2012-2013 forest watch data book review & discussion new ques tions
TRANSCRIPT
2012-2013 Forest WatchData Book Review & Discussion
•New Questions
This Year’s White Pine News
• Needle Retention It’s back almost to 2.0
• Ozone summary for 2012-2013
• Spectral & Biometric Data Analysis
• Common Core Standards
• Forest Watch Activities
Recovery Underway
Needle retention averaged almost 2.1 years in 2012-2013, a big jump over 2010-2011 and an improvement
on 2011-2012.
Figure 4.1. Needle retention returned to 2.08 years in 2012-2013, a strong indication that the white pines are recovering from the stress of 2010.
1.50
1.60
1.70
1.80
1.90
2.00
2.10
2.20
2.30
2.40
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
2012
Avg
Yea
rs o
f R
eten
tio
n
Needle Year
Average Needle Retention-1992-2012 Avg Ret
Record Needle Length12.5% greater
length than historic average =
more photosynthetic equipment. Is this a response to 2010 stress?
60.00
65.00
70.00
75.00
80.00
85.00
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
2012
Leng
th (
mm
)
Year
Average Needle Length, 1992- 2012 Needles(North & South, N = 7,600 in 2012-2013)
N-AvgNeed-Len
S-AvgNeed-Len
Figure 4.4. Needles were, on average, 12.5% longer in 2012 than in any previous year, another indication trees are rebounding from the 2010 shock and perhaps compensating for lost older needles.
White Pine Math for Wizards
David Lawlor, a photosynthesis expert, estimates that a square meter of leaf might
contain 7x10^9 mesophyll cells.There are 1,000,000 mm^2 in 1 m^2.
So 1 mm^2 would contain 7,000 mesophyll cells.
1 mesophyll cell may contain ~50 chloroplasts1 chloroplast may contain 6.7 x 10^8
chlorophyll molecules!So if the white pine lengthens its needle by
12.5%, how much more chlorophyll will it have?
Record Low damage
Students evaluated 7,600 needles and found that 2.5 mm
was the average length of needle showing either tip
necrosis or chlorotic mottle.
Average total damage (damage in mm/average length in mm) was also at a record low, 2.9%.
Were the pines producing more protective phenolics?
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
2012
2.0
2.5
3.0
3.5
4.0
4.5
5.0
5.5
6.0
6.5
MeanTotal Needle Damage by Length - 1996-2012
Needle Year
Ave
rag
e D
amag
e (m
m)
1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 20120.70
0.75
0.80
0.85
0.90
0.95
Figure 3.14. NIR 3/1 Ratio, 1993-2012N=188
North Side South Side
Year
NIR
3/1
Rati
o
Improved NIR3/1 Ratio – Less premature aging
More time to make sugar.
No water stress The VIRIS index of TM 5/4, an indicator
of water stress, showed a significant
drop. Water content tests found
a record >55%.
1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 20120.40
0.45
0.50
0.55
0.60
Figure 3.15. TM 5/4 1993-2012N=188
North Side South Side
Year
TM
5/4
Rat
io
Figure 4.5. Water content returned to record high levels in 2012 needles.
45.0
47.0
49.0
51.0
53.0
55.0
57.0
59.0
1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012
Per
cent
(%)
Needle Year
Needle Water Content, 1992-2012N=66 in 2012-2013
North
South
Student tests of water content confirm VIRIS index.
1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 201540
50
60
70
80
90
100
110
120
695
700
705
710
715
720
725
730
Ozone Average of NH 4th Highest Exceedances and Average REIP by All NH Schools
Ozone REIP
YearCopyright © 2014 University of New Hampshire
Ozo
ne (p
pb)
Ave
rage
REI
P
Ozone and REIP Connections
29 exceedances in 2012 in New England up from 16 in
2011 of the 75 ppb level.Average REIP was 723.1 in 110
trees from 19 schools.
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
400 450 500 550 600 650 700 750 800 850 900
Perc
ent R
eflec
tanc
e
Wavelength (nm)
Reflectance in Visible Light and at the Near Infrared Plateau
1971
1972
1973
1974
1975
Visible Light 400 nm-700+nm
Near Infrared Plateau
Blue Light
Green Light
Red Light
Notice this slope--a steep rise between absorbed red light and highly reflected near infrared. Notice that 1973's sloping line is to the left--a shift towards the blue. 1971's line is more to the right, a sift to the red.What does this mean?
See next Figure 3.4, RedEdge Inflection Point.It shows a segment of this chart--from 650 nm to 760 nm.
Figure 3.3. A close-up view of visible light and the edge of the near infrared plateau help to explain the Red Edge Inflection Point. Notice that the reflectance curve for Tree 1971 is deeper in visible red, showing more chlorophyll and farther to the right on the slope. It has more chlorophyll.Figure 2.3. Ozone is a secondary pollutant formed in the atmosphere when
reactive nitrogen gases meet and react with volatile organic gases. The reaction requires high heat and bright sunlight.
Expand the Ozone Transport Region?
Significant Contributors to NHRegional Haze Ozone
Based on MANE-VU contribution modeling Based on EPA contribution modeling
Courtesy, NH DES.
Eight New England and Mid-Atlantic governors petition EPA to add nine Mid-West States to the OTR.
90% of NH’s smog comes from out-of-state sources.
NOx Emission Trends in NH
Within the OTR, 11 states have worked hard to reduce NOx emissions. Regulations include
a wide array of controls on engines and vehicles as well as new options in
transportation: commuter car-share, light rail, natural gas taxis.
0
10,000
20,000
30,000
40,000
50,000
60,000
70,000
80,000
90,000
100,000
To
ns
pe
r Y
ea
r
1990 1996 1999 2002 2005 2008 2011 2014
New Hampshire NOx Emission Inventory Trends
Mobile
Non-Road
Area
Point
Category
1990 National Emissions Inventory
1996 National Emissions Inventory
1999 National Emissions Inventory
2002 National Emissions Inventory
2005 National Emissions Inventory
2008 National Emissions Inventory
2011 National Emissions Inventory
Point 34,179 20,690 16,170 9,786 12,068 6,969 5,887Area 7,188 14,089 5,724 11,259 11,259 6,680 5,739Non-Road 7,056 7,928 8,547 10,015 9,246 7,116 6,532Mobile 50,422 42,970 41,873 38,799 29,750 30,377 17,243Total 98,845 85,676 72,314 69,859 62,323 51,142 35,402
Tons of NOx
Thanks to Dr. Jeffrey Underhill, New Hampshire DES—to speak on this at May 30 Student Convention.
Vox Emissions Trends
Category
1990 National Emissions Inventory
1996 National Emissions Inventory
1999 National Emissions Inventory
2002 National Emissions Inventory
2005 National Emissions Inventory
2008 National Emissions Inventory
2011 National Emissions Inventory
Point 8,311 5,421 2,991 1,599 1,104 783 652Area 37,452 42,700 55,921 61,554 36,105 21,701 19,686Non-Road 17,690 19,523 18,468 21,950 21,255 19,415 15,094Mobile 43,604 28,069 24,511 21,681 18,927 12,333 9,417Total 107,056 95,713 101,891 106,784 77,391 54,232 44,849
0
20,000
40,000
60,000
80,000
100,000
120,000
Tons
per
Yea
r
1990 1996 1999 2002 2005 2008 2011 2014
New Hampshire VOC Emission Inventory Trends
Mobile
Non-Road
Area
Point
A long list of volatiles are now controlled in the OTR states: gasoline fumes, paint fumes, production of cement, paint, architectural products, auto repair products, household consumer goods….and more.
With all of this improvement, why is the Governor worried about
ozone?As ozone levels drop,
emission standards have also dropped to more protective
levels.
Science is learning more!The standard may soon drop to 65 ppb. Where will New
Hampshire be then?Where will your state be?
School DataSpectral Data
Biometric DataFirst-Year Needles
And Second-year Needles.
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
400 600 800 1000 1200 1400 1600 1800 2000 2200 2400
Perc
ent R
eflec
tanc
e
Wavelength (nm)Copyright©©University of New Hampshire
VIRIS Data - Tolland High SchoolMeans & Standard Deviation (+-)
2012 Needles, May 2013with Mean of 2011 Needles and Data of 2010 Needles, Tree 1753
Mean 2012
Std.Dev.+
Std.Dev.-
Mean 2011
2010 of 1753
A Wealth of Data
How are you using this data?Suggestions?
Monadnock Spectral Data 2012REIP NDVI TM54 NIR31
1266N 719.3 0.801 0.527 0.8781266S 723.9 0.838 0.538 0.891267N 713.1 0.826 0.547 0.9181267S 723.9 0.827 0.521 0.8761268N 723.9 0.81 0.54 0.8971268S 720.8 0.829 0.501 0.8671269N 719.3 0.839 0.508 0.861269S 722.4 0.817 0.549 0.9021270N 713.1 0.816 0.536 0.8941270S 723.9 0.846 0.505 0.859Mean 720.4 0.825 0.527 0.884
Needle Year 2012 Column1 Column2 Column3 Column4
Collection Date 4/30/2013
Submitted by: Gerry Babonis
TreeNumber 1266 1267 1268 1269 1270
DBH (cm) 76.4 92.4 70.1 90.1
CrownHeight (m) 24.35 19.52 24.53 33.45
TreeHeight (m) 27.85 29.29 26.92 29.23 35.9
N-Coll-Ht (m) 7.5 7.5 7.5 7.5 7.5
S-Coll-Ht (m) 7.5 7.5 7.5 7.5 7.5
N-Fas-Len (mm) 71 71 78 71 66
S-Fas-Len (mm) 88 73 83 70 72
N-Need-Ret (year) 3 2 2 2 2
S-Need-Ret (year) 1 2 2 2 2
N-Water (%) 49.8 48.76 50.32 50.23 47.7
S-Water (%) 49.12 44.84 52.48 47.7 49.37
N-NumNeedles 30 30 30 30 30
S-NumNeedles 30 30 30 30 30
N-AvgNeed-Len (mm) 68 67 80 75 76
S-AvgNeed-Len (mm) 72 71 79 84 77
N-PerTipNec 97 23 80 60 76
S-PerTipNec 56 50 20 8 96
N-PerChlMot 43 33 40 47 13
S-PerChlMot 33 67 37 6 70
N-AvgTotDamg-Len 36.5 3.9 1.6 4.4 2.8
S-AvgTotDamg-Len 9.1 11.9 2.2 4.1 7
N-PerNeedBothSymp 43 10 37 33 13
S-PerNeedle Both Symp 20 40 10 3 70
N-Avg Per Damage 37 23 4 5.8 3.5
S-Avg.PerDamage 8 16 3 5.9 9.7
Reminders: Check Students’ math!
3% or 0.03 NOT 0.03%How do you calculate Mean % of Damage?Measure # of mm of damage on 30 needles –both chlorosis (usually 1 dot = 1 mm) and tip necrosis. All total mm all 30 needles.How many mm are there in 30 needles—30 x your avg lengthDivide total mm damage/total mm needles.
ORCalculate Mean Damage in length—above # mm damage for all 30/30.Divide this mean by mean length of all needles.Should be same as above method.
Forest Watch meets the need…“Students need to realize how the scientific processes are used to acquire new knowledge. The best way for them to do this is to spend time using scientific inquiry, experimentation, discussing data, drawing inferences based on data, and writing conclusions based on evidence.” NH Department of Education, What is Science?, Introduction to NH K-12 Framework for Science Literacyhttp://education.nh.gov/instruction/curriculum/science/index.htm
Next Generation Science Standards
Increased literacy standardsIncreased mathematical standards
Science, Technology and SocietyCivics and Contemporary Issues
Forest Watch could easily adapt many of our writings to grade appropriate readings for language arts readings and writing prompts.Teachers may already be doing this—especially in middle school team teaching situations.Could we post these readings for sharing on our web site? Could we sell them like I-tunes so that contributors would earn something?
More School Visits
Norma Bursaw, veteran Forest Watch teacher, Salem High School, and a steel canopy closure tube made for her by her husband.
Enrichment Day 2013
Teachers just learning about Forest Watch learn how to measure the
diameter at breast height of a tree (dbh) as veterans Wes Blauss and
Robert Schongalla look on. Conducted on the Great Lawn at
UNH, the activity gave teachers time to discuss technique, accuracy, metric versus English. Veteran teachers offer
vital tips on issues such as outdoor classroom management, time
management, and record keeping.Join us for another FREE Teacher Enrichment Day on August 14, 9 a.m. to 3 p.m. Register by emailing us at www.forestwatch.sr.unh.edu.
Expecting the UnexpectedTeachers Shani Scarponi and
Robert Schongalla joined Kristi Donahue, EOS
photographer, in examining a cicada they found crawling
up a sugar maple on the Great Lawn. Every field expedition needs to take
time to observe, record and consider the unexpected.
A workshop for new Forest Watch teachers will be held August 11-13 at UNH. Ask for more information at www.forestwatch.sr.unh.edu.
Landsat 8New bands
Higher resolutionNew views of shallow
waters and your school.
Forest Watch school study plots are 30 x 30 meters square, just the size of a
Landsat pixel.
This image shows the Plymouth Bay area in
Massachusetts, home of Hanson Middle School,
Hanson, MA.
Student Convention 2013Students from Meridian Academy talk with Dr. Mark Popecki about scientific research. Dr. P. does cosmic cloud research. Meridian students compared their data from 5 trees in Brookline, MA, with data from other schools in rural New England.
The 2014 Student Convention will be held May 30. Register now for your school trip.
Students from Bartlett, NH, visited a soils lab to find out what microganisms live with their sugar maples and pines.
Student Convention
Students from Gilmanton School explain their analysis of white pine data to an EOS research scientist.The Convention adds a final step to Forest Watch protocols—It gives students the opportunity to contemplate their findings, to analyze the meaning of their research, to sift and organize key findings, and to communicate those discoveries and ideas to thoughtful listeners.
Student Convention
Students from the Josiah Bartlett School, Bartlett, NH, chat about their classic experiment: dissolve the egg shell but not the egg. Such experiments take on a whole new depth of meaning when students can discuss their method and findings with a real scientist like Dr. Erik Hobbie.
What’s Next?Student Convention
May 30More School Visits Summer Workshops
for New teachersEnrichment for All
Teachers
Gary N. Lauten Memorial Award
2014 Gary N. Lauten Memorial Award – Frank Schmidt, RHAM High School, Hebron, CT, and Otto Wurzburg, St. Johnsbury School, St. Johnsbury, VT.
2013 Gary N. Lauten Memorial Award – Wes Blauss, Hanson Middle2012 Gary N. lauten Memorial Award walking stick – Dr. Barry Rock
2011 Gary N. Lauten Memorial Award – Louise James2010 Gary N. Lauten Memorial Award – Mike Gagnon
2009 Gary N. Lauten Memorial Award – Norma Bursaw2008 Gary N. Lauten Memorial Award – Brian Doyle
2007 Gary N. Lauten Memorial Award – Robert Schongala2006 Gary N. Lauten Memorial Award – Nancy Chesley2005 Gary N. Lauten Memorial Award – Mary Fougere2004 Gary N. Lauten Memorial Award – Phil Browne
2003 Gary N. Lauten Memorial Award – Bob Dyer2002 Gary N. Lauten Memorial Award – Anne LaCroix
Brian Doyle and Norma
Bursaw with Mike Gagnon
and Barry Rock
Clockwise from top left, Phil Browne, Nancy Chesley with Barry Rock and Mike Gagnon, Mary Fougere, Anna Croix with Dr. Rock, and Bob Dyer.
2014 Gary N. Lauten Award Winners
Frank SchmidtRHAM High School
Since 1997Ten trees!
Otto WurzburgSt. Johnsbury School
Since 1997Ten trees!