2012 benefits of green schools panel selected bibliography

2012 Kansas Green Schools Conference Topeka, KS

Benefits of Green Schools Panel Selected Bibliography

Marcel Harmon PhD, PE, LEED AP O+M Sr. Associate / Applied Anthropologist

M.E. Group, Inc.

Keith Diaz Moore, Ph.D., AIA Associate Dean for Graduate Studies

School of Architecture, Design and Planning The University of Kansas

Jeff T. Vandel, P.E., LEED AP, CEM

Director, Facilities Planning, Design & Construction Campus Facilities Management

University of Missouri – Kansas City

Gary Kannenberg LEED AP Environmental Scientist

Se3, LLC

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Table of Contents

Table of Contents .......................................................................................................................................... 2

Websites ....................................................................................................................................................... 3

Overviews...................................................................................................................................................... 4

Green Building Benefits ‐ General................................................................................................................. 6

School Specific .............................................................................................................................................. 8

General Productivity/Health/Satisfaction/Building Relationships ............................................................. 13

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Websites

Center for the Built Environment (CBE)

Collaborative for High Performance Schools

EPA ‐‐ Creating Healthy Indoor Environments in Schools

Flexible Wall Systems: DIRTT Walls

Garrison Institute

Green Apple Day of Service

National Institute of Building Sciences: Whole Building Design Guide

NCEF Green Schools Resource List

USGBC Center for Green Schools

USGBC K‐12 & Higher Ed Resources

USGBC Resources

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http://www.cbe.berkeley.edu/

http://www.chps.net/

http://www.epa.gov/iaq/schools/

http://www.dirtt.net/

http://www.garrisoninstitute.org/

http://mygreenapple.org/greenservice.aspx

http://www.wbdg.org/

http://www.ncef.org/rl/high_performance.cfm

http://www.centerforgreenschools.org/home.aspx

http://www.usgbc.org/DisplayPage.aspx?CMSPageID=1905

http://www.usgbc.org/DisplayPage.aspx?CategoryID=20


Overviews Kats, G., L. Alevantis, A. Berman, E. Mills, and J. Perlman 2003 The Costs and Financial Benefits of Green Buildings: A Report to California’s Sustainable

Building Task Force. Report developed for the California Sustainable Building Task Force.

Summary of Financial Benefits of Building Green (Kats 2003:ix)

“PV (present value) is the present value of a future stream of financial benefits. NPV (net present value) reflects a stream of current and future benefits and costs, and results in a value in today’s dollars that represents the present value of an investment's future financial benefits minus any initial investment.” – p. 9. “As Figure ES‐1 shows, analysis of these areas indicates that total financial benefits of green buildings are over ten times the average initial investment required to design and construct a green building. Energy savings alone exceed the average increased cost associated with building green. Additionally, the relatively large impact of productivity and health gains reflects the fact that the direct and indirect cost of employees is far larger than the cost of construction or energy. Consequently, even small changes in productivity and health translate into large financial benefits.” – p. ix. Center for Building Performance at Carnegie Mellon University’s Building Investment Decision Support (BIDS) program has reviewed over 1000 studies relating to technical characteristics of buildings, in areas such as lighting and ventilation, to tenant responses, such as productivity.

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Ninety‐five of these have been identified as sufficiently rigorous and quantitative to meet the criteria for inclusion in the BIDS database and decision making tool. – p. 61 Generally, the studies demonstrate a correlation between better building design/performance (particularly with respect to lighting, ventilation and thermal control) and increases in tenant/worker well‐being/productivity. A number of controlled laboratory studies included here, using speed and accuracy at specific tasks (typing, addition, proof reading, paragraph completion, reading comprehension, and creative thinking) as representative of performance – p. 61. “Increases in tenant control over ventilation, temperature and lighting each provide measured benefits from 0.5% up to 34%, with average measured workforce productivity gains of 7.1% with lighting control, 1.8% with ventilation control, and 1.2% with thermal control” – p. 61.

Rashid, M. and C. Zimring 2008 A Review of the Empirical Literature on the Relationships Between Indoor Environment and

Stress in Health Care and Office Settings. Environment and Behavior 40(2):151‐190. Yates, A. 2001 Quantifying the Business Benefits of Sustainable Buildings: Summary of Existing Research

Findings (Extracts). Centre for Sustainable Construction, BRE (Draft).

“The report concludes that benefits are diverse and potentially very significant. Many are hard and relatively easily quantifiable such as energy costs, construction costs etc. However, the ‘softer’ benefits relating to risk, image, profitability are currently unquantifiable. They are the more significant though and should be the focus of future work under this project.”

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Green Building Benefits General Abbaszadeh S., L. Zagreus, D. Lehrer, and C. Huizenga 2006 Occupant Satisfaction with Indoor Environmental Quality in Green Buildings. Proceedings of

Healthy Buildings 2006, Lisbon 3:365‐370. Available at the Center for the Built Environment (http://cbe.berkeley.edu)

Bell, J. F., J. S. Wilson, and G. C. Liu 2008 Neighborhood Greenness and 2‐Year Changes in Body Mass Index of Children and Youth.

American Journal of Preventive Medicine 35(6):547‐553. Harmon, M. J. and R. D. Leonard 2006 Be All That Green Can Be. iGreenBuild.com eNewsletter, September 27, 2006.

http://www.igreenbuild.com/siteSpecific/publication/archive.aspx. Heerwagen, J. 2000 Do Green Buildings Enhance the Well Being of Workers? Environmental Design and

Construction Magazine, July/August 2000. Available at: http://www.edcmag.com/CDA/ArticleInformation/coverstory/BNPCoverStoryItem/0,4118,19794,00.html.

This Herman Miller Study showed up to a 7% increase in worker productivity following a move to a green, daylit facility

2002 Sustainable Design Can Be an Asset to the Bottom Line ‐ expanded internet edition,

Environmental Design & Construction, Posted 07/15/02. Available at: http://www.edcmag.com/CDA/ArticleInformation/features/BNP__Features__Item/0,4120,80724,00.html.

Two European studies of over 11,000 workers in 107 buildings analyzed found that occupant control over temperature and ventilation reduced illness symptoms and absenteeism, and increased the worker perceived productivity compared to a control group lacking such local temperature and ventilation control.

Kats, G., L. Alevantis, A. Berman, E. Mills, and J. Perlman 2003 The Costs and Financial Benefits of Green Buildings: A Report to California�s Sustainable

Building Task Force. Report developed for the California Sustainable Building Task Force. Laing, R., A. Davies, D. Miller, A. Conniff, S. Scott, and J. Morrice 2009 The Application of Visual Environmental Economies in the Study of Public Preference and

Urban Greenspace. Environment and Planning B: Planning and Design 36(2):355‐375. Singh, A., M. Syal, S. C. Grady and S. Korkmaz

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http://cbe.berkeley.edu/

http://www.igreenbuild.com/siteSpecific/publication/archive.aspx

http://www.edcmag.com/CDA/ArticleInformation/coverstory/BNPCoverStoryItem/0,4118,19794,00.html

http://www.edcmag.com/CDA/ArticleInformation/coverstory/BNPCoverStoryItem/0,4118,19794,00.html

http://www.edcmag.com/CDA/ArticleInformation/features/BNP__Features__Item/0,4120,80724,00.html

http://www.edcmag.com/CDA/ArticleInformation/features/BNP__Features__Item/0,4120,80724,00.html


2010 Effects of Green Buildings on Employee Health and Productivity. American Journal of Public Health.

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School Specific Baker, L. 2011 Summary Report: Post‐Occupancy Evaluation Surveys in K‐12 Learning Environments. UC

Berkeley: Center for the Built Environment. Retrieved from: http://www.escholarship.org/uc/item/58b6s21r

Bergsagel, V., et.al. 2007 Architecture for Achievement: Building patterns for small school learning. Mercer Island,

WA: Eagle Chatter Press Blum, R. 2005 School Connectedness: Improving the Lives of Students. John Hopkins Bloomberg School of

Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland. Castonguay, G. and S. Jutras 2009 Children’s Appreciation of Outdoor Places in a Poor Neighborhood. Journal of Environmental

Psychology 29 (2009):101–109. Ceiling and Interior Systems Construction Association (CISCA) ? Acoustics in Schools. White Paper.

http://www.cisca.org/files/public/Acoustics%20in%20Schools_CISCA.pdf. Dhara, P. C., G. Khaspuri and S. K. Sau 2009 Complaints arising from a mismatch between school furniture and anthropometric

measurements of rural secondary school children during classwork. Environ Health Prev Med 14:36–45.

Doll, B., S. Zucker and K. Brehm 2004 Resilient Classrooms: Creating Healthy Environments for Learning. The Guilford Press, New

York, NY.

Duffy, P. M. 1992 Classrooms and Their Users: A Conceptual Mapping of Research on the Physical Environment

of Schools (School Environment). Unpublished doctoral dissertation, The Pennsylvania State University.

Earthman, Glen I. 2002 School Facility Conditions and Student Academic Achievement. Los Angeles, CA: UCLA’s

Institute for Democracy, Education, & Access (IDEA).

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Environmental Law Institute 2003 Building Healthy, High Performance Schools: A Review of Selected State and Local Initiatives.

Washington, D.C. Gabr, H. and K. Al‐Sallal ? School Design and Child Behavior: Post Occupancy Evaluation of Kindergartens in Al‐Ain

City. The Fourth Annual U.A.E. University Research Conference.

Geelen, L.M.J., M.A.J. Huijbregts, A.M.J. Ragas, R.W. Bretveld, H.W.A. Jans, W.J. van Doorn, S.J.C.J. Evertz, and A. van der Zijden 2008 Comparing the Effectiveness of Interventions to Improve Ventilation Behavior in Primary

Schools. Indoor Air 18(5):416‐424. Handy, S., X. Cao, and P. Mokhtarian 2008 Neighborhood Design and Children’s Outdoor Play: Evidence from Northern California.

Children, Youth and Environments 18(2):160‐179. Harmon, M. J., R. D. Leonard 2006 A Post Occupancy Evaluation of the Edward Gonzales Elementary School, Phase I (Interim

Study). Report Prepared for the New Mexico Public School Facilities Authority. Heschong Mahone Group 1999 Daylighting in Schools: An Investigation into the Relationship Between Daylight and Human

Performance. Report Submitted to Pacific Gas and Electric. Available at: http://www.h‐m‐g.com.

2001 Re‐analysis Report: Daylighting in Schools, Additional Analysis. Report Submitted to New

Buildings Institute in Support of the Public Interest Research Program of the California Energy Commission. Available at www.newbuildings.org/pier.

The Heschong Mahone Group evaluated the test score performance of over 21,000 students from three school districts in San Juan Capistrano, California; Seattle, Washington; and Fort Collins, Colorado. Despite differences in culture, teacher quality, etc., in those classrooms with the most daylighting, students’ learning progressed 20% faster in math and 26% faster in reading compared to those students in the classrooms with the least daylighting.

2003 Windows and Classrooms: a Study of Student Performance and the Indoor Environment. California Energy Commission: Sacramento, California

Hoyt, T., H. Zhang and E. Arens 2009 Draft or Breeze? Preferences for Air Movement in Office Buildings and Schools from the

ASHRAE Database. Healthy Buildings 2009:13‐17, Syracuse, NY.

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Jansson, M. 2008 Children’s Perspectives on Public Playgrounds in Two Swedish Communities. Children, Youth

and Environments 18(2):88‐109. Kats, G. 2006 Greening America’s Schools: Costs and Benefits. Capital E. www.cap‐e.com. “This report documents the financial costs and benefits of green schools compared to conventional

schools. This national review of 30 green schools demonstrates that green schools cost less than 2% more than conventional schools ‐ or about $3 per square foot ($3/ft2) ‐ but provide financial benefits that are 20 times as large. Greening school design provides an extraordinarily cost‐effective way to enhance student learning, reduce health and operational costs and, ultimately, increase school quality and competitiveness.”

Kumar, R. P. M. O’Malley and L. D. Johnston 2008 Association Between Physical Environment of Secondary Schools and Student Problem

Behavior: A National Study, 2000‐2003. Environment and Behavior 40 (4): 455‐486. Leslie, E., P. B. Sparling, N. Owen 2001 University Campus Settings and the Promotion of Physical Activity in Young Adults: Lessons

From Research in Australia and the USA. Health Education 101(3):116‐125. Lin, S., C. Kielb, A. Orsini & N. Muscatiello ? The Evaluation of Green School Building Attributes and Their Effect on the Health and

Performance of Students and Teachers in New York State. Final Project Report ‐ Proposal Number: #147 funded by the US Green Building Council. http://www.usgbc.org/ShowFile.aspx?DocumentID=8627.

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Adolescents: A Systematic Review. International Journal of Behavioral Nutrition and Physical Activity 2011 8:5

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McCormack, G. R. Billie Giles‐Corti, A. Timperio, G. Wood and K. Villanueva 2011 A Cross‐Sectional Study of the Individual, Social and Built Environmental Correlates of

Pedometer‐Based Physical Activity Among Elementary School Children. International Journal of Behavioral Nutrition and Physical Activity 2011 8:30

McGuffey, Carroll W. 1982 “Facilities,” Chapter 10, Herbert Walberg (ed.) Improving Educational Standards and

Productivity. Berkley: McCutchan Publishing Corp. Mendall, M. J. and G. A. Heath 2005 Do Indoor Pollutants and Thermal Conditions in Schools Influence Student Performance? A

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Nair, P., Fielding, R. & Lackney, J. 2005 The language of school design: Design patterns for 21st century schools. Designshare.

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Health and Productivity Benefits of Green Schools, National Research Council of the National Academies. The National Academies Press, Washington, D.C. http://www.nap.edu/catalog/11756.htm

Norbäck, D., G. Wieslander, X. Zhang and Z. Zhao 2011 Respiratory Symptoms, Perceived Air Quality and Physiological Signs in Elementary School

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Rahman, T. R. A. Cushing and R. J. Jackson 2011 Contributions of Built Environment to Childhood Obesity. Mt. Sinai Journal of Medicine

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Productivity in Offices, Indoor Air 14:178‐187. Bell, J., P. Newton, D. Gilbert, R. Hough, L. Morawska, N. Demirbilek, R. Bergman, V. Garcia‐Hansen, N. Wales and J. Mabb 2004 Indoor Environments: Design, Productivity and Health, Report Number: 2001‐005‐B Final

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van Bommel, W. J. M. and G. J. van den Beld 2004 Lighting for Work: A Review of Visual and Biological Effects. Lighting Research and

Technology 36(4):255‐269. Boyce, P.R. 2003 Human Factors in Lighting, 2nd Edition. London and New York: Taylor and Francis.

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2004 “Operable Windows, Personal Control and Occupant Comfort.” ASHRAE Transactions, Vol. 110 (2), June.

Brill, M. and S. Weidemann 2001 Disproving Widespread Myths about Workplace Design. Kimball International, Jasper, USA.

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