2007 03 16 dar es salaam kampf 02€¦ · 1 programme friday 16 march 2007 university of dar es...
TRANSCRIPT
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Programme Friday 16 March 2007University of Dar es Salaam
10.00 - 10.15: Introduction by dr. K. N. Njau
10.15 - 11.00: Presentation by Ruud Kampf on the Waterharmonica concept
11.00 – 11.15: Discussion on the presentation, moderator dr. K. N. Njau
11.15 – 11.30: Short introduction to the United Nations sanitation project in the Shimo la Tewaprison in Mombasa, Kenya by Ruud Kampf
11.30 – 12.30: Discussion on the prison project
After lunch Ruud Kampf is available for further discussions
TROPHIC WEBS FROM DISCHARGES: NATURE ENHANCEMENT THROUGH THE WATERHARMONICA CONCEPT:
some new concepts applicable in Eastern Africa?
Ruud Kampf
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Resources
www.waterharmonica.nl
Pdf of this presentation will become available through
www.waterharmonica.nl/udsm
University of Dar es SalaamFriday 16 March 2007 10.15
Introduction:Ruud Kampf
Waterboard Hollands NoorderkwartierThe Netherlands
Theo Claassen: Wetterskip Fryslan
PhD at Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam and Technical University Delft, With support of Universiteit van Amsterdam
Lluis Sala
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This presentation:• “Natural” constructed wetlands:
– Texel: Tourists, Spoonbills, Everstekoog constructed wetland, constructed wetlands to
make a “living water” from waste water
• Introduction Waterharmonica: The Netherlands and Catalonia, Spain
• Research projects Everstekoog on Texel and Horstermeer, near Amsterdam
– Food chains, biological filtration of waste water
• Applicable in Eastern Africa???
• Students wanted for practical work
The Waterharmonica: the link between treated waste water and surface water
This presentation:• “Natural” constructed wetlands:
– Texel: Tourists, Spoonbills, Everstekoog constructed wetland, constructed wetlands to
make a “living water” from waste water
• Introduction Waterharmonica: The Netherlands and Catalonia, Spain
• Research projects Everstekoog on Texel and Horstermeer, near Amsterdam
– Food chains, biological filtration of waste water
• Applicable in Eastern Africa???
• Students wanted for practical work
The Waterharmonica: the link between treated waste water and surface water
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• Is a beautiful island
• A tourist resort
• A bird island
• Still a strong agricultural stronghold
Texel
Spoonbills
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Spoonbills in Europe
The Netherlands
One of the rarest birds in Europe
95 % West-European populationin the Netherlands
Annex I European Bird directive
Symbol of good water management
During winter in Africa
Aerial view STP Everstekoog
discharge ditch
presettling basin
9 ditches with reed/cattail
and aquatic plants
sewage treatment plant
Research project1995 - 1999
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From wastewater to surface water
STP Oxidation Ditch
3.400 m3/d Constructed wetland
Surface water
A constructed wetland to make a “living water”from treated waste water
Everstekoog
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Everstekoog - ditches
July 2005
Nitrate (mg/l) vs retention time
Hydraulic retention time (days)
Spring Summer Autumn Winter
Just some of the results
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Log Fecal Coli (per ml) vs retention time
Hydraulic retention time (days)
K-value = -0.8
K-value = -0.3
WinterSpring Summer Autumn
After constructed wetland different water
• Natural oxygen regime
• Less sludge particles lead to desinfection
• No odour
• More, but different suspended solids
• Living water:• algae, daphnia
• birds• fish• all kind of “waterlife”
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What is in the water?: chemical
What lives in the water?: ecology
European LegislationWater Frame Work Directive
Constructed wetland
a constructed, optimised water system
works on solar energy
– helophytes: reed, cattail – (submerged) water plants– plants on the banks– sediments– algae, Daphnia, etc
A constructed wetland to make a “living water”from treated waste water
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Texel
More sustainable, natural water systems
well treated wastewatercan be a good source of life!
Learning the process by doing
Resulted in a lot of knowledge and ideas!!
Fish in the Everstekoog constructed wetland
– but only after 3 days retention time
– after 10 days a lot of fish
• in first pond no fish
up to 15 Stickleback per m2
• fish in ditches:
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Sticklebacks
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Food chains!
http://www.intarttiles.com/robertekennedy.htm
This presentation:• “Natural” constructed wetlands:
– Texel: Tourists, Spoonbills, Everstekoog constructed wetland, constructed wetlands to
make a “living water” from waste water
• Introduction Waterharmonica: The Netherlands and Catalonia, Spain
• Research projects Everstekoog on Texel and Horstermeer, near Amsterdam
– Food chains, biological filtration of waste water
• Applicable in Eastern Africa???
• Students wanted for practical work
The Waterharmonica: the link between treated waste water and surface water
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Water qualityEmission
Waterharmonica
Distance from discharge
Schematic effect of discharges of wastewater
A physical – chemical
B nutrients
C micro-organisms
D macro-organisms
www.waterharmonica.nl
Water systemWater chain
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Missing link in water management
•The natural link from tap to source
Existing
Initiatives
EverstekoogGrou
Research Horstermeer
Sint Maartensdijk
Land van Cuijck
Hapert
Efteling
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STP Land van Cuijk, Waterboard de Maaskant
STP Hapert De Dommel
Water park Groote Beerze
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Sint Maartensdijk
Aqualân Grou
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Aqualân Grou !
Realised in 2006
http://www.interregnorthsea.org/project-details.asp?id=1-16-31-7-37-04
Grou: Combination of treatment wetland and fish spawning
Snoek-Voorn
Brasem-Snoek Beheerde oevers voor paaiplaats
Snoek
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The Empuriabrava WWTP
From Lluis Sala, Concorsi de la Costa Brava
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Workshop 21 October 2005
Explanation by Lluis Sala
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STP with the first ponds
Daphnia gallore
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Part of the nature area
Hides
Hiking and biking
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The constructed wetland
The more “natural” wetland
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National parkAiguamolls d l’Emporda
Use of enhanced waste water in nature
Main Conclusions Waterharmonica project
• Alternative: use your effluents !!– Do not throw away (waste) water
– Manage the waste water quality
– Make the effluent as ‘clean’ as possible
– Nutrients, sludge particles, food chains
• Waterharmonica is a usable tool– Integrated water management
– Engineers dare to meet biologists….
www.waterharmonica.nl
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Process technology constructed wetlands
• Oxidation ditch / carrousel: – like polluted surface water
combination van (bio)procestechnology, agriculture, biology, etc.
• Processes are comparable– settling, adsorption, (photo katalytic) biofilms, diffusion, growth,
decay, etc.
• Constructed wetland for effluent polishing:– like cleaner surface water
ecological engineering: www.IEES.CH
This presentation:• “Natural” constructed wetlands:
– Texel: Tourists, Spoonbills, Everstekoog constructed wetland, constructed wetlands to
make a “living water” from waste water
• Introduction Waterharmonica: The Netherlands and Catalonia, Spain
• Research projects Everstekoog on Texel and Horstermeer, near Amsterdam
– Food chains, biological filtration of waste water
• Applicable in Eastern Africa???
• Students wanted for practical work
The Waterharmonica: the link between treated waste water and surface water
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Harvesting Daphnia for research
“Kwekelbaarsjes”
growing Daphniaon treated wastewater
as food for Spoonbills
to grow Sticklebacks
Gricklebacks=
Growing Sticklebacks
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Experimental set-up Everstekoog
4 mesocosms
4 ponds
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Everstekoog Ponds and Mesocosms
from 1998 onwards
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Storm11 January 2007
Hypothesis
ALGAE
suspended solids DAPHNIA
size of particlescomposition
• food• (eco)toxicity
nature of the particles
lighttemperature
SticklebackSpoonbill
Food chains(Eco)toxicity
Daphnia feces
theory:ponds fed with treated
wastewater will become green because of algae
growth
treatedwaste water
in practice:ponds turned red with Daphnia, which feed on particles in the water (loose bacteria, small
sludge flocs
every algae that appears is immediately consumed by the
numerous Daphnia
nutrients Filtration of Algae
snails
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Ponds
May – October
2002
Daphnia
algae
pond 3
pond 4
Fecal Coli removalmesocosms 2003-2004
Nr of fecal coli/ml vs hydraulic retention time
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• N-removal better in ponds then mesocosms
2003 - 2004NH4 NO3
Influence of submerged water plants in ponds 2, 3 en 4• NH4-removal up to 60 %• NO3-removal up to 30 %
Oxygen and suspended solidsmesocosms 2004 - 2005
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Fecal Coli Winter 2004 - 2005
October 2004 – March 2005
Average water temperature 9 ‘C
efflNr/ml
eggs
28 – 2 – 2006winter Daphnia magna, overgrown with algae, temp +2ºC
antenna
eye
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A digital tool to monitor population dynamics
development of counting methods for Daphnia populations and possible use for other organisms
•Harm van der Geest (UvA)•Simone Lucker (UvA)•Miriam Leon Paumen (UvA,VU)•Ruud Kampf (HHNK,VU)•Barry Pieters (UvA,UFZ, Leipzig)
Standard software Analysis FIVE
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Output: numbers/size distribution
Daphnia bakken
dag_2004
Dap
hnia
nr1234
250 300 350 400 4500
200
400
600
800
1000
?
winter 2004 - 2005
Daphnia vijvers
dag_2004
Dap
hnia
nr1234
250 300 350 400 4500
200
400
600
800
1000
•Even in winter Daphnia !!
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Daphnia size distributionnew digital counting method
Bak 1 - grootte Daphnia (mm)
dag_2003
Daphnia =<11> Daphnia =<22> Daphnia =<33> Daphnia =<44> Daphnia =<5
500 550 600 650 700 7500
20
40
60
80
100
120
Daphnia 1 - 2 mm
Daphnia 2 - 3 mm
Daphnia < 1 mm: stable birth rate
Daphnia 3 - 4 mm: older ones grow
Daphnia > 5 mm
Size of Daphnia (mm)
Chitobiase• Daphnia has an external skeleton
• Every growth step softening of skeleton with enzyme Chitobiase
• Chitobiase is found back in water: is used to measure “productivety” seas
• Chitobiase is easy to analyse
• Chitobiase seems to be a measure for Daphnia productivity also
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Kwekelbaarsjes ?”Daphnia, Fish, Spoonbills and treated waste water”
• Feasible:
• growing Daphnia: – Daphnia feed on sludge particles: disinfection!
– Daphnia keep the ponds clear: no algae
• Sticklebacks come to the constructed wetland
• it attracts Spoonbills
Fits in the EU Water Framework Directive
This presentation:• “Natural” constructed wetlands:
– Texel: Tourists, Spoonbills, Everstekoog constructed wetland, constructed wetlands to
make a “living water” from waste water
• Introduction Waterharmonica: The Netherlands and Catalonia, Spain
• Research projects Everstekoog on Texel and Horstermeer, near Amsterdam
– Food chains, biological filtration of waste water
• Applicable in Eastern Africa???
• Students wanted for practical work
The Waterharmonica: the link between treated waste water and surface water
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Water Frame Work Directive
Very strict new effluent standards !!
Leads to new very expensive filtration / membrane techniques
Biological filtration of particles from treated waste water
Engineering vs natural processes ?????
Or
Engineering plus natural processes ?????
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STP HorstermeerPilot-scale research filtration techniques
Horstermeerclose to Amsterdam
2005 – 2008
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Horstermeer proefhal2005 – 2008
Horstermeer
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Joint research project polishing effluent STP Horstermeer
2005 – 2008
a. Effluent• process steps:
– b sand filtration (bacteria, sludge particles, EPS)– c. ultra filtration (no particles) – d. biological active carbon filtration
Filtration by Daphnia compared with technical filtration
• combination of engineering and natural methods
effluent
filtrate
Research on m3 scale4 x 4 mesocosms:- 2 x 4: effluent- 2 x 4: filtrated effluent“long term research”
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Sampling Daphnia
Horstermeer 25 l scale
- Upflow reactors-Food studies
- what do Daphnia eat? - influence of filtration processes- algae vs. sludge particles- ecotoxicological aspects
- Factors influencing growth-Chitobiase, -etc, etc
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Lab-scale researchUniversiteit van Amsterdam
HorstermeerWhat do the Daphnia eat?
• Daphnia feed mainly on loose bacteria• Do grow better on effluent after sandfiltration?
− sandfiltration remove sludge flocs, but leave loose bacteria− loose bacteria are “better” food then sludge flocs
Marieke van der Vorstenbosch
Algae or Sludge ??
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How can we use the Texel knowledge as an alternative to fullfill the Water Frame Work directive ??
Horstermeer:
•Partners wanted!, combination with the PHOBIA-project (Phototrofic biofilms) ?
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This presentation:• “Natural” constructed wetlands:
– Texel: Tourists, Spoonbills, Everstekoog constructed wetland, constructed wetlands to
make a “living water” from waste water
• Introduction Waterharmonica: The Netherlands and Catalonia, Spain
• Research projects Everstekoog on Texel and Horstermeer, near Amsterdam
– Food chains, biological filtration of waste water
• Applicable in Eastern Africa???
• Students wanted for practical work
The Waterharmonica: the link between treated waste water and surface water
THE POTENTIAL OF WATERHARMONICA CONCEPTIN TANZANIA
Presented by: Hamidar Chanzi
IBP 2004/5 - Environmental Science, Saxion University – Deventer
Waterboard Hollands Noorderkwartier, July 11, 2005
“The bridge between treated wastewater and surface water”
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Waterharmonica What is the potential of this Dutch initiative for Tanzania?
“The bridge between treated wastewater and surface water to fill the gap”
Workshop on water management in Nepal
A Workshop on community management of waste water(treatment and disposal) in low-income, semi-urban communities in the Kathmandu Valley, Nepal,
2-13 November 1998
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Closing the nutrient cycle
Why and howA way to reduce waste water
problems in Nepal
More on www.rekel.nl/water
http://www.rekel.nl/water/nepal_workshop/index.htm
Solutions - basics
• Aimed on the communities, done by the communities– short term solutions:
• self aid– long term solutions:
• with foreign aid, but:– aimed on making jobs, income – minimalise loss of nutrients = chemical fertiliser:
» close the nutrient cycle
• Based on the local culture and knowledge
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Netherlands: how many liter water per person per day?
Shower bath
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WCflushing
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Kitchen 2Dish washing
rest
8washing
cloths
28Washing hands
4Feces urine: 1,5 - 2
(total 136 l per person per day)6
Flush and discharge
Winblad, WHO, 1996
Clean surface weater
Polluted water
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Cost of water management in The Netherlandsper family in Euro/year
Organisation Cos
Waterboards "Dry feet" 50
Communities Sewers 100
Waterboards Sewage treatment + surface water quality
150
Water companies Drinking water 165
Total Euro 450 per family per year
Based on Dutch Ministry of Transport, Public Works and Watermanagement, 1999
Waste water in Tanzania
“ like in most developing countries………..
and situation likely to worse”
wastewater only produced by 5 % of population•but this 5 % is the wealthiest part
•offices,
•hotels, hospitals
Hamidar Chanz, Tanzania, 2005i
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Safe fertilizer
Double Vault separation toilet
Short term solution for 80 – 90 % of the
population
Enough fertiliser for the country
Hamidar Chanz, Tanzania, 2005i
A Dutch latrine
Hamidar Chanz, Tanzania, 2005i
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The New Arusha Hotel160 USD for double room140 USD for single roomDik Dik Hotel120 USD for double room100 USD for single room
Polluter pays?
Hamidar Chanz, Tanzania, 2005i
Polluter pays
Example Masai Mara National reserve :– “Mara Simba is the only lodge in Kenya which has installed a
Waste Water Treatment Plant. The plant was imported from U.S.A. This plant treats all the sewage and produces crystal clear water which is then used for irrigation. We are truly the only environmentally friendly lodge in Kenya”
Why not in Tanzania?
http://www.marasimba.com/introduction.htmlHamidar Chanz, Tanzania, 2005i
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Some possible treatment methods:
•Constructed wetlands: “natural treatment”
•Oxidation ponds: ponds, mainly used in India
•Oxidation ditches: very simple aerobic treatment
•UASB reactors: anaerobic reactor
(Upflow Anaerobic Sludge Blanket)
Use of treated waste water in Tanzania
Hamidar Chanz, Tanzania, 2005i
Missing link in water management
The natural link from tap to source
“watercycle”
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What is the starting point of a circle?
Ecological engineering
Polishing and reuse of wastewater
Link between treatment plant and surface water
When reuse treatment becomes attractive
How?
Hamidar Chanz, Tanzania, 2005i
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Minimise risks
• Treatment of wastewater- Good quality of treated waste water
• Degree of pathogen and chemical removal
• Crops restriction- Crow crops with less risks to worker and consumers
• Proper use of crops and fish- Boil, not eat fresh crops (vegetable or fruits)
Hamidar Chanz, Tanzania, 2005i
Waterharmonica concept is a promising approach that could promote the livelihood of local people in
Tanzania
-Waterharmonica makes waste water safe
-reduce water pollution: better surface water quality
-Safe fertilizer of nutrients from safe wastewater-agriculture, aquaculture
-Polluter pays make waste water a resource
-Water conservation
-wastewater for irrigation; fresh water for domestic uses
Conclusions
Hamidar Chanz, Tanzania, 2005i
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Finally: Some “wise words”• “Waste water comes from drinking water”• Do not talk about water reuse, it is “wise use”• Polluters pay• No drinking water when no money for sewers
and treatment is available but separation• When waste water: treat it well and use it• Surface and (ground) water quality is important• Think global(ly) and in water cycles
The Waterharmonica: natural link between tap and source !
“My success is the result of my failures”
Hamidar Chanz, Tanzania, 2005i
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This presentation:• “Natural” constructed wetlands:
– Texel: Tourists, Spoonbills, Everstekoog constructed wetland, constructed wetlands to
make a “living water” from waste water
• Introduction Waterharmonica: The Netherlands and Catalonia, Spain
• Research projects Everstekoog on Texel and Horstermeer, near Amsterdam
– Food chains, biological filtration of waste water
• Applicable in Eastern Africa???
• Students wanted for practical work
The Waterharmonica: the link between treated waste water and surface water
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www.waterharmonica.nl
www.waterharmonica.nl/stagiaires/stagiaires.htm
http://tech.groups.yahoo.com/group/sac_empuriabrava/
www.waterharmonica.nl/workshops/2005_10_21_empuriabrava/index.htm
www.waterharmonica.nl/posters/bangor.htm
Pdf of this presentation:
waterharmonica.nl/publikaties/girona/index.htm
Trophic webs from discharges: Nature enhancement through the Waterharmonica concept:
A Catalan and Dutch cooperation
Thank you !!
The Waterharmonica: the link between treated waste water and surface water