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THE SHIFT OF CYBERNETICS FROM THE US TO EUROPE Vitaliy Aretinskiy, Min Cho and Stuart Umpleby The George Washington University Washington, DC 20052

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Page 1: 2011 Shift of Cybernetics...A brief history of cybernetics • Created in the U.S. during and after World War II • Many key scientists were from Europe • When they died, cybernetics

THESHIFTOFCYBERNETICSFROMTHEUSTOEUROPE

Vitaliy Aretinskiy,MinChoandStuartUmplebyTheGeorgeWashingtonUniversity

Washington,DC20052

Page 2: 2011 Shift of Cybernetics...A brief history of cybernetics • Created in the U.S. during and after World War II • Many key scientists were from Europe • When they died, cybernetics

Abriefhistoryofcybernetics

• CreatedintheU.S.duringandafterWorldWarII

• ManykeyscientistswerefromEurope• Whentheydied,cyberneticsresearchshiftedbacktoEurope

• CyberneticsresearchhasdeclinedintheU.S.butisgrowinginEurope

Page 3: 2011 Shift of Cybernetics...A brief history of cybernetics • Created in the U.S. during and after World War II • Many key scientists were from Europe • When they died, cybernetics

Theimportanceofcybernetics

• Whereasphysicsisageneraltheoryofmatterandenergyrelationships,cyberneticsisageneraltheoryofinformation-processinganddecision-making

• Cyberneticscanbeviewedasthefoundationofthesocialsciencesinsomewhatthesamewaythatphysicsisthefoundationoftheengineeringdisciplines

Page 4: 2011 Shift of Cybernetics...A brief history of cybernetics • Created in the U.S. during and after World War II • Many key scientists were from Europe • When they died, cybernetics

WhycyberneticsprospersinEurope

• AmericansandEuropeanslookformeaningindifferentdirections

• Americansreason“down”tofindmeaninginexamplesandapplications

• Europeansreason“up”tofindmeaninginlargercategoriesorsocialcontext

• Hence,Europeansseegeneraltheoriesasimportantanduseful.Americanstendnotto

Page 5: 2011 Shift of Cybernetics...A brief history of cybernetics • Created in the U.S. during and after World War II • Many key scientists were from Europe • When they died, cybernetics

Testthehypothesis

• TotestthehypothesisthattherehasbeenashiftofcyberneticsresearchtoEurope,welookedattheleadauthorsofarticlesinthejournalCyberneticsandSystems from1988to2007infiveyearintervals

• Table1showsthenumberofarticlesfromeachcountry

• Table2groupsthecountriesintoregions

Page 6: 2011 Shift of Cybernetics...A brief history of cybernetics • Created in the U.S. during and after World War II • Many key scientists were from Europe • When they died, cybernetics

Table1.Numberofarticlespervolumeandpercountry (“CyberneticsandSystems” journal)

Page 7: 2011 Shift of Cybernetics...A brief history of cybernetics • Created in the U.S. during and after World War II • Many key scientists were from Europe • When they died, cybernetics

Table2. Countriesgroupedbyregion (“CyberneticsandSystems” journal)

Page 8: 2011 Shift of Cybernetics...A brief history of cybernetics • Created in the U.S. during and after World War II • Many key scientists were from Europe • When they died, cybernetics

Testingthehypothesis

• Table3showsthenumberofarticlesfromeachregionineachofthe5yearschosen

• Figure1showsagraphofthenumberofarticlesbyregion

• Table4showsthepercentageincreaseordecreaseforeachregionfrom1988to2007

Page 9: 2011 Shift of Cybernetics...A brief history of cybernetics • Created in the U.S. during and after World War II • Many key scientists were from Europe • When they died, cybernetics

Table3.Numberofarticlespervolumeandperregion(“CyberneticsandSystems” journal)

Page 10: 2011 Shift of Cybernetics...A brief history of cybernetics • Created in the U.S. during and after World War II • Many key scientists were from Europe • When they died, cybernetics

Figure1. Articlespervolumebyregionovertime (“CyberneticsandSystems” journal)

Page 11: 2011 Shift of Cybernetics...A brief history of cybernetics • Created in the U.S. during and after World War II • Many key scientists were from Europe • When they died, cybernetics

Table4.Activitychangesbetween1988and2007inabsolutevalueandpercentage(“CyberneticsandSystems” journal)

Page 12: 2011 Shift of Cybernetics...A brief history of cybernetics • Created in the U.S. during and after World War II • Many key scientists were from Europe • When they died, cybernetics

Resultsoftestofhypothesis

• InthejournalCyberneticsandSystemsNorthAmericawastheleadingcontributortocyberneticsresearchin1988

• Europewassecond,Asiathird,theMiddleEastfourthandLatinAmericafifth

• In2007EuropewasfirstandAsiasecond• N.AmericaandtheMiddleEastweretiedforthirdandLatinAmericawasfourth

Page 13: 2011 Shift of Cybernetics...A brief history of cybernetics • Created in the U.S. during and after World War II • Many key scientists were from Europe • When they died, cybernetics

Furthertestsofthehypothesis

TofurthertestthehypothesisthattherehasbeenashiftofcyberneticsresearchtoEurope,welookedatthenationalitiesoftheleadauthorsofarticlesintwoadditionaljournals:Kybernetesand SystemResearchandBehavioralScience

Page 14: 2011 Shift of Cybernetics...A brief history of cybernetics • Created in the U.S. during and after World War II • Many key scientists were from Europe • When they died, cybernetics

“Kybernetes”journal• Welookedatasecondjournal,Kybernetes,from1974to2010inthreeyearintervals

• Table5groupsthecountriesintoregions• Table6showsthenumberofarticlespervolumeandpercountry

• Table7showsthenumberofarticlespervolumeandperregion

• Figure2showsthenumberofarticlespervolumeandperregionovertime

• Table8showsthepercentageincreaseordecreaseforeachregionfrom1974to2010

Page 15: 2011 Shift of Cybernetics...A brief history of cybernetics • Created in the U.S. during and after World War II • Many key scientists were from Europe • When they died, cybernetics

Table5. Countriesgroupedbyregion

Page 16: 2011 Shift of Cybernetics...A brief history of cybernetics • Created in the U.S. during and after World War II • Many key scientists were from Europe • When they died, cybernetics

Table6.Numberofarticlespervolumeandpercountry(“Kybernetes”journal)

Page 17: 2011 Shift of Cybernetics...A brief history of cybernetics • Created in the U.S. during and after World War II • Many key scientists were from Europe • When they died, cybernetics
Page 18: 2011 Shift of Cybernetics...A brief history of cybernetics • Created in the U.S. during and after World War II • Many key scientists were from Europe • When they died, cybernetics

Table7.Numberofarticlespervolumeandperregion(“Kybernetes”journal)

Page 19: 2011 Shift of Cybernetics...A brief history of cybernetics • Created in the U.S. during and after World War II • Many key scientists were from Europe • When they died, cybernetics

Figure2.Articlespervolumebyregionovertime(“Kybernetes”journal)

Page 20: 2011 Shift of Cybernetics...A brief history of cybernetics • Created in the U.S. during and after World War II • Many key scientists were from Europe • When they died, cybernetics

Table8.Activitychangesbetween1974and2010inabsolutevalueandpercentage (“Kybernetes”journal)

Page 21: 2011 Shift of Cybernetics...A brief history of cybernetics • Created in the U.S. during and after World War II • Many key scientists were from Europe • When they died, cybernetics

“SystemsResearchandBehavioralScience”journal

• Wethenlookedatathirdjournal,SystemsResearchandBehavioralScience,from1998to2010inthreeyearintervals

• Table9showsthenumberofarticlespervolumeandpercountry

• Table10showsthenumberofarticlespervolumeandperregion

• Figure3showsthenumberofarticlespervolumeandperregionovertime

• Table11showsthepercentageincreaseordecreaseforeachregionfrom1998to2010

Page 22: 2011 Shift of Cybernetics...A brief history of cybernetics • Created in the U.S. during and after World War II • Many key scientists were from Europe • When they died, cybernetics

Table9.Numberofarticlespervolumeandpercountry(“SystemsResearchandBehavioralScience”journal)

Page 23: 2011 Shift of Cybernetics...A brief history of cybernetics • Created in the U.S. during and after World War II • Many key scientists were from Europe • When they died, cybernetics
Page 24: 2011 Shift of Cybernetics...A brief history of cybernetics • Created in the U.S. during and after World War II • Many key scientists were from Europe • When they died, cybernetics

Table10.Numberofarticlespervolumeandperregion(“SystemsResearchandBehavioralScience”journal)

Page 25: 2011 Shift of Cybernetics...A brief history of cybernetics • Created in the U.S. during and after World War II • Many key scientists were from Europe • When they died, cybernetics

Figure3.Articlespervolumebyregionovertime(“SystemsResearchandBehavioralScience”journal)

Page 26: 2011 Shift of Cybernetics...A brief history of cybernetics • Created in the U.S. during and after World War II • Many key scientists were from Europe • When they died, cybernetics

Table11.Activitychangesbetween1988and2010inabsolutevalueandpercentage(“SystemsResearchandBehavioralScience”journal)

Page 27: 2011 Shift of Cybernetics...A brief history of cybernetics • Created in the U.S. during and after World War II • Many key scientists were from Europe • When they died, cybernetics

Combinationofdatafrombothjournals

• Table12showsthenumberofarticlespervolumeandpercountryforbothjournals

• Table13showsthenumberofarticlespervolumeandperregion

• Figure4showsthenumberofarticlespervolumeandperregionovertime

• Table14showsthepercentageincreaseordecreaseforeachregionfrom1974to2010forbothjournals

Page 28: 2011 Shift of Cybernetics...A brief history of cybernetics • Created in the U.S. during and after World War II • Many key scientists were from Europe • When they died, cybernetics

Table12.Numberofarticlespervolumeandpercountry

Page 29: 2011 Shift of Cybernetics...A brief history of cybernetics • Created in the U.S. during and after World War II • Many key scientists were from Europe • When they died, cybernetics
Page 30: 2011 Shift of Cybernetics...A brief history of cybernetics • Created in the U.S. during and after World War II • Many key scientists were from Europe • When they died, cybernetics

Table13.Numberofarticlespervolumeandperregion

Page 31: 2011 Shift of Cybernetics...A brief history of cybernetics • Created in the U.S. during and after World War II • Many key scientists were from Europe • When they died, cybernetics

Figure4. Articlespervolumebyregionovertime

Page 32: 2011 Shift of Cybernetics...A brief history of cybernetics • Created in the U.S. during and after World War II • Many key scientists were from Europe • When they died, cybernetics

Table14.Activitychangesbetween1974and2010inabsolutevalueandpercentage

Page 33: 2011 Shift of Cybernetics...A brief history of cybernetics • Created in the U.S. during and after World War II • Many key scientists were from Europe • When they died, cybernetics

Resultsofthefurthertestofthehypothesis

• InthesetwoadditionaljournalsNorthAmericacontinuestofallbehindEuropeinproducingarticlesinthefieldofcybernetics

• AsiarisesstronglyinrecentyearsandappearslikelytoovertakeEurope

Page 34: 2011 Shift of Cybernetics...A brief history of cybernetics • Created in the U.S. during and after World War II • Many key scientists were from Europe • When they died, cybernetics

Implicationsoftheshiftofcyberneticsresearch

• Sincecyberneticsprovidesageneraltheoryofinformationprocessingandregulation,itcanhelptoguidethecreationofinformationsocieties

• Reflexivity,aconceptcentraltocybernetics,isusedinexplanationsofboomandbustcycles

• Cyberneticsprovidesatheoryofregulation,forexamplemanagementofabusinessfirmorregulationofbusinessbygovernmentorregulationofaninternationalfinancialsystem

Page 35: 2011 Shift of Cybernetics...A brief history of cybernetics • Created in the U.S. during and after World War II • Many key scientists were from Europe • When they died, cybernetics

Anincreasingneedforsystemsthinking

• Severalcurrenttrendsareremindingpeopleoftheneedforsystemsthinking– Climatechange– Thefinancialcrisis– Continuedpopulationgrowth– Resourcedepletion

• Cyberneticsandsystemstheoryprovidetheoriesforunderstandingmulti-disciplinaryproblems

Page 36: 2011 Shift of Cybernetics...A brief history of cybernetics • Created in the U.S. during and after World War II • Many key scientists were from Europe • When they died, cybernetics

Recommendationsforsciencepolicy

• Toaidincreatinganexpandedtheoryofcommunicationandadaptation,supportforcyberneticsresearchintheU.S.couldberesumed

• Educationalprogramstoteachcyberneticscouldbeestablishedatseveraluniversitiesinawaythatissustainableindiscipline-orienteduniversities

Page 37: 2011 Shift of Cybernetics...A brief history of cybernetics • Created in the U.S. during and after World War II • Many key scientists were from Europe • When they died, cybernetics

Contactinformation

StuartUmplebyandVitaliyAretinskiySchoolofBusinessTheGeorgeWashingtonUniversityWashington,[email protected]

Page 38: 2011 Shift of Cybernetics...A brief history of cybernetics • Created in the U.S. during and after World War II • Many key scientists were from Europe • When they died, cybernetics

PresentedattheAnnualWashingtonBusinessResearchForum

Washington,DCJanuary7-8,2011


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