20100820080859 lecture 7,8,9,10( steps of proposal0

Topics of The Discussions Topics of The Discussions Steps in Preparing Proposal Purpose of The research Approaches to Research DesignData Collection Categories of Research DataWays of collecting data Guideline of Question forQuestionnaire or interview Recommendation and conclusion

Steps in the Preparation of Steps in the Preparation of Research Proposal Research Proposal

Approaches to the Research Approaches to the Research DesignDesign

Qualitative Research Qualitative Research

Qualitative Research Qualitative Research (cont..)(cont..)Ethnography research : Ethnography

research refers to the collection of data through interview and observation.

For example ; a researcher might wish to investigate a school class room disabled students are included. The researcher would observe a lengthy period of time and would gather data from students and the teacher through interview and observations. The researcher will keep about practically everything that the researcher noticed.

Qualitative Research Qualitative Research (cont..)(cont..)Case study: A case study

involves an in depth examination of one individual.

Case studies are in-depth studies of particular events or situations or even people, objects, and procedures.

It also examines the relationship of subject’s behavior, history and environment.

Qualitative Research Qualitative Research (cont..)(cont..)

Content Analysis : Another type of qualitative research is content analysis. It focuses on an analysis of the content of a written document.

Quantitative Research Quantitative Research

Quantitative Research Quantitative Research (cont)(cont)Surveys:

Surveys are concerned with collecting data about the occurrence or incidence of events from respondents. Instrument used may be questionnaire, interview, sheets, and observations schedules

Quantitative Research Quantitative Research (cont)(cont)

Casual-comparative studiesThese are studies set out to determine the relationship which exists between different factors. E.g. the level of smoking and health failure.

Quantitative Research Quantitative Research (cont)(cont)

Co-relational studies: Correlations are statistical relationship based on quantitative measures on two or more parameters. E.g. data acquired from a sample of smokers, it may be found that frequency of smoking correlate with personality factors.

What is data ? What is data ?

Data is one kind of information that researcher have obtained in relation to the objective of their research.

Data are equally facts which researcher requires establishing the findings.

Categories of Research Categories of Research DataDataBasically, there are two

types of research data. These are:

Primary data Secondary data

Primary DataPrimary Data

This is the main data that the researcher obtains directly from the respondents. Primary data is the most important in any research because the source of information is well-planned and mentioned clearly in the methodology.

Secondary DataSecondary Data

Secondary data is such kind of information that obtained from secondary sources such as books, magazine, newspapers, or comments, feedbacks from people.

These sources are not really described or stated in the methodology.

Data collection Data collection

The next step is data collection. In any research, conclusion is made based on data collection.

The researcher must therefore take great care in collecting and recording information.

Every research method has its own limitations and researcher must take them into account at all times.

Data collection Data collection Techniques Techniques Basically , data can be collected

two ways:

Interview Questionnaire

Interviews Interviews

There are many ways in which data are gathered, including

observationinterview,focus group discussionphone calls

Questionnaires Questionnaires

Personal and official documentsPhotographs, RecordingsMailed questionnaire

Personal InterviewsAn interview is a purposive

interaction between two or more persons in order to obtain information from the other.

Interview permit researcher to obtain important data when they can not obtain from observation.

Researcher can examine attitudes, feelings, concerns and values more easily than using observation.

Personal InterviewPersonal Interview

Advantages of InterviewAdvantages of InterviewAdvantages of interviewThe researcher reads the question to the

respondent a face-to-face setting and records the answers.

One of the most important aspects of the interview is its flexibility.

The researcher has the opportunity to observe the subject and the total situation in which he or she is responding.

Question can be repeated or their meaning explained in case they are not understood by the respondents.

Disadvantages of Disadvantages of InterviewInterview

Disadvantages of interviewMajor disadvantage of personal interview

is that it is expensive and time consuming to transcribe the interview recordings, especially long ones.

Another disadvantage the possibility of interviewer bias, which occurs when the interviewer’s own feelings and attitudes or the interviewer’s gender, race and other characteristics influence the way in which the questions are asked. In that case, the researcher verbally or nonverbally encourages “correct” responses that fit his or her expectations.

Observation Observation

Observation

In an observational study, the current status of a phenomenon is determined not by asking by observing..

The observer can be a participant observer, who engage fully in the activities being studied but is known to the participants as a researcher.

Focus Group Discussion Focus Group Discussion

Focus group discussionFocus group discussion is a

discussion with groups of respondents of five to ten as representative of the study population.

They discuss about the research objectives or research issue. A moderator keeps the discussion focused on an agenda and ask question to clarify comments.

Guideline of Question for a Guideline of Question for a Questionnaire or interviewQuestionnaire or interview

Type of Interview QuestionsBasically, six types of questions that can be

asked to the respondents. Any or of these following questions might be asked during an interview these are:

1. Background of demographic questions2. Knowledge questions3. Experience or behavior questions4. Opinion or values questions5. Feelings questions and6. Sensory questions


Background of demographic questions:

Background question refers to questions about the background characteristics of the respondents. They include questions about education, previous occupation, age, income, and so on.


Knowledge questions: knowledge questions are

questions researcher asks to find out what factual information (as castrated with their opinions, beliefs and attitudes) respondents posses.


Experience or behavior questions:

Experience or behavior questions are questions a researcher asks to find out what a respondent is currently doing or he has done in the past.


Opinions or values questions:Opinions or values questions are

questions researchers ask to find out what people think about some topic or issue.

Example: “what do think you about the principles’ new policy about recruitment?


Feelings questions: Feeling questions are a question a

researcher asks to find out how respondents feel about things. They are directed towards the emotional responses of people to their experiences.

Example might include for this question “how do you feel about the way students behave in this school.

Format of QuestionFormat of Question

Researchers seek information through several approaches. These are in the forms of:

Questions Statement

Questions and Questions and QuestionnairesQuestionnaires

Example for questions

Answer You smoke regularly Yes NoYou are addicted to cigarettes Yes NoYou recite Quran everyday Yes No

Questions and Questionnaires Questions and Questionnaires (cont..)(cont..)

Example for statement

Answer You smoke regularly Agree

DisagreeYou are addicted to cigarettes Agree

Disagreed

Questions and Questionnaires Questions and Questionnaires (cont..)(cont..)Likert Scale Scales are used to measure attitudes, values,

opinions and other characteristic that are not easily measured by tests or other measuring instruments.

The likert scale is one of the most widely used techniques to measure attitudes.

A likert scale asks participants to respond to a series of statements by indicating whether they strongly agree (SA), agree (A), are undecided (U), disagree (D), or strongly disagree (SD).

Each response is associated with a point value, and an individual’s score is determined by summering the point of values of each statement.

Ways of Collecting InformationWays of Collecting Information

Likert Scale Example of a two-point Likert Scale

1 2Weak strong

Examples of three-point likert scale1 2 3Bed Average Good

Examples of four-point likert scale1 2 3 4bed average good

excellent

Examples of five-point likert scale1 2 3 4 5Very bed bed average good very

good

Different Forms of Question for Different Forms of Question for a Questionnairea Questionnaire

Questionnaire contains question that the researcher would use to get information from respondents. Questionnaire takes several forms depending on the interest of the researcher. Most popular forms are

Open-ended Closed -ended

Different Forms of Question for Different Forms of Question for a Questionnairea Questionnaire

Types of questioning that most researchers can use and these are:

Closed-ended questionnaire: For example, Do you go to school every day?

yes no

Different Forms of Question for a Different Forms of Question for a QuestionnaireQuestionnaire

Close-ended question or statement may also be in the form of the likert scale

For example: Education is important for women

empowerment1 2 3Weak strongly very strongly

Different Forms of Question for Different Forms of Question for a Questionnaire (Cont..)a Questionnaire (Cont..)

Open-ended question: Example, In your opinion what is effecting

factor to women empowerment? ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

Data AnalysisData AnalysisWhen all data has been collected the

researcher begins to classify the facts, clarifying the trends, and relationships and tabulating the information in such a way that it can be accurately analyzed and interpreted.

Data can be interpreted or analyzed in several ways to evaluate each of theses possibilities with much objectivity.

Conclusions and Conclusions and RecommendationRecommendation

The final step in the research process is the conclusion

Assuming that all has done as planned

The report may also identify unanswered questions, and the researcher may suggest new hypotheses that other researchers or scholar can explore.

20100820080859 lecture 7,8,9,10( steps of proposal0

Education

types of research data

collection of data

ethnography research

research designapproaches

research method

primary data secondary

important data

main data