2006 functional neuroanatomy tutorial

7/28/2019 2006 Functional Neuroanatomy Tutorial

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Functional Neuroanatomyand Applications

IGERT Bootcamp

September 2006


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Outline

1. Introduction

2. Visual processing

3. Memory and plasticity

4. Motor systems


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Edwin Smith Surgical Papyrus (circa 3000 BC)

First writings of the brain.


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Neuron Doctrine

Ramon y Cajal


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A Course Map of the Brain.

central sulcus

definitions: sulcus vs. gyrus


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A majority of the cortex is devoted to vision.

Adapted from Felleman & Van Essen (1991)


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webvision.med.utah.edu

Cortex is divided into 6 layers.

2 - 6 mm

thick

gray matter


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Outline

1. Introduction



4. Motor systems


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Carlson N (2004) Foundations of Physiological Psychology

The early visual pathway flips sides.


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Kolb (2003)

The retina is the beginning of the visual processing.


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Kolb (2003)

A cross-section of the canonical retinal circuit.


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Spectral sensitivity of each photoreceptor type.


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The basis of a receptive field.

lightstimulus


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Kolb (2003)

But, its more complicated


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Optic nerve primarily projects to the thalamus.


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Primary visual cortex is the target of the thalamus.


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Eye-specific layers project to segregated regions.

ocular dominance columns


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Tootell et al (1982)

Retinotopic map in primary visual cortex


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Cortical magnification distorts representation.



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Adapted from Hubel & Wiesel (19xx)

Neurons in primary visual cortex are tuned to orientation.

orientation of bar

tuning curvestimulusstimulus

ONstimulus

OFFstimulus

OFF

response

Firing

rate(Hz)


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Ohki et al (2006)

The orientation preference of neurons form a topology on visual cortex.

color represents orientation of tuning curve peak


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Radial columns are the basic sub-units of the cortex.


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Adapted from Felleman & Van Essen (1991)

Visual circuitry beyond the primary visual cortex.


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Two streams of visual information

1. motion/space processing

2. form/shape processing


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Albright (1984)

Neurons in the medial temporal (MT) are tuned to motion.

medial temporal (MT) cortex


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Albright et al (1984)

Motion direction is topologically organized in MT cortex.


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Two streams of visual information

1. motion/space processing

2. form/shape processing


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Desimone et al (1984)

Face-selective cells exist in the inferior temporal (IT) cortex.


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The inferior temporal (IT) cortex projects to the hippocampus.


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Kreiman et al (2000)

Does the Bill Clinton cell exist in the hippocampus?


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Kreiman et al (2000)

Object-selective cells do exist in the hippocampus.


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Outline

1. Introduction



4. Motor systems


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The hippocampus receives input from all sensory modalities.


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The basic circuitry of the hippocampus.

Ramon y Cajal


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The basic circuitry of the hippocampus.


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Synaptic plasticity exists in the hippocampus.


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Synaptic plasticity exists in the hippocampus.



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Robert Muller

http://www.bris.ac.uk/depts/Synaptic/research/projects/memory/spatialmem.htm

Neurons in the hippocampus have non-visual receptive fields.


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Emery Brown

http://neurostat.mgh.harvard.edu

Can we read the mind of a rat?


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www.cyberkinetics.com

Can we read the mind of a human?


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Outline

1. Introduction



4. Motor systems


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www.brainconnection.com

Motor and decision areas in cortex.


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The Brain from Top to Bottom

http://www.thebrain.mcgill.ca

The primary motor cortex contains a homunculus of body parts.


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A monkey feeds itself with a robot controlled with neural signals.

A. Schwartz

University of Pittsburgh


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Primary motor cortex (M1)

Posterior parietal cortex

Premotor cortex(PMA)

Supplementarymotor cortex

(SMA)

Where do motor areas end and decision-making begin?


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Richard Andersen

http://vis.caltech.edu

Designing a neural prosthetic for humans.


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www.cyberkinetics.com

Actually, neural prosthetics already exist.


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Review

1. Historical perspective Imhotep

2. Visual processing Organization of visual cortex

3. Memory and plasticity Hippocampus and Place Cells

4. Motor systems Neural Prosthestics


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1. A few good classes.

Neuroscience 200A - Cellular Neuroscience

Neuroscience 200B - Systems Neuroscience

Neuroscience 200C - Cognitive Neuroscience

2. A few good books.

Kandel, Schwartz and Jessel (2000) Principles of Neural Science.

Squire et al (2003) Fundamental Neuroscience

3. A few good websites.

Webvision http://webvision.med.utah.edu

Neuroscience for Kids http://faculty.washington.edu/chudler/neurok.html

Resources


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Ventricular system provides cerebrospinal fluid to the brain.

2006 functional neuroanatomy tutorial

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