Workshop 3: The Role of Constructivism in the Coming Decade

Coordinator–Maria GrovesElaborator –Selwa AlkadhiExplorer – Li Fang WangExplorer – Yaniv OdedRecorder – Robin McMullen

Some experts trace beginnings of Constructivist thought to classical antiquity and the Socratic method (Brooks, 2004)The writings of philosopher Immanuel Kant (1997; 1998) and of developmental theorist Jean Piaget (1995) provide theoretical foundations for the Constructivist philosophyA cornerstone of Constructivism is Vygotsky’s (1997) theory of the ‘zone of proximal development’

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Objectivism/Positivism

Transfer knowledge from outside to inside the learnerArrange conditions to promote specific goalsPre-design knowledge externallyTeacher directs; learner receivesLearner produces; teacher assesses

Constructivism/Relativism

Learner constructs own knowledge with guidanceArrange conditions to promote construction of meaningConstruct knowledge internallyTeacher facilitates; learner controlsLearner constructs; assessment contextual

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Views learning as a social, collaborative endeavor(Phillips, 2006)Scaffolds learning by building on existing knowledge (Duffy & Cunningham, 1996)Acknowledges learner as an independent agent (Phillips, 2006)Focuses on learning process as well as outcomes (Reiser & Dempsy, 2007)Adapts to learners, cultures, environments, resources (Brooks, 2004)

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Encourages critical thinking (Brooks, 2004)Sets the stage for development of higher order cognitive skills (Brooks, 2004), i.e., analysis, synthesis, evaluationBuilds collaboration skills (Duffy & Cunningham, 1996), e.g., communication, negotiationEmpowers learners by giving them ownership of their learning (Brooks, 2004)

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Learners want and need active guidancePositioning the teacher as ‘collaborator’ deprives learners of the benefits of the teacher’s superior training and experienceCollaborative learning may suffice for learners within one standard deviation of the mean; it does not well serve learners whose abilities fall in the two tails of the distribution

Faster learners have limited opportunity to acquire new knowledge; they’re too busy teaching classmates what they, themselves have already learnedSlower learners need help from a trained, professional teacher, not a colleague or a collaborator.

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Does not facilitate learning what to learnMay be inadequate preparation for the real world, in which what one knows is more important than how one learned itPsychomotor skills don’t fit the model; learners must not decide for themselves how to fly an airplane or do CPRTaken to its postmodern conclusion, leaves the existence of objective reality open to question. Nevertheless, 2 + 2 = 4 in all cases; objective reality exists and learners need a certain set of knowledge to cope with it effectively.Absence of objective assessment guarantees that Constructivism’s shortcomings cannot be empirically evaluated; the Constructivist classroom is a perpetual, undocumented experiment from which only anecdotal evidence can be gleaned

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Enriching the environment to facilitate each individual learner’s personal construction of the knowledge that each chooses to acquire costs money and takes time; nor is it clear that such enrichment is even possibleEvolving and describing context takes timeCollaboration takes timeExperimentation takes timeCompensating for documented shortfall in basic skills (Brooks, 2004) costs money and timeCritical periods for acquiring basic skills may be missed, in which case those skills are never fully developed

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Objectivism Constructivism IntegrationTeacher is authority

Teacher and learner are colleagues

Teacher provides information, consciously engages learners

Objective standards

Contextual constructs

Objective standards, sensitive to context

Transfer knowledge

Build knowledge Build on transferred knowledge

Pre-design knowledge

Construct knowledge on the spot

Deepen knowledge via guided exploration

Teacher directs Learner controls Teacher presents content & facilitates learner synthesis

Learner produces

Learner constructs

Learner produces assessable evidence of mastery and construction

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Alesandrini, K., & Larson, L. (2002). Teachers Bridge to Constructivism. Clearing House, 75(3), 118.

Brooks, J. G., Matsuoka, B. M., & Doyle, A. (2004). Constructivism as a Paradigm for Teaching and Learning. Concept to Classroom: A Series of Workshops Retrieved July 6, 2008, from http://www.13.org/edonline/concept2class/constructivism/index.html

Duffy, T. M., & Cunningham, D. J. (1996). Constructivism: Implications for the design and delivery of instruction. In D. J. Jonassen (Ed.), Handbook of Research of Educational Communications and Technology (pp. 170-198). New York: McMillan Library Reference USA.

Kant, I. (Ed.). (1997). Critique of Practical Reason. New York: Cambridge University Press.

Kant, I. (Ed.). (1998). Critique of Pure Reason. New York: Cambridge University Press.Phillips, D. (2006). The Good, the Bad, and the Ugly: The Many Faces of

Constructivism. Philosophy of Education: An Anthology.Piaget, J. (Ed.). (1995). Sociological Studies. New York: Routledge.Prefume, Y. (2007). Constructivism in foreign language learning. Academic Exchange

Quarterly, 11(1), 5.Reiser, R., & Dempsey, J. (2007). Constructivism and Instructional Design: The

Emergence of the Learning Sciences and Design Research. Columbus, OH: Pearson Education.

Vygotsky, L. S., Rieber, R. W., & Hall, M. J. (1997). The collected works of L. S. Vygotsky, Vol. 4: The history of the development of higher mental functions. New York, NY, US: Plenum Press.

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