numericsptgmedia.pearsoncmg.com/images/1587051591/index/... · 2009. 6. 9. · radio frequency...
TRANSCRIPT
I
N
D
E
X
Numerics
10 Gigabit Ethernet, 275–277
optical networks, 278–280
pluggable optics, 288–292
10GBASE-ER, 290
10GBASE-LR, 289
10GBASE-LX4, 290
10GBASE-SR, 289
10GBASE-SW, 290
10GE, 275–277
optical networks, 278–280
pluggable optics, 288–292
1G (first-generation systems), 541
2.5G systems, cellular mobility, 542
2G (second-generation systems), 542
3G systems (third-generation), 542–543
4G systems, 543
4GMF (4th Generation Mobile Forum), 543
4th Generation Mobile Forum (4GMF), 543
6Bone, 42
802.11 standards
timeline, 556
WLANs, 553–555
comparing revisions, 558–559diffused infrared, 553DSSS, 554–555FHSS, 553–554revision a, 556–557revision b, 555–556revision g, 558
802.16 standard, WLANs, 559–560
802.17 protocol, RPR architecture, 268–271
8900 Series, 113
A
AALs (ATM Adaptation Layers), 105
access
control, Cisco PWLAN architecture, 81
layers, multilayer switching, 59
points, Cisco PWLAN architecture, 80
policy servers, Cisco PWLAN architecture, 81
Access VPNs, 164, 171–172
IPSec (IP security), 172–175
firewall, 176hardware clients, 176–177remote-site routers, 177software-based clients, 174–176
MPLS, 182
benefits, 185function, 183–185
SSL (secure socket layer), 177–179
wireless, 179
hardware-based, 181security, 182software-based, 180
Access Zone Router (AZR), Cisco PWLAN
architecture, 81
add/drop multiplexers (ADMs), SONET/SDH
networks, 261
addressing, LANs IP routing, 52
ADMs (add/drop multiplexers), SONET/SDH
networks, 261
ADSL (Asymmetric DSL), 478–479
data rates, 482
distance limitations, 483
filter, 481
modems, 479–480
multiplexing standards, 480–481
service selection, 483–484
ADSL2, 484–485
ADSL2+, 484–485
Advanced Mobile Phone Service (AMPS), 524, 529
aggregation layers, ISDN wireline networks,
472–474
AGS (Cisco Advanced Gateway Server), 47
AH (authentication header), 166–167
amplification
ELH, 430–431
578
metro DWDM, 357
ULH, 434
amplifiers
DWDM long-haul networks, 418–420
submarine long-haul networks, 437–438
AMPS (Advanced Mobile Phone Service), 524, 529
analog
technologies, cellular mobility, 524–528
transmissions, residential loop, 459
Antheil, George, 530
Any Transport over MPLS (AToM), 195–198
any-to-any connectivity, MPLS Layer 3 VPNs,
192–194
AoMPLS (ATM over MPLS), 68
APC (Automatic Power Control), 407
APDs (avalanche photodiodes), 238
APONs (ATM PONs), 315
application service providers (ASPs), 85
architectures
ULH OXC, 434–435
WANs (long IP networks), 64
ASPs (application service providers), 85
Asymmetric DSL (ADSL), 476–479
data rates, 482
distance limitations, 483
filter, 481
modems, 479–480
multiplexing standards, 480–481
service selection, 483–484
Asymmetric DSL (ADSL), 476
Asymmetric DSL-Lite (G.Lite), 476
ATM
cell tax, 105
cell-based MPLS components, 118–119
multiservice networks, 104–106
next-generation multiservice switching,
108–110
VPNs (virtual private networks), 161–163
ATM Adaptation Layers (AALs), 105
ATM LSR, 119–120
ATM over MPLS (AoMPLS), 68
ATM PONs (APONs), 315
AToM (Ant Transport over MPLS), 195–198
authentication header (AH), 166–167
Automatic Power Control (APC), 407
avalanche photodiodes (APDs), 238
AZR (Access Zone Router), Cisco PWLAN
architecture, 81
B
bandwidths
STS, 141
WANs (long IP networks), 63
basic rate interface (BRI), 464–465
BGP (Border Gateway Protocol), 52
B-ISDN (Broadband Integrated Services Digital
Network), 104, 466
Bluetooth, WPANs, 560–561
bonded T1s, 463
Border Gateway Protocol (BGP), 52
BPX 8600 Series, 110
BRAS (Broadband Remote Access Server), 475, 492
BRI (basic rate interface), 464–465
broadband
wireline networks
cable, 493–502DSL, 475–490DSLAM, 490–492Ethernet, 502–509
digital access cross-connects, SONET/SDH
networks, 262
Broadband Integrated Services Digital Network (B-
ISDN), 104, 466
Broadband Remote Access Server (BRAS), 475, 492
C
cable, broadband wireline networks, 493–494
CMTS (Cable Modem Termination System),
500–502
amplification
579
standards, 496–500
technology, 494–495
Cable Modem Termination System (CMTS), 494,
500–502
called distributed CEF (dCEF), 61
capacity
Global IP networks, 88–89
metro DWDM, 357–358
WLANs (wireless LANs), 74–75
CDMA (code division multiple access), 18, 530
digital cellular technology, 530–532
direct spread, 540
multicarrier, 540
time division duplexing, 540
CDMA 1x EV-DO, 18
CDMA2000, 532
cellular standards, 537–538
data mobility, 545–546
CDMA2000 1x, 18, 532, 545
CDMA2000 1xEV-DO, 532
CDMA2000 1xEV-DV, 532–546
cdmaOne, 532
CEF (Cisco Express Forwarding), 60
cells
clusters, analog technology, 524–528
MPLS, 118
ATM components, 118–119ATM LSR, 119–120Cisco ATM multiservice switches,
120–121eLSR, 119–120
cellular mobility, 523–524
analog technology, 524–528
call transmission, 551
data overlay, 544, 547
CDMA2000, 545–546data rates, 548–549EDGE, 545GPRS, 544–545HSCSD, 544
HSDPA, 547TD-SCDMA, 547WCDMA, 546
digital technology, 529
CDMA, 530–532OFDM, 532–533TDMA, 529–530
functional generations, 541
2.5G system, 5424G systems, 543first-generation (1G), 541second-generation (2G), 542third-generation (3G), 542–543
networks, 82
Cisco Mobile Exchange Frameworks, 84–87
MPLS, 84packet gateways on router platforms,
82–83packet-based VoIP, 84RAN support, 83SS7oIP, 83WLAN 802.11, 83–84
radio frequency spectrum, 549–550
standards, 534–536
CDMA2000, 537–538GSM, 536–537IMT-2000, 539–541PCS, 538UTMS, 539
Cellular Telecommunications & Internet Association
website, 17
channels
counts, metro DWDM, 358
DWDM design, 250–251
optical impairments, 249
chromatic dispersion, 248
CIDR (Classless Interdomain Routing), 39
Cisco
next-generation multiservice networks, 110
Cisco 8900 Series, 113Cisco BPX 8600 Series, 110Cisco IGX 8400 Series, 113
Cisco
580
Cisco MGX 8250 Edge Concentrator, 112Cisco MGX 8800 Series, 112
website, 43
Cisco 8900 Series, 113
Cisco Advanced Gateway Server (AGS), 47
Cisco BPX 8600 Series, 110
Cisco CNS SESM, Cisco PWLAN architecture, 81
Cisco CRS-1 Carrier Routing System, 126
8-slot single-shelf systems, 131
16-slot single-shelf systems, 131
hardware design
Fabric Chassis, 128–129line card shelves, 126–127
Multishelf Systems, 129–131
Cisco Express Forwarding (CEF), 60
Cisco IGX 8400 Series, 113
Cisco Information Center, 81
Cisco IOS XR Software, multiservice network
routing, 132–133
Cisco MGS series routers, 12
Cisco MGX 8250 Edge Concentrator, 112
Cisco MGX 8800 Series, 112
Cisco Mobile Exchange Framework, IP cellular
networks, 84–87
Cisco ONS 15454 CE Series Ethernet data card,
143–144
Cisco ONS 15454 E Series Ethernet data card, 142
Cisco ONS 15454 G Series Ethernet data card,
142–143
Cisco ONS 15454 ML Series Ethernet data card,
143
Cisco ONS 15454 MSTP, 405–408
Cisco ONS 15808 DWDM System, 402–405
Cisco XR 12000 Series Routers, 133–134
architecture, 134–136
capacities, 136–138
cladding, optical fiber, 233
Classless Interdomain Routing (CIDR), 39
Clinton, President Bill, Telecommunications Reform
Act of 1996, 8
CMTS (Cable Modem Termination System), 494,
500–502
CNS Performance Engine (CNS-PE), 81
CNS-PE (CNS Performance Engine), 81
coarse wavelength division multiplexing (CWDM),
242, 254–257, 359–360
coating, optical fiber, 233
coaxial cables, 493
code division multiple access.
See
CDMA
coded OFDM (COFDM), 555
COFDM (coded OFDM), 555
communications networks
era of changes, 5–8
government regulation, 8–11
technological advancement, 11–12
IP (Internet Protocol) growth, 12–14optical communications growth, 14–17wireless communications, 17–20
components, optical networking, 228–229
electromagnetic spectrum, 230–232
lambdas, 229–230
light
emitters, 232–233receivers, 238
optical fiber, 233–238
computing power, 5
core layers, multilayer switching, 59
core networks, 138–139
MSPPs (Multiservice Provisioning Platform),
140–141
Cisco ONS 15454 CE Series Ethernet data card, 143–144
Cisco ONS 15454 E Series Ethernet data card, 142
Cisco ONS 15454 G Series Ethernet data card, 142–143
Cisco ONS 15454 ML Series Ethernet data card, 143
MSSPs (Multiservice Switching Platforms),
144–147
core optical fiber, 233
Corning LEAF fiber, 237
Cisco
581
Corning SMF-28 fiber, 236
Corning SMF-28e fiber, 236
Corning SMF-DS fiber, 236
Corning SMF-NZ-DSF fiber, 236
Corning VASCADE fiber, 237
correspondent nodes, 71
CPE, customer premise equipment), 45
CRS-1 Carrier Routing System, 126
8-slot single-shelf systems, 131
16-slot single-shelf systems, 131
hardware design
Fabric Chassis, 128–129line card shelves, 126–127
Multishelf Systems, 129–131
customer premise equipment (CPE), 45
CWDM (coarse wavelength division multiplexing),
242, 254–257, 359–360
D
DACs (digital access cross-connect systems),
SONET/SDH networks, 262
dark fiber, 250
dark lambdas, 250
dark wavelengths, 250
DAT (Distributed Administration Tool), 81
data
ADSL (Asymmetric DSL), 482
cellular mobility, 544, 547
CDMA2000, 545–546data rates, 548–549EDGE, 545GPRS, 544–545HSCSD, 544HSDPA, 547TD-SCDMA, 547WCDMA, 546
era of change, 5
forwarding, IPSec (IP security), 168
transport mode, 170tunnel mode, 168–169
IP (Internet Protocol), converged networks, 44
modulation, ULH, 435
SONET/SDH, 266
wireline networks, 457–458, 509
broadband, 475–509narrowband, 458–474next-generation networks, 23–24
dCEF (called distributed CEF), 61
dense wavelength division multiplexing.
See
DWDM
density, multilambda networks, 242
DFB (distributed feedback), 416
Diffie-Hellman, authentication key methods, 167
diffused infrared, 75, 553
digital access cross-connect systems (DACSs),
SONET/SDH networks, 262
digital access technologies, WLANs (wireless
LANs), 75–76
Digital AMPS, 529
digital certificates, authentication key methods, 167
digital loop carrier (DLC), 472–474
digital signal one (DS1), 461–463
digital signal zero (DS0), 460
Digital Subscriber Line Access Multiplexer
(DSLAM), 475
Digital Subscriber Line.
See
DSL
digital technologies
cellular mobility, 529
CDMA, 530–532OFDM, 532–533TDMA, 529–530
wireline networks, 460–461
Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum.
See
DSSS
dispersion
management, ULH, 433–434
optical impairments, 248–249
shifted fiber, 250
Distributed Administration Tool (DAT), 81
distributed feedback (DFB), 416
distribution layers, multilayer switching, 59
distribution layers, multilayer switching
582
DLC (digital loop carrier), 472–474
DMVPN (dynamic multipoint VPN), 189
DOCSIS 1.0 standard, 497–498
DPT (Dynamic Packet Transport), 266–268,
346–348
benefits, 274
Ethernet, 284–285
SRP protocol, 271–273
DS0 (digital signal zero), 460
DS1 (digital signal one), 461–463
DSL (Digital Subscriber Line), 475–478
ADSL, 478–479
data rates, 482distance limitations, 483filter, 481modems, 479–480multiplexing standards, 480–481service selection, 483–484
ADSL2, 484–485
ADSL2+, 484–485
SHDSL (Single-Pair High-Rate DSL), 485–486
VDSL (Very High Data Rate DSL), 486–490
DSLAM (Digital Subscriber Line Access
Multiplexer), 475
broadband aggregation layer, 490
basics, 491–492BRAS (Broadband Remote Access
Server), 492DSSS (Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum), 553
802.11 standard, 554–555
wireless digital access technologies, 75
DWDM (dense wavelength division multiplexing),
242–246, 494
design
balance, 252channel count, 250channel plans, 251transponders, 251
fiber types, 249–250
intelligence and integration, 252–254
long-haul optical networks, 410, 422–424
lasers, 413–414
optical amplifiers, 418–420optical power budget, 423–429optical regeneration, 421–422tunable components, 415–418waveguide challenges, 410–413
metropolitan optical networks, 349
business drivers, 349–350CWDM, 359–360design considerations, 356–358enabled services, 360–361technology, 351–355
network topology discovery, 407
optical impairments, 246
channels, 249dispersion, 248–249power loss, 248
dynamic multipoint VPN (DMVPN), 189
Dynamic Packet Transport.
See
DPT
E
EAP (Extensible Authentication Protocol), 76
EAP-TLS (Extensible Authentication Protocol-
Transport Layer Security), 77
ECLs (external-cavity lasers), 416
EDGE (Enhanced Data Rates for GSM Evolution),
18, 83, 544–545
edge label switch router (eLSR), 115, 119–120
edge network switching, 138–139
MSPPs (Multiservice Provisioning Platform),
140–141
Cisco ONS 15454 CE Series Ethernet data card, 143–144
Cisco ONS 15454 E Series Ethernet data card, 142
Cisco ONS 15454 G Series Ethernet data card, 142–143
Cisco ONS 15454 ML Series Ethernet data card, 143
MSSPs (Multiservice Switching Platforms),
144–147
EFM OAM (Ethernet in the First Mile Operations,
Administration, and Maintenance), 504, 508
DLC (digital loop carrier)
583
EFMC (Ethernet in the First Mile over Copper),
504–505
EFMF (Ethernet in the First Mile over Point-to-
Point Fiber), 504–506
EFMP (Ethernet in the First Mile over Passive
Optical Networks), 504, 507–508
EIGRP (Enhanced Interior Gateway Routing
Protocol), 52
Einstein, Albert, stimulated emission of radiation,
229
electromagnetic spectrums
optical networking, 230–232
technological refinement, 5–6
ELH (Extended Long-Haul Optical Networks), 429
advanced fiber, 430
FEC, 431
L band, 430
modulation formats, 431–432
raman amplification, 430–431
eLSR (edge label switch router), 115, 119–120
EMS (Ethernet Multipoint Service), 363–367
encapsulating security payload (ESP), 168
Enhanced Data Rates for GSM Evolution (EDGE),
18, 83, 544–545
Enhanced Interior Gateway Routing Protocol
(EIGRP), 52
Enterprise Systems Connection (ESCON), 380–381
enterprise-managed VPNs, 216–217
EoMPLS (Ethernet over MPLS), 68
EPL (Ethernet Private Line), 363–365
EPONs (Ethernet over passive optical networks),
315, 503
EPR (Ethernet Private Ring), 363, 366
EPS, IPSec headers, 168
ERMS (Ethernet Multipoint Service), 363, 367
errors, LANs IP routing, 53
ERS (Ethernet Relay Service), 363–365
ESCON (Enterprise Systems Connection), 380–381
ESP (encapsulating security payload), 168
Ethernet
broadband wireline networks, 502–504
EFM OAM, 508EFMC, 504–505EFMF, 506EFMP, 507–508new access choices, 508–509
LANs (local area networks), 48–50
metropolitan optical networks, 361–362
LAN to MAN, 362–363market requirements, 367, 370–371service orienting, 371services, 363–369
optical networking, 274–277
10GE, 278–280direct over optical fiber, 285–292Gigabit Ethernet, 278next-generation SONET/SDH, 280–283RPR/DPT, 284–285
switching
Layer 2, 55–57multilayer, 58–60optimizing multilayer, 60–62
WANs (long IP networks), 68–69
Ethernet Multipoint Service (EMS), 363–367
Ethernet over MPLS (EoMPLS), 68
Ethernet over passive optical networks (EPONs),
315, 503
Ethernet Private Line (EPL), 363–365
Ethernet Private Ring (EPR), 363, 366
Ethernet Relay Multipoint Service (ERMS), 363, 367
Ethernet Relay Service (ERS), 363–365
Ethernet Wire Service (EWS), 363–365
EWS (Ethernet Wire Service), 363–365
excitation, 229
Extended Long-Haul Optical Networks.
See
ELH
Extensible Authentication Protocol (EAP), 76
Extensible Authentication Protocol-Transport Layer
Security (EAP-TLS), 77
external-cavity lasers (ECLs), 416
Extranet MVPNs, 210
Extranet VPNs, 165, 211–213
Extranet VPNs
584
F
Fabric Chassis, Cisco CRS-1 Carrier Routing
System, 128–129
Fast Ethernet, 280
FDD (frequency division duplexing), 531
FDDI (Fiber Distributed Data Interface), 46
FDMA (frequency division multiple access), 524,
540
FEC (Forward Error Correction), 431, 531
FHSS (Frequency Hopping Spread Spectrum), 553
802.11 standard, 553–554
wireless digital access technologies, 75
FIB (forwarding information base), 60
fiber
DWDM, 249–250
ELH, 430
metro DWDM, 356–357
submarine long-haul networks, 436–438
Fiber Connection (FICON), 381–383
Fiber Distributed Data Interface (FDDI), 46
fiber to the node (FTTN), 311
fibre channels, metro storage networks, 377–379
FICON (Fiber Connection), 381–383
filters, ADSL (Asymmetric DSL), 481
firewalls, remote-site IPSec VPNs, 176
first generation systems (1G), 541
fixed wireless, WLANs, 563
LMDS (Local Multipoint Distribution Service),
565
MMDS (multichannel multipoint distribution
service), 564–565
VOFDM (vector orthogonal frequency division
multiplexing), 564
foreign agents, Mobile IP, 71
Forward Error Correction (FEC), 431, 531
forwarding information base (FIB), 60
Frame Relay
Hub-and-Spoke Design, 66
ISDN wireline networks, 467–472
VPNs (virtual private networks), 161–163
WANs (long IP networks), 65–67
Frame Relay over MPLS (FRoMPLS), 68
frame-based MPLS
function, 116–117
terminology, 115–116
frequency division duplexing (FDD), 531
frequency division multiple access (FDMA), 524,
540
Frequency Hopping Spread Spectrum.
See
FHSS
FRoMPLS (Frame Relay over MPLS), 68
FTTN (fiber to the node), 311
G
GBICs (Gigabit Interface Converters), 251, 286–288
Generalized Packet Radio Service (GPRS), 18, 83,
544
generations, cellular mobility, 541
2.5G system, 542
4G systems, 543
first-generation (1G), 541
second-generation (2G), 542
third-generation (3G), 542–543
Generic Framing Procedure standard (GFP
standard), 281–282
GFP (Generic Framing Procedure), 281–282, 333
GFP framed (GFP-F), 282
GFP transparent (GFP-T), 282
GFP-F (GFP framed), 282
GFP-T (GFP transparent), 282
Gigabit Ethernet, 275–277, 280
optical networks, 278
over optical fiber, 285–286
Gigabit Interface Converters (GBICs), 251, 286–288
Gigabit PONs (GPONs), 315
Global IP networks, 87–88
capacity, 88–89
Internet, 90–92
resiliency, 89–90
Fabric Chassis, Cisco CRS-1 Carrier Routing System
585
Global System for Mobile Communications (GSM),
18, 536–537
Globally Resilient IP (GRIP), 89
governments, telecommunications regulation, 8–11
GPONs (Gigabit PONs), 315
GPRS (Generalized Packet Radio Service), 18, 83,
544–545
GRIP (Globally Resilient IP), 89
GSM (Global System for Mobile Communications),
18, 536–537
H
hard handoffs, 529
hardware
Cisco CRS-1 Carrier Routing System
Fabric Chassis, 128–129line card shelves, 126–127
IPSec VPN clients, 176–177
wireless VPNs, 181
HCS (Hierarchical Cell Structure), 529
HDLC (High-Level Data Link Control) protocol, 66
HDSL (High Data Rate DSL), 477
HDSL2 (High Data Rate DSL-2), 477
headers, IPSec (IP security), 166
AH (authentication header), 166–167
ESP (encapsulating security payload), 168
HFC systems, 494
Hierarchical Cell Structure (HCS), 529
high availability, IP VPNs, 164
High Data Rate DSL (HDSL), 477
High Data Rate DSL-2 (HDSL2), 477
High-Level Data Link Control (HDLC) protocol, 66
High-Speed Circuit-Switched Data (HSCSD), 544
High-Speed Downlink Packet Access (HSDPA),
544, 547
histories, IP (Internet Protocol), 36
technology share, 36–38
version 4, 38–40
version 6, 40–43
home agent, Mobile ID, 71
hosted storage networks, service POPs, 329
hosted telephony, service POPs, 328
HSCSD (High-Speed Circuit-Switched Data), 544
HSDPA (High-Speed Downlink Packet Access),
544, 547
HTML (Hypertext Markup Language), 7
hub nodes, long-haul optical networks, 400
hub-and-spoke design, intranet VPNs, 188
Hypertext Markup Language (HTML), 7
I–J
IANA (Internet Assigned Numbers Authority), 51
IBM SNA (Systems Network Architecture), 12
IDSL (ISDN DSL), 477
IEEE 802.11x standard, 74
IEEE standards, 75
IETF RFC 2002, 70
IGRP (Interior Gateway Routing Protocol), 52
IGX 8400 Series, 113
IKE (Internet Key Exchange), 166
ILEC (Incumbent Local Exchange Carrier), 466
IMT-2000, cellular standard, 539–541
Incumbent Local Exchange Carrier (ILEC), 466
infrared, diffused, 553
infrastructures, convergence, 26–28
Integrated Services Digital Network.
See
ISDN
inter-AS MVPNs, 210
interexchange carriers (IXCs), 397
Interior Gateway Routing Protocol (IGRP), 52
Intermediate System to Intermediate System (IS-IS),
52
internal networks.
See
intranet VPNs
Internet
Global IP network, 90–92
service accesses, 7
Internet Assigned Numbers Authority (IANA), 51
Internet Key Exchange, 166
Internet Protocol.
See
IP
Internet Protocol
586
Internet Protocol Suite, 37
Internet Protocol/Multiprotocol Label Switching
(IP/MPLS), 67
Internet service providers (ISPs), 85
Internet Software Consortium website, 13
intranet VPNs, 165, 186
IPSec designs, 188
components, 189DMVPN (dynamic multipoint VPN), 189full-mesh on-demand with TED, 188–189hub-and-spoke, 188
L2TPv3, 202–204
MPLS Layer 2, 194–195
AToM, 195–198VPLS, 198–202
MPLS Layer 3, 190–194
MVPNs, 205
Cisco introduction, 207Extranet, 210inter-AS, 210MDs, 209–210MDT, 208MPLS need, 206MTI, 208mVRFs, 207SSM, 210
site-to-site, 186–188
IOS XR Software, multiservice network routing,
132–133
IP (Internet Protocol), 4
advancement, 12–14
converged networks, 44
future, 92–93
Global networks, 87–88
capacity, 88–89Internet, 90–92resiliency, 89–90
history, 36
technology share, 36–38version 4, 38–40version 6, 40–43
LANs (local area networks), 44–46
Ethernet, 48–50
routing, 50–55switching, 55–62technologies, 46–48
metropolitan optical networks, 340–341
DPT, 346–348MPLS, 348–349RPR, 341–346
mobile networks, 69–72
cellular networks, 82–87WLANs (Wireless LANs), 73
next-generation networks, 21
routing, service POPs, 328
technology, 93
business drivers, 96–100network summary, 95–96viewpoints, 93–95
VPNs, 163–165
WANs (long IP networks), 62–63
architecture changes, 64bandwidth, 63regulatory policy changes, 64technologies, 65–69
IP security.
See
IPSec
IP/MPLS (Internet Protocol Multiprotocol Label),
67
IPSec (IP security), 76, 165, 170–171
intranet VPNs designs, 188
components, 189DMVPN (dynamic multipoint VPN), 189full-mesh on-demand with TED, 188–189hub-and-spoke, 188
multiservice VPNs, 213–216
remote-access VPNs, 172–175
firewalls, 176hardware clients, 176–177remote-site routers, 177software-based clients, 174–176
SAs, 166
site-to-site VPNs, 186–188
VPNs, 165–166
data forwarding, 168–170headers, 166–168technologies, 170–171
IPv4 (Internet Protocol version 4), 38–40
Internet Protocol Suite
587
IPv6 (Internet Protocol version 6), 40–43
ISDN (Integrated Services Digital Network), 463
wireline networks, 464
BRI, 464–465challenges, 466–467PRI, 465SS7, 466
ISDN DSL (IDSL), 477
IS-IS (Intermediate System to Intermediate System),
52
ISPs (Internet service providers), 85
ITU-T G.709 OTN, 292–294
control plane, 295–297
IP over optical, 294
IXCs (interexchange carriers), 397
K–L
key exchange SAs, 166
L band, ELH, 430
L2TPv3 (Layer 2 Tunneling Protocol version 3),
202–204
label switch router. See LSR, 115
Lamarr, Hedy, 530
Lamarr-Antheil patent, 530
lambdas, 229–230
LAN Management Solution (LMS), 81
LANs (local area networks), 37, 44–46
Ethernet, 48–50
IP routing, 50–51
application multiplexing, 54–55global addressing, 52packets, 51–52TCP/IP, 53windowing flow control, 53
IP support, 37
metro Ethernet, 362–363
switching
Layer 2, 55–56Layer 3, 56–57
multilayer, 58–60optimizing multilayer, 60–62
technologies, 46–48
lasers
DWDM long-haul networks, 413–414
ULH, 433
Layer 2
MPLS VPNs, 194–195
AToM, 195–198VPLS, 198–202
switching, LANs (local area networks), 55–56
Layer 2 Tunneling Protocol version 3 (L2TPv3),
202–204
Layer 3
MPLS VPNs, 190–194
switching, LANs (local area networks), 56–57
LCAS (Link Capacity Adjustment Scheme), 283,
333–334
LEAP (Lightweight Extensible Authentication
Protocol), 76
lights
emitters, 232–233
optical networking, 227–228
propagating, 239–241
receivers, 238
Lightweight Extensible Authentication Protocol
(LEAP), 76
line card shelves, Cisco CRS-1 Carrier Routing
System hardware, 126–127
Link Capacity Adjustment Scheme (LCAS), 283,
333–334
LMDS (Local Multipoint Distribution Service), 565
LMS (LAN Management Solution), 81
local area networks.
See
LANs
local loops, 459
Local Multipoint Distribution Service (LMDS), 565
long IP networks.
See
WANs
long-haul optical networks, 397–399, 444–447,
450–452
DWDM, 410
long-haul optical networks
588
lasers, 413–414optical amplifiers, 418–420optical power budget, 423–429optical regeneration, 421–422tunable components, 415–418waveguide challenges, 410–413wavelengths, 422–424
ELH, 429
advanced fiber, 430FEC, 431L band, 430modulation formats, 431–432raman amplification, 430–431
nodes, 400–402
OXCs, 438–439
hybrid technologies, 444LOEO, 439–440OOO, 440–443
submarine, 435–438
technologies, 402, 444–447, 450–452
Cisco ONS 15454 MSTP, 405–408Cisco ONS 15808 DWDM System,
402–405ROADM, 408–410
ULH, 432–433
amplification, 434data modulation, 435dispersion management, 433–434laser accuracy, 433OXC architectures, 434–435
long-wavelength band ELH, 430
low-loss wavelengths, 240
LSR (label switch router), 115
M
MAC protocol, 268
macro cells, GSM, 536
management, IP VPNs, 164
MANs (metropolitan area networks), 138–139
metro Ethernet, 362–363
MSPPs (Multiservice Provisioning Platform),
140–141
Cisco ONS 15454 CE Series Ethernet data card, 143–144
Cisco ONS 15454 E Series Ethernet data card, 142
Cisco ONS 15454 G Series Ethernet data card, 142–143
Cisco ONS 15454 ML Series Ethernet data card, 143
MSSPs (Multiservice Switching Platforms),
144–147
MDs (Multicast Domains), 209–210
MDT (Multicast Distribution Tree), 208
Media Access Control protocol, 268
Metcalfe, Bob, Ethernet, 48
metro access, 311–312
business access, 312–313
PONs (passive optical networks), 314–317
residential access, 313–314
tiered metropolitan optical network, 310
metro core, 321
defining, 322–323
metro edge connection to service POP, 326
scaling bandwidth, 323–324
tiered metropolitan optical network, 310
topology scaling, 324–325
metro DWDM, metropolitan optical networks, 349
business drivers, 349–350
CWDM, 359–360
design considerations, 356–358
enabled services, 360–361
technology, 351–355
metro edge, 317
bandwidth and services increase, 320–321
connecting metro access layer, 319–320
evolution, 318
increased intelligence, 318–319
tiered metropolitan optical network, 310
metro Ethernet, metropolitan optical networks,
361–362
LAN to MAN, 362–363
long-haul optical networks
589
market requirements, 367, 370–371
service orienting, 371
services, 363–369
metro IP, metropolitan optical networks, 340–341
DPT, 346–348
MPLS, 348–349
RPR, 341–346
metro MSPP, metropolitan optical networks, 372
metro MSSP, metropolitan optical networks,
372–373
metro MSTP, metropolitan optical networks,
373–377
metro regional, 330–331
metropolitan area networks.
See
MANs
metropolitan optical networks, 307–308
business drivers, 308–309
functional infrastructure, 309–311
metro access, 311–317metro core, 321–326metro edge, 317–321metro regional, 330–331service POP, 327–330
metro DWDM, 349, 360–361
business drivers, 349–350CWDM, 359–360design considerations, 356–358technology, 351–355
metro Ethernet, 361–362
LAN to MAN, 362–363market requirements, 367, 370–371service orienting, 371services, 363–369
metro IP, 340–341
DPT, 346–348MPLS, 348–349RPR, 341–346
metro MSPP, 372
metro MSSP, 372–373
metro MSTP, 373–377
SONET/SDH networks, 331–332
GFP, 333LCAS, 333–334
packet movement, 335–340VCAT, 332
storage networks, 377
ESCON, 380–381fibre channel, 377–379FICON, 381–383
technology, 383–385, 388–391
metropolitan statistical areas (MSAs), 536
MGX 8250 Edge Concentrator, 112
MGX 8800 Series, 112
micro cells, GSM, 536
MID (Mobile Identification Number), 528
MMDS (Multichannel Multipoint Distribution
Service), 564–565
MMF (multimode fiber), 234–235
Mobile Identification Number (MID), 528
Mobile IP networks, 69–72
cellular networks, 82
Cisco Mobile Exchange Framework, 84–87
MPLS, 84packet gateways on router platforms,
82–83packet-based VoIP, 84RAN support, 83SS7oIP, 83WLAN 802.11, 83–84
WLANs (Wireless LANs)
private, 73–78public, 78–81
mobile node, Mobile IP, 71
mobile operators, Cisco PWLAN architecture, 81
mobile virtual network operators (MVNOs), 85
mobility cellular networks, 82
Cisco Mobile Exchange Framework, 84–87
MPLS, 84
packet-based VoIP, 84
platform gateways on router platforms, 82–83
RAN support, 83
SS7oIP, 83
WLAN 802.11, 83–84
modems, ADSL (Asymmetric DSL), 479–480
modems, ADSL (Asymmetric DSL)
590
modulation formats, ELH, 431–432
Moore, Gordon, 533
MPLS (Multiprotocol Label Switching), 114–115
benefits, 123
cell-based, 118
ATM components, 118–119ATM LSR, 119–120Cisco ATM multiservice switches,
120–121eLSR, 119–120
frame-based
function, 116–117terminology, 115–116
IP cellular networks, 84
large enterprise example benefits, 124–125
Layer 2 VPNs, 194–195
AToM, 195–198VPLS, 198–202
Layer 3 VPNs, 190–194
metro IP, 348–349
remote-access VPNs, 182–185
services, 121–122
MSAs (metropolitan statistical area), 536
MSDSL (Multirate Symmetric DSL), 477
MSPPs (Multiservice Provisioning Platforms),
138–141, 372, 405
Cisco ONS 15454 CE Series Ethernet data
card, 143–144
Cisco ONS 15454 E Series Ethernet data card,
142
Cisco ONS 15454 G Series Ethernet data card,
142–143
Cisco ONS 15454 ML Series Ethernet data
card, 143
MSSPs (Multiservice Switching Platforms), 138,
144–147, 372–373
MSTP (Multiservice Transport Platform), 373–377
MTI (Multicast Tunnel Interface), 208
Multicast Distribution Tree (MDT), 208
Multicast Domains (MDs), 209–210
Multicast Tunnel Interface (MTI), 208
Multicast VPNs.
See
MVPNs
Multicast VRFs (mVRFs), 207
Multichannel Multipoint Distribution Service
(MMDS), 564–565
multilayer switching, LANs (local area networks),
58–62
multimode fiber (MMF), 234–235
multiplexing
ADSL (Asymmetic DSL), 480–481
LAN applications, 54–55
Multiprotocol Label Switching.
See
MPLS
Multirate Symmetric DSL (MSDSL), 477
multiservice networks, 103–104
ATM, 104–106
MANs (metropolitan area networks), 138–139
MSPPs (Multiservice Provisioning Platform), 140–144
MSSPs (Multiservice Switching Platforms), 144–147
MPLS (Multiprotocol Label Switching Net-
works), 114–115
benefits, 123cell-based, 118–121frame-based, 115–117large enterprise example benefits,
124–125services, 121–122
next-generation, 107
ATM switching, 108–110Cisco switches, 110–113networks, 21–22
routers, 125–126
Cisco CRS-1 Carrier Routing System, 126–131
Cisco IOS XR Software, 132–133Cisco XR 12000 Series Routers, 133–138
technologies, 150
Multiservice Provisioning Platforms.
See
MSPPs
Multiservice Switching Platforms (MSSPs), 138,
144–147, 372–373
Multiservice Transport Platform (MSTP), 373–377
multiservice VPNs, 213–216
modulation formats, ELH
591
Multishelf Systems, Cisco CRS-1 Carrier Routing
System, 129–131
MVNOs (mobile virtual network operators), 85
MVPNs (Multicast VPNs), 205
Cisco introduction, 207
Extranet, 210
inter-AS, 210
MDs, 209–210
MDT, 208
MPLS need, 206
MTI, 208
mVRFs, 207
SSM, 210
mVRFs (multicast VRFs), 207
N
narrowband wireline networks, 458–459
aggregation layer through DLC, 472–474
digital technology, 460–461
DS1, 461–463
frame relay, 467–472
ISDN, 464–467
residential loop, 459
NAT (Network Address Translation), 40
Network Address Translation (NAT), 40
networking
government regulation, 8–11
technological advancement, 11–12
IP (Internet Protocol) growth, 12–14optical communications growth, 14–17wireless communications, 17–20
Networking Services Configuration Engine, 81
networks
era of changes, 5–8
management, Cisco PWLAN architecture, 81
multiservice, 103–104
ATM, 104–106MANs (metropolitan area networks),
138–147
MPLS (Multiprotocol Label Switching Networks), 114–125
next-generation, 107–113routing, 125–138technologies, 150
next-generation, 20–21
IP (Internet Protocol), 21multiservice networks, 21–22optical networks, 23services, 25–30VPNs, 22–23wireless networks, 24–25wireline networks, 23–24
next-generation multiservice networks, 107
ATM switching, 108–110
Cisco switches, 110
Cisco 8900 Series, 113Cisco BPX 8600 Series, 110Cisco IGX 8400 Series, 113Cisco MGX 8250 Edge Concentrator,
112Cisco MGX 8800 Series, 112
next-generation networks, 20–21
IP (Internet Protocol), 21
multiservice networks, 21–22
optical networks, 23
services, 25–26
convergence, 28–29infrastructure convergence, 26–28transformation from technology push,
29–30VPNs, 22–23
wireless networks, 24–25
wireline networks, 23–24
nodes, long-haul optical networks, 400–402
non-zero dispersion-shifted fiber, 250
O
OADM nodes (optical add/drop multiplexing
nodes), 400
ODR (On-Demand Routing), 52
ODR (On-Demand Routing)
592
OEO (Optical to Electrical to Optical), 439–440
OFDM (Orthogonal Frequency Division
Multiplexing), 532, 555
digital cellular technology, 532–533
wireless digital access technologies, 75
WLANs, 555
On-Demand Routing (ODR), 52
ONS 15454 CE Series Ethernet data card,
143–144
ONS 15454 E Series Ethernet data card, 142
ONS 15454 G Series Ethernet data card, 142–143
ONS 15454 ML Series Ethernet data card, 143
OOO (Optical to Optical to Optical), 440
OXCs, 440–441
challenges, 442–443requirements, 441services, 441–442
Open Shortest Path First (OSPF), 52
Open System Interconnection (OSI), 36–37
optical add/drop multiplexing nodes (OADM
nodes), 400
optical amplifiers, DWDM long-haul networks,
418–420
optical communications, 4, 14–17
Optical Cross-Connects.
See
OXCs
optical fiber
Ethernet, 285
10GE pluggable optics, 288–292GBICs (Gigabit Interface Converters),
286–288Gigabit Ethernet, 285–286
optical networking, 233–234
MMF (multimode fiber), 234–235SMF (single-mode fiber), 235–238
optical line amplifier nodes, long-haul optical
networks, 400
optical networking, 227
components, 228–229
electromagnetic spectrum, 230–232lambdas, 229–230light emitters, 232–233
light receivers, 238optical fiber, 233–238
DWDM long-haul networks, 422–424
Ethernet, 274–277
10GE, 278–280direct over optical fiber, 285–292Gigabit Ethernet, 278next-generation SONET/SDH,
280–283RPR/DPT, 284–285
facilitating, 241–242
CWDM (coarse wavelength division multiplexing), 254–257
DWDM (dense wavelength division multiplexing), 244–254
WDM (wavelength division multiplexing), 242–244
light, 227–228
next-generation networks, 23
OTN (optical transport network), 292–294
control plane, 295–297IP over optical, 294
propagating light, 239–241
SONET/SDH, 257–258
data challenges, 266hierarchy, 259–260network elements, 261–262origins, 258–259Pos/SDH (packet over SONET/SDH),
263–265statistical multiplexing
DPT (Dynamic Packet Transport), 266–274
RPR (Resilient Packet Ring), 266–274technologies, 300–302
optical power budget, DWDM long-haul networks,
423
considerations, 425–428
decibels, 428–429
optical regeneration, DWDM long-haul networks,
421–422
optical supervisory channel (OSC), 253
Optical to Electrical to Optical (OEO), 439–440
OEO (Optical to Electrical to Optical)
593
Optical to Optical to Optical.
See
OOO
optical transport network.
See
OTN
Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing.
See
OFDM
OSC (optical supervisory channel), 253
OSI (Open System Interconnection), 36–37
OSPF (Open Shortest Path First), 52
OTN (optical transport network), 292–294
control plane, 295–297
IP over optical, 294
OXCs (Optical Cross-Connects), 438–439
architectures, 434–435
hybrid technologies, 444
OEO, 439–440
OOO, 440–441
challenges, 442–443requirements, 441services, 441–442
P
packet over SONET/SDH (PoS/SDH), 263–265
PacketCable, 499–500
packets
LANs IP routing, 51–52
SONET/SDH networks, 335–340
VoIP, mobile cellular networks, 84
passive optical networks (PONs), 314–317
PCM (pulse code modulation), 460–461
PCS (Personal Communications Services), 18,
536–538, 544
PEAP (Protected Extensible Authentication
Protocol), 76
Perfect Forward Secrecy, 167
Personal Communications Services (PCS), 18,
536–538, 544
PFS (Perfect Forward Secrecy), 167
photodiodes, 238
photons, 229
pico cells, GSM, 536
plain old telephone service (POTS), 459
pluggable optics, GBICs (Gigabit Interface
Converters), 286–288
PMD (polarization mode dispersion), 249
PN Ethernet service.
See
VPLS
polarization mode dispersion (PMD), 249
policies, WANs (long IP networks), 64
PONs (passive optical networks), 314–317
PoS/SDH (packet over SONET/SDH), 263–265
POTS (plain old telephone service), 459
power loss, optical impairments, 248
preshared keys, authentication key methods, 167
PRI (primary rate interface), 464–465
primary rate interface (PRI), 464–465
private networks.
See
intranet VPNs
private WLANs, 73
capacity, 74–75
digital access technologies, 75–76
security, 76–78
standards, 73–74
Protected Extensible Authentication Protocol
(PEAP), 76
provider-managed VPNs, 217–218
pseudowire emulation services, 202
PSTN (public switched telephone network), 63, 460
public switched telephone network (PSTN), 63, 460
public WLANs (PWLANs), 78, 81
pulse code modulation (PCM), 460–461
PWLANs (public WLANs), 78–81
Q–R
QoS, IP VPNs, 164
quad shield cables, 495
radio frequencies, spectrum, 549–550
raman amplification, ELH, 430–431
RAN, cellular network support, 83
Reconfigurable Optical Add/Drop Multiplexing.
See
ROADM
Reconfigurable Optical Add/Drop Multiplexing
594
regeneration
DWDM long-haul networks, 421–422
metro DWDM, 357
regeneration node (RN), 401
regenerators, SONET/SDH networks, 261
regulations, WANs (long IP networks), 64
reliability, LANs IP routing, 53
remote-access VPNS, 171–172
IPSec (IP security), 172–175
firewalls, 176hardware clients, 176–177remote-site routers, 177software-based clients, 174–176
MPLS, 182
benefits, 185function, 183–185
SSL (secure socket layer), 177–179
wireless, 179
hardware-based, 181security, 182software-based, 180
repeaters, SONET/SDH networks, 261
residential loops, 459
Resilient Packet Ring.
See
RPR
revisions, 802.11 standard
comparison, 558–559
revision a, 556–557
revision b, 555–556
revision g, 558
RFC 1662, 263
RFC 1918 private addressing, 39
RFC 2002, 70
RFC 2615, 264
RFC 791, 38
RIP (Routing Information Protocol), 52
RN (regeneration node), 401
ROADM (Reconfigurable Optical Add/Drop
Multiplexing), 252, 354, 408
long-haul optical networks, 408–410
metro DWDM, 354–355
roaming, Mobile IP, 72
routing
LANs (local area networks), 50–51
application multiplexing, 54–55global addressing, 52packets, 51–52TCP/IP, 53windowing flow control, 53
multiservice networks, 125–126
Cisco CRS-1 Carrier Routing System, 126–131
Cisco IOS XR Software, 132–133Cisco XR 12000 Series Routers, 133–138
Routing Information Protocol (RIP), 52
RPR (Resilient Packet Ring), 266, 341–342
auto-topology discovery, 342
bandwidth efficiency, 342
Ethernet, 284–285
infrastructure transparency, 342
IP service enablers, 343–346
S
sampled grating DBRs (SGDBRs), 416
SAs (security associations), 166
satellite wireless, 566
scalability, IP VPNs, 164
SDH (Synchronous Digital Hierarchy), 104,
257–258
data challenges, 266
Ethernet, 280–281
GFP standard, 281–282LCAS, 283VCAT (Virtual Concatenation), 282–283
hierarchy, 260
network elements, 261–262
origins, 258–259
Pos/SDH (packet over SONET/SDH), 263–265
SDSL (Symmetric DSL), 477
second generation systems (2G), 542
secure socket layer (SSL), 177–179
security
IP VPNs, 164
regeneration
595
IPSec (IP security), VPNs, 165–171
wireless VPNs, 182
WLANs (wireless LANs), 76–78
security associations (SAs), 166
service aggregation, multilambda networks, 242
service POP, 311, 327–330
services
metro Ethernet, 363–364
attribute summary, 367–369EMS, 366–367EPL, 364–365EPR, 366ERMS, 367ERS, 365EWS, 365
MPLS, 121–122
next-generation networks, 25–26
convergence, 28–29infrastructure convergence, 26–28transformation from technology push,
29–30OOO, 441–442
pull, 5–7
WANs (long IP networks), 69
SGDBRs (sampled grating DBRs), 416
SGM (Signaling Gateway Manager), 81
SHDSL (Single-Pair High-Rate DSL), 477, 485–486
short message service (SMS), 83
SIDH (System Identification Code for Home
System), 528
Signaliing System 7 (SS7), 464
Signaling Gateway Manager (SGM), 81
signal-to-noise ratio (SNR), 479
SIM (subscriber identity module), 536
single-mode fiber (SMF), 234–238
Single-Pair High-Rate DSL (SHDSL), 477, 485–486
site-to-site VPNs, 186–188
SMF (single-mode fiber), 234–238
SMS (short message service), 83
SNA (Systems Network Architecture), 37–38
SNAP (Subnetwork Access Protocol), 105
SNR (signal-to-noise ratio), 479
soft handoffs, 531
software-based VPN clients, 174, 176
software-based wireless VPNs, 180
SONET (Synchronous Optical Network), 104,
257–258
data challenges, 266
Ethernet, 280–281
GFP standard, 281–282LCAS, 283VCAT (Virtual Concatenation), 282–283
hierarchy, 259–260
network elements, 261–262
origins, 258–259
Pos/SDH (packet over SONET/SDH), 263–265
SONET/SDH (Synchronous Optical Network/
Synchronous Digital Hierarchy), 257
metropolitan optical networks, 331–332
GFP, 333LCAS, 333–334packet movement, 335–340VCAT, 332
Source Specific Multicast (SSM), 210
spatial reuse protocol.
See
SRP
splitterless ADSL, 476
SRP (spatial reuse protocol), 271
nodes, 267
protocol, DPT architecture, 271–273
SS7 (Signaling System 7), 464–466
SS7 Signaling over IP (SS7oIP), 83
SS7oIP (SS7 Signaling over IP), 83
SSL (secure socket layer), 177–179
SSM (Source Specific Multicast), 210
standards
broadband cable, 496–497
DOCSIS 1.0, 497–498PacketCable, 499–500
cellular, 534–536
CDMA2000, 537–538GSM, 536–537IMT-2000, 539–541
standards
596
PCS, 538UTMS, 539
IEEE, 75
IEEE 802.11x, 74
WLANs (wireless LANs), 73–74
statistical multiplexing
DPT (Dynamic Packet Transport), 266–268
benefits, 274SRP protocol, 271–273
RPR (Resilient Packet Ring), 266–268
802.17 protocol, 268–271benefits, 274
storage networks, metropolitan optical networks,
377
ESCON, 380–381
fibre channel, 377–379
FICON, 381–383
STS, bandwidth scaling, 141
submarine long-haul optical networks, 435–438
subnets, 39
Subnetwork Access Protocol (SNAP), 105
subnetworking, 39
Subrate Gigabit Ethernet, 280
subscriber identity module (SIM), 536
switching
ATM next-generation multiservice networks,
108–110
LANs (local area networks)
Layer 2, 55–56Layer 3, 56–57multilayer, 58–60optimizing multilayer, 60–62
metro, service POPs, 328
Symmetric DSL (SDSL), 477
Synchronous Digital Hierarchy.
See
SDH
Synchronous Optical Network.
See
SONET
Synchronous Optical Network/Synchronous Digital
Hierarchy.
See
SONET/SDH
System Identification Code for Home System
(SIDH), 528
Systems Network Architecture (SNA), 37–38
T
T3s, over copper, 462
TCP (Transmission Control Protocol), 13, 54
TCP/IP (Transmission Control Protocol/IP
protocol), 47
application multiplexing, 54–55
LANs IP routing, 53
windowing flow control, 53
TDM (time division multiplexing), 461
digital technology, 460–461
services POP, 328
TDMA (Time Division Multiple Access), 18, 529,
540
digital cellular technology, 529–530
single-carrier, 540
TD-SCDMA (time-division synchronous code
division multiple access), 532, 544, 547
technologies, 170–171, 444–447, 450–452
advancement, 11–12
IP (Internet Protocol) growth, 12–14optical communications growth, 14–17wireless communications, 17–20
cable for broadband media, 494–495
cellular
analog, 524–528digital, 529–533
IP (Internet Protocol), 93
business drivers, 96–100network summary, 95–96sharing, 36–38viewpoints, 93–95
LANs (local area networks), 46–48
long-haul optical networks, 402
Cisco ONS 15454 MSTP, 405–408Cisco ONS 15808 DWDM System,
402–405ROADM, 408–410
metro DWDM, 351–352
ROADM, 354–355tunable, 352–353
metropolitan optical networks, 383–385,
388–391
standards
597
multiservice networks, 150
optical networking, 300–302
push, 5, 29–30
share, 36
VPNs, 218–223
WANs (long IP networks), 65
Ethernet, 68–69Frame Layer, 65–67VPNs, 67–68
wireless networks, 566–570
wireline networks, 510–515
WLAN 802.11, 83–84
TED (Tunnel Endpoint Discovery), 188–189
telecommunications
government regulation, 8–11
technological advancement, 11–12
IP (Internet Protocol) growth, 12–14optical communications, 14–17wireless communications, 17–20
wireline networks, narrowband, 474
Telecommunications Reform Act of 1996, 8
telephony, narrowband, 459
aggregation layer through DLC, 472–474
digital technology, 460–461
DS1, 461–463
frame relay, 467–472
ISDN, 464–467
residential loop, 459
telecommunications, wireline networks, 458
terminal multiplexers, SONET/SDH networks, 261
terminal nodes, long-haul optical networks, 400
third-generation systems (3G), 542–543
time division multiple access.
See
TDMA
time division multiplexing.
See
TDM
time division synchronous CDMA (TD- SDCMA),
532, 544, 547
TLS (transparent LAN services), 363
Token Ring, 47
Tomlin, Lily, 8
topologies
metro DWDM, 356
WANs (long IP networks), 65
Ethernet, 68–69Frame Layer, 65–67VPNs, 67–68
Transmission Control Protocol (TCP), 13, 54
Transmission Control Protocol/IP protocol.
See
TCP/IP
transparency, multilambda networks, 242
transparent LAN Services (TLS), 363
transponders
DWDM design, 251
long-haul optical networks, 402
transport mode, IPSec (IP security), 170
TTLS (Tunneled Transport Layer Security), 77
tunable components, DWDM long-haul networks,
415–418
tunable DWDM, 352–353
tunable lithium niobate externally modulated lasers,
355
Tunnel Endpoint Discovery (TED), 188–189
tunnel mode, IPSec (IP security), 168–169
Tunneled Transport Layer Security (TTLS), 77
U
ULH (Ultra Long-Haul Optical Networks), 432–433
amplification, 434
data modulation, 435
dispersion management, 433–434
laser accuracy, 433
OXC architectures, 434–435
Ultra Long-Haul Optical Networks.
See
ULH
Ultra-Wideband (UWB), 561–562
umbrella cells, GSM, 536
UMTS (Universal Mobile Telecommunications
Systems), 539
uniform resource locator (URL), 7
Universal Mobile Telecommunications Systems
(UMTS), 539
Universal Terrestrial Radio Access (UTRA), 540
Universal Terrestrial Radio Access (UTRA)
598
URL (uniform resource locator), 7
UTMS, cellular standards, 539
UTRA (Universal Terrestrial Radio Access), 540
UWB (Ultra-Wideband), 561–562
V
Variable-length Subnet Masking (VLSM), 39
VCAT (Virtual Concatenation), 282–283, 332
VCSELs (vertical-cavity surface-emitting lasers),
416
VDSL (Very High Data Rate DSL), 474, 477,
486–490
vector orthogonal frequency division multiplexing
(VOFDM), 564
vertical-cavity surface-emitting lasers (VCSELs),
416
Very High Data Rate DSL (VDSL), 474, 477,
486–490
video
IP (Internet Protocol), converged networks, 44
service POPs, 329
Virtual Concatenation (VCAT), 282–283, 332
Virtual Private LAN Service.
See
VPLS
virtual private networks.
See
VPNs
virtual private wire service (VPWS), 195
VLSM (Variable-length Subnet Masking), 39
VOFDM (vector orthogonal frequency division
multiplexing), 564
voice
IP (Internet Protocol) converged networks, 44
wireline networks, 457–458, 509
broadband, 475–509narrowband, 458–474next-generation networks, 23–24
VoIP, packet-based, 84
VPLS (Virtual Private LAN Service), 195, 363
MPLS Layer 2 VPNs, 198
Cisco IOS, 202hierarchical, 201
logical mode, 198–200need for, 198
VPNs (virtual private networks), 161
access VPNs, 171–172
IPSec (IP security), 172–177MPLS, 182–185SSL (secure socket layer), 177–179wireless, 179–182
enterprise-managed, 216–217
Extranet VPNs, 211–213
Frame Relay to ATM internetworking, 161–163
intranet VPNs, 186
IPSec designs, 188–189L2TPv3, 202–204MPLS Layer 2, 194–202MPLS Layer 3, 190–194MVPNs, 205–210site-to-site, 186–188
IP networks, 163–165
IPSec (IP security), 165–166
data forwarding, 168–170headers, 166–168technologies, 170–171
multiservice, 213–216
next-generation networks, 22–23
provider-managed, 217–218
service POPs, 328
technologies, 218–223
WANs (long IP networks), 67–68
VPWS (virtual private wire service), 195
W
WANs (long IP networks), 62–63
architecture changes, 64
bandwidth, 63
regulatory policy changes, 64
technologies, 65
Ethernet, 68–69Frame Relay, 65–67VPNs, 67–68
wavelength division multiplexing (WDM), 242–244
URL (uniform resource locator)
599
wavelengths, 402, 422–424
capacity, multilambda networks, 242
DWDM long-haul networks, 422–424
low-loss, 240
service POPs, 329
services, intelligent DWDM, 408
WCDMA (Wideband CDMA), 18, 532, 544–546
WDM (wavelength division multiplexing), 242–244
websites
Cellular Telecommunications & Internet Asso-
ciation, 17
Cisco, 43
Internet Software Consortium, 13
WEP (Wired Equivalent Privacy), 76
Wideband CDMA (WCDMA), 18, 532, 544–546
wideband digital access cross-connects, SONET/
SDH networks, 262
Wi-Fi, advancements, 17–20
Wired Equivalent Privacy (WEP), 76
wireless communications, advancement, 17–20
Wireless LAN Solution Engine (WLSE), 81
wireless local area networks.
See
WLANs
wireless mobilities, 4
wireless networks
cellular mobility, 523–524
analog technology, 524–528call transmission, 551data overlay, 544–549digital technology, 529–533functional generations, 541–543radio frequency spectrum, 549–550standards, 534–541
next-generation networks, 24–25
technologies, 566–570
WLANs.
See
WLANs
wireless optics, WLANs, 562–563
wireless personal area networks.
See
WPANs
wireless remote-access VPNs, 179
hardware-based, 181
security, 182
software-based, 180
wireline networks, 457–458, 509
broadband
cable, 493–502DSL, 475–490DSLAM, 490–492Ethernet, 502–509
narrowband, 458–459
aggregation layer through DLC, 472–474
digital technology, 460–461DS1, 461–463frame relay, 467–472ISDN, 464–467residential loop, 459
next-generation networks, 23–24
WLAN 802.11, mobile cellular networks,
83–84
WLANs (Wireless LANs), 73, 523, 552, 560
802.11 standard, 553–555
comparing revisions, 558–559diffused infrared, 553DSSS, 554–555FHSS, 553–554revision a, 556–557revision b, 555–556revision g, 558
802.16 standard, 559–560
fixed wireless, 563
LMDS (Local Multipoint Distribution Service), 565
MMDS (multichannel multipoint distribution service), 564–565
VOFDM (vector orthogonal frequency division multiplexing), 564
OFDM (Orthogonal Frequency Division
Multiplexing), 555
private, 73
capacity, 74–75digital access technologies, 75–76security, 76–78standards, 73–74
public, 78–81
satellite wireless, 566
wireless optics, 562–563
WLANs (Wireless LANs)
600
WPANs (wireless personal area networks)
Bluetooth, 560–561UWB, 561–562
WPANs (wireless personal area networks), 523
Bluetooth, 560–561
UWB (Ultra-Wideband), 561–562
WSLE (Wireless LAN Solution Engine), 81
X–Y–Z
XR 12000 Series Routers, 133–134
architecture, 134–136
capacities, 136–138
zero water peak fiber, 249
WLANs (Wireless LANs)