar u. von reienden Thieren,

besonders Tigern bevlkert. Etwas tiefer

ins Land ist alles fruchtbar u. bebaut.

G old u. Silberbauwerke giebt es nicht.

Aber die vielen Fluarme machen das

Land durchgehends sehr fruchtbar.

< II I-86> O ld Bengal has 12 million

inhabitants and 12,000 square miles.The countless islands formed by the

branches of the G anges and Brah-

maputra close to their estuaries are

barren and inhabited by beasts o f prey,

especially by tigers. A bit more inland

everything is fertile and cultivated.

There are no gold- and silver-mines.

But the many river arms make the land

consistently very fertile.

D ie H indus leben fast ausschlielich

von Reis, doch ist das Land so frucht-bar daran das groe Mengen ausge-

fhrt werden. Kokus u. Pisang gedeiht,

am zahmen Vieh u. Fischen fehlt es

nicht. D er Zucker wird stark angebaut,

auch Seide u. besonders Baumwolle

von der groe Ausfuhr ist. O pium

wird viel bereitet da sein G enu den

hhren Stnden des O rients G ewohn-

heit ist, die Einfuhr desselben in China

soll aber neuerlich verboten seyn. Viel

Salpeter wird erzeugt so da England

sich fast ganz von hier damit versorgt.

Auch gibt es viel Manufakturen be-

sonders Malereien.

The Indians subsist almost exclusively

on rice, but the land produces so muchthat great amounts are exported. Coco-

nuts and bananas grow, and there is no

shortage of domesticated animals and

fish. There is a prolific production of

sugar, also of silk and especially of cot-

ton of which there is much export.

O pium is much produced since its

consumption is a habit of the higher

strata o f O riental societies; but its im-

port into C hina is said to have been

recently prohibited. So much saltpetre

is produced t hat England covers almost

its ent ire need from here. There are also

many manufactures, especially paintings.


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D ie Stdt e sind theils von Europern

theils von Indiern erbaut, u. so unter-scheiden sich oft 2 Theile der Stadt

durch ganz verschiedene Bauart . D ie

Indier bauen, mit Ausnahme der sehr

reichen, nur H tten von B ambusrohr.

Nur die Pagoden u. Moscheen sind

prchtig.

The cities are in part built by Europe-

ans, in part by Indians; thus two partsof a city are often distinguished by

entirely different architecture. The

Indians, with the exception of the very

rich, construct only huts from bam-

boo. O nly the pagodas and mosques

are magnificent.

Kalkutta ist die H auptstadt v. Bengalen,

daselbst ist noch die schwarze Hhle in

der die Englnder 1707 verschmachten

muten. Kalkutta ist zum Theil sehr

prchtig gebaut u. der Luxus der Europerbermig. Nirgends sieht man einen

solchen Zusammenflu von Nationen.

D ort ist die Asiatische Gesellschaft welche

die Literatur u. Alterthmer Indiens unter-

sucht: auch eine Indische U niversitt ist

errichtet, vorzgl. zur Erlerng. der Indi-

schen Sprach fr die Europer. Der Gou-

verneur v. Bengalen hat alle Engl.

O stindischen Besizzungen unter sich; Fort

William ist eigentl. seine Residz. < II I-87>

doch wohnt er gewhnl. in Kalkutta.

C alcutt a is the capital of B engal; t here

is still the black cave in which the Eng-

lish had to languish in 1707. C alcutta

is in part splendidly built and the lux-

ury of the Europeans is excessive. No-where else does one see such a conflu-

ence of nations. The Asiatic Society

which investigates the literature and

ancient monuments of India is based

there. An Indian university was also

built w hich is excellent fo r learning the

Indian language by Europeans. The

governor of Bengal supervises all Eng-

lishEast Indian possessions; Fort

William is his residence, < II I-87> but

he usually lives in C alcutta.

H ollnder, P ortugiesen, Franzosenhaben Faktoreien, die hollndischen u.

franzsischen sind schon lange in den

H nden der Englnder.

The Dut ch, Portuguese, and Frenchhave facto ries; the D utch and French

ones have long been in the hands of

the English.

Benares ist die heilige Stadt der Indus

enthlt die Schulen der Braminen, die

heilige Sanskrit Sprache wird gelehrt,

u. die heiligen Bcher erklrt: es wer-

den Wallfarthen hingethan um im

G anges sich zu baden.

Benares is the holy city of t he Indians;

it cont ains the schools of the Brahmins

[where] the holy Sanskrit language is

taught and the sacred books explained;

it is the destination of pilgrimages to

bathe in the G anges.

D ie Englnder haben jezt ihre H err-

schaft bis Agra ausgedehnt, das eineZeitlang Residenz der Mogoln war, w o

noch ihre Mausoleen sind.

The English have now extended their

dominion to Agra which for some timeused to be the residence of the Moguls

and still houses their mausoleums.


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23

N achher ward die Residz nach D elhi

verlegt, welche eine der ersten Stdtewar u. damals 2 Millionen Einwohner

gehabt habe. Schach Nadir plnderte

sie u. lie 100000 Menschen umbrin-

gen: die Stadt ist durch wiederhohlte

Plnderg. hinuntergekommen.

Later, their residence was moved to

D elhi which was one of the principalcities and is said to have had 2 million

inhabitants at the time. Shah Nadir

looted it and had 100,000 people mur-

dered; the town has deteriorated

through repeated looting.

D ie Englnder besizzen es mitt elbar

jetzt u. der Mogul wohnt darin. Bey

Panna sind D iamantengruben, auer-

dem noch an 2 O rten auf der H albinsel.

The English possess it now by proxy and

the Mogul lives there. Near Panna there

are diamond mines, and also in two

different locat ions on the peninsula.

D ie ganze diesseitige H albinsel heit

D ecan. Eine Berkkette die G nutgebir-

ge durchzieht es u. mildert die H izz e.

The entire Western peninsula is called

D ecan. A mountain range, the G hat

mountains, passes through it and re-

duces the heat.

D ie Regenzeit f olgt der Annherung

der Sonne.

The rainy season follows the suns

reduced d istance.

D ie Maratt en gehren noch zu den

mchtigsten einheimischen Vlkern u.

sind der gefhrlichste Feind der Eng-

lnder. Sie scheinen von der Krieger-

kaste der H indus abzustammen, sind

G ebirgvlker. Beym Fall des mogoli-

schen Reichs wurden sie mchtiger,

kamen hinab u. plnderten: ihr allge-

meines O berhaupt war der Maha-

Rajah: doch verlor dieser seine Macht,

ein Vizir, der Krischnah erhielt sie:

darauf machten sich mehrere Rajahs

der der Maratten unabhngig: diese

sind an Macht sehr ungleich. Ihre Ver-

fag. ist militrisch-despotisch: die

Rajah sind habschtig u. drckend, so

da wenig Sicherheit des Eigenthums

ist. Sie een fast < II I-88> nur Reis.

The Marathas are still among the most

powerful indigenous people and are the

most dangerous enemy of the English.

They appear to have descended from the

warrior caste of the Indians and are

mountain people. At the fall of the Mo-

gul empire they became more powerful,

descended and looted. Their overall head

was the Maharaja; but as he lost his

power, a vezir called Krischnah (?) took

over. Thereupon several Marathi rajas

made themselves independent; their

power varies very much. Their constitu-

tion is military despotic: the Rajas are

greedy and repressive, which is why

there is little security of property. They

almost entirely feed themselves < II I-

88> from rice.


10/17

24

G olkanda gehrt einem der Marattan-

frsten, hat berhmte D iamantgruben,im 17ten Jhrhdt haben 40000 Men-

schen darin gearbeitet: ihr jezziger

Zustand ist unbekannt. D ie Indischen

D iamanten f inden sich nicht in der

Menge als die von Brasilien sind aber

schner u. hher geschzt.

G olkanda belongs to a Maratha sover-

eign; it has famous diamond mines inwhich during the 17th century 40,000

people worked. Their present state is

unknown. Indian diamonds are not as

plentiful as those of B razil but they are

more beautiful and more highly prized.

U nweit Aurangabad, beym dort H ello-

ra, finden sich groe H allen, mit Su-

lengngen u. Basreliefs in den Felsen

eingehauen. Sie gehren zu den be-

wunderungswrdigsten Alterthmern.

5

Einige glauben sie seen aus dem Mit-

telalter andere schzzen sie viel lter.

Not far from Aurangabad, in Ellora,

there are large halls lined with pillars

and bas-reliefs carved into the rock.6

They are among the most admirable

monuments of antiquity. Some believethat they stem from the Middle Ages

while others estimate that they are

much older.

Bey G andicotta sind gleichfalls Dia-

mant-G ruben.

N ear G andicotta t here are also dia-

mond mines.

Mysore ist das vormalige G ebiet v.

H yderAli u. Tippo Saib. 1760 sezte sich

H yder Ali, der vorher Anfhrer der

Truppe war auf den Thron, eroberte die

benachbarten Provinzen. D ie Englnder

grndeten gerade damals ihre H err-schaft. Beyde geriethen bald aneinan-

der. Im Frieden 1769 muten die Eng-

lnder ihm seine Eroberungen laen.

Bald kam neuer Krieg, 1779, H yderAli

starb 1782. Folgte sein Sohn Tippo

Saib, beyde waren Muhammedaner, der

Sohn fanatisch, nahm den Titel Sultan

an, machte 1784 Friede, 1790 neuer

Krieg, 1792 Friede mit Verlust der

Mysore is the former domain of H y-

der Ali and Tippo Sahib. I n 1760, H y-

der Ali, who previously had com-

manded the troops, usurped the

throne and conquered the neighboring

regions. The English were at that timejust founding their dominance. Soon,

the two were fighting. In the peace

accord o f 1769 the English had to leave

him his conquests. Soon another war

ensued in 1779; H yder Ali died in

1782. There followed his son Tippo

Sahib; both were muslims, the son

fanatic. H e took on the title of sultan

and in 1784 made peace. 1790 once

5

< margin> Asiatical researches, bersetz t in der Sammlg der Reisebeschr. v. Sprengel u. Ehrhard,Bd. 31.6

< margin> Asiatical researches [= Asiatick Researches], translated in the collection of travelogues

by Sprengel and Ehrhard [= Ehrmann], vol. 31.


11/17

25

H lfte seiner Lande, u. Tippo mute

seine Shne zu G eieln geben. Als dieFranzosen in Aegypten einfielen schlo

er Verbindungen mit Frankreich. D ie

Englnder brachen gegen ihn jngst los,

1794 eroberten die Englnder seine

H auptstadt Seringapatnam im Sturm.

Tippo fiel dabey. D ie Englnder nah-

men sein Land theils selbst, gaben es

theils ihren indischen Verbndeten,

zogen die von Tippo gefangen gehalte-

nenen alten Rajahs des Landes aus dem

G efngni u. theilten das eigentliche

Mysore unter ihnen.

again war, 1792 peace accord with loss

of half of his dominions, and Tippohad to give his sons as hostages. When

the French invaded Egypt he estab-

lished links with France. Recently, the

English have made moves against him

and captured his capital Seringapatam

in 1794 by force. Tippo was killed in

that battle. The English took part of

his land and gave part of it to their

Indian allies. They freed the old rajas

of the land who had been imprisoned

by Tippo and distributed what is prop-

erly called Mysore among them.

< II I-89> An der Westkste hatten

die Portugiesen ihre meisten Niederla-

ungen, doch nicht mit vlliger H err-

schaft. An der O stkste Englnder u.

Franzo sen. D iese heit C oromandel

jene Malabar.7

Jezt hrt C oromandel

ganz den Englndern, von C utt ae im

N orden der H albinsel an, wo eine

berhmte P agode ist.

< II I-89> The Portuguese had most of

their settlements on the West coast, but

without t otal dominion. The English and

French [were] on the East coast which is

called C oromandel while the other is

Malabar.8

N ow C oromandel is entirely

subject to the English, from C alcutta in

the North of the peninsula where there

is a famous pagoda.

Masulipatam hat xxxxxxxxxx u. Salz-

werke.

Masulipatam has xxxxxxxxxx and salt

mines.

Madras ist jezt die 2te Stadt des Briti-

schen Indiens hat 300000 Einw. ist der

Siz des G ouvernements.

Madras is at present the second city of

British India. It has 300,000 inhabi-

tant s and is the seat of go vernment.

N egapatam ist von den H ollndern

den Englndern abgetreten.

N egapatam was ceded by t he D utch to

the English.

Po ntdichery, w ar H auptort des fran-

z sischen H andels, erhielt 1664 durch

C olbert eine Niederlaung. D ie Eng-

lnder schleiften im 7 jhrigen Kriege

Pondichery was the capital of French

trade; it was established as settlement

in 1664 by C olbert. D uring the seven-

year war, the English destroyed the

7

< margin> im engern Sinne heien nur die sdl. Enden beyder Ksten so.8

< margin> in the narrower sense only the southern extremities of both coast s are so called.


12/17

26

die Festungswerke, gaben es im Frie-

den den Franzosen so zurck. Jezthaben sie es wieder genommen.

fortifications; in peace they returned

them to the French in that condition.N ow they have taken it back again.

Karikal war auch franz sisch. Karikal was also French.

P aliacate mit dem Fort G eldria war

sonst franz sisch.

Paliacate with the Fort de G ueldre was

otherwise French.

Im Sden der Kste sind noch Rajahs,

aber von den Englndern abhngig.

O n the southern coast there are still

rajas, but subject to the English.

Auf der Kste Malabar liegt C alicut9

u.

Mahe ehemals franz sisch. G oa, seit

1510 den Portugiesen gehrig u. seit-

her ihr H auptplaz, ist sehr prchtig ge-

baut, voll Klstern u. Kirchen: jezt ist

es durch eine friedliche U ebereinkunft

von Englndern besetzt . N ach H amil-

to n hat G oa 30000 Mnche, u. strenge

Inq uisition. Es hat st arken H andel mit

den gegenberliegenden Portugiesi-

schen Besizzungen in Afrika.

O n the Malabar coast lies C alicut,10

and

Mah which used to be French. Goa,

which since 1510 belongs to the Portu-

guese and is their mainstay, is built in very

splendid manner and full of cloisters and

churches; now it is governed by amicable

agreement by the English. According to

H amilton G oa houses 30,000 monks and

has strict inquisition. It carries on thriving

trade with the Portuguese domains on the

African side.

Bombay ist 1669 von den Portugiesen

den Englndern berlaen: ist jezt ihr

H auptort auf der Westkste, hat

150000 E. u. ist Siz der P residentschaf tv. Malabar. Auf den Inseln Salsette u.

Elephante11

dicht an Bombay sind

Tempel in die Felsen gehauen, die man

fr eins der ltesten D enkmhler

menschlicher Kunst, ja fr lter als die

Verbreitung der H indus in diesen Ln-

dern hlt.

Bombay was ceded by the Portuguese

to the English in 1669; now it is their

mainstay on the West coast. It has a

population of 150,000 and is the seatof t he Malabar presidency. O n the

islands of Salsette and Elephanta12

near

Bombay temples are hewn in the rocks

which are thought to be one of the

oldest monuments o f human art, older

even than t he dispersion of H indus in

these countries.

9

< margin> ist nicht mit C alcutta in Bengalen zu verwechseln.

10 < margin> must not be mixed up with C alcutta in Bengal.11

< margin> Niebuhrs Briefe.12

< margin> Niebuhrs Letters.


13/17

27

< II I-90> Robert Knox Beschreibg. v.

C eylon.

< II I-90> Robert Knox, Relation of

C eylon.

H ough Boyd G esandtschaft nach C ey-

lon 1782

H ugh Boyd, Embassy to C eylon 1782

P ercival account of t he Island of C ey-

lon 1702

Percival account of the Island of C ey-

lon 1702

C ordiner description of C eylon 1807 C ordiner description of C eylon 1807

C eylon gehrt zur H lfte den Engln-

dern zur H lfte einem eignen Frsten.

H auptprodukt ist der Zimmt, der

theils wild theils in Plantagen wchst:auch hat es vorzgliches Elfenbein, u.

die Elefanten sind von besondrer G r-

e. es findet sich ferner Reis, D iaman-

ten, u. hier sind die reichsten Perlenfi-

schereien der Erde.

H alf of C eylon belongs to the English,

the other half to an indigenous sover-

eign. Chief produce is cinnamon

which in part grow s in the wild, in partin plantations. There is also excellent

ivory and the elephants are of particu-

lar size. Apart from that there are also

rice and diamonds, and here are the

richest pearl fisheries in the wo rld.

D ie Bewohner sind auer den Europ-

ern von 2 Arten. C ingalesen u. Wad-

das: sie stammen aus Malabar.

The inhabitants are, apart from the

Europeans, of two kinds: Singhalese,

and Waddas who hail from Malabar.

Lehbeck Nachricht von der Perlenfi-

scherey auf C eylon, in Archenholz

Minerva 1802. II.

Lehbeck, Account of pearl fisheries in

C eylon, in Archenholz Minerva 1802.

I I .

D ie Perlenfischerey ist Eigenthum der

Englnder, die sie verpachten: sie soll

jhrl. 40000 u. der Zimmthandel

60000 einbringen.

Pearl fishery is property of the English

who lease it; it is said to earn them

40,000 , and cinnamon trade 60,000

per year.


14/17

28

Westlich von C eylon liegen die Male-

diven.13 D ie Araber haben schon imMitt elalter H andel dahin getrieben u.

ihre Sprache u. den Islam hingebracht.

Alle Inseln haben einen gemeinschaft l.

Kg. D ie 13 Inselgruppen welche durch

Felsenriffe abgesondert werden sind

seine Provinz. D ie C owries, Muscheln

die als Schaidemnze in Afrika u. Ost-

indien dienen sind H auptprodukt. Auf

den Malediven kursiren sie nicht, son-

dern die Bewohner prgen eignes G eld.

D ie welche dasselbe G ewerbe treiben

leben auf Einer Insel zusammen.

To t he west of C eylon there are the

Maledives. 14 The Arabs have since themiddle ages traded with them and

brought them their language and islam.

All islands have a common king. The

13 clusters of islands separated by

rocky cliffs are his province. The cow-

ries, which are shells that are used as a

money equivalent in Africa and South-

east Asia, are their main product. O n

the Maledives they are not in use; the

inhabitants strike their own coins.

Those who have the same trade live

together on one island.

D ie Lakadiven sind wenig bekannt. The Lakadives are litt le know n.

Ethnographie des diesseitigen Indiens. Ethnography of Ind ia proper.

D ie Asiatic researches u. Jones (Prsi-

dent v. C alcutt a) diertations, geben

die besten Nachrichten.

The Asiatick Researches and Jones (pre-

sident of [the society in] C alcutta) dis-

sertat ions, provide the best information.

D ie H indus sind 9/10 der Bewo hner.

In den G ebirgen gibt es U eberreste

von Vlkern, von denen man nichtsagen kann da sie H indus sind. Sicks,

Maratten, Bengalesen, Malabaren,

Bew. v. C oromandel, C ingalesen sind

die H auptvlker.

Nine tenths of the inhabitants are

H indus. In t he mountains there are

remnants of peoples which one cannotclassify as H indus. Sikhs, Marathis,

Bengalis, Malabaris, inhabitants of

C oromandel, and Singhalese are the

main ethnic groups.

< III -91> D ie Farbe geht ins Braune

mit vielen Nuancen, nach den Kasten

u. G egenden.

< II I-91> The color tends toward t he

brown in many gradations depending

on caste and region.

13

< margin> Byrad od. P irade, voyage aux Indes14

< margin> Byrad o r Pirade, voyage aux Indes [correctly: Billiard, Voyage aux colonies orientales]


15/17

29

Zur Zeit Alexanders, findet sich die

Kast eneintheilung, Religion, xxxxxxxx,Lebensart, Luxus ganz wie zu unsren

Zeiten.

At the time of Alexander, the separa-

tion of castes, religion, xxxxxxxx,mode of life, luxury were just as at the

present day.

D ie H indus haben keine zuverlige

C hronologie sondern sie geht ins fa-

belhafte u. astronomische Perioden.

D aher ist ihre Geschichte ganz unzu-

verlig, u. die Zeit der D enkmhler

unbekannt.

The Indians have no reliable chronol-

ogy; rather, it reaches into the fabu-

lous and astronomical. Therefore their

history is wholly unreliable, and the

period of their monuments is un-

known.

D ie Kasteneintheilg. hatte w ahr-

scheinl. ihren U rsprung in verschied-

ner Lebensart verschiedener Stmme.

D ie Kasten haben U nterabtheilungen

die man nicht alle genau angeben kann.

The separation into castes probably

had its origin in the varied lifestyles of

different tribes. The castes have subdi-

visions which cannot all be properly

indicated.

D ie erste Kaste ist die der Braminen,

bey ihnen ist alle Religion u. Wissen-

schaft. Sie sind weier, enthalten sich

aller thierischen Nahrung, zeichnen

sich durch eine braune selbstgefloch-

tene Schnur aus, drfen in keine andre

Kaste heyrathen. Bey den Braminen

selbst sind groe Abstufungen. Ihre

Beschftigungen sind nicht allein derKultur sondern alle G elehrsamkt. Sie

sind Aerzte Richter u.s.w. D ie angese-

henste Klasse hat die Erklrung der

Vehdams od: heilgen Bcher zum

G eschft u. versteht die Sanskritspra-

che die sie aber keinen aus einer an-

dern Kast e lehren drfen.

The first caste is that of the Brahmins;

all religion and science is with them.

They are of whiter complexion, refrain

from all animal food, and are marked

by a brown self-braided thread; they

must not marry into any other caste.

Among the Brahmins there are great

gradations. Their activities are not just

cultural but comprise all learning.They are doctors, judges etc. The most

respected caste is in charge of the ex-

plication of the Vedas or sacred books

and understands the Sanskrit language,

though they must not teach it to any-

one from anot her caste.

Zu den G eschften der anderen Klas-

sen gehrt z. B. Maklergeschft fr die

Europer, da sie leicht Sprachen ler-

nen. Rajahs sind bisweilen in diese

Kaste aufgenommen, doch sehr selten.

D uties of ot her classes include for

instance brokerage for the Europeans

as they easily learn languages. Rajas are

sometimes accepted in this class, but

very rarely.


16/17

30

D ie Kat ris, Krieger, sind die 2te Kaste:

durch die hufigen Eroberungen hatsie aber ihre eigentl. Existenz verloren:

sonst waren es besonders die nrdl.

Vlker, Maratten u.s.w. im Sden sind

in den xxxxxx U eberbleibsel davon, sie

bilden den niedern Adel, es herrscht

Polyandrie bey ihnen, die Kinder ken-

nen ihre Vter nicht u. die xxxxxxxxx

folgt der weibl. Linie: Sie ziehen den

Kindern die Ohren nach unten lang,

wodurch sie alle ausgezeichnet sind:

auer dem Krieg < II I-92> ist Jagd

ihre Beschftigung.

The Kshatriyas, warriors, are the sec-

ond caste; but by virtue of the fre-quent conquests they have lost their

proper base of existence. They used t o

come particularly from northern peo-

ples, Marathis etc.; in the south there

are remnants in the xxxxxx which

form low aristocracy. They have poly-

andry, the children do not know their

fathers and the xxxxxxxxx follows the

female line. They lengthen their chil-

drens ears by pulling t hem downw ard,

and this characterizes them all. Apart

from war < II I-92> hunting is theirmain activity .

D ie 3te Kaste ist die der Kaufleute,

Beiseh, Biseh, Banianen.

The third caste is that of merchants,

Beiseh, Biseh, Banians.

D ie 4te, die der Sudder, d.i. Ackerleute

u. H andwerker, soll 70 U nterabteilun-

gen haben, unter denen die Weber

besonders wichtig sind.

The fourth is that of the Sudras, i.e.

peasants and craftsmen; it is said to

have 70 subdivisions of which the

weavers are especially import ant .

D ie 5te Kaste sind die Parias, d. h.

unreine Menschen, drfen keiner Kas-

te sich einmischen, men jeden Bra-minen 5060 Schritt aus dem Wege

gehn, u. in seiner G egenwart n icht

sprechen, drfen in keinen Tempel u.

wo hnen abgesondert.

The fifth caste are the Pariahs, i.e.

impure people. They are not allowed

to mix with any other caste and mustkeep 5060 paces away from any Brah-

min, and in Brahmin presence they

must not speak. They must not enter

any t emple and live in segregation.

Brahma,15

Krischrah u. Wischuh sind

die 3 H auptgott heiten, heien Indi-

sche D reyeinigkeit u. w erden in einem

Bilde vereint dargestellt.

Brahma,16

Krishna and Vishnu are the

three main divinities; they are called

Indian trinity and are represented

together in one picture.

15

< margin> N ach Aussage Einiger ist B rama das Schaffende, Krishnah das Erhaltende, u. Wischuhdas zerstrende Prinzip. D och ist es ungewi ob dies recht aufgefat ist .16

< margin> According to t he opinion of some, Brahma is the creative, Krishna the preserving, and

Vishnu the destroy ing principle. But it is not certain that this is correctly conceived.


17/17

31

D er heilg. Bcher, Wehdams, gibt es 4,

alle in der Sanskritsprache, haben gro-e Kommentare u. die wieder Kom-

mentare, daher die heilige Literatur

sehr volumins ist: Abschriften sind

im Brittischen Museo, u. nur unter der

Bedingung gegeben, da sie nie in

Kuhleder sondern nur in Seide gebun-

den werden.

There are four sacred books, the Ve-

dams, all in the Sanskrit language; theyhave great commentaries and further

commentaries on them, which is why

the sacred literature is very volumi-

nous. C opies are in the Brit ish Mu-

seum and were given only under the

condition that they be bound in silk,

never in cow hide.

D ie Pagoden sind gro u. prchtig,

kommen aber den Aegyptischen Tem-

peln nicht g leich, die H hlen, sind von

unbekanntem Alter u. gehren zu demgrten Werk des menschl. Fleies.

The pagodas are large and magnif icent,

but they do not equal the Egyptian

temples. The caves are of unknow n age

and are among the greatest works ofhuman industry .

D ie Religionsbungen sind gr-

tentheils Bungen, werden besonders

von den Fakirs getrieben.

Religious practices consist mostly of

penances; they are especially per-

formed by the fakirs.

Seit Jahrhunderten machen die H indus

keine Fortschritte, in keiner Sache.

D er Weberstuhl bleibt der alte, hchst

einfach. Ihre Frbereien sind hchst

vollkommen.

For centuries the Indians have not

made any progress in any respect. The

weavers loom stays the same, exceed-

ingly simple. Their art of dyeing is

most perfect.

Ihre G esezbcher sind durch die Eng-lnder bekannt.

Their boo ks of law are known throughthe English.

U eber ihre Philosophie, die auch spe-

kulativ getrieben ist, finden man im

Spiegel des Akmar die beste Nach-

richt.

About their philosophy, which is also

done speculatively, one finds the best

account in the Mirror of Akmar [Ak-

bar].

Von ihrer Poesie kennen wir beson-

ders die Sakont ala.

O f their poetry w e are especially famil-

iar with t he Sakontala.

2006 app india notes

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