2008 mg training basic entomology gail langellotto, ph.d. statewide coordinator oregon mg program...
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2008 MG TrainingBasic Entomology
Gail Langellotto, Ph.D.Statewide Coordinator Oregon MG Program
Urban and Community Horticulture Extension [email protected]
541-737-5175
Master Gardener Information(Statewide Program)
• Website: http://extension.oregonstate.edu/mg/
• Listserve: http://lists.oregonstate.edu/mailman/listinfo/osu_master_gardeners
Objectives• Part I
– Explain the hierarchical classification system used in biology.– Name the principle characteristics used to separate the phyla
and classes of insects and their relatives.
• Part II– Review the general anatomy of insects – Review the major types of insect life cycles, and the associated
stages of development. – Review the common orders of insects.
• Part III– Discuss insect collection techniques– Current ecological research on pollinators in gardens
• Part IV– How to diagnose insect problems
Module Objectives• Part I
– Explain the hierarchical classification system used in biology.– Name the principle characteristics used to separate the phyla
and classes of insects and their relatives.
• Part II– Review the general anatomy of insects – Review the major types of insect life cycles, and the associated
stages of development. – Review the common orders of insects.
• Part III– Discuss insect collection techniques– Current ecological research on pollinators in gardens
• Part IV– How to diagnose insect problems
Linnaean Classification System
• A way to impart order to a complex environment
• Species is the basic unit of biological classification• Genus represents a group of closely related species• Family represents a group of closely related genera• Order represents a group of closely related genera• Etc., etc., etc.
Illustration credit: Peter HalaszIllustration Link: http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Image:Biological_classification_S_Pengo.svg
Arthropods, and Related Phyla
• Annelids (Segmented Worms)– Segmented bodies– No legs– Appendages in the head (jaws, feelers, etc.)
• Onychophorans (Velvet Worms)– Long, soft-bodied, carnivorous worms– Head with eyes, rasping jaws– Unjointed ‘lobopodia’
• Arthropods
Annelids: Segmented Worms
– Segmented bodies– No legs– Appendages in the head
(jaws, feelers, etc.)
Annelid: Earthworm
Annelid: Leech
Annelid: Polychaete
Image Source: http://trc.ucdavis.edu/biosci10v/bis10v/week9/07annelids.html
Onychophorans: Velvet Worms
– Long, soft-bodied, carnivorous worms– Head with eyes, rasping jaws– Unjointed ‘lobopodia’
Image Source: http://www.ucmp.berkeley.edu/annelida/nereid.gif
Image Source: http://www.britannica.com/eb/art-6767/Onychophoran
The Arthropod Phylum
• A phylum is a major group of organisms.
• Insects are a Class in the Phylum of Arthropods.
• Characteristics of Arthropods Include:– Segmented Bodies– Jointed Legs– Exoskeleton– Open Circulatory System– No Backbone– Bi-lateral Symmetry
Phylogeny of Major Groups
Defined by embryologyBlastopore becomes anus
Defined by: Exoskeleton Jointed legsTime
Linnaean Classification System
• A way to impart order to a complex environment
• Species is the basic unit of biological classification• Genus represents a group of closely related species• Family represents a group of closely related genera• Order represents a group of closely related genera• Etc., etc., etc.
Illustration credit: Peter HalaszIllustration Link: http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Image:Biological_classification_S_Pengo.svg
Major Groups of Arthropods
• Class Xiphosura – Common Name: Horseshoe Crabs
• Class Arachnida– Includes Scorpions, Spiders and Mites
• Subphylum Mandibulata– Includes Crustaceans, Millipedes, Centipedes
• Class Insecta
Major Classes of Arthropods
Class Xiphosura (Common Name: Horshoe Crabs)
• No antennae• Two distinct body
divisions– Body with broadly oval
shell and long, slender tail– Abdomen with leaf-like
gills on ventral side
• First pair of appendages are chelicera
• All are aquatic
Image Source:http://paleo.cortland.edu/tutorial/Arthropods/Arthropod%20Images/horseshoe.GIF
Major Classes of Arthropods
Class Arachnida
• Two distinct body divisions
• 4 pair of legs
• First pair of appendages are chelicerae
• No antennae
Photo Images Courtesy of: Dept. of Entomology, University of Nebraska-Lincoln
Chelicerae
Major Classes of Arthropods
Class Arachnida: Order Araneida (Common Name: Spiders)
• Two distinct body divisions, 8 true legs
• First pair of appendages are chelicerae
• All possess venom glands and spinnerets
• Pedipalps in male are modified for sperm delivery
Photo Images Courtesy of: Dept. of Entomology, University of Nebraska-Lincoln
Spinnerets
Chelicerae
Pedipalps(male)
Major Classes of Arthropods
Class Arachnida: Order: ScorpionidaCommon Name: Scorpions
• Two distinct body divisions, 8 true legs• First pair of appendages are chelicerae• Relatively large arachnids• Pedipalps are large and claw-like• Abdomen distinctly segmented, and ending in a sting• Found in arid regions in the South and West
SegmentedAbdomenCephalothorax
Pedipalps
Sting
Photo Image Courtesy of: Dept. of Entomology, University of Nebraska-Lincoln
Major Classes of Arthropods
Class Arachnida: Order AcarinaCommon Name: Ticks & Mites
• Two distinct body divisions, 8 true legs• First pair of appendages are chelicerae• No true head• All ticks are parasites of warm-blooded animals• Mites are abundant in the soil and debris, but may also be
parasitic
Photo Image Courtesy of: Virginia Cooperative Extension Servicehttp://www.ext.vt.edu/departments/entomology/ornamentals/spidermites.html
European Red Mite
Two-Spotted Spider Mite
Major Classes of Arthropods
Subphylum Mandibulata, Class CrustaceaCommon Name: Crustaceans
• Two pair of antennae• At least 5 pairs of legs• Two distinct body regions (cephalothorax and abdomen)
– Cephalothorax is covered by a hardened hood (carapace)
• Most are detritivores, with some predaceous habits• Most are aquatic
– Lobsters, shrimp, barnacles, isopods, sowbugs, brine shrimp (sea monkeys)
Major Classes of Arthropods
Subphylum Mandibulata, Class DiplopodCommon Name: Millipedes
• Worm-like and cylindrical• Two pair of legs per body segment• Some secrete cyanide as a chemical defense• All are detritivores
Major Classes of Arthropods
Subphylum Mandibulata, Class ChilopodaCommon Name: Centipedes
• Worm-like and enlongate• One pair of legs per body segment• First pair of legs is modified into poison claws (fangs)• Predaceous on insects and other small arthropods
Major Classes of Arthropods
Subphylum Mandibulata, Class SymphylaCommon Name: Garden Centipedes
• Similar to centipedes, but with only 10-12 pair of legs• Closely related to insects
– 5 segmented head– Labium similar to insects– Bead like antennae
• Can be pests of field crops
Symphylan Centipede
Millipede
Major Classes of Arthropods
Class InsectaCommon Name: Insects!!!
• Most adult insects have the following characters: – All have body divided into three parts (head, thorax
and abdomen) – All have three pairs of legs – Usually one pair of antennae and a pair of compound
eyes (a few exceptions to these characteristics are found)
– Usually two pairs of wings• absent in many insects such as lice, fleas, ants; flies have
one pair of wings)
Characteristics of Class Insecta
• Phylum: Arthopoda– Class: Insecta
• Order: Diptera (flies)– Family: Asilidae (robber flies)
Image Source:http://pest.ca.uky.edu/EXT/Master_gardener/entbasics/introduction/introduction.shtml
Phylogeny of Major Classes
Trends History of Arthropods
• Segmented tube with parapodia (Annelids)
• Legs developed with muscles (Onychophora)
• Segmented or jointed legs (Arthropods)
• Tagmosis: division of body into specialized units (Arthropods)
• Specialized leg units (Arthropods)
• Loss of leg pairs (Insecta)
Module Objectives• Part I
– Explain the hierarchical classification system used in biology.– Name the principle characteristics used to separate the phyla
and classes of insects and their relatives.
• Part II– Review the general anatomy of insects – Review the major types of insect life cycles, and the associated
stages of development. – Review the common orders of insects.
• Part III– Discuss insect collection techniques– Current ecological research on pollinators in gardens
• Part IV– How to diagnose insect problems
Insect External Anatomy
• 3 Body Regions– Head: Sensory Center– Thorax: Locomotory Center– Abdomen: Reproductive Center
Image Source:http://www.cartage.org.lb/en/themes/Sciences/Zoology/Insects/InsectAnatomy/Introduction/insectanatomy.gif
Image Source:http://pest.ca.uky.edu/EXT/Master_gardener/entbasics/introduction/introduction.shtml
Insect External AnatomyHead
• Mouthparts (paired mandibles, maxillae and labium)– Labrum/clypeus as ‘upper lip’– Maxillary palp and labial palp
are both part of maxillae
Md = mandibles
Lr=labrum
Mx=maxillae
Image Source:http://www.answers.com/topic/evolution-insect-mouthparts-png
Chewing
Piercing/Sucking Sucking/
Lapping
Insect External AnatomyHead
• Antennae (1 pair)
• Compound Eyes (1 pair)
• Simple Eyes or Ocelli (3 total)
• Mouthparts (paired mandibles, maxillae and labium)– Labrum/clypeus as ‘upper lip’– Maxillary palp and labial palp
are both part of maxillae
Image Source:http://www.ndsu.nodak.edu/entomology/topics/images/heads.gif
Insect External AnatomyThorax
• Pro-, meso- and meta-thorax– Each segment bears a pair of legs– Meso- and meta-thorax each bear a pair of
wings
Image Source:http://bugs.bio.usyd.edu.au/Entomology/images/Topics/extMorphology/thoraxComponents.gif
Fore
win
gH
indw
ing
Insect External AnatomyAbdomen
• Cerci and external reproductive appendages – Ovipositor in females
Cerci/Pincers
Ovipositor
Objectives• Part I
– Explain the hierarchical classification system used in biology.– Name the principle characteristics used to separate the phyla
and classes of insects and their relatives.
• Part II– Review the general anatomy of insects – Review the major types of insect life cycles, and the associated
stages of development. – Review the common orders of insects.
• Part III– Discuss insect collection techniques– Current ecological research on pollinators in gardens
• Part IV– How to diagnose insect problems
Insect Life Cycles
• Ametabolous: no obvious difference between juveniles and adults
• Hemimetabolous: nymphs look like smaller version of adult, without wings
• Holometabolous: nymphs look worm like or grub like (without wings). Very different from adult appearance
Ametabolous Development
• Juveniles resemble adults, except that they are smaller
• With each molt, abdominal segments are added
Hemimetabolous Development
• Juveniles (called nymphs) resemble adults, except that they are smaller, and do not have wings– Development of wing buds or wing pads in later
stages
• With each molt, wing buds get larger
Holometabolous Development• Juveniles (called larvae) look quite different from adults
– Worm like– Grub like– Caterpillar like
• Pupal stage, where metamorphosis occurs• Juvenile and adult stages often feed on very different things
and/or live in very different habitats
Insect Life Cycles
• Juveniles– Not winged / can’t fly– Not sexually mature
• Adults– Winged / can fly– Sexually mature
Image Sources:(Lepidoptera: http://www.museum.vic.gov.au/bugs/life/butterflies.aspx)(Hemiptera: http://www.ipm.uiuc.edu/cropsci270/syllabus/images/0207image13.jpg)
Monarch Butterfly
Potato Leafhopper Adult
Monarch Butterfly Larva
Potato Leafhopper Nymph
No Wings
Wing Pads
Wings
Wings
Modifications and Insect Diversity
• Waxy, Rigid Cuticle
• Increased number of sclerites
• Tracheal structures
• Dispersal by flight
• High reproductive potential
• Small size
• Lack of competition on land
• Complete metamorphosis
Insect Diversity• Most diverse class, order, family of organisms
Objectives• Part I
– Explain the hierarchical classification system used in biology.– Name the principle characteristics used to separate the phyla
and classes of insects and their relatives.
• Part II– Review the general anatomy of insects – Review the major types of insect life cycles, and the associated
stages of development. – Review the common orders of insects.
• Part III– Discuss insect collection techniques– Current ecological research on pollinators in gardens
• Part IV– How to diagnose insect problems
Common Insect Orders
• 31 Insect Orders– Most recent discovery in 2002! (Mantophasmatodea)
• Orders of particular interest to gardeners include:– Coleoptera, Dermaptera, Diptera, Hemiptera,
Hymenoptera, Lepidoptera, Neuroptera, Orthoptera, Thysanoptera
• ‘-ptera’ means ‘wing’ (think Pteradactyl)– To ID almost all insects to order, you should look at
the wings of the adults– Juvenile IDs are much more difficult
Classification of Insect Orders
• Gullan and Cranston. 1994. The Insects: An Outline of Entomology. Chapman and Hall, London.
• Borror, Triplehorn and Johnson. 1989. An Introduction to the Study of Insects. 6th Edition. Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, Orlando.
• Borror and White. 2004. Introduction to the Study of Insects. 7th Edition. Brooks Cole.
Insect Phylogeny
Primitive Insects
• Ametabolous Development
• No wings (Apterygotes)
• Development of eyes occurs in this group
• Development of spiracles
Proturans and Diplurans• Ametabolous, No Wings• No eyes• Some breath through cuticle
• Proturans: no antennae, sucking mouthparts, very small and rare, found in moist habitats
• Diplurans: antennae with internal muscles, chewing mouthparts, small, uncommon, found in moist habitats. Abdomen with 11 segments and 2 cerci.
Collembola• Ametabolous, no wings • Antennae with internal muscles• Some species have eyes. Some
species don’t• Abdomen has scales, collophore
on 1st segment, retinaculum on 3rd segment and furcula on 4th segment
• Extremely abundant in certain soil habitats (moist and with much organic debris)
• Occasional pests in potted plants, greenhouses.
• Important food source for many arachnids and other insects.
Thysanura (silverfish, bristletails)• Ametabolous, no wings • Antennae very long and without
internal muscles• Well-developed eyes• Breath through spiracles• Abdomen with 11 segments, 3
bristly cerci• Mating rituals.• Habitats include moist, shady
locations outside and hot, dry locations indoors.
• Feed on starchy substances. Can be indoor pests on wallpaper, books, cereals.
Paurometabolous Insects
• Hemimetabolous Development with a subimago or subadult stage
• All are winged as adults.
• Naiads are aquatic. Adults are found flying near water.
Ephemeroptera = “Short Lived Wings”Adult Characteristics• Mayflies• Adults are short lived (Vestigial
mouthparts)• Nymphs are call ‘naiads’. Penultimate
nymphs are called ‘subimagos’• Fragile bodies. Weak legs. Body
curved upward at the head and tip of the abdemen, when at rest.
• Three caudal filaments at the end of the abdomen.
• Adult swarms can be a nuisance
Ephemeroptera = “Short Lived Wings”Naiad Characteristics
• Naiads emerge as adults in large swarms, for a short mating period.
• Naiad antennae are short, bristle-like.
• Naids live 1-2 years in the water, with many (30+) molts.
• 7 pair of abdominal gills.
Odonata = ‘tooth wing’Adult Characteristics
• Dragonflies and damselflies• Adults have 2 pair of
membraneous, elongate wings, with many crossveins.
• Chewing mouthparts.• Dragonflies hold wings
horizontal, at rest. Damselfly wings are folded over abdomen, upright, when at rest.
• Long, thin abdomen.• Adults patrol over streams,
ponds, an dother aquatic habitats.
• All are predaceous.
Odonata = ‘tooth wing’Naiad Characteristics
• Highly modified and hinged labium– Highly predaceous.
• Dragonflies have rectal gills.
• Damselflies have tracheal gills.
Hemimetabolous Insects
• Hemimetabolous Development
• Most are winged– Those without wings represent a secondary
loss of wings (e.g. aphids, scales
Orthoptera = ‘Straight wing’Grasshoppers, katydids, crickets• Two pair of wings. First
pair is a leathery tegmina. Second pair is membraneous and fanlike.
• Chewing mouthparts.• Can be found in a
variety of habitats – old fields, woodland, households
• Some are extremely destructive pests to cultivated crops
Dermaptera = “Skin Wing”Earwigs
• Two pairs of wings – Forewings short, square and veinless
• Leathery tegmina
– Hindwings fanlike
• Hemimetabolous Development• Biting mouthparts
– Scavenge plant and animal matter
• Distinct Characteristics– Cerci form pincers
• Color– Pale brown to black, – Temporarily white and cream after moulting
• Abdomen is uncovered and very flexible• Distribution
– 1,800 species– World-wide– Ground dwelling, in crevices
Cerci/Pincers
FlexibleAbdomen
LeatheryForewing
Isoptera = ‘Same Wing’Termites
• Two pair of wings. Few cross veins. Wings longer than body.
• Eusocial.– Reproductive division of labor.
Castes. Cooperative care of young.• Only reproductive caste has
wings, and only near the time of nuptial flight.
• Live in ground or in wood.• Many are pests of buildings. Most
are beneficial, because they recycle nutrients from dead trees and other plant materials.
Plecoptera = ‘Folded wing’Stoneflies
• Two pair of wings. Both membraneous. Hind pair folds fan like under front wings.– Wings folded flat over
abdomen• Chewing mouthparts (reduced in
some species) • Long, slender antennae• Adults and naiads have 2 cerci at
apex of abdomen• Adults on vegetation near water.
Naiads prefer cold, well-oxygenated, water habitats.
• Naiads are an important prey and predator component of aquatic food chains.
Thysanoptera = ‘fringe wings’• 2 pairs of tiny, feather-like wings • Small 0.5 - 15mm long • Mouthparts adapted for piercing and are highly
asymmetric • Color: Y ellow, brown or black• Very narrow body • Prominent compound eyes
Adult Thrips Adult Thrips
Fringe Wings
Hemiptera = ‘Half Wing’
• 2 pairs of wings (some species wingless) – Forewings generally hardened to some extent
• 1mm - 100mm long • Mouthparts suctorial and developed for piercing
– Cibarial pump– Most vegetarian or omnivorous. – Some strictly carnivorous species
• Most are terrestrial, plant feeders (or omnivores). A few families are aquatic. A few families are predaceous.
Hemiptera = ‘Half Wing’
• Two sets of wings: Wings folded flat over the body at rest
– Forewings divided into two regions of different textures – Hindwings membraneous and held under forewings, at rest
• Scutellum (triangle) on thorax• Head projects horizontally and is visible from above– Piercing/Sucking Mouthparts
Suborder Heteroptera
Membraneous part of forewingLeathery part of forewing
Scutellum
ScutellumLeathery part of forewing
Hemiptera = ‘Half Wing’
• Two sets of wings– Forewings are of uniform texture (all membraneous or leathery) – Hindwings are membraneous– Wings are held like a roof over the back
• Head deflected backwards– Piercing/Sucking Mouthparts
Suborder Homoptera
PsocopteraBook and Bark Lice
• Wings present or absent. • If, present, 2 pair of
membraneous wings, with reduced veination.
• Forewing larger than hindwing, and held roof like over body at rest.
• Small (<5mm in length)• Enlarged face.• Some species are pests that
damage books (feed on starchy bindings).
Mallophaga / AnopluraChewing and Sucking Lice
• Mallophaga = chewing mouthparts– Head wider than thorax– Many are important pests of livestock
• Anoplura = sucking mouthparts– Head is usually narrower than thorax– Includes species that are parasitic to
humans
• Minute (<4mm in length)
• Body dorso-ventrally flattened
• Tarsal claws
Holometabolous Insects
• Holometabolous Development
• Most are winged– Those without wings represent a secondary
loss of wings (e.g. velvet ants, ants)
Coleoptera = “sheath wing”
• Two pairs of wings – Forewings (elytra) are veinless, toughened and horny, covering the entire
abdomen and meeting at the midline – Hindwings are membranous
• Prothorax is large, and covered by the pronotum• Chewing mouthparts • Distribution
– More than 300,000 species– World-wide – Habitats: from deserts to tropical regions, mainly ground dwelling and in
vegetation, some aquatic – Feed on most solids, including crops, timber, pepper and dry bone
Neuroptera = ‘Nerve Wing’Antlions, Owlflies, Lacewings
• Two pairs of membranous wings – Dense network of cross veins on wings – Prominent vein forks at wing margins
• Holometabolous Development• Chewing mouthparts
– Predators of smaller insects and pollen-eaters
• Distribution– 6,000 species– World-wide, although families are more restricted – Vegetation, ground debris, in woodlands, sandy soils
Antlion LarvaAntlion Larval Pits Antlion Adult
Cross Veins on Forewings
Chewing Mouthparts
Megaloptera = ‘Big Wing’Alderflies and Dobson flies
• Two pairs of membranous wings – Many veins and cross veins (forming a
nerve network)– Numerous cross veins between costa and
subcosta veins– Hindwing a bit wider at base than forewing– Anal area of hindwing folded fanlike at rest
• Chewing mouthparts• Prognathous head with large
mandibles (sexually dimorphic)• Larvae (i.e. hellgrammites) with
abdominal tracheal gills and anal prolegs
• Larvae of Dobsonflies are often used as fish bait.
Raphidioptera Snakeflies
• Two pairs of membranous wings – Many veins and cross veins (forming a nerve network)– Numerous cross veins between costa and subcosta veins– Forewing contains a sitgma
• Chewing mouthparts• Prothorax elongate• Front legs rise from the posterior end of the prothorax, and are
similar to other legs (not raptorial)
Lepidoptera = ‘Scale Wing’• Two pairs of membranous wings
– Both pairs covered in minute scales of various colours
• Mouthparts mainly suctorial, with proboscis– Feed on liquids, usually nectar.– Mud-puddling behavior– Some drink tears, urine, and even blood
• Holometabolous• Distribution
– 20,000 species– Associated with higher plants, especially angiosperms
Mud Puddling
Nectaring
Siphonaptera = ‘No Wing’Fleas• Wingless
• Piercing, sucking mouthparts – (obligate blood feeders)
• Laterally flattened
• Hindlegs adapted for jumping
• Pro-notal comb
• Larvae worm-like
Hymenoptera = ‘Membraneous Wing’• Two pairs of membranous wings
– Hind wings much smaller than forewings
• Biting mouthparts (except bees)– Predators, herbivores and nectar feeders
• Distribution– Over 100,000 species– Habitats: from woodland to desert
• Social Systems in Hymenoptera– Create own nests – Young are provisioned to varying degrees by parents / other
adults
Hymenoptera = ‘Membraneous Wing’
• Suborder Symphyta– No typical wasp-waist – Hold wings flat over the body
Hymenoptera = ‘Membraneous Wing’
• Suborder Apocrita– Wasp waist– Have wingless castes – Divided into two groups, the Parasitica and
Aculeata (Social wasps)
Diptera = ‘two wings’
• One pair of wings– Membranous forewings used for flight – Hindwings form small stick-like halteres
• Suctorial mouthparts • No cerci on the abdomen• Distribution
– Mainly associated with flowers and decaying organic matter – Feed on vegetation and organic matter, some blood feeders and ectoparasites,
some species do not feed at all as adults– Over 100,000 species,
Diptera = ‘two wings’
• Suborder Nematocera
• Small, delicate insects
• Slender, many segmented antennae, with no arista
• No distal cell in the wing, open anal cell widens towards the wing margin
• Larvae have prominent, biting jaws
Diptera = ‘two wings’
• Suborder brachycera
• Stout flies
• Antennae 3-segmented, shorter than the thorax, may have terminal arista
• Discal cell not always present
• Larvae have reduced jaws which can be retracted into the head
Diptera = ‘two wings’
• Suborder Cyclorrapha
• Stout flies
• Antennae non-prominent, 3 segmented and pendulous, bristle from dorsal surface
• Circular seam on head
• Larvae are maggot-like, with no visible jaws
Module Objectives• Part I
– Explain the hierarchical classification system used in biology.– Name the principle characteristics used to separate the phyla
and classes of insects and their relatives.
• Part II– Review the general anatomy of insects – Review the common orders of insects. – Review the major types of insect life cycles, and the associated
stages of development.
• Part III– Discuss insect collection techniques– Current ecological research on pollinators in gardens
• Part IV– How to diagnose insect problems
Collecting Insects in Gardens
Baby Food JarsWater Pan Traps
Bee Species in New York City
54 species in New York City gardens (Matteson et al. in press)
58 species in Central Park, Manhattan, NY (Matteson et al. in press)
59 species in Prospect Park, Brooklyn, NY (Matteson et al. in press)
57 in Staten Island Freshkills Landfill (Yurlina 1998)
69 in Staten Island Parks (Yurlina 1998)
Bee Species in New York City
54 species in New York City gardens 1.7 total hectares
58 species in Central Park, Manhattan, NY 341 total hectares
59 species in Prospect Park, Brooklyn, NY 212 total hectares
57 in Staten Island Freshkills Landfill 10 total hectares
69 in Staten Island Parks 344 total hectares
Extent of Bees Across Gardens
% of Gardens
% o
f B
ee S
peci
es
Bee Species and Urbanization
55-60 species in New York City 81 species San Francisco gardens (Frankie 2005)
110 in Westchester County gardens (Fetridge and Langellotto in prep)
62 species in Tucson, AZ (Cane et al. 2006)
128 species in Suffolk County, NY (Matteson and Langellotto in press)
144 species in Orange County, NY (Giles and Ascher 2006).
130 in Burlington County, NJ (Winfree et al. 2007)
Incr
easi
ng
Urb
aniz
atio
n
Rank Abundance Plot
Species Rank
Log
10 A
bund
ance
Rank Abundance Plot
Species Rank
Log
Abu
ndan
ce
Rank Abundance Plot
Species Rank
Log
Abu
ndan
ce
Garden Sites
% Species % Individuals
NYC Westchester NYC Westchester
Oligolectic 12 13 4 2
Polylectic 88 87 96 98
• Exurban Sites– Black Rock Forest: 13% species, 5% individuals (Giles
and Ascher 2006)– Gardiner’s Island: 12% of species (Matteson et al. in
press)
Impact of Polylectic Pollinators on Ornamental Invasives
• Exotic plants are often less subject to damage from insect herbivores
• Exotic plants are not discriminated against by insect pollinators
Collecting Insects in Gardens
Pitfall Traps
Collecting Insects in Gardens
Light Traps
Collecting Insects in Gardens
Nets and Vacuums
Date / Locality
Collecting Method or Plant from which Insect was Collected
Determination Label(Including who ID’d the specimen)
Pinning and LabellingWhere to Pin, by Order
Module Objectives• Part I
– Explain the hierarchical classification system used in biology.– Name the principle characteristics used to separate the phyla
and classes of insects and their relatives.
• Part II– Review the general anatomy of insects – Review the common orders of insects. – Review the major types of insect life cycles, and the associated
stages of development.
• Part III– Discuss insect collection techniques– Current ecological research on pollinators in gardens
• Part IV– How to diagnose insect problems
Diagnosing Insect Problems• Do not, if at all possible, diagnose a pest problem from a
photo• Get a sample of the ‘insect’• Get a sample of the damage
• Make sure that the organism is indeed an insect• Is it an adult or a juvenile?
• Identify the insect to order (easier to do for adults than for juveniles)• What do the wings look like? Are they membraneous? Are there
2 pair? What about cross veins? Are the wings held flat over the body, or tent like over the body?
• Do the mouthparts of the insect match up with the type of damage being reported?
Internal Feeders: Gallers
Internal Feeders
MinersBorers
External Feeding Guilds
Chewers Mesophyll Feeder
Closing Remarks
• Insects are cool! Most are innocuous to humans. Many are beneficial. Relatively few are pests (but these pests make their presence known!).
• Work your way through a standard set of questions, when ID’ing insects to order.