2012+criminal+law+summer+reviewer book1 final printversion

7/28/2019 2012+Criminal+Law+Summer+Reviewer Book1 Final Printversion

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CRIMINALLAW

BARREVIEWER

FACULTYADVISER ATTY.RONALDCHUA

ACADEMICSHEAD PIERREMARTINREYES

SUBJECTHEADS JULIANNEALBERTO

DIANNAWILWAYCO

KARENDELACRUZ

JASMINEREGIS


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ATENEOCENTRALBAROPERATIONS2012

ACADEMICSCOMMITTEE

AcademicsHead:PierreMartinReyes;

Understudy:ClariesseJamiMariChan

REVIEWCOMMITTEE

Head:YlaGloriaMarieParas;Understudy:KenKoga;Members:

CatherineDelaRosa,EricLavadia,LeIrisLucido,PearlCharisse

Baustista;MinaReyes

CRIMINALLAWCOMMITTEE

Heads:JulianneAlberto,DiannaWilwayco,

KarenDelaCruz,JasmineRegis;Understudy:MaryGraceArboladura,ReginaGomez,

ToniLouSevilla,PatriciaSta.Maria;

Volunteers:AngelBascara,CarloIlano,LitoPaoloMartin


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CRIMINALLAWREVIEWER Page3of76

CRIMINALLAWBOOKI

TableofContents

I.REVISEDPENALCODE=================================

TOPICSUNDERTHESYLLABUS

A.BOOKI.61.Fundamental Principles...6

a.Definit ionofCriminal Law...6 i . Di f ference betweenMala inSe and MalaProh ibi ta..6b.ScopeofApplicationandCharacterist ics ofCriminal Law.6 i .Genera li ty ..7 i i. Te rr i to r ia l it y..7 i ii . P ro spec ti vi ty.. .8c. Constitutional L imitationsofthePowerofCongresstoenactPenal LawsintheBi l l ofRights..8 i . Equa l P ro tec t ion . . . .8

i i . DueProcess.8i i i . Non-imposit ionofCruel andUnusual PunishmentorExcessiveFines8

(a) Act Prohibit ingtheImposit ionofDeathPenalty inthePhi l ippines.8iv. Bi l l ofAttainder.8v.Expost factolaw.8

2.Felonies..9a. Classif icationofFelonies...10b.ElementsofCriminal L iabi l i ty.11c. ImpossibleCrimes...13d.StagesofExecution...14e.ConspiracyandProposal...17f. Mult ipleOffenders...19 i . Rec id iv ism..19 i i .Habi tua l ity (Re iterac ion) ...19 i ii .Quasi -Rec id iv ism20 i v. Hab itua l De li nquency.20g.ComplexCrimesvs. Special ComplexCrimes....20

3.CircumstanceswhichAffect Criminal L iabi l i ty...23a.JustifyingCircumstances.23 i . Ant i-V iolence Aga ins t WomenandThei r Ch i ld renActo f 2004.25 ( a) B at te re dwoman sy nd rome..25 b.ExemptingCircumstances..27 i . Juveni le Just i ceandWelfare Act o f 2006; Ch ild and Youth Wel fare Code28


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(a) Definit ionofchi ld inconfl ict withthelaw.28(b) Minimumageofcriminal responsibi l i ty..28(c) Determinationofage.28(d) Exemptionfromcriminal l iabi l i ty..28

c. MitigatingCircumstances..31d.AggravatingCircumstances..35 i .Gener i c. .35 i i. Qual if y ing.36

(a) DecreeCodifyingtheLawsonI l legal/Unlawful Possession,Manufacture,Deal ing in,Acquisit ionorDisposit ion,ofF irearms,AmmunitionorExplosivesasanaggravatingcircumstance.48

(b) TheComprehensiveDangerousDrugsAct of2002..48i . Asaqual i fyingaggravatingcircumstance..48i i . Immunityfromprosecutionandpunishment,coverage.48i i i . Minoroffenders.49iv. Application/Non-applicationofRPCprovisions.49

e.AlternativeCircumstances...49f. AbsolutoryCause514.PersonsCriminal lyL iable/DegreeofPart icipation.51

a.DecreePenal iz ingObstructionofApprehensionandProsecutionofCriminal Offenders.57

i . Pun ishab le Ac ts. ..57 i i. Compare w i th Ar ti cl e 20. .57

5.Penalt ies.58a.General Principles...58 i . Act Proh ib i ting the Imposi t ion o f DeathPenal ty in the Phi l ipp ines. ..60b.Purposes....60c. Classif ication...60d.DurationandEffect...61e.Application...63 i . I ndete rminate Sen tence Law...64 i i. Th ree -Fo ld Ru le67 i ii . Subs id ia ry Impri sonment. .67f. ExecutionandService..67 i . P robat ion Law...67 ( a) D ef in iti on o f Te rm s. .. 67 ( b) P ur po se. ..67 ( c) G rant o f probat ion, manne r and cond it ions ..67 ( d) C ri te ri a of p la ci ng an of fender on probat ion .. .68 ( e) D is qu ali fie d of fe nd er s ..68 ( f) P er io d of p ro ba ti on.68 ( g) A rr es t of p ro ba ti on er . .. 68 ( h) T ermi na ti on o f pr ob at io n; e xc ep tio n ..68 i . T he Comp re he nsiveD ang er ous Dr ug sA ct o f2 00 268


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i i . Juv eni leJ ustic ea nd Welf ar eA ct o f2 00 6; Ch ilda nd Y outhWelfa reCode...69

(a) Definit ionofchi ld inconfl ict withthelaw...69 (b)Exemptionfromcriminal l iabi l i ty.....69(c) Juveni le just iceandwelfaresystem...69

g.Dist inguishedfromPreventiveImprisonment..696.ModificationandExtinctionofCriminal L iabi l i ty...70

a.PrescriptionofCrimes..71b.PrescriptionofPenalt ies...73c. PardonbyOffendedParty..73d.PardonbytheChiefExecutive..73e.Amnesty...73


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CRIMINALLAWBOOKI

1.FUNDAMENTALPRINCIPLES ======================================

TOPICUNDERTHESYLLABUS:

1.FundamentalPrinciples

a.DefinitionofCriminalLaw

i.DifferencebetweenMalainSeand

MalaProhibita

b.ScopeofApplicationandCharacteristics

ofCriminalLaw

i.Generality

ii.Territoriality

iii.Prospectivity

c.ConstitutionalLimitationsofthePowerof

CongresstoenactPenalLawsintheBillofRights

i.EqualProtection

ii.DueProcess

iii.Non-impositionofCrueland

UnusualPunishmentorExcessiveFines

(a)ActProhibitingtheImposition

ofDeathPenaltyinthePhilippines

iv.BillofAttainder v.Expostfactolaw

======================================

1.FUNDAMENTALPRINCIPLES

a.DEFINITIONOFCRIMINALLAW

CRIMINAL LAW isthatbranchofmunicipallawwhich

definescrimes,treatsoftheirnatureandprovidesfor

theirpunishment.

i.DEFINITIONOFTERMS

1. CRIME - the commission or omission by a personhavingcapacity,ofanyact,whichiseitherprohibited

orcompelledbylawandthecommissionoromission

ofwhichispunishablebyaproceedingbroughtinthe

name of the government whose law has been

violated.

2. FELONY-acrimepunishedundertheRPC3. OFFENSE-acrimepunishedunderaspeciallaw4. MISDEMEANOR-aminorinfractionoflaw

II.SOURCESOFPHILIPPINECRIMINALLAW

1. RevisedPenalCode2. SpecialPenalLaws3. PenalPresidentialDecreesissuedduringMartialLaw

III.THEORIESINCRIMINALLAW

1. Classical or Juristic Theory - The basis of criminal

liabilityishumanfreewill.Thepurposeofthepenalty

isretributioninviewofthevoluntarinessoftheactor

omission of the offender. The emphasis is on the

offenseandnotontheoffender.

2. PositivistorRealistTheory-Manisinherentlygoodbuttheoffenderissociallysick.Thebasisisthesum

ofsocialandeconomicphenomenawhichconditions

mantodowronginspiteoforcontrarytohisvolition.The purposeof the penalty is reformation and the

emphasisisontheoffenderandnottheoffense

IV.LEGALMAXIMS

1. Nullumcrimennullepoenasinelege -thereisnocrime when there is no law that defines and

punishesit

2. Actus no facit reum, nisi mens sit rea - the actcannotbecriminalunlessthemindiscriminal

3. Actusmeinvitefactusnonestmeusactus-anactdonebymeagainstmywillisnotmyact

4. DoctrineofProReo -Wheneverapenallawistobeconstruedorappliedandthelawadmitsoftwointerpretations onelenient tothe offenderand

one strict to the offender that interpretation

whichislenientorfavorabletotheoffenderwillbe

adopted.

V.CONSTRUCTIONOFPENALLAWS

1. Liberallyconstruedinfavorofoffendera. Theoffendermustclearlyfallwithinthe

termsofthelaw.

b. Anactiscriminalonlywhenmadesobythestatute.

2. Incasesofconflictwithofficialtranslation,originalSpanishtextiscontrolling.

3. Nointerpretationbyanalogy.


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B.SCOPEANDAPPLICATIONANDCHARACTERISTICSOFPHILIPPINECRIMINALLAWI . GENERALITYThelawisbindinguponallpersonswhoresideorsojourninthePhilippines,irrespectiveofage,sex,color,creed,or

personalcircumstances.

EXCEPTIONS:

1. TreatyStipulationsa. Example:RP-USVisitingForcesAccord

2. LawsonPreferentialApplicationa. Example:R.A.75

UnderR.A.75,personswhoareexemptfromarrestand

imprisonment and whose properties are exempt from

distraint,seizureandattachmentarethefollowing:

Ambassadors Publicministers Domestic servants of ambassadors and

publicministers

Unless the person is a citizen or inhabitant of the

Philippinesand thewritorprocess issuedagainsthimis

foundeduponadebtcontractedbeforeheenteredupon

suchserviceorthedomesticservantisnotregisteredwith

theDepartmentofForeignAffairs.

3. PrinciplesofPublicInternationalLawa. Examples: sovereigns or head of states,

ambassadors,ministersplenipotentiaryand

ministers-resident, charges daffairs and

attaches.b. Consuls,vice-consulsandothercommercial

representativesof a foreign nationcannot

claim the privileges and immunities

accordedtoambassadorsandministers.

II.TERRITORIALITY

The law isapplicableto all crimes committedwithin the

limits of the Philippine territory, which includes its

atmosphere,interiorwatersandmaritimezone.

EXCEPTION:Article2,RPC. [SCION]

1. ShouldcommitanoffensewhileonaPhilippineShiporairship

REQUISITES:

a. The Philippine ship or airship must be dulyregisteredunderthePhilippinelaws.

b. The ship or airship must not be within theterritorial jurisdiction of another country,

otherwisethelawsofthatcountrywillapplyasa

rule.

FOREIGNMERCHANTVESSELS

FRENCHRULE ENGLISHRULEGENERALRULE

Crimescommittedaboarda

foreignvesselwithinthe

territorialwatersofacountry

areNOTtriableinthecourts

ofsuchcountry.

Crimescommittedaboarda

foreignvesselwithinthe

territorialwatersofa

countryaretriableinthe

courtsofsuchcountry.

EXCEPTION

Crimeaffectsthepeaceand

securityoftheterritory,or

endangersthesafetyofthe

state.

Whenthecrimemerely

affectsthingswithinthe

vesselorreferstothe

internalmanagement

thereof.

FOREIGN WARSHIPS - The nationality of such warship

determinestheapplicablepenallawstocrimescommitted

therein,astheyareconsideredtobeanextensionofthe

territoryofthecountrytowhichtheybelong.

2. Should forge or Counterfeit any coin or currencynote of the Philippine Islands or obligations and

securities issued by the Government of the

PhilippineIslands

3. Should be liable for acts connected with theIntroduction into these islands of the obligations

andsecuritiesmentionedinthepresidingnumber

Therationalefortheexceptionsprovidedinpars.(2)and

(3)istomaintainandpreservethefinancialcreditstability

ofthestate.Itshouldbenoted,however,thatthosewho

introducedthecounterfeititemsarecriminallyliableeven

if they were not the ones who counterfeited the said

items.Conversely,thosewhocounterfeitedthesaiditems

are criminally liable even if they did not introduce the

counterfeititemsintothePhilippines.

4. While being public Officers or employees, shouldcommitanoffenseintheexerciseoftheirfunctions

The offense committedby a publicofficer abroadmust

refer to the discharge ofones functions. The exception

does not apply to public officers of the Philippine

governmentwhoenjoydiplomatic immunitybecause in

sucha casethe principlesof public international lawwill

govern.


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A crime committed within the grounds of a Philippine

embassyonforeignsoilshallbesubjecttoPhilippinepenal

laws,althoughitmayormaynothavebeencommittedby

apublicofficerinrelationtoonesofficialduties.Embassy

groundsareconsideredasextensionsofthesovereigntyof

thecountryoccupyingthem.

Exampleofcrimesincluded:

(a)Directbribery

(b)Indirectbribery

(c)Qualifiedbribery

(d)Corruption

(e)Fraudsagainstthepublictreasury

(f)Possessionofprohibitedinterest

(g)Malversationofpublicfundsorproperty

(h)Failureofaccountableofficertorenderaccounts

(i)Failuretorenderaccountsbeforeleavingthecountry

(j)Illegaluseofpublicfundsorproperty

(k)Failuretomakedeliveryofpublicfundsorproperty

(l)Falsificationbyapublicofficeroremployeecommitted

withabuseofofficialposition

5. Should commit any ofthe crimes againstNationalsecurityandthelawofnations,definedinTitleOne

ofBookTwoofthisCode

The rationale for the exception is to safeguard the

existence of the state. However, when rebellion, coup

dtatandseditionarecommittedabroad,thePhilippine

courtswillnothavejurisdictionbecausethesearecrimes

against public order.Nevertheless, terrorism under R.A.9372isnowacrimeagainstnationalsecurityandthelaw

ofnations.

EXCEPTION TO THE EXCEPTION: Penal laws are not

applicable within or without Philippine territory if so

providedintreatiesandlawsofpreferentialapplication.

III.PROSPECTIVITY

Thelawdoesnothaveanyretroactiveeffect,exceptifit

favors theoffenderunlesshe isa habitualdelinquentor

thelawotherwiseprovides.

EXCEPTION:

1. Favorabletotheoffender

EXCEPTIONSTOTHEEXCEPTION:

1. Theoffenderisahabitualdelinquent2. Thelawotherwiseprovides

EffectofRepealofPenalLaws

1. Iftherepealmakesthepenalty lighterinthenewlaw,thenewlawshallbeapplied

2. Ifthenewlawimposesaheavierpenalty,thelawin force at the time of the commission of the

offenseshallbeapplied

3. Ifthenewlaw totally repeals the existinglawsothattheactwhichwaspenalizedundertheoldlaw

isnolongerpunishable,thecrimeis obliterated

C.CONSTITUTIONALLIMITATIONSONTHEPOWER

OFCONGRESSTOENACTPENALLAWSINTHEBILL

OFRIGHTS

I.EQUALPROTECTION

The lawmust be general in application (Art. III, Sec. 1,

1987Constitution)

II.DUEPROCESS

Nopersonshallbeheldtoanswerfora criminaloffense

without due process of law (Art. III, Sec. 14[1], 1987

Constitution)

III. NON-IMPOSITION OF CRUEL AND UNUSUAL

PUNISHMENTOREXCESSIVEFINES

Excessivefinesshallnotbeimposed,norcruel,degrading

orinhumanpunishmentinflicted(Art.III,Sec.19[1],1987

Constitution)

NOTE:Currently,theimpositionofthedeathpenaltyhas

beenprohibitedpursuanttoRepublicActNo.9346.

IV.BILLOFATTAINDER

A bill of attainder is a legislative act which inflicts

punishmentwithouttrial.Itsessenceisthesubstitutionof

alegislativeactforajudicialdeterminationofguilt.People

v.Ferrer,[48SCRA382,395]

V.EXPOSTFACTOLAW

Anexpostfactolawisonewhich:

Makes criminal an act done before thepassage of the law and whichwas innocent

whendone,andpunishessuchanact;

Aggravatesacrime,ormakesitgreaterthanitwas,whencommitted;


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Changesthepunishmentandinflictsagreaterpunishment than the law annexed to the

crimewhencommitted;

Alters the legal rules of evidence, andauthorized conviction upon less or different

testimonythanthelawrequiredatthetimeofthecommissionoftheoffense;

Assumestoregulatecivilrightsandremediesonly,ineffectimposespenaltyordeprivation

ofarightforsomethingwhichwhendonewas

lawful;and

Deprives a person accused of a crime somelawful protection to which he has become

entitled(e.g.protectionofaformerconviction

oracquittal,proclamationofamnesty)

VI.WAIVEROFTHERIGHTSOFTHEACCUSED

Theconstitutionalrightsoftheaccusedcannotbewaived

exceptinwritingand inthe presenceofcounsel (Art.III,

Sec.12[1],1987Constitution)

NOTE:A rightwhich may bewaivedis the right of the

accused to confrontationand cross-examination.A right

whichmaynotbewaivedistherightoftheaccusedtobe

informedofthenatureandcauseoftheaccusation.The

reason is that those rights which may be waived are

personal, while those rights whichmay not be waived

involvepublicinterestwhichmaybeaffected.

ENDOFDISCUSSIONONTOPIC

1.FUNDAMENTALPRINCIPLES

======================================2.FELONIES

=================================

TOPICUNDERTHESYLLABUS:

2.Felonies

a.ClassificationofFelonies

b.ElementsofCriminalLiability

c.ImpossibleCrimes

d.StagesofExecution

e.ConspiracyandProposalf.MultipleOffenders

i.Recidivism

ii.Habituality(Reiteracion)

iii.Quasi-Recidivism

iv.HabitualDelinquency

g.ComplexCrimesvs.SpecialComplex

Crimes

=================================

2.FELONIES

Art. 3.Definitions. Acts andomissionspunishable

bylawarefelonies(delitos).

Felonies arecommitted notonlybe meansofdeceit

(dolo)butalsobymeansoffault(culpa).

There is deceit when the act is performed with

deliberateintentandthereisfaultwhenthewrongful

act results from imprudence, negligence, lack of

foresight,orlackofskill.

FELONIES are acts and omissions punishable by the

RevisedPenalCode.

A.ELEMENTSOFFELONIES

i.Theremustbeanactoromission

ACT means any bodily movement tending to produce

someeffect intheexternalworld.Itmustbeatleastan

overtactofthatfelony,thatis,anexternalactwhichhas

direct connection with the felony intended to be

committed.

OMISSION means inaction, the failure to perform a

positivedutywhichoneisboundtodo.Theremustbealawrequiredthedoingorperformanceofanact.

ii.TheactoromissionmustbepunishablebytheRPC

Itisbasedonthemaxim,nullumcrimen,nullapoenasine

lege, that is, there is no crime when there is no law

punishingit.

iii. The act is performed or the omission incurred by

meansofdoloorculpa

Voluntarinessisanelementbecause(a)Art.3inreferring

todolo states thatthe actis performedwithdeliberateintent which implies that theact isvoluntaryor freely

committed; and (b) Art. 365 in referring to reckless

imprudence expressly states that it is consists in

voluntarybutwithoutmalicedoingorfailingtodoanact.


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A criminalact ispresumed voluntary. In theabsence of

indubitable explanation, the act must be declared

voluntaryandpunishable.

DOLO CULPA

Involvesmaliceor

deliberateintent

Resultsfromnegligence,

imprudence,lackof

foresightorlackofskill

Intentional Intentisreplacedbyfault

B.CLASSIFICATIONOFFELONIES

i.IntentionalFelonies

Inintentionalfelonies,theactoromissionoftheoffender

ismalicious.Theact isperformedwith deliberateintent.

The offender, in performing the act or in incurring the

omission,hastheintentiontocauseaninjurytoanother.

REQUISITES:

1. Freedom Whenapersonactswithoutfreedom,heisno

longerahumanbeing,butatool.

Apersonwhoactsunderthecompulsionofanirresistibleforceisexemptfromcriminalliability.

A person who acts under the impulse of anuncontrollablefearofanequalorgreaterinjury

isexemptfromcriminalliability.

2. Intelligence It is the moral capacity to determinewhat is

right from what is wrong and to realize the

consequencesofonesacts.

Without thepower of intelligencenecessarytodetermine the morality of human acts, to

distinguishalicitfromanillicitact,nocrimecan

exist,becausetheintenthasnointelligence,the

lawexemptshimfromcriminalliability.

Factors that negate intelligence: minority,insanity,imbecility

3. Intent It is presumed from the commission of an

unlawfulact.Itisnegatedbymistakeoffacts.

Intentpresupposestheexerciseoffreedomandtheuseofintelligence.

Ifthereisnointentthereisnofelonycommittedby dolo but a felonymay still exist if culpa is

present.

Intentisamentalstate,theexistenceofwhichisshownbytheoveractsofaperson.

When theaccused is charged with intentionalfelony,absenceofcriminalintentisadefense.

GENERALINTENT SPECIFICINTENTAnintentiontodoawrong Anintentiontocommita

definiteact

Presumedtoexistfromthe

meredoingofawrongful

act

Existenceoftheintentis

notpresumed

Theburdenofprovingthe

absenceofintentisupon

theaccused

Theburdenofprovingthe

existenceoftheintentis

upontheprosecution,as

suchintentisanelementof

theoffense

INTENT MOTIVE

Thepurposetouseaparticularmeanstoeffect

sucharesult

Thereasonwhichimpelsonetocommitanactfora

definiteresult

Anelementofacrime Notanelementofacrime

MOTIVE,whenrelevant:

1. Theidentityofapersonaccusedofhavingcommittedacrimeisindispute

2. In ascertaining the truth between antagonistictheoriesorversionsofthekilling

3. The identification of the accused proceeds fromunreliablesourceand testimony is inconclusiveand

notfreefromdoubt

4.

Therearenoeyewitnessesto thecrime,andwheresuspicionislikelytofalluponanumberofpersons

5. Theevidenceismerelycircumstantial

MISTAKEOFFACT

Ignorance ormistake of fact relieves the accused from

criminal liability.Mistakeof factis amisapprehensionof

fact on the part of the person who caused injury to

another.Heisnotcriminallyliable,becausehedidnotact

withcriminalintent.

REQUISITESOFMISTAKEOFFACT:

1. Theactdonewouldhavebeenlawfulhadthefactsbeenastheaccusedbelievedthemtobe.

2. The intentionof the accused inperforming theactshouldbelawful.

3. Themistakemustbewithoutfaultorcarelessnessonthepartoftheaccused.


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UnitedStatesv.AhChong,[15Phil.488]

Thereisaninnocentmistakeoffactwithoutanyfaultor

carelessnessonthepartoftheaccused,because,having

notimeoropportunitytomakeany furtherinquiry,and

beingpressed by circumstancesto act immediately, theaccused hadnoalternativebut totakethe factsas they

thenappeared tohim,andsuch factsjustifiedhis actof

killingthedeceased.

Peoplev.Oanis,[74Phil.257]

The accused found no circumstances whatever which

wouldpressthemtoimmediateaction.Thepersoninthe

roombeingthenasleep,theaccusedhadampletimeand

opportunity to ascertain his identity without hazard to

themselves, and could effect a bloodless arrest if any

reasonable effort to that end had been made, as the

victimwasunarmed.

ii.CulpableFelonies

Inculpablefelonies,theactoromissionoftheoffenderis

not malicious. The injury caused by the offender to

another person is unintentional, it being simply the

incidentofanotheractperformedwithoutmalice.

REQUISITES:

1. Freedom

2. Intelligence

3. Imprudence,negligence,orlackofforesightorlack

ofskill

Imprudence indicates a deficiency of action. Itusually involves lackof skill.Example:aperson

failsto take the necessaryprecaution toavoid

injurytopersonordamagetoproperty.

Negligence indicatesadeficiencyofperception.It usually involves lackof foresight.Example: a

personfailstopayproperattentionandtouse

diligence in foreseeing the injury or damage

impendingtobecaused.

iii.Thosepunishedbyspeciallaws

Thethirdclassofcrimes,arethosedefinedandpenalized

by special laws which include crimes punished by

municipalorcityordinances.Whenthecrimeispunished

bya special law,asarule, intenttocommitthecrimeis

notnecessary. It is sufficient that the offender has the

intenttoperpetratetheactprohibitedbythespeciallaw,

thatis,itisenoughthattheprohibitedactisdonefreely

andconsciously.

Whenthedoingofanactisprohibitedbyaspeciallaw,it

isconsideredthattheactisinjurioustopublicwelfareand

thedoingoftheprohibitedactisthecrimeitself.

MALAINSE MALAPROHIBITA

Wrongfulfromtheirnature Wrongfulmerelybecause

prohibitedbystate

Soseriousintheireffects

onsociety

Violationsofmererulesof

convenience

Intentgoverns Criminalintentisnot

necessarywheretheacts

areprohibitedforreasons

ofpublicpolicy

Goodfaithisavalid

defense,unlessthecrimeis

theresultofculpa

Goodfaithisnotadefense

Thedegreeofaccomplishmentofthe

crimeistakenintoaccount

inpunishingtheoffender

Theactgivesrisetoacrimeonlywhenconsummated

Mitigatingandaggravating

circumstancesaretaken

intoaccount

Mitigatingandaggravating

circumstancesaregenerally

nottakenintoaccount

Penaltyisdeterminedon

thebasisofthedegreeof

participationofthe

offender

Penaltyontheoffenders

arethesame

Thereare3stagesof

execution:attempted,

frustrated,consummated

Therearenostagesof

execution

Penaltiesmaybedivided

intodegreesandperiods

Thereisnodivisionof

penalties

C.CRIMINALLIABILITY

Art. 4. Criminal liability. Criminal liability shall be

incurred:

1.Byanyperson committing a felony (delito)although

thewrongfulactdonebe different fromthatwhich he

intended.

Onewhocommitsanintentionalfelonyisresponsiblefor

all the consequences which may naturally and logically

resulttherefrom,whetherforeseenorintendedornot.

Therationaleoftheruleisthemaxim,elquecausadela

causaescausadelmalcausado(hewhoisthecauseof

thecauseisthecauseoftheevilcaused).


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Howcriminalliabilityisincurred:

1. Bycommittinga felonyeven ifthewrongproducedas a consequence thereof is not intended by the

offender

2. Impossiblecrimes

i.ELEMENTS

(i) Anintentionalfelonyhasbeencommitted

Nofelonyiscommitted:

1. When the act oromission isnot punishable by theRPC;or

2. When the act is covered by any of the justifyingcircumstancesenumeratedinArt.11.

Theactoromissionshouldnotbepunishedby aspecial

law,becausetheoffenderviolatingaspeciallawmaynot

havetheintenttodoaninjurytoanother.Insuchcase,

the wrongful act done could not be different, as the

offenderdidnotintendtodoanyotherinjury.

Ifamancreatesinanotherpersonsmindanimmediate

sense of danger, which causes such person to try to

escape,andinsodoing,thelatterinjureshimself,theman

whocreates such a stateofmind isresponsiblefor the

resulting injuries. People v. Page, [77 SCRA 348, 355]

citingPeoplev.Toling,[G.R.No.L-27097,Jan.17,1975,

62SCRA17,33]

(ii) Thewrongdonetotheaggrievedpartybe

thedirect,naturalandlogicalconsequenceofthefelonycommittedbytheoffender

Apersonis criminally responsible foractscommittedby

him in violating of the law and for all the natural and

logicalconsequencesresultingtherefrom.U.S.v.Sornito,

[4Phil.357,360]

1. PROXIMATECAUSE

PROXIMATECAUSE is that cause, which,in natural and

continuous sequence, unbroken by any efficient

interveningcause,producestheinjury,andwithoutwhich

theresultwouldnothaveoccurred. Bataclanv.Medina,[102 Phil. 181, 186 quoting 38 Am. Jur. 695] It is that

acting first andproducingthe injury,either immediately,

or by setting other events in motion, all constituting a

natural and continuous chain of events, each having a

closecausalconnectionwithitsimmediatepredecessor.

Theremustbearelationofcauseandeffect,thecause

beingthe feloniousactof theoffended,theeffectbeing

theresultinginjuriesand/ordeathofthevictim.

NATURALreferstoanoccurrenceintheordinarycurseof

humanlifeorevents,while LOGICALmeansthatthereisa

rationalconnectionbetween the act oftheaccusedand

theresultinginjuryordamage.

Thefelonycommittedisnottheproximatecauseofthe

resultinginjurywhen:

(a) Thereisanactiveforcethatintervenedbetweenthefelonycommitted and the resulting injury, and the

activeforceisadistinctactorfactabsolutelyforeign

fromthefeloniousactoftheaccused;or

(b) Theresultinginjuryisduetotheintentionalactofthevictim.

Whendeathispresumedtobethenaturalconsequence

ofphysicalinjuriesinflicted:

(a) The victim atthe timeofthe physical injurieswereinflictedwasinnormalhealth

(b) Death may be expected from the physical injuriesinflicted

(c) Deathensuedwithinareasonabletime

2. EFFECTIVEINTERVENINGCAUSE

AnEFFECTIVEINTERVENINGCAUSEinterruptsthenatural

flowof eventsleadingtoonesdeath.Itmayrelievethe

offenderfromliability.

Notefficientinterveningcauses:

Weak or diseased physical condition of thevictim

Nervousnessortemperamentofthevictim Causeswhichareinherentinthevictim Neglectofthevictimorthirdperson Erroneous or unskillful medical or surgical

treatment

ii. Situations where a person committing a

felonyisstillcriminallyliable

a. Errorinpersonae:mistakeintheidentityofthevictim

b. Aberratioictus:mistakeintheblowc. Praeter intentionem: the injurious result is

greaterthanthatintended


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D.IMPOSSIBLECRIMES

Art. 4. Criminal liability. Criminal liability shall be

incurred:

2.Byanypersonperforminganactwhichwouldbeanoffenseagainstpersonsorproperty,wereitnotforthe

inherent impossibility of its accomplishment or an

accountoftheemploymentofinadequateorineffectual

means.

NOTE:Thecommissionofanimpossiblecrimeisindicative

ofcriminalpropensityorcriminaltendencyonthepartof

theactor.Suchapersonisapotentialcriminal.

i.REQUISITES

1. The act performed would be an offense against

personsorproperty

Incommittinganimpossiblecrime,theoffenderintendsto

commit a felony against persons or a felony against

property, and the act performed would have been an

offenseagainstpersonsorproperty.

If the act performed would bean offense other than a

felony against persons or against property, there is no

impossiblecrime.

Feloniesagainstpersons:

1. Parricide2. Murder3. Homicide4. Infanticide5. Abortion6. Duel7. Physicalinjuries8. Rape

Feloniesagainstproperty:

1. Robbery2. Brigandage3. Theft4. Usurpation5. Culpableinsolvency6. Swindlingandotherdeceits7. Chattelmortgage8. Arsonandothercrimesinvolvingdestruction9. Maliciousmischief

2. Theactwasdonewithevilintent

Itmustbeshownthattheactorperformedtheactwith

evilintent,thatis,hemusthavetheintenttodoaninjury

toanother.

3. Itsaccomplishmentis inherently impossibleorthat

the means employed is either inadequate or

ineffectual

In impossible crime, theact performedby the offender

cannotproducean offense againstpersonsor property,

because: (1)the commissionof theoffenseis inherently

impossibleofaccomplishment,or(2)themeansiseither

(a)inadequateor(b)ineffectual.

4. Theactperformedshouldnotconstituteaviolation

ofanotherprovisionoftheRevisedPenalCode

ii.INADEQUATEANDINEFFECTUALMEANS

Inherentimpossibilityofitsaccomplishment(a) Theactintendedbytheoffenderisbyitsnatureone

ofimpossibleaccomplishment.

(b) Theremust either be: (1) legal impossibility, or (2)physicalimpossibility.

(c) LEGAL IMPOSSIBILITY - the intended acts, even ifcompletedwouldnotamounttoacrime

(d) PHYSICALIMPOSSIBILITY-extraneouscircumstancesunknowntotheactororbeyondhiscontrolprevent

theconsummationoftheintendedcrime

Employmentofinadequatemeanso Meansisinsufficient

Employmentofineffectualmeanso Meansemployeddidnotproducetheresult

expected

iii.PURPOSE

Thepurposeofthelawinpunishingimpossiblecrimeisto

suppress criminal propensity or criminal tendencies.

Objectively,theoffenderhasnotcommittedafelony,but

subjectively,heisacriminal.

Art.5.Dutyof the courtinconnectionwithactswhich

should berepressedbutwhicharenot coveredbythe

law,andincasesofexcessivepenalties.Wheneveracourt has knowledge of any act which it may deem

propertorepressandwhichisnotpunishablebylaw,it

shallrendertheproperdecisionandshallreporttothe

ChiefExecutive, throughtheDepartmentof Justice,the

reasonswhichinducethecourttobelievethatsaidact

shouldbemadethesubjectofpenallegislation.


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In the same way the court shall submit to the Chief

Executive, through the Department of Justice, such

statement as may be deemed proper, without

suspendingtheexecutionofthesentence,whenastrict

enforcementoftheprovisionsofthisCodewouldresult

in the imposition ofa clearly excessive penalty, taking

into consideration the degree ofmalice and the injury

causedbytheoffense.

E.STAGESOFEXECUTION

Art. 6. Consummated, frustrated, and attempted

felonies. Consummated felonies as well as those

whicharefrustratedandattempted,arepunishable.

A felony is consummated when all the elements

necessary for its execution and accomplishment are

present; and it is frustrated when the offender

performs all the acts of execution which would

produce the felony as a consequence but which,

nevertheless, donotproduce itby reasonof causes

independentofthewilloftheperpetrator.

There is an attempt when the offender commences

thecommissionofa felonydirectlyoroveracts,and

does not perform all the acts of execution which

shouldproducethefelonybyreasonofsomecauseor

accidentotherthanthisownspontaneousdesistance.

A felony is CONSUMMATED when all the elements


present.

Itis FRUSTRATED whentheoffenderperformsall the

actsofexecutionwhichwouldproducethefelonyasa

consequencebutwhich,nevertheless,do notproduce

itby reason ofcausesindependent ofthewill ofthe

perpetrator.

There is anATTEMPT whenthe offendercommences

thecommissionofafelonydirectlybyovertacts,and

doesnotperformalltheactsofexecutionwhichshould

producethefelonybyreasonofsomecauseoraccidentotherthanhisownspontaneousdesistance.

i.DEVELOPMENTOFACRIME

1. INTERNALACTS,suchasmereideasinthemindof

a person, are not punishable even if, had they

beencarriedout,theywouldconstituteacrime.

2. EXTERNALACTScover(a)preparatoryacts;and(b)

actsofexecution.

Preparatory acts - ordinarily they are notpunishable, but preparatory acts which are

considered in themselves, by law, as

independentcrimesarepunishable.

Acts of execution - punishable under theRevisedPenalCode

a. Subjective phase - portion of the actsconstituting thecrime,startingfrom the

point where the offender begins the

commission of the crime to that point

wherehe has still control over his acts,

includingtheirnaturalcourse.

b. Objectivephase- theresultoftheactsofexecution,thatis,theaccomplishmentof

thecrime.

If the subjective and objectivephases are present, there is a

consummatedfelony.

The spontaneous desistance of theaccused is exculpatory only (a) if

made during the attempted stage,

and (b) provided that the acts

alreadycommitteddonotconstitute

anyoffense.

ii.CONSUMMATEDFELONY

A felony is consummated when all the elements


present.

Alltheelementsofthefelonyforwhichtheaccusedis

prosecutedmustbepresentinordertoholdhimliable

thereforinitsconsummatedstage.

Whena felonyhastwoormore elementsandone of

themisnotprovedbytheprosecutionduringthetrial,

either:

The felony is not shown to have beenconsummated;or

The felony is not shown to have beencommitted;or

Another felony is shown to have beencommitted.

iii.FRUSTRATEDFELONY

A felonyis frustrated whenthe offenderperformsall

theactsofexecutionwhichwouldproducethefelony


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as a consequence but which, nevertheless, do not

produceitbyreasonofcausesindependentofthewill

oftheperpetrator.

ELEMENTS:

1. Theoffenderperformsalltheactsofexecution; Nothing more is left to be done by the

offender, becausehe hasperformedthe last

actnecessarytoproducethecrime.

2. Alltheactsperformedwouldproducethefelonyasaconsequence;

Alltheactsofexecutionperformedbytheoffendercouldhaveproducedthefelonyasa

consequence.

Thebeliefoftheaccusedneednotbeconsidered.Whatshouldbeconsideredis

whetheralltheactsofexecutionperformed

bytheoffenderwouldproducethefelonyas

aconsequence.

3. Butthefelonyisnotproduced; Theactsperformedbytheoffenderdonot

producethefelony,becauseifthefelonyis

produceditwouldbeconsummated.

4. Byreasonofcauses independentofthewilloftheperpetrator.

Thereare crimes which donot admit of a frustrated

stage. By the definition of a frustrated felony, the

offender cannot possibly perform all the acts of

execution to bring the desired result without

consummatingtheoffense.

CRIMESWHICHDONOTHAVEAFRUSTRATEDSTAGE

(a) Rape, because the gravamen of the offense iscarnal knowledge, so no matter how slight the

penetration,thefelonyisconsummated.

(b) Indirectbribery,becausetheoffenseiscommittedbyaccepting giftsofferedto thepublicofficerby

reasonofhisoffice.

(c) Corruption of public officers, since the crimerequires the concurrence of the will of both

parties.(d) Adultery, because the essence of the crime is

sexualcongress.

(e) Physical injury since its determination whetherslight, less serious, or serious can only bemade

onceitisconsummated.

(f) Theft, since unlawful taking immediatelyconsummates the offense and the disposition of

thethingisnotanelement.

iv.ATTEMPTEDFELONY

Thereisanattemptwhentheoffendercommencesthe

commissionofafelonydirectlybyovertacts,anddoes

not perform all the acts of execution which should

producethefelonybyreasonofsomecauseoraccident

otherthanhisownspontaneousdesistance.

ELEMENTS:

1. The offender commences the commission of thefelonydirectlybyovertacts;

REQUISITES:o Therebeexternalacts;o Suchexternalactshavedirectconnection

withthecrimeintendedtobecommitted.

2. He does not perform all the acts of executionwhichshouldproducethefelony;

Ifthe offenderhas performed allthe acts ofexecutionnothingmoreislefttobedone

thestageof execution isthatof afrustrated

felony, i f the felony is not produced; or

consummated,ifthefelonyisproduced

3. The offenders act is not stopped by his ownspontaneousdesistance;

Rationale:Itisasortofrewardgrantedbylawtothosewho,havingonefootonthevergeof

crime, heed the call oftheir conscience and

returntothepathofrighteousness.

4. Thenon-performanceofallactsof executionwasdue to cause or accident other than his

spontaneousdesistance.

OVERTACTS

An OVERTACT is somephysical activity or deed,indicating the intention to commit a particular

crime,morethanamereplanningorpreparation,

which if carried to its complete terminationfollowing its natural course, without being

frustrated by external obstacles nor by the

voluntary desistance of the perpetrator, will

logically and necessarily r ipen into a concrete

offense.


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Therearefelonieswhere,becauseof theirnatureorthemannerofcommittingthem,theovertacts

are not performed with bodily movement or by

physicalactivity.

INDETERMINATEOFFENSE

One where the purpose of the offender inperforming an act is not certain. Its nature in

relationtoitsobjectiveisambiguous.

Theintentionof theaccusedmustbe ascertainedfromthefactsand,therefore,itisnecessarythat

themindbeable todirectly infer from themthe

intentionofthe perpetratorto causea particular

injury.

Actssusceptibleofdoubleinterpretationmustnotand cannot furnish grounds by themselves for

attempted crime. People v. Lamahang, [61 Phil.

707]

DESISTANCE

It is an absolutory causewhich negates criminalliability because the law encourages a person to

desistfromcommittingacrime.

Thedesistanceshouldbemadebeforealltheactsofexecutionareperformed.

The desistance which exempts from criminalliabilityhasreferencetothecrimeintendedtobe

committed, and has no reference to the crime

actually committed by the offender before his

desistance.

LEGALDESISTANCE FACTUALDESISTANCE

DEFINITION

Desistancereferredtoin

lawwhichwouldobviate

criminalliabilityunlessthe

overorpreparatoryact

alreadycommittedin

themselvesconstitutea

felonyotherthanwhat

theactorintended.

Actualdesistanceofthe

actor;theactorisstill

liablefortheattempt.

TIMEORPERIODEMPLOYED

Desistancemadeduring

theattemptedstage.

Desistancemadeafterthe

attemptedstageofthe

crime

v.FACTORSDETERMININGTHESTAGEOFEXECUTION

1. Natureoftheoffense 2. Elementsconstitutingthefelony 3. Mannerofcommittingthesame

vi.MANNEROFCOMMITTINGTHECRIME

1. Formal crimes: consummated is one instant, noattempt

Asarule,therecanbenoattemptataformalcrime,becausebetweenthethoughtand the

deed there is no chain of acts that can be

severedinanylink.

2. Crimes consummated by mere attempt orproposalorbyovertact

E.g. flight to enemys country (Art. 121),Corruptionofminors(Art.340)

3. Felonybyomission There can be no attempted stagewhen the

felonyisbyomission,becauseinthiskindof

felonytheoffenderdoesnotexecuteacts.He

omits to perform an act which the law

requireshimtodo.

4. Crimesrequiringtheinterventionoftwopersonsto commit them are consummated by mere

agreement

Inthecrimeofcorruptionofpublicofficer,thesameare consummatedbymereagreement.

The offermade byoneof the partiesto the

other constitutes attempted felony, if the

offerisrejected.

5. Material crimes: there are three stages ofexecution

vii.FRUSTRATEDVS.ATTEMPTEDVS.IMPOSSIBLE

CRIME

ATTEMPTED

FRUSTRATED

IMPOSSIBLECRIME

Evilintentoftheoffenderisnotaccomplished

Evilintentoftheoffender

ispossibleof

accomplishment

Evilintentofthe

offendercannotbe

accomplished

Whatpreventedits

accomplishmentisthe

interventionofcertain

causeoraccidentinwhich

theoffenderhadnopart

Inherentlyimpossibleof

accomplishmentor

meansemployedbythe

offenderisinadequateor

ineffectual

F.LIGHTFELONIES

Art. 7.When light felonies are punishable. Light

felonies are punishable when they have been


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consummated,withtheexceptionofthosecommitted

againstpersonsorproperty.

LIGHT FELONIES are those infractions of law for the

commissionofwhichthepenaltyofarrestomenorora

finenotexceeding200pesosorboth,isprovided.

Lightfeloniesarepunishableonlywhentheyhavebeen

consummated. They produce such light, such

insignificant moral and material injuries that public

conscienceissatisfiedwithprovidingalightpenaltyfor

theirconsummation.

EXCEPTION: Light felonies committed againstpersons

or property, are punishable even if attempted or

frustrated.

Rationale: The commission of felonies againstpersons orproperty presupposes in the offender

moraldepravity.

G.CONSPIRACYANDPROPOSAL.

Art. 6.Conspiracyandproposal tocommit felony.

Conspiracy and proposal to commit felony are

punishableonlyinthecasesinwhichthelawspecially

providesapenaltytherefor.

Aconspiracyexistswhentwoormorepersons come

to an agreement concerning the commission of a

felonyanddecidetocommitit.

Thereisproposalwhenthepersonwhohasdecidedto

commitafelonyproposesitsexecutiontosomeother

personorpersons.

Conspiracy and proposal to commit a crime are only

preparatoryacts,andthelawregardsthemasinnocent

orat leastpermissible except in rare andexceptional

cases.

Incrimesagainst theexternal and internal securityof

the State, if the culprit succeeds in his criminal

enterprise, hewould obtain thepower andtherefore

impunityforthecrimecommitted.

CONSPIRACY

Exists when two or more persons come to anagreementconcerningthecommissionofafelony

anddecidetocommitit

REQUISITES:

1. Twoormorepersonscametoanagreement Agreementpresupposesmeetingoftheminds

oftwoormorepersons.

2. The agreement pertains to the commission of afelony

Itmustbeanagreementtoact,toeffect,tobringaboutwhathasalreadybeenconceived

anddetermined.

3. Theexecutionofthefelonywasdecidedupon There must be participation with a criminal

resolutionbecausesimpleknowledgethereof

byapersonmayonlymakehimliableasan

accomplice.

GENERAL RULE: Conspiracy and proposal to commit

felonyarenotpunishable.

EXCEPTION: They are punishable only inthe casesin

whichthelawspeciallyprovidesapenaltytherefor.

EXAMPLESOFTHEEXCEPTION:

(a) Treason(b) Rebellion(c) Insurrection(d) Coupdetat(e) Sedition(f) Monopoliesandcombinationsinrestraintoftrade(g) Espionage(h) Highwayrobbery(i) Illegalassociation(j) SelectedactscommittedundertheComprehensive

DangerousDrugsAct

(k) Arson(l) TerrorismundertheHumanSecurityAct

FELONY MANNEROFINCURRING

CRIMINALLIABILITY

Conspiratorsshouldnot

actuallycommittreason,

rebellion,etc.,itbeing

sufficientthattwoor

morepersonsagreeand

decidetocommitit

Iftheconspiratorscommit

treason,theywillbeheld

liablefortreason,andthe

conspiracywhichtheyhad

beforecommitting

treasonisonlyamanner

ofincurringcriminal

liability,nottreatedasa

separateoffense

Felonyrelatestoacrime

actuallycommitted

Conspiracyisnottreated

asaseparateoffensebut

usedtodeterminethe


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liabilityoftheoffenders

Theactofoneistheactof

all

GENERAL RULE: When conspiracy is established, all

who participated therein, irrespective of thequantityorqualityofhisparticipationisliableequally,whether

conspiracyispre-plannedorinstantaneous.

EXCEPTION: Unless one or some of the conspirators

committedsomeothercrimewhichisnotpartofthe

intendedcrime.

EXCEPTION TO THE EXCEPTION: When the act

constitutesasingleindivisibleoffense.

DOCTRINEOFIMPLIEDCONSPIRACY

When the defendants bytheir acts aimedat thesame object, one performing one part and theother performinganotherpart soas to complete

it, with a view to the attainment of the same

object and their acts, though apparently

independent, were in fact concerted and

cooperative, indicating closeness of personal

association, concerted action and concurrence of

sentiments,thecourtwillbejustifiedinconcluding

thatsaiddefendantswereengagedinaconspiracy.

Peoplev.Geronimo,[53SCRA246,254]

Spontaneousagreement Activecooperationbyalloffenders Contributingbypositiveactstotherealizationofa

commoncriminalintent Presenceduringthecommissionofthecrimebya

bandandlendingmoralsupportthereto

PROPOSALTOCOMMITAFELONY

When the person who has decided to commit afelony proposes its execution to some other

personorpersons.

The law does not required that the proposal byacceptedby thepersonto whomthe proposal is

made.

REQUISITES:

1.

Apersonhasdecidedtocommitafelony;and2. Heproposesits executiontosomeotherpersonorpersons.

Thereisnocriminalproposalwhen

1. The person who proposes is not determined tocommitthefelony

2. Thereisnodecided,concreteandformalproposal

3. It is not the execution of the felony that isproposed

H.CLASSIFICATIONOFFELONIES(accordingto

gravity)

Art. 9. Grave felonies, less grave felonies, and light

felonies.Gravefeloniesarethosetowhichthelaw

attachesthecapitalpunishmentorpenaltieswhichin

anyoftheirperiodsareafflictive,inaccordancewith

Article25oftheCode.

Lessgravefeloniesarethosewhichthelawpunishes

with penalties which in their maximum period are

correctional,inaccordancewiththeabove-mentioned

article.

Light felonies are those infraction of law for the

commissionofwhichthepenaltyifarrestomenorora

finenotexceeding200pesos,orboth,isprovided.

Importanceofclassification

To determine whether these felonies can becomplexedornot

Todeterminetheprescriptionofthecrimeandtheprescriptionofthepenalty

GRAVEFELONIES

Reclusion perpetua, reclusion temporal, perpetualor temporary absolute disqualification, perpetual

ortemporaryspecialdisqualification,prisionmayor

LESSGAVEFELONIES

Prision correccional, arresto mayor, suspesnsion,destierro

I.OFFENSESNOTSUBJECTTOTHEPROVISIONSOF

THEREVISEDPENALCODE.

Art.10.Offensesnotsubjecttotheprovisionsofthis

Code.Offenseswhichareorinthefuturemaybe

punishableunderspeciallawsare notsubject tothe

provisions of this Code. This Code shall be

supplementarytosuchlaws,unlessthelattershould

speciallyprovidethecontrary.

GENERAL RULE: The provisions of the RPC are

supplementarytospeciallaws.

EXCEPTIONS:

1. Wherethespeciallawprovidesotherwise


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2. WhentheprovisionsoftheRPCareimpossibletoapply,eitherbyexpressprovisionorbynecessary

implication

ProvisionsofRPCapplicabletoSpecialLaws:

Art.16ParticipationofAccomplices Art. 22RetroactivityofPenal lawsif favorable to

theaccused

Art. 45 Confiscation of instruments used in thecrime

Whenthespeciallawadoptsthepenaltiesimposedin

the RPC, the provisions of the RPC on imposition of

penalties based on stages of execution, degree of

participation and attendance of mitigating and

aggravatingcircumstancemaybeappliedbynecessary

implication.

J.MULTIPLEOFFENDERS

FourFormsofRepetition:

1. Recidivism(Art.19,par.9)2. Reiteracionorhabituality(Art.14,par.10)3. Multi-recidivism or habitual delinquency (Art. 62,

par.5)

4. Quasi-recidivism(Art.160)

i.RECIDIVISM

ARECIDIVISTisonewho,atthetimeofhistrialforone

crime, shall have been previously convicted by final

judgment ofanother crime embraced inthesame title

oftheRPC.Peoplev.Lagarto,[196SCRA611,619 ]

REQUISITES:

1. Theoffenderisontrialforanoffense;2. Hewaspreviously convictedbyfinal judgmentof

anothercrime;

3. Both the first and the second offenses areembracedinthesametitleoftheCode;

4. Theoffenderisconvictedofthenewoffense.

Atthetimeofhistrialforonecrime

Whatiscontrollingisthe timeoftrial,notthetimeof

thecommissionofthecrime.Itisnotrequiredatthetime of the commission of the crime, the accused

should have been previously convicted by final

judgmentofanothercrime.

It is meant to include everything that is done in the

course of the trial, from arraignment until after

sentenceisannouncedbythejudgeinopencourt.

It is sufficient that the succeeding offense be

committed after the commission of the preceding

offense provided that the time of his trial for the

second offense, the accused had already been

convictedofthefirstoffense.

Recidivismmust be takeinto accountnomatter how

many years have intervened between the first and

secondfelonies.

Pardon does not prevent a former conviction from

being considered as an aggravating circumstance, but

amnestyextinguishesthepenaltyanditseffects.

ii.HABITUALITY(REITERACION)

REQUISITES:

1. Theaccusedisontrialforanoffense;2. Hepreviouslyservedsentenceforanotheroffense

to which the law attaches an equal or greater

penalty, or for 2 or more crimes to which it

attaches lighter penalty than that for the new

offense;and

When the penalty provided by law for theprevious offenseisequaltothatforthenew

offense;or

When the penalty provided by law for thepreviousoffenseisgreater;or

Whentheaccusedservedatleast2sentences ,evenifthepenaltiesprovidedbylawforthe

crimesarelighter.

3. Heisconvictedofthenewoffense.

REITERACION RECIDIVISM

Itisnecessarythatthe

offendershallhaveserved

outhissentenceforthe

firstoffense

Itisenoughthatafinal

judgmenthasbeen

renderedinthefirst

offense

Thepreviousand

subsequentoffensesmust

notbeembracedinthe

sametitleoftheCode

Requiresthattheoffenses

beincludedinthesame

titleoftheCode

Notalwaysanaggravating

circumstance

Alwaystakeninto

considerationinfixingthe

penaltytobeimposed

upontheaccused


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iii.QUASI-RECIDIVISM

Any person who shall commit a felony after having

beenconvictedbyfinaljudgment,beforebeginningto

servesuchsentence,orwhileservingthesame,shallbe

punished by the maximum period of the penalty

prescribedbylawforthenewfelony.

iv.HABITUALDELINQUENCY

Aperson,withintheperiodof10yearsfromthedateof

hislastreleaseorlastconvictionofthecrimeofserious

orlessseriousphysicalinjuries,robbery,theft,estafaor

falsification,isfoundguiltyofanyofsaidcrimesathird

timeoroftener.Inhabitualdelinquency,theoffenderis

either a recidivist or one who has been previously

punishedfortwoormoreoffenses.Heshallsufferan

additionalpenaltyforbeingahabitualdelinquent.

REQUISITES:

1. The offender had been convicted of any of thecrimesof seriousor less seriousphysical injuries,

robbery,theft,estafaorfalsification;

2. Afterthatconvictionorafterservinghissentence,heagaincommitted,and,within10yearsfromhis

releaseorfirstconviction,hewasagainconvicted

ofanyofthesaidcrimesforthe secondtime;

3. After his conviction of, or after service sentencefor,thesecondoffense,heagain committed,and,

within 10 years from his last release or last

conviction, he was against convicted of any said

offenses,thethirdtimeoroftener.

HABITUALDELINQUENCY RECIDIVISM

Astocrimescommitted

Thecrimesarespecified Itissufficientthatthe

accusedonthedateofhis

trial,shallhavebeen

previouslyconvictedby

finaljudgmentofanother

crimeembracedinthe

sametitleoftheCode

Astotheperiodoftimethecrimesarecommitted

Theoffenderfoundguilty

ofanyofthecrimes

specifiedwithin10years

fromhislastreleaseorlastconviction

Noperiodoftime

betweentheformer

convictionandthelast

convictionisfixedbylaw

Astothenumberofcrimescommitted

Theaccusedmustbe

foundguiltythethirdtime

oroftenerofanyofthe

crimesspecified

Thesecondconvictionfor

anoffenseembracedin

thesametitleoftheCode

issufficient

Astotheireffects

Ifthereishabitual

delinquency,anadditional

penaltyisalsoimposed

Ifnotoffsetbya

mitigatingcircumstances,

servestoincreasethe

penaltyonlytothe

maximum

RECIDIVISMVS. HABITUALITY VS.MULTI-RECIDIVISM

VS.QUASI-RECIDIVISM

RECIDVISM Generic

Aggravating

Circumstance

Whereaperson,on

separateoccasionsis

convictedof2

offensesembracedin

thesametitleinthe

RevisedPenalCode.

REITERACION

OR

HABITUALITY

Generic

Aggravating

Circumstance

Wheretheoffender

hasbeenpreviously

punishedforan

offensetowhichthelawattachesanequal

orgreaterpenaltyor

fortwocomesto

whichitattachesa

lighterpenalty.

MULTI-

RECIDIVISM

OR HABITUAL

DELINQUENCY

Extraordinary

Aggravating

Circumstance

Whereaperson

withinaperiodof10

yearsfromthedate

ofhisreleaseorlast

convictionofthe

crimesofseriousor

lessseriousphysical

injuries,robbery,theft,estafaor

falsification,isfound

guiltyofthesaid

crimesathirdtimeor

oftener.

QUASI-

RECIDIVISM

Special

Aggravating

Circumstance

Whereaperson

commitsfelony

beforebeginningto

serveorwhileserving

sentenceona

previousconviction

forafelony.

K.COMPLEXCRIMESVS.SPECIALCOMPLEXCRIMES

PLURALITY OF CRIMES consists in the successive

execution,bythesame individual,ofdifferentcriminal

acts, upon any of which no conviction has yet been

declared.

Realormaterialplurality-Differentcrimesinlaw,aswell asin the conscience oftheoffender; the


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offender shall be punished for each and every

offensethathecommitted

Formal or ideal plurality - Only one criminalliability

o When the offender commits any of thecomplexcrimesinArticle48.

o When the law specifically fixes a singlepenaltyfor twoormoreoffensescommitted

(SpecialComplexCrimes).

o When the offender commits continuouscrimes.

Art.48.Penaltyforcomplexcrimes.Whenasingle

act constitutes two or more grave or less grave

felonies,orwhenanoffenseisanecessarymeansfor

committingtheother,thepenaltyforthemostserious

crimeshallbeimposed,thesametobeappliedinits

maximumperiod.

Article48requiresthecommissionofatleast2crimes.

Butthe2ormoregraveorlessgravefeloniesmustbe

the result of a single act, or an offense must be a

necessarymeansforcommittingtheother.

Although 2 or more crimes are actually committed,

theyconstituteonlyonecrimeintheeyesofthelawas

wellasintheconscienceoftheoffender.

Theoffenderhasonlyonecriminalintent. Hence,there

isonly one penaltyimposedfor the commissionof a

complexcrime.

Article 48 could have had no other purpose than to

prescribe a penalty lower than the aggregate of the

penaltiesforeachoffense,ifimposedseparately.When

twoormorecrimesaretheresultofasingleact,the

offender is deemed less perverse than when he

commitssaidcrimesthroughseparateanddistinctacts.

Peoplev.Hernandez,[99Phil.515,542-543]

Article48 appliesonly to caseswhere theCode does

not provide a definite specific penalty for a complex

crime.

The penalty for complex crimeis the penaltyfor themost serious crime, the same to be applied in its

maximumperiod.Ifdifferentcrimesresultingfromone

single act are punished with the same penalty, the

penaltyforanyoneofthemshallbeimposed,thesame

to be applied in the maximum period. When two

felonies constitutinga complex crimesarepunishable

by imprisonment and fine, respectively, only the

penaltyofimprisonmentshouldbeimposed.

Whena complex crime ischargedand oneoffenseis

notproven,theaccusedcanbeconvictedoftheother.

KINDSOFCOMPLEXCRIMES:

1. COMPOUNDCRIME: Whenasingleactconstitutes2ormoregraveorlessgravefelonies.

REQUISITES:

Onlyasingleactisperformedbytheoffender; Thesingleactproduces:

o Twoormoregravefelonies;oro Oneormoregraveandoneormorelessgrave

felonies;or

o Twoormorelessgravefelonies.

Light felonies produced by the same act should be

treatedand punishedas separate offensesormaybe

absorbedbythegavefelony.

2. COMPLEXCRIMEPROPER:When anoffenseis anecessarymeansforcommittingtheother.

REQUISITES:

1. Atleasttwooffensesarecommitted;2. Oneorsomeoftheoffensesmustbenecessaryto

committheother;

a. Necessary means is not equivalent toindispensablemeans.

3. Bothoralloftheoffensesmustbepunishedunderthesamestatute.

When in the definition of a felony one offense is a

meanstocommittheother,thereisnocomplexcrime.

When one of the offenses was committed for the

purpose of concealing the commission of the other,

thereisnocomplexcrime.

Whenthereisnocomplexcrime:

(a) Incaseofcontinuouscrimes(b) When one offense is committed to conceal the

other(c) Whentheothercrimeisan indispensablepartor

anelementoftheotheroffenses

(d) Whereoneoftheoffensesispenalizedbyaspeciallaw

(e) When the provision provides for a two-tieredpenalty, e.g. Usurpation of property (Art. 312),


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malicious procurement of a search warrant (Art.

129), bribery (Art. 210, par. 1), maltreatment of

prisoners(Art.235)

InstanceswhereArticle48isnotapplicable:

(a) Whenthecrimessubjectofthecasehavecommonelements;

(b) Whenthecrimesinvolvedaresubjecttotheruleofabsorptionofonecrimebytheother;

(c) Wherethetwooffensesresultingfromasingleactarespecificallypunishedasasinglecrime,suchas

lessseriousphysicalinjurieswithseriousslanderof

deed,sincethisispunishedunderArt.264,par.2,

asthesinglecrimeoflessseriousphysicalinjuries

withignominy;

(d) Inspecialcomplexcrimesorcompositecrimes.

SPECIALCOMPLEXCRIMES arethosewhicharetreated

assingleindivisibleoffensesalthoughcomprisingmore

thanonespecificcrimeandwithspecificpenalty.

EXAMPLES:

(a) Rapewithhomicide Homicide must always be consummated,

otherwise, they are separate offenses. The

rape may either be consummated or

attempted.

(b) Kidnappingwithhomicide(c) Kidnappingwithrape

Different fromabductionwith rape,whereinthereislewddesign

(d) Robberywithhomicide Additionalhomicidenotaggravating

(e) Robberywithrape Additionalrapenotaggravating

(f) Robberywitharson(g) Arsonwithhomicide

Crimesinvolvedcannotbelegallycomplexed:

(a) Malicious obtention or abusive service of searchwarrant(Art.129)withperjury;

(b) Bribery(Art.210)withinfidelityinthe custodyorprisoners;

(c) Maltreatmentofprisoners (Art.235)withseriousphysicalinjuries;

(d) Usurpation of real rights (Art. 312) with seriousphysicalinjuries;and

(e) Abandonmentofpersonsindanger(Art.275)andcrimesagainstminors(Art.276-278)withanother

felon

ORDINARYCOMPLEX

CRIME

SPECIALCOMPLEXCRIME

ORCOMPOSITECRIME

AstoTheirConcept

Itismadeupoftwoor

morecrimesbeing

punishedindistinctprovisionsoftheRevised

PenalCodebutallegedin

oneinformationeither

becausetheywere

broughtaboutbyasingle

feloniesactorbecause

oneoffenseisanecessary

meansforcommittingthe

otheroffenseoroffenses.

Itismadeupoftwoor

morecrimeswhichare

consideredonlyascomponentsofasingle

indivisibleoffensebeing

punishedinoneprovision

oftheRevisedPenalCode.

AstoPenalty

Penaltyforthemost

seriouscrimeshallbe

imposedandinitsmaximumperiod.

Itisthepenalty

specificallyprovidedfor

thespecialcomplexcrimethatshallbeapplied

accordingtotheruleson

impositionofthepenalty.

ACONTINUOUS(CONTINUEDORCONTINUING)CRIME

isasinglecrime,consistingofaseriousofactsbutall

arisingfromonecriminalresolution.Althoughthereisa

seriousofacts,thereisonlyonecrimecommitted.

REQUISITES:

1. Multiplicityofacts;2. Unityofcriminalpurposeorintent;and3.

Unityofcriminaloffenseviolated.

Acontinuedcrimeisnotacomplexcrime,becausethe

offender in continued or continuous crime does not

perform a single act, but a serious of acts, and one

offense isnot a necessary meansfor committingthe

other.

REALORMATERIAL

PLURALITY

CONTINUEDCRIME

Thereisaseriesofacts

performedbythe

offender

Thereisaseriousofacts

performedbythe

offender

Eachactperformedby

theoffenderconstitutesa

separatecrime,because

eachactisgeneratedbya

criminalimpulse

Thedifferentacts

constituteonlyonecrime

becausealloftheacts

performedarisefromone

criminalresolution

ENDOFDISCUSSIONONTOPIC

2.FELONIES


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=============================================3.CIRCUMSTANCESWHICHAFFECTCRIMINALLIABILITY

=============================================TOPICUNDERTHESYLLABUS:

3.CircumstanceswhichAffectCriminalLiability

a.JustifyingCircumstances

i.Anti-ViolenceAgainstWomenand

TheirChildrenActof2004

(a)Batteredwomansyndrome

b.ExemptingCircumstances

i.JuvenileJusticeandWelfareActof

2006;ChildandYouthWelfareCode

(e)Definitionofchildinconflict

withthelaw(f)Minimumageofcriminal

responsibility

(g)Determinationofage

(h)Exemptionfromcriminal

liability

c.MitigatingCircumstances

d.AggravatingCircumstances

i.Generic

ii.Qualifying

(c)DecreeCodifyingtheLawson

Illegal/UnlawfulPossession,Manufacture,Dealingin,

AcquisitionorDisposition,of

Firearms,Ammunitionof

Explosivesasanaggravating

circumstance

(d)TheComprehensiveDangerous

DrugsActof2002

i. Asaqualifyingaggravating

circumstance

ii. Immunityfromprosecutionand

punishment,coverage

iii. Minoroffendersiv. Application/Non-

applicationofRPC

provisions

e.AlternativeCircumstances

f.AbsolutoryCause

======================================

3. CIRCUMSTANCES WHICH AFFECT CRIMINAL

LIABILITY.

A.DEFINITIONS

IMPUTABILITY is the qualityby whichan act may be

ascribedtoapersonasitsauthororowner.Itimplies

thattheactcommittedhasbeenfreelyandconsciously

doneandmay,therefore,beputdowntothedoerashi

veryown.

RESPONSIBILITY is the obligation of suffering the

consequences of crimes. It is the obligation of taking

thepenalandcivilconsequencesofthecrime.

GUILT isanelementofresponsibility,foramancannot

bemade to answer for the consequences ofa crime

unlessheisguilty.

B.JUSTIFYINGCIRCUMSTANCES

I.GENERALCONCEPTS

JUSTIFYINGCIRCUMSTANCESarethosewheretheact

ofapersonissaidtobeinaccordancewithlaw,sothat

such person isdeemed not to have transgressed the

law and is free from both criminal and civil liability.

Thereisnocivilliability,exceptinpar.4ofArticle11.

Basis:Thelawrecognizesthenon-existenceofacrime

byexpresslystating.

Itisincumbentupontheaccusedtoprovethejustifying

circumstancesclaimedbyhimtothesatisfactionofthe

court.

II.PAR.1:SELF-DEFENSE

RightsincludedinSelf-Defense:

Self-defense includes not only the defense of the

personorbodyoftheoneassaultedbutalsothatofhisrights,thoserightstheenjoymentofwhichisprotected

bylaw.Asidefromtherighttolifeonwhichreststhe

legitimatedefenseofourperson,wehavetherightto

propertyacquiredbyus,andtherighttohonorwhichis

nottheleastprizedofmanspatrimony.[1Viada,172,

173,5thedition]


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1. Defenseofperson2. Defenseofrightsprotectedbylaw3. Defenseofproperty4. Defenseofchastity

Reasonswhypenallawmakesself-defenselawful

It is based on that impulse of self-preservationborn toman and part ofhis nature asa human

being.

Classicist: grounded on the impossibility on thepart of the State to avoid a present unjust

aggression and protect a person unlawfully

attacked

Positivists: anexerciseofa right,an actof socialjusticedonetorepeltheattackofanaggression

ELEMENTS:

1. UnlawfulAggression Indispensablerequirement Actual physical assault or aggression or an

immediateandimminentthreatisrequired.

Thedefensemusthavebeenmadeduringtheexistence of aggression, otherwise, it is no

longerjustifying.

2. Reasonablenecessity ofthemeansemployedtopreventorrepelit

Testofreasonableness:

(1) Nature and quality of the weapon used byaggressor

(2) Physical condition, character, size and othercircumstancesofaggressor

(3) Physical condition, character, size andcircumstancesofpersondefendinghimself

(4) Placeandoccasionofassault

3. Lackofsufficientprovocationonthepartofthepersondefendinghimself

NOTE: Perfectequalitybetweentheweaponsusedor

material commensurability between the means of

attackand defenseby theone defending himselfand

thatof theaggressoris notrequired.It isbecausethe

victimdoesnothavesufficientopportunitytothinkand

calculate.

UNLAWFULAGGRESSION

KindsofAggressiono Lawful:fulfillmentofadutyortheexerciseof

aright

o Unlawful

It is equivalent to assault or at least threatenedassaultofanimmediateandimminent.

Theremust bean actualphysical assaultupon aperson,oratleasta threattoinflictrealinjury.

Thethreatmustbeoffensiveandpositivelystrong,showingthewrongfulintenttocauseaninjury.

PeriltoonesLifeo Actual: the danger must bepresent, that is,

actuallyinexistence

o Imminent: the danger is on the point ofhappening. It is not required that theattack

alreadybegins,foritmaybetoolate.

PeriltoonesLimbo Includes peril to the safety of ones person

fromphysicalinjuries

RETALIATION SELF-DEFENSE

Theaggressionthatwas

begunbytheinjuredpartyalreadyceasedto

existwhentheaccused

attackedhim.

Theaggressionwasstill

existingwhentheaggressorwasinjuredor

disabledbytheperson

makingadefense.

NOTESONUNLAWFULAGGRESSION

Theattackmadebythedeceasedandthekillingofthe deceased by defendant should succeed each

otherwithoutappreciableintervaloftime.

It must come from the person attacked by theaccused.

Thereisnounlawfulaggressionwhentherewasanagreementtofight.

Merebeliefofanimpendingattackisnotsufficient

HowtoDeterminetheUnlawfulAggressor:

In the absence of direct evidence to determine who

provokedtheconflict,ithasbeenheldthatitshallbe

presumedthat,inthenatureoftheorderofthings,the

personwhowasdeeplyoffendedbytheinsultwasthe

one who believed he had a right to demand

explanationof theperpetratorof that insult,and the

onewhostruckthefirstblowwhenhewasnotsatisfied

with theexplanation offered.UnitedStates v.Laurel,

[22Phil.252]

KINDSOFSELF-DEFENSE:

1. Self-defense of chastity There must be anattempttorapethevictim

2. Defense of property Must be coupledwith anattack on the person of the owner, or on one

entrustedwithsuchproperty.

Attack on property alone was deemedsufficient to comply with element of


25/76


unlawfulaggression. (Peoplev.Narvaez)

3. Self-defense in libel Justified when the libel isaimedatapersonsgoodname.

Standgroundwhenintheright-Thelawdoesnot

requireapersontoretreatwhenhisassailantisrapidly

advancinguponhimwithadeadlyweapon.

Reasonable necessity of the means employed to

preventorrepelit

The reasonableness of either or both suchnecessity depends on the existence of unlawful

aggressionanduponthenatureandextentofthe

aggression.

Necessity of the course of action taken: thenecessityofthecourseofactiontakendependson

theexistenceofunlawfulaggression

Necessityofthemeansused:themeansemployedbythepersonmakingadefensemustberationally

necessary to prevent or repel an unlawful

aggression

In repellingor preventingan unlawfulaggression,theone defendingmustaim athis assailant, and

notindiscriminatelyfirehisdeadlyweapon.

Thepeaceofficer,in theperformanceofhisduty,represents the law which hemust uphold. While

thelawonself-defenseallowsaprivateindividual

toprevent or repel an aggression, the duty of a

peace officer requires him to overcome his

opponent.Apoliceofficeris notrequiredto afford

aperson attackinghim, theopportunityfor afair

andequalstruggle.

FactorstobeConsidered:

(a) Presenceofimminentdanger(b) Emergencytowhichthepersondefendinghimself

hasbeenexposedto

(c) Nature and quality of the weapon used by theaccusedcomparedtotheweaponoftheaggressor

(d) Size or physical character of the aggressorcomparedtotheaccusedandothercircumstances

thatcanbeconsideredshowingdisparitybetween

aggressorandaccused

NOTE: Thefirst two requisites thus far explained arecommon to self-defense, defense of a relative, and

defenseofastranger.

Lack of sufficient provocation on the part of the

persondefendinghimself

The one defending himself must not have given

cause forthe aggressionby hisunjustconductor

byincitingorprovokingtheassailant.

Casesinwhichthirdrequisiteconsideredpresent: o No provocation at all was given to the

aggressorbythepersondefendinghimself

o When,evenifaprovocationwasgiven,itwasnotsufficient

o When,eveniftheprovocationwassufficient,it was not given by the person defending

himself

Theexerciseofarightcannotgiverisetosufficientprovocation.

Theprovocationmustbe sufficient,whichmeansthat it should be proportionate to the act of

aggressionandadequatetostirtheaggressortoits

commissionPeoplev.Alconga,[78Phil.366]

ANTI-VIOLENCE AGAINST WOMEN AND THEIR

CHILDRENACTOF2004(R.A.9262)

Section26providesthatvictim-survivorswho arefoundbythecourtstobesufferingfromBattered

WomanSyndromedonotincuranycriminalorcivil

liabilitynotwithstandingtheabsenceofanyofthe

elements for justifying circumstance of self-

defenseundertheRPC.

BATTERED WOMAN SYNDROME refers to ascientificallydefinedpatternofpsychologicallyand

behavioral symptoms founds in women living in

battering relationships as a result of cumulative

abuse

CYCLEOFVIOLENCE:Peoplev.Genosa,[G.R.No.1395981,January15,2004]

o Tensionbuildingphaseo Acutebatteringincident

o Tranquil, loving phase (non-violentphase)

Characteristicsofthesyndrome o Thewomanbelievesthattheviolencewasher

fault

o Shehasaninabilitytoplacetheresponsibilityfortheviolenceelsewhere

o Shefearsforherlifeand/orherchildrenslifeo Shehasanirrationalbeliefthattheabuseris

omnipresentandomniscient.

BATTERY refers to any act of inflicting physicalharmuponthewomanorherchild,resultingtoa

physicalandpsychologicaloremotionaldistress


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III.PAR.2:DEFENSEOFRELATIVES

ELEMENTS:

1. Unlawfulaggression(indispensablerequirement) Unlawful aggression need not exist as a

matterorfact.Itcanbemadetodependupon

thehonestbeliefoftheonemakingadefense.

UnitedStatesv.Esmedia,[17Phil.260,264]

2. Reasonablenecessity ofthemeansemployedtopreventorrepelit

3. Incase theprovocationwasgivenby thepersonattacked,theonemakingthedefensehadnopart

insuchprovocation

Theclause,incasetheprovocationwasgivenby theperson attacked, usedin statingthe

thirdrequisitedoesnotmeanthattherelative

defended should give provocation to the

aggressor. It merely states an event which

mayormaynottakeplace.

There is still a legitimate defense of relativeeveniftherelativebeingdefendedhasgiven

provocation,providedthattheonedefending

suchrelativehasnopartintheprovocation.

RelativeentitledtotheDefense:

1. Spouse2. Ascendants3. Descendants4. Legitimate, natural or adopted brothers and

sisters,orrelativesbyaffinityinthesamedegrees

5. Relatives by consanguinity within the 4th civildegree

NOTE: The relative defended may be the original

aggressor.Tojustifytheactoftherelativedefending,

hemustnottakepartinsuchprovocation.

Basis:Humanitariansentimentandupontheimpulseof

bloodwhich impels men to rush, on the occasion of

greatperils,totherescueofthoseclosetothembyties

ofblood.

IV.PAR.3:DEFENSEOFSTRANGER

ELEMENTS:

1. Unlawfulaggression(indispensablerequirement)2. Reasonablenecessity ofthemeansemployedto

preventorrepelit

3. Person defending be not induced by revenge,resentmentorotherevilmotive

Thedefenseofastrangermustbeactuatedbydisinterestedorgenerousmotive.

A STRANGER is any person not included in the

enumerationofrelativesmentionedinparagraph2.

Basis:Whatonemaydoinhisdefense,anothermaydo

forhim.

V.PAR. 4:AVOIDANCEOFGREATEREVILORINJURY

(STATEOFNECESSITY)

ELEMENTS:

1. Evilsoughttobeavoidedactuallyexists.2. Injuryfearedbegreaterthanthatdonetoavoidit3. No other practical and less harmful means of

preventingit

In cases fallingwithin subdivision 4 of Article11,the

persons for whose benefit the harm has been

prevented, shall be civilly liable in proportion to the

benefitwhichtheymayhavereceived(Art.101)

The necessity must not be due to the negligence or

violationofanylawbytheactor.

VI. PAR. 5: FULFILLMENT OF DUTY OR LAWFUL

EXERCISEOFRIGHTOROFFICE

ELEMENTS:1. Accusedacted in theperformance ofduty or in

thelawfulexerciseofarightoroffice

2. Injury caused or offense committed is thenecessary consequenceof the due performance

oftheduty,orthelawfulexerciseofsuchrightor

office

NOTES:

The accused must prove that he was dulyappointed to the position claimed he was

discharging atthe time of thecommissionof the

offense.

The deceased was under the obligation tosurrender,andhadnoright,afterevadingservice

of his sentence, to commit assault and

disobedience with a weapon in his hand, which

compelled the policeman to resort to such an

extrememeans, which, although it proved to be

fatal,wasjustifiedbythecircumstances.Peoplev.


27/76


Delima,[46Phil.738]

It is not necessary that there by unlawfulaggression against the person charged with the

protection of the property. If there is unlawful

aggression against the person charged with the

protection of the property, then paragraph 1 of

Art. 11 applies, it being a defense of right to

property.

DOCTRINE OF SELF-HELP - The owner or lawfulpossessor ofa thinghasthe right toexcludeany

personfrom theenjoymentand disposal thereof.

Forthispurpose,hemayusesuchforceasmaybe

reasonablynecessarytorepelorpreventanactual

or threatened unlawful physical invasion or

usurpationofhisproperty.

VII. PAR. 6: OBEDIENCE TO AN ORDER ISSUED FOR

SOMELAWFULPURPOSE

ELEMENTS:

1. Anorderhasbeenissued2. Theorderhasa lawfulpurposeandnotpatently

illegal

3. Means used by subordinate to carry out saidorderislawful

NOTE: The superior officer giving the order cannot

invoke this justifying circumstance. Good faith is

material, as the subordinate is not liable for carrying

outanillegalorderifheisnotawareofitsillegalityand

heisnotnegligent.

GENERAL RULE: Subordinate cannot invoke this

circumstancewhenorderispatentlyillegal.

EXCEPTION:Whenthereiscompulsionofanirresistible

force,orunderimpulseofuncontrollablefear.

C.EXEMPTINGCIRCUMSTANCES

ART.12.ExemptingCircumstances(IFINDIA)

I.GENERALCONCEPTS

EXEMPTING CIRCUMSTANCES are those grounds for

exemption from punishment due to absence of any

conditionsintheagentofthecrimewhichmakestheact

voluntaryornegligent.

Technically, one who acts by virtue of any exempting

circumstancescommitsacrime,althoughbythecomplete

absenceofanyoftheconditionswhichconstitutefreewill

or voluntariness of the act, no criminal liability arise.

(Guevara)

The completeabsence of intelligence, freedomofaction,

or intent, or absence of negligence on the part of theaccused.

The burden of proof to prove the existence of an

exemptingcircumstancelieswithinthedefense.

JUSTIFYING EXEMPTING

WHO/WHAT

ISAFFECTED

Act Actor

NATURE OF

ACT

Actisconsidered

legal

Actiswrongfulbut

actorisnotliable

EXISTENCE

OFACRIME

None Yes,butsince

voluntarinessis

absenttheactorisnotliable

LIABILITY Nocrime

Nocriminal

Nocriminal

liability

Nocivilliability

EXCEPTcivil

liabilityinArt.

11(4)[stateof

necessity]

Thereisacrime

Nocriminal

Nocriminal

liability

Thereiscivil

liabilityEXCEPTas

toArt.12(4)

[injurybymere

accident]and(7)

[lawfulcause]

II.PAR.1:IMBECILITYORINSANITY

IMBECILITYexistswhenaperson,whileofadvancedin

agehas amentaldevelopment comparable tothat of

childrenbetween2and7yearsold.Animbecileisone

whodeprivedcompletelyofreasonordiscernmentand

freedom of the will at the time of committing the

crime.Heisexemptinallcasesfromcriminalliability.

INSANITYexistswhenthereiscompletedeprivationof

intelligenceorreasonorwithouttheleastdiscernment

or with total deprivation of free will. This does not

includemereabnormalityof thementalfaculties. The

insaneisnotsoexemptifitcanbeshownthatheacted

duringalucidinterval.

Itisnecessarythattherebeacompletedeprivationof

intelligencewhilecommittingtheact,thatis,thatthe

accusedbedeprivedofreason;thatheactswithoutthe

leastdiscernment;orthat therebe a totaldeprivation

offreedomofthewill .Peoplev.Formigones,[87Phil.


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658,661]

Thedefensemustprovethattheaccusedwasinsaneat

thetimeofthecommissionofthecrime,becausethe

presumption is always in favor of sanity. People v.

Bascos,[44Phil.204,206]

Basis:Completeabsenceofintelligence,anelementof

voluntariness

TIMEWHENACCUSED

SUFFERSINSANITY

EFFECTONCRIMINAL

LIABILITY

Atthetimeofthe

commissionofthefelony

Exemptfromcriminal

liability

Duringtrial Accusediscriminal

liability,buttrialwillbe

suspendeduntilthe

mentalcapacityofthe

accusedberestoredto

affordhimafairtrial;and

accusediscommittedtoa

hospital

Afterjudgmentorwhile

servingsentence

Executionofjudgmentis

suspended,theaccusedis

committedtoahospital.

Theperiodofconfinement

inthehospitaliscounted

forthepurposeofthe

prescriptionofthe

penalty.

The evidence of insanity must refer to the time

preceding theactundertheprosecutionor tothevery

momentofitsexecution.

TestsofInsanity:

1. Cognition:completedeprivation ofintelligence incommittingthecrime

2. Volition:totaldeprivationoffreedomofwill

ScopeofthetermInsanity:

1. Dementiapraecox:irresistiblehomicidalimpulse2. Schizophrenia: chronic mental disorder

characterized by inability to distinguish between

fantasy and reality and often accompanied byhallucinationsanddelusions

3. Kleptomania4. Epilepsy:chronicnervousdiseasecharacterizedby

fits,occurringatintervals,attendedbyconclusive

motionsofthemusclesandlossofconsciousness.

5. Feeblemindedness:notexempting

6. Pedophilia:notinsanity7. Amnesia: not proof of mental condition of the

accused

8. Othercausesoflackofintelligencea. CommittingacrimewhileinadreamPeople

v.Taneo,[58Phil.255]

b. Somnambulism or sleepwalking People v.

Gimena,[55Phil604]

c. Committing a crime while suffering from

malignantmalariaPeoplev.Lacena,[69Phil.

350]

III.PAR.2AND3:MINORITY

Basis:Completeabsenceofintelligence

Undernine(9)yearsshouldbeconstruednineyears

orless;asmaybe inferredfromthenextsubsequent

paragraph which does not totally exempt a person

overnineyearsofageifheactedwithdiscernment

(Art.189,P.D.603)

JUVENILE JUSTICE AND WELFARE ACT OF 2006 AND

CHILDANDYOUTHWELFARECODE

CHILD INCONFLICT WITH THELAW refers to a child

who is allegedas, accused of,or adjudged as,having

committedanoffenseunderPhilippinelaws.

Under the Juvenile Justice andWelfareAct of 2006,

thefollowingareexemptfromcriminalliability:

(a) Child15yearsofageorunderatthetimeof the commission of the offense.

However,thechildshallbesubjecttoan

interventionprogramas providedunder

Section20ofthesamelaw.

(b) Child above 15 years old but below 18years of age who acted without

discernment.

It isincumbent uponthe prosecution toprove that a minor who is over 15 but

under 18 years of age has acted with

discernment.

DETERMINATIONOFAGEThe child in conflict with the law shall enjoy the

presumption ofminority. The age of a childmay be

determinedfrom:

1. Childsbirthcertificate2. Baptismalcertificate3. Anyotherpertinentdocuments


29/76


4. Based on information from the childhimself/herself

5. Testimoniesofotherpersons6. Physicalappearanceofthechild7. Otherrelevantevidence

PeriodsofCriminalResponsibility:

1. Absolute irresponsibility: 15 years and below(infancy)

2. Conditional responsibility: between 15 and 18years

Withoutdiscernment:notcriminallyliable Withdiscernment:criminallyliable

3. Full responsibility:18 orover(adolescence) to70(maturity)

4. Mitigated responsibility: mitigated responsibility,noimpositionofdeathpenalty,executionofdeath

sentencemaybesuspendedandcommuted

DISCERNMENT is the mental capacity to understand

the difference between right and wrong, and such

capacitymaybeknownandshouldbedeterminedby

taking into consideration all the facts and

circumstancesaffordedbytherecordsineachcase,the

very appearance, the very attitude, the very

comportment and behavior of said minor, not only

beforeandduringthecommissionoftheact,butalso

afterandevenduringthetrial.Peoplev.Doquea,[68

Phil580,583]

DISCERNMENT INTENT

Relatestothemoral

significancethataperson

ascribestothesaidact

Referstothedesiredact

oftheperson

Discernment may be shown by: (1) the manner the

2012+criminal+law+summer+reviewer book1 final printversion

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