2013 5to plan 1 prehistoric britain (main)

Prehistoric BritainFrom stone to bronze

2© Alba P. Romero - 2013

Index

Content Activities PageDid early humans live at the same time as

dinosaurs?4

Fossils and artifacts 4The Savage Stone age 5

The Human Race 6Going ape! 8

Australopithecus 9Lucy 10

A scientists’ party 10Handy man 11

Upright man 14The “nerd” names 8

Meet the wise guys 15Timeline 15

Homo Sapiens 16Mammoth pile up! 18Wild-beast wipeout 19

Modern humans 20Homo Sapiens Sapiens 21

An Ice-Age supermarket 24Cold Facts 25

Test your survival skills 25The Caves 26

Stone Age decorator 26Portable or stationary? 26

A TV infomercial 27Cave painting 27Kids in caves 28

Cresswell Crags 31Craft a cave carving 32

Rock with the caveman 33Music and archaeology series 34

In the days of the caveman 35A Stone Age Vernissage 36

Mesolithic 37Neolithic 39

Connect with arrows 39Megaliths 40Avebury 41

Stanton Drew 42Ring of Brodgar 43

Callanish 43


Costume party: We rock!! 44Stonehenge 45

Stonehenge Quiz 49Build a stone circle 51

This is spinal tap! 54Stonehenge replicas: Car and phonehenge 56

Paleo-, Meso-, Neo-? 57West Kennet Long Barrow 59

The Neolithic Village of Skara Brae 61Connect with arrows 64

Bronze Age Britain 65The Amesbury Archer 65The Mold Gold Cape 66

Design a comic strip 67Beaker culture 68

Samples of beaker pottery 68Silbury Hill Earth Mound 68Seahenge timber circle 69

Flag Fen timber site 69Dover boat 70

Grimspound houses 71Classified ads 71

Grand Finale Stonehenge song 72Running your own travel

agency74

Musical questionnaire 74Cave of the Hands 76

Vocabulary 77


Did early man live at the same time as dinosaurs?

The answer to that one is simple. Nah! No way. Not a chance. Nobody knows for sure why dinosaurs disappeared, but they do know that dinosaurs died out about 65 million years ago. The first hominids (human-like primates) did not appear until 3 million years ago. Even if scientists are off a few million years or so, early man simply did not live during the same period in history as dinosaurs.

This is not to say that early man had it easy. They did have to face saber-toothed tigers, cave lions, and woolly mammoths! But, they did not have to fight dinosaurs! (Some of the movies you've seen have men fighting dinosaurs - fortunately for mankind, this is movie nonsense. Dinosaurs were long gone before man first appeared.)

As you learn about Early Man, you may find words with which you are not familiar. I'll give you three definitions right now, because these are terms you will see quite often!

Hominids are the family of mankind and his or her relatives.

Fossils are remains of living things (plants, animals, people), not things that were made.

Artifacts are remains of things that were made, not of living things.


Man went through a lot of different stages to evolve into the human being of today! One of the most important advancements in human history was the development and use of tools. Tools allowed hominids to become the masters of their environments and to perform important tasks that made life easier for them. The first tools were made out of stone. Thus, historians refer to the period of time before written history as the Stone Age.

Anthropologists divide hominids into three different types based on their body shapes and lifestyles. The first type of hominids is referred to as “Homo habilis”,

which means ‘person with abilities.' The second type of early human living on the Earth was “Homo erectus”, which means ‘person who walks upright.' The final type of hominid living on the Earth is Homo sapiens. Homo sapiens means ‘person who

can think’.

All humans living on the Earth today are Homo sapiens.


Anthropologists study humans and other human-like creatures known as hominids. They compare the bones of these creatures to one another, looking for changes in

brain size and posture.


Australopithecus "Southern Ape" Human-Like Hominids3.6 to 1.8 million BCE

Lucy

About 3 million years ago, the earth was populated with deer, giraffes, hyenas, cattle, sheep, goats, antelope, gazelles, horses, elephants, rhinoceroses, camels, ground squirrels, beavers, cave lions, ants, termites, porpoises, whales, dogs with huge teeth, and saber-toothed tigers! Giant sharks, were plentiful. There were all kinds of birds

and plants and fish.

(Dinosaurs, in case you missed the introduction, died out about 65 million years ago. They were long gone.)

About this same time in history, around 3 million years ago, the higher primates, first appeared.

There was a difference between apes and man.

Human-like hominids could stand upright. Apes could not. Their hands were different, too. Ape hands were made for climbing and clinging. Early man's hands were jointed differently, which allowed them to not only use tools, but to make tools.


There is no evidence that Australopithecus made their own tools. There is, however, strong evidence that they used sticks and bones to help them dig and defend themselves.

Their diet was mostly vegetarian, along with some meat, probably obtained by scavenging.

You might wonder how we know anything about hominids who lived over 3 million years ago! How do we know they even existed? Lucy told us! In 1974, a skeleton was found in Africa. The bones were those of a young female, approximately 20 years old when she died. Scientists named this "young lady" Lucy, after a song written by the “Beatles” they were listening to while celebrating the discovery.

Lucy was rather short, about 4 feet tall and probably weighed about 50 pounds. Her brain was about the size of an orange. Her bones showed she probably walked erect, although she still had the ability to climb trees easily. There were no signs of broken bones or teeth marks that might show why she died. Scientists suspect that she probably fell into a lake or river and drowned. Scientists are like detectives. They can tell a great deal from a skeleton, whether it's a year old, or 3 million years old!

Role playing: Prepare a short scene between three or four of the anthropologists who discovered Lucy, the night of their amazing finding. Accompany the scene with the Beatles’ s

theme “Lucy in the Sky of Diamonds”. Learn it properly in order to be able to perform your part by heart.


Homo Habilis "Handy Man"1.8 to 1.6 million BCE

The first true humans - the tool-makers

Man had to get smart to survive. Man did not have strong claws to help them fight. They could not out run early tigers or cave lions. The “Homo habilis” is credited with inventing stone tools to help live more comfortably, and to better protect themselves against the many carnivore (meat eating) animals of the time.

“Homo habilis” were taller than their ancestors, the human-like primates (Lucy's people), and had larger brains. They followed food sources, and sheltered under cliffs, whenever possible. You might think they would look for caves to spend the night, but caves quite often had dangerous occupants, just as they do today.


Scientists are pretty sure that “homo habilis” built campfires. But they did not know how to make fire.

Since man had not yet learned how to make fire, these early people had to wait until they found something burning from natural causes, set aflame for example from a lightning strike. A campfire had to be carefully watched, because if the fire went out, they did not know how to start it again.

The area around the campfire was probably used as a sleeping area. A roaring campfire would keep most wild animals away, as most are afraid of fire. When they broke camp, these early people probably attempted to bring their fire with them by carrying several lit branches, with which to start a new campfire when they stopped again. If their branches went out, they did without fire until they found something burning somewhere.

Remains of their campfires have been found and dated. Scientists have found stone tools at these sites! Animal bones have been found, as well. They indicate that “Homo habilis” hunted and/or scavenged fat-rich marrow from bones.


Homo Erectus "Upright Man"1,600,000 BCE to about 300,000 BCE

It took man another 200,000 years to grow

up. “Homo erectus” man was about the same size as modern humans, although they only had two-thirds the size of our brains. Their tool-making skills were considerably improved.

These early people learned to make fire! They were probably a bit startled when they saw what they had created, little knowing that the invention of fire would change life dramatically

Why was the ability to able to make fire so important?

Location: They could choose where they camped. They no longer had to shelter out of the wind: if their fire went out, they could relight it. On a hot night a breeze might feel good.

Movement: Control of fire made moving into colder regions possible, as fire they could count on would provide them with warmth.

Protection from animals: As man had already discovered, most animals were afraid of fire, so a roaring campfire gave protection to the group or tribe.


Protection from disease: It also changed the way they prepared food. These people began to cook their food consistently. Food that is cooked is more secure from disease and much softer to eat. As a result, it would have been easier for the young and the old to survive.

The “Homo erectus” species was the first to look like....people! because their teeth and jaws were shaped somewhat like ours are today.

About one million years ago, these people began to slowly leave Africa and travel to other continents. They did not need a boat. The Ice Age was here! For a very long time, the earth was frozen, creating giant walkways, which were natural bridges of solid ice. These "walkways" allowed them to travel over what would later be vast rivers and seas.

What are the scientific names for:a) Lucy?b) Handy man?c) Upright man?


And now …

Draw a time line of the evolution of mankind regarding the following milestones

a) 3,5 million yearsb) 2,4 a 1,6 million yearsc) 1,9 a 0,2 million yearsd) 800.000 years


Homo Sapiens "Wise Man"500,000 BCE to 30,000 BCE

Is it Neandertal or Neanderthal?

From fossils, scientists have discovered that these early men had skeletons shaped like ours are, today. Homo sapiens skulls grew more forward than those of “Homo erectus” man, which left room for more brain to develop. In fact, their brains were slightly larger than those of modern humans

Neandertals: One of the species of early man during this period was Homo Neandertalensis, the Neanderthal man, named after the valley (Neander Tal) in which the skeleton of an old man was discovered.

In the beginning, scientists believed Neanderthals were dim-witted brutes with clubs and beast-like features, who walked with bent knees and shambling gaits, with heads slung forward on their big squat necks. These were the ancestors nobody wanted! It was the stuff of horror movies, and just as fictional!

Scientists had to rethink a bit when it was later discovered that this old man was suffering from disfiguring arthritis! The Neanderthal man they had discovered was not


misshapen because of his species; he was misshapen because he had a disease that bent and crippled his bones!

Still, Neanderthals were different from other species of early man. They were much taller, and very strong. They had an almost modern mentality. Their brains were actually larger than ours are today. (That doesn't mean anything, really. The size of your brain doesn't necessarily make you smarter. However, the Neanderthals do seem to have been very advanced for their time!)

They were marvelous hunters. They created bone needles with which they sewed clothes from animal skins and made warm boots. There is also evidence that Neanderthal cared for their sick and injured. Fossil remains show serious injuries, such as broken legs, which had healed completely. It is even possible that Neanderthal used medicines. They buried their dead with ceremony, which suggests they may have had religious beliefs. Discoveries of Neanderthal grave sites show that they decorated their bodies with paint, possibly for religious reasons, or perhaps for beauty. These sites provide the first evidence of the use of color, and suggest the Neanderthals were the first to think about the possibility of an afterlife. Burial plots have been found where the dead were covered with flowers and buried with food along with the tools they would need in the next life.

A History Mystery: The Neanderthals died out around 30,000 BCE. One theory is that they were killed off by another species of “Homo sapiens”, but there is no evidence of this. Some scientists believe they married and merged with other groups, and that over time, they ceased to exist as a separate species. But these are just theories. Nobody knows why they disappeared. Considering how smart they were, and how advanced for their time, it's an especially fascinating puzzle!


And now let’s welcome …

THE


Homo Sapiens Sapiens Cro-Magnon and "Moderns"

30,000 BCE to 10,000 BCE

When and where?

By this time, man had become very capable hunters/gatherers, and had scattered all over the world. Life was harsh, but they had plenty of food and warm shelter. Many members of these groups lived to a very old age. Scientists have found remains of these early people in Europe, Asia, America, Africa, all over, really.

The Homo sapiens sapiens who lived in Europe were called Cro-Magnon after the location of their discovery in France in the 1860s.

Bodies and speechCro-Magnon was the first species to have the same shaped bodies and skulls as modern humans. Their skulls had more rounded brain cases and pointed chins. Their foreheads were flat, rather than sloping. Their noses and jaws were small and they have small teeth that were packed together. Based on the position of the larynx, Cro-Magnons were the first ancestors capable of clear speech which enabled them to have a more advanced language. This made it possible to share information, and pass down knowledge and culture.


Homes These early men built permanent homes, to shelter from the long, harsh winter of the Ice Age. In the summer, they followed the herds, and lived in tents.

Winter homes were built from branches and bones, covered with animal skins. These huts were used for many years, so they built them carefully. Holes were dug, deeply into the ground. Poles were inserted into these holes, and then tied tightly together at the point of the tepee, at the top, with string made from animal guts. Warm furs were laid over this structure and sewn tightly in place. Large rocks were piled around the bottom, to help hold the hut together.

Some huts were built to hold only a small group of people. But remains of "long huts" have been found, large enough to hold an entire tribe. Long huts had several entrances, with rooms for several fires inside.

In the summer, the tribe moved, following the animals. They lived in sturdy tents that could be moved from place to place. As winter approached again, they returned to their winter shelters.

Food:These hunter-gatherers ate a variety of seeds, berries, and nuts, as did their ancestors. They also ate fish and seemed to have an ample supply of freshly caught game. They learned to organize hunts and to cure and store food for the long winter. Hunting was done individually and in groups. They used traps, which allowed them to catch food


while they were busy doing something else. Fishermen used bows and arrows, nets, fish hooks, and even poisons. Some groups built rafts and canoes, to catch bigger fish in deeper waters.

ClothingIn colder climates, early man learned to soften leather to make warm, comfortable clothes, sewn together with string made from animal guts, using needles made from bone.

Tools & weapons Man had learned to be a skilled toolmaker. The advanced tools and technology of Cro-Magnons allowed them to quickly adapt to and master their environments. In addition to stone, Cro-Magnons used other materials for making tools. These materials included bones, antlers, teeth and ivory. Cro-Magnons also invented new kinds of long distance weapons, such as bows and arrows and spears. (Both the saber-toothed tiger and the woolly mammoth became extinct during this period, but that more probably reflects a shift in climate rather than hunting by humans.) Axes allowed humans to chop down trees. Evidence has been found to show that early humans used some of these logs to make canoes.

JewelleryThey made necklaces and bracelets out of shells, teeth, feathers, flowers, and bone. Some decorated their bodies with paint and tattoos, made from natural dyes. These may have been signs of social standing or tribal ID's (identification signs).


Stone Age people used materials from different sources to make a variety of tools designed for a particular job. Explore which materials you might have used. Leather: Skins of animals were an essential material for making bags and rucksacks as well as clothes, shoes, sleeping bags, and tents.

Flint spearheads: Large flint points were attached to spears as weapon heads.

Cord: Plant fibres, animal gut and hair could be woven together to make lengths of cord to fasten flint to wooden shafts, bind or carry equipment, stitch clothes, as well being woven together to make netting.

Jewellery: Bone, ivory and teeth were all used to make jewellery during the Ice Age. These objects could either have been sewn onto clothes or worn as a necklace.

Ivory: Ivory is extremely hard and, like antler, could be smoothed and shaped into harpoon points.

Design the floor plan and lay out of an Ice-Age style supermarket. Divide each section properly.

Art The Cro-Magnon's were known for their art work. They were the first people to discover how to paint, sculpt, carve, and use color. They created pottery, and fired it to give it luster, strength, and durability. They created little statues, carved from ivory and bone. Their paints were made by grinding colored rocks into powders and then mixing them with animal fat. Colors included shades of red, orange, brown, black, and yellow.

ROCK ART GAME: Chip off the block!http://rockart.ncl.ac.uk/interactive/learningjourneys/interactive_learningjourneys_game.htm

Modern humansThe Cro-Magnon never died off, they just evolved into modern humans.

The cold facts


http://rockart.ncl.ac.uk/interactive/learningjourneys/interactive_learningjourneys_game.htm

http://rockart.ncl.ac.uk/interactive/learningjourneys/interactive_learningjourneys_game.htm

The Ice Ages began about two million years ago. From this time the climate started to swing dramatically from warm interglacials to cold glacial periods. The last glacial period occurred from approximately 110,000 to 10,000 years ago. We live in an interglacial.

COULD YOU HAVE SURVIVED THE ICE AGE?Test your survival skills

1. Where would you find your food in during the Ice Age?

Shops

Farms

Wild animals

2. What would you make your clothes out of?

Leather and fur

Wool and cotton

Polyester and acrylic

3. What would you hunt and kill animals with?

Ballistas

Spears and traps

Guns

4. What types of materials would you make tools and weapons with?

Metals

Stone, bone, antler and ivory

Plastic

5. Where would you live?

Tents and caves

Brick houses

Wooden huts

Correct answers: Wild animals; leather and fu; spears and traps; stone, bone, antler and ivory; tents and caves

If you scored 5 well done, the freezing cold of the Ice Age should not be a problem for you


If you scored 4 good work, we suggest you look at the answers so you can be sure of survivalIf you scored 3 your survival is in the balance, perhaps you need to take the test again!

If you scored 2 there may be excavators digging you up in 100,000 yearsIf you scored 1 you have no chance of surviving

If you scored 0 let's hope you never have to go out in the cold!

The CavesCaves were warm in winter, cool in summer and provided shelter from the rain all year round. However they can be draughty. To make themselves more comfortable Stone Age people might have made improvements by

- putting up a windbreak, - set a fire (people liked to gather around a fire to chat, keep warm and cook.

Fire also provided light in the darkness of the cave and scared off wild animals)- use bedding (furs, skin blankets and sleeping bags, as well as dried grass could

be used to make a soft, warm place to sleep).- or choosing a south facing site.

Imagine you are a Stone Age decorator. Prepare a letter suggesting some functional improvements to a family who has just occupied a new cave.

Portable or stationary? Paleolithic Art

Imagine sitting in a cave, flickering firelight dancing with shadows on the cave walls, someone telling a story as another person sings softly accompanied by the rhythmic sounds of bones being tapped together or the bird- like music of a bone whistle. The hunters/gatherers of the Last Ice Age were also artists. Sculptures, engraved drawings, paintings, and jewellery are often found with tools and weapons made by humans about 35,000 years ago.

What kinds of art were created during this time?Only two: portable and stationaryPortable art was necessarily small (in order to be portable) and mainly consisted of either figurines or decorated objects. These things were carved (from stone, bone or antler) or modeled with clay. We refer to most of the portable art from this time as figurative, meaning it actually depicted something recognizable, whether animal or human in form.


http://images.google.com.ar/imgres?imgurl=http://www.reddehuertas.com.ar/ximages/020willendorf.jpg&imgrefurl=http://www.reddehuertas.com.ar/textos11al20/02006huertaafrodisiaca.htm&usg=__eQLj9zirB5BOsQ25w1q_zUncaqQ=&h=576&w=313&sz=32&hl=es&start=2&itbs=1&tbnid=dnrw75Z8N9kmMM:&tbnh=134&tbnw=73&prev=/images?q=%22Venus+de+Willendorf%22&gbv=2&hl=es

The figurines are often referred to by the collective name of "Venus" (name of the Greek goddess of Love), as they are unmistakably females of child-bearing build.

Stationary art was just that: it didn't move. The best examples exist in cave paintings in western Europe. We've guessed (and it's only a guess) that these paintings served some form of ritualistic or magical purpose, as they are located far from the mouths of caves where everyday life took place. Animals are vividly realistic depicted, while humans, on the other hand, are either completely absent or stick figures.

Write the script of a modern TV infomercial, advertising either portable or stationary Paleolithic art (to be performed in class).

Cave Painting & Rock Art

No one knows why Cro-Magnon man painted marvelous and astonishing paintings on rock walls, deep within caves. Like many discoveries, the existence of cave paintings was discovered accidentally. The caves in Lascaux, France were found around 1940, during World War II, by some kids. They stumbled across the entrance to a cave that had been hidden by the roots of a tree. Once people knew these paintings existed, people went looking for more such caves, and found them! There are probably more caves with cave paintings yet to be found!

DANGER: Wouldn't it be neat to discover such a cave? But, be careful. Caves can be very dangerous places. If you find a cave, it would be wise (very wise!) to get some adult help, before you go tearing inside, and find yourself in some very serious trouble.


As a matter of fact, when you think cave, you might think of a big place, with high ceilings. Not so. In order to reach the places where cave paintings have been found, Cro-Magnon man had to crawl on his belly, through mazes of narrow, dark tunnels, by the light of a flicking torch or a spoon-like oil lamp (which had to be hand carried and balanced carefully to hold the burning oil in the rounded part of the spoon - while crawling along on your belly), and carrying the paints he had carefully prepared, with no idea if he might run into, oh .. a cave lion or a bear, on the way.

Certainly he wasn't decorating his home, as these marvelous paintings were hidden deep within the darkest portions of the cave. Paintings were added, until a cave might have hundreds of different paintings, by many different painters. Why did early man seek out these caves, to add their paintings to the many others that had been painted in the cave before them? And why such dark, secret, hidden places? It might have been one of Cro-Magnon man's recreational activities. It might have had something to


do with their religion or their rites of manhood. Nobody knows! It's a fascinating mystery.

Most cave paintings focused on hunters and animals. They drew stick figures for people, but the animals were well drawn, and usually filled in with natural colors, to give them even more shape and substance.

The other thing found in cave paintings, besides stick figures of people and well drawn animals, are stencils of hands. It would appear that Cro-Magnon man, after crawling on his belly and creating his addition to these cave walls of art, then put his hand against the cave wall, and outlined it with charcoal or paint. What were they saying? (I was here? I made this?) Was this a way to sign their art? Or to prove they had achieved their ... mission? It's not easy to figure out because not all paintings include a stenciled handprint.


http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/1e/Lascaux_painting.jpg

What are the key characteristics of Paleolithic art?

Paleolithic art: Concerned itself with either food (hunting scenes, animal carvings) or fertility

(Venus figurines). Is considered to be an attempt, by Stone Age peoples, to gain some sort of

control over their environment, whether by magic or ritual.


Cresswell Crags, England.

Creswell Crags is among the most northerly places on earth to have been visited by our ancient ancestors. Cresswell Crags was probably a summer hunting ground where people used to settle for a while before returning to more permanent bases further south for winter. A limestone gorge, its cliffs contain several caves that were occupied during the last ice age. They tell us a fascinating story of life during that period, including Britain's only known Ice Age art, dated around 15,000 years ago.


http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ice_age

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cave

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cliff

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gorge

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Limestone

Get carving! - Roll out a piece of clay to creat a flat surface around 1 cm thick

- Close your eyes and, using your hands, create a rough surface just like a cave wall

- Imagine you are a Stone Age person looking at your cave wall for inspiration. (This is a bit like seeing shapes in the clouds)

- What shapes do you see? I t might just be a line or a couple of bumps on the clay that inspire you. Here are some ideas to get you started: a bird by a lake or river, a group of stone age people on a deer hunt, the night sky with the

moon and stars shining brightly…- When you are ready, begin to shape the clay, You can use modeling tools,

your hands, or go outside to find twigs to use as ancient tools.

Keep these creations handy, you will need them a few pages ahead


MUSICAL INTERLUDE: LISTENING

"ROCK WITH THE CAVEMAN"Written by Lionel Bart, Michael Pratt and Tommy Steele

Original version by Tommy Steelehttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=y4yC70AJxnA

LYRICS

The old-time cave dweller lived in a caveHere's what he did we he wanted a raveHe took a stick and he drew on the wall

Man, a fellah had to settle forRock with the cavemanRoll with the caveman

Shake with the cavemanBaby, make with the caveman, oh boy

Shake with the cavemanStalactites, stalagmites

Hold your baby very tight

His way with women was rather neatHe'd love a girl right off her feet

You know the lyric writers would never lieIt's where they got the sayin' "starry eyed"

Rock with the cavemanRoll with the caveman

Shake with the cavemanMake with the caveman, oh boy



(Saxophone Solo)

Piltdown poppa (*) sings this song"Archaeology's done me wrong"

The British Museum's got my headMost unfortunate 'cause I ain't dead


http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=y4yC70AJxnA


Shake with the cavemanBreak with the cavemanMake with the caveman

C-A-V-E-M-A-N, Caveman!

(*) The "Piltdown Man" is a famous paleontological hoax concerning the finding of the remains of a previously unknown early human. The hoax find consisted of fragments of a skull and jawbone collected in 1912 from a gravel pit at Piltdown, a village in East Sussex, England. The fragments were thought by many experts of the day to be the fossilised remains of a hitherto unknown form of early man. The specimen remained subject of controversy until it was exposed in 1953 as a forgery, consisting of the lower jawbone of an orangutan that had been deliberately combined with the skull of a fully developed modern human. The Piltdown hoax is perhaps the most famous paleontological hoax in history.

Piltdown man hoax on Discovery ChannelParts 1 and 2

http://youtu.be/FUaJeNSkbC0http://youtu.be/lOxHLWMiULU

Mike Oldfield included a fragment titled “The Piltdown Man“ in “Tubular Bells” (1)http://youtu.be/M70A9yTGZl8

You are member of a TV production team. The group is running a short series on “Music and Archeology” and you must lead a section of the program, about the Piltdown Man hoax. Prepare:

- The opening music: a few seconds of the song “Rock with the caveman”, either the original performance by Tony Steele or the Big Audio Dynamite more recent cover they recorded for the soundtrack of The Flintstones movie (your choice!)

- A short interview with an archeology expert, during which you are expected to explain the so called “Piltdown man hoax”. Prepare it as a Q&A session.

- Get two or three images to show on camera so that the hoax can be better explained, and therefore understood, by the audience.

- Close the section with a comment about Mike Oldfield’s musical interpretation of the subject in his album Tubular Bells. Close the section with a few seconds of the theme.


http://youtu.be/M70A9yTGZl8

http://youtu.be/lOxHLWMiULU

http://youtu.be/FUaJeNSkbC0

MUSICAL INTERLUDE: SINGING

"IN THE DAYS OF THE CAVEMAN"Written by Brad Roberts

Performed by Crash Test Dummieshttp://youtu.be/5IcWMTcTan8

LYRICS

When you go on camping trips you're stuck right out in natureForaging the forests like a primate

Using sharpened tools instead of hotplates

Your thumb and forefinger supposed to show you're not a wild beastYou can hear their noises at night time

They don't have to keep a certain bedtime

See in the shapes of my bodyLeftover parts from apes and monkeys

Sometimes when I lie awake I hear the rainfall on my tent flyI think of all the insects that are sleepingAnd wonder if the animals are dreaming


In the days of the caveman and mammoths and glaciersBugs and trees were your food then; no pyjamas or doctors

And when I finally get to sleep, I dream in technicolorI see creatures come back from the Ice Age

Alive and being fed inside a zoo cage


http://youtu.be/5IcWMTcTan8

The Crash Test Dummies are a Canadian folk rock band, best known for their 1993 single "Mmm Mmm Mmm Mmm". Bradley Kenneth "Brad" Roberts sings in the bass-baritone range.

A STONE AGE VERNISSAGE

I. Let’s prepare some “Cave Painting” masterpieces.

1) Get a brown sack and crumble it. 2) Crush small bits of coloured chalk pastels on an

appropriate surface or plate. (Remember to use only colours that could have been made from

rocks and other natural objects: red, black, white, yellow, brown.)

3) Add some drops of water to turn them into paint. 4) The ancients didn’t use paintbrushes, so you’ll need to paint using your fingers

or natural objects around you, like sticks, leaves, feathers.

5. Finally, collect your paintings and stick them to a wall or another appropriate surface, along with the carvings you have already prepared in a previous activity

II. Now you can organise an exhibition!!! (Remember that whenever you stick

or hang your creations, it is supposed to be a “cave”, so turn off the lights and provide the assistants with flashlights so that they can see your masterworks. (torchs would certainly be more real but pretty dangerous)

Remember to ambient the vernissage with some appropriate music (for example, Lucy in


the Sky with diamonds, Rock with the caveman, In the days of the Caveman or Tubular Bells)

II. Mesolithic Art

Historians divide the Stone Age into three different periods based on the sophistication and methods of tool design. The first such period is referred to as the Paleolithic, or Old Stone Age. The Old Stone Age began with the development of the first tools by “Homo habilis”. The Mesolithic, or Middle Stone Age, began around 12,000 years ago and continued through about 8,000 years ago. The Neolithic, or New Stone Age, lasted from 8,000 years until around 5,000 years ago.


Star Carr is a Mesolithic archaeological site in North Yorkshire, England, generally regarded as the most important and informative Mesolithic site in Great Britain.

The art of this period was, well, sort of boring. It's not nearly as fascinating as the discovery of the art of the preceding era and the art of the subsequent Neolithic era is exponentially diverse. Still, let's briefly cover the artistic events of the Mesolithic because, after all, it's a distinct era from any other.

What was going on in the world?

Most of the glacial ice in the Northern Hemisphere had retreated, leaving behind geography and climates familiar to us in the present day. Along with the glaciers, certain foods disappeared (the wooly mammoth comes to mind) and the migration patterns of others (reindeer) changed as well. People gradually adapted.

What kinds of art were created during this time?

There was pottery, though it was mostly utilitarian in design. In other words, a pot just needed to hold water or grain, not necessarily exist as a feast for the eyes. The artistic designs were mainly left up to later peoples to create.

The most interesting Mesolithic art that we know of consists of rock paintings. Similar in nature to the Paleolithic cave paintings, these moved out of doors to vertical cliffs or "walls" of natural rock, often semi-protected by outcroppings or overhangs.

And let’s not forget ceremonial headgear!!!! Actually, a red deer antler Mesolithic head-dress found in Star Carr is currently displayed in the British Museum.

What are the key characteristics of Mesolithic art? (We'll just stick to rock paintings for this part.)

The biggest shift in painting occurred in subject matter. Where cave paintings overwhelmingly depicted animals, rock paintings were usually of human groupings. The painted humans typically seem to be engaged in either hunting or rituals whose purposes have been lost to time.

Far from being realistic, the humans shown in rock painting are highly stylized, rather like glorified stick-figures. These humans look more like pictographs than pictures, and some historians feel they represent the primitive beginnings of


writing (i.e.: hieroglyphs). Very often the groupings of figures are painted in repetitive patterns, which results in a nice sense of rhythm

III. Neolithic Art

Connect with arrows

Beaker potteryCastlerigg Sarsen stone circlesCissbury Ritual centreDorset cursus Bell-shaped artifactsDurrington Walls Ceremonial siteRing of Brodgar Flint miningStonehenge Communal tombsStones of Stenness Causewayed enclosureThornborough Henges


West Kennet Long BarrowWindmill Hill

Timber and stone circles

What was going on in the world?The big geological news was that the glaciers of the Northern Hemisphere concluded their long, slow retreat, thus freeing up a lot of real estate and stabilizing the climate. The impact this had on humans was of the utmost significance. For the first time, anyone living from the sub-tropics northward to the tundra could count on seasons that could be reliably tracked and crops that appeared on schedule. This climatic stability was the one factor that allowed many tribes to abandon their wandering ways and begin to construct more-or-less permanent villages.

The Agricultural Revolution meant that instead gathering food from the environments where they lived, humans learned to simply grow their own food. Wild animals were also domesticated. From about 4,000 BC people began to cultivate wheat and barley on pockets of farmland, while clearings in the surrounding woodland provided grazing for cattle, sheep, goats and pigs. Some woods were cut back for coppicing timber, which was used for fencing and building houses. Beyond the clearings wild beasts were hunted and wild food was collected. Farming allowed people to build villages along rivers, or wherever the ground was fertile enough for crops to grow. Archeologists have found some villages that are believed to have been built more than 8,000 years ago. Some of these ancient villages, such as Jericho, still survive to this day. Life became much easier and as a result, many more humans survived. The average life expectancy grew up to around 40 years and the population quickly rose from around 2 million humans on the Earth to more than 90 million.

In addition, with an abundance of food and more permanent shelters, people had more time to devote to the development of new technologies, such as the ox-driven plow, the wheel and the loom. What kinds of art were created during this time?The "new" art to emerge from this era was architecture, particularly through megalithic constructions.

http://www.megalithic.co.uk/mm/eng/index.htm http://www.megalithic.co.uk/mm/scot/index.htm

MegalithsThe word "megalith" comes from the Ancient Greek "μέγας" (megas) meaning "great" and "λίθος" (lithos) meaning "stone." The best-known type of megalithic construction is the stone circle. Many of the stones weigh up to 60 tonnes - or the same as six double-decker buses. Moving the stones was no mean feat. It would have needed 500 men with oxen to drag the largest of them. They were probably pulled over wooden


rollers, and dragged by long lengths of rope, and holes were dug into the ground for the stones to rest in – quite an achievement in itself with only antler picks as tools!!!

1. Avebury, Wiltshire, England

By around 3700 BC a settled community had grown up in the Avebury area. Enough time could be spared for people to be able to work together to build the huge monument at Windmill Hill and hold ceremonies there and by 2000 BC a group of massive monuments had been constructed within 4 kilometres of each other. They included:

• Windmill Hill• Avebury Henge, the largest stone circle in the British Isles• The Sanctuary, another double stone circle• West Kennet Avenue, joining the Sanctuary and the Henge

Windmill Hill: Windmill Hill is a causewayed enclosure. What are causewayed enclosures? Causewayed enclosures consist of a large central area surrounded by a series of discontinuous ditches and banks. Sited on the top of a commanding hill near Avebury, Windmill Hill has three rings of concentric ditches.

Avebury Henge: A henge is a circular area enclosed by a bank. Four or five thousand years ago there were as many as 200/300 henges in use. They were mostly constructed with a ditch inside a bank and some of them had stone or wooden structures inside them.

In Avebury Henge, the outer circle of standing stones closely follows the circuit of the ditch. There were originally about 100 stones in this circle, of which 30 are still

visible today. Inside the outer circle are two more stone circles with other stone settings inside


Local legends attribute mystic powers to one of the largest Avebury’s stones, known as the Devil’s Chair: It claims that running 13 times around the stone in an anticlockwise direction at midnight will summon the Devil …

The Sanctuary: The Sanctuary is much smaller than Avebury henge and it began just as a circle of upright timber posts. Stone circles were added later. One recent and interesting theory is that stone, because of its durability, represented the dead, the ancestors, and timber -which grows, matures and decays- represented the living. The West Kennet Avenue runs between the Sanctuary and Avebury Henge and was clearly meant to link them.

West Kennet Avenue: It is a long path connecting Avebury Henge and the Sanctuary. When completed, there were about a hundred stones along its route. The stones were evenly spaced, and arranged in pairs on either side of the path. It is likely that the avenue was either a processional route or a way of marking forbidden territory where only priests or the privileged could go. The megaliths can be divided into two distinct types - those that are diamond shaped and those that resemble pillars. This has led various archaeologists to speculate that the stones represent the male and female sexes. In particular, the stones of the West Kennet Avenue are set out in matched pairs so that a 'pillar' (male) is always placed directly opposite a 'diamond' (female)

2. Stanton Drew, Somerset, England

There are also several local traditional stories about this megalithic complex. The best known tells how a wedding party was turned to stone: the party was held throughout Saturday, but a man clothed in black (the Devil in disguise) came and started to play his violin for the merrymakers after midnight, continuing into holy Sunday morning. When dawn broke, everybody had been turned to stone by the Demon. Two huge upright stones with a recumbent slab lying between them are actually the bride and the groom with the drunken churchman at their feet. They are still awaiting the Devil who promised to come back someday. Another legend, shared with many other megalithic monuments, says that the Stanton Drew's stones are uncountable. It is impossible to get the same total twice, …


3. Ring of Brodgar, Mainland Orkney, Scotland

This outstanding ceremonial site is Scotland's largest stone circle and the third largest in Western Europe (after the two English rings of Avebury and Stanton Drew). Probably the most awe-inspiring prehistoric site in Scotland, the Ring of Brodgar lies on a promontory between two lochs. The surrounding area is full of other standing stones (nearby are the Stones of Stenness), making a significant ritual landscape.

Many of the stones, past and present, had their legends attached to them. The most common by far is the tradition that some of the monoliths come to life on New Year’s Eve (Hogmanay) and walk to a nearby body of water where they dip their heads and drink.

VIDEO TOUR:http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/scottishhistory/media_museum/ancient_popup2.html

4. Callanish I, II, III and IV, Isle of Lewis, Outer Hebrides, Scotland. This spectacular megalithic complex has astronomical significance, especially in relation to the movements of the moon. Local tradition says that giants who lived on the island refused to be converted to Christianity by Saint Kieran and were turned into stone as a punishment.

The 2012 Pixar film Brave features several scenes set in and around the stones. http://pixartimes.com/2011/06/27/watch-brave-teaser-trailer/

Panorama: http://www.stonepages.com/ancient_scotland/sites/calla1vr.htm


In 1984, the new romantic band Ultravox used an image of the stones on the cover of their album Lament. They also used the scenery to record the video of One Small Day,

first single taken from that album.http://youtu.be/Yo6n75DxQS4

In 1988 Jon Mark released a CD, The Standing Stones of Callanish, intended to evoke Britain's Celtic legacy.

http://youtu.be/5x4hr-xnw-I

Costume party! We are going to host a costume party on the motto “We rock!”. These are the rocks you may portray:

- The Devil’s Chair of Avebury, Wiltshire, England. - The Bride, the Groom or the Churchman of Stanton

Drew, Somerset, England- One of the Ring of Brodgar Scottish rocks which

come to life in New Year’s Eve - One of the Callanish Scottish giants who refused to

be baptised by St. Kieran

During the party you should be able to explain who you are and where you usually “stand”.


http://youtu.be/5x4hr-xnw-I

http://youtu.be/Yo6n75DxQS4

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/One_Small_Day

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lament_(Ultravox_album)

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ultravox

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_romantic

5. Stonehenge, Wiltshire, England

Stonehenge represents one of the most remarkable achievements of prehistoric society. Yet its purpose remains a mystery. As its major axis is aligned with mid-summer sunrise and mid-winter sunset, the stone circle has long been thought to have had a function related to the yearly calendar.

The Stonehenge we see today represents the end result of a long period of development spanning from the early Neolithic to the Bronze Age. The monument began with the construction of a circular bank and ditch with two entrances. 500 years later, around 2,500 BC, the first stones were erected inside the earthwork. These famous ‘bluestones’ (nearly 100 of them) weighing about four tons each, were brought from Wales. The stones transformed the layout of the monument so that it was aligned on the sunrise on the longest day of the year, and sunset on the shortest day. The blue stones were rearranged over the next 500 years. As part of this rearrangement, they were incorporated into a much grander plan using enormous local sarsen stones. Within an outer circle of uprights and lintels, five great trilithons (two upright stones with a third lying in top) were erected forming a giant horse-shoe. By perhaps 1600 BC, after more than a thousand years of construction and alteration, the monument had achieved the shape that we can see today.

Stonehenge is just one part of a unique ceremonial landscape containing over 400 other important monuments.


One of the five great sarsen trilithons.

Unlike most other prehistoric stone monuments, many of the sarsens at Stonehenge were trimmed and shaped into neat rectangular blocks. Sarsen is a type of very hard sandstone and shaping the stones would have been difficult and laborious. To secure the lintels – the cross-pieces at the top –a specific technique was developed. The tall pillar standing on its own in the centre has a pointed bump on its top. This fitted into a hollow carved into the bottom of the lintel and held the lintel secure as it rested on top of the sarsen.

The uprights sit in holes dug to varying depths, so that the tops of all the stones stand level. To make each lintel fit snug against one another, the builders carved them, so the lintels slotted together like the pieces in a jigsaw. They were also given a slight curve to form a smooth circle. This forms a ring beam which links the tops of the stones together and gives the whole structure more strength.

The best preserved section of the outer stone circle, originally built as a continuous circle of 30 upright sarsens,

capped by horizontal lintels.


These massive sarsens were brought from the Marlborough Downs, more than 30km away. The smaller stones, inside the circle, are bluestones brought from the Preseli Mountains in West Wales, a distance of 240km.

How were all these stones transported? And how were they raised upright? And how were the lentils jacked into position?

Some clues here:http://youtu.be/wcsChg7Hb1g

http://youtu.be/w1fQ1S9OVRAhttp://youtu.be/df2jxLsZWg0

http://youtu.be/MHQDErvfxrYhttp://youtu.be/yFIz6gBG7M0

http://youtu.be/qqQhp7m9gGE

Deep holes were dug with one sloping side, then the stones were levered down the slope and heaved upright. To do this we think they used wedges, levers, rollers, ropes and the muscle-power of hundreds of men. It was a massive job because a third of each stone is below ground – but eventually the stones were set firmly into place, like giant teeth into the gums of earth.

Once the upright stones were in place, the lintels had to be positioned on their tops. Perhaps a wooden ramp was used to haul the lintels to their resting places; but the most widely accepted possibility was that a timber scaffolding was used – and by using this, together with levers and wedges, those long-ago builders were able to raise the lintels to their final positions – and the building was complete.

Why was Stonehenge built?

Some believe the monument was an astronomical calendar. According to this group, the placement of the stones predicted solar eclipses and marked the summer and winter solstices.


http://youtu.be/qqQhp7m9gGE

http://youtu.be/yFIz6gBG7M0

http://youtu.be/MHQDErvfxrY

http://youtu.be/df2jxLsZWg0

http://youtu.be/w1fQ1S9OVRA

http://youtu.be/wcsChg7Hb1g

A special stone called the Heelstone stands at some distance from the main structure. When standing at the center of the structure and looking toward the Heel Stone, the morning of the summer or winter solstice, you would see the sun rise (or set) directly over the Heel Stone.

Others contend that Stonehenge was a place of healing, a place where some type of primitive surgery was performed. Still others feel that Stonehenge was a burial ground and site for ancestor worship.


Quiz

a) What is Stonehenge?

A 5,000-year-old wheel hinge

A mountaintop consisting of jagged, barren rock

Ancient stone statues

Giant stones arranged in concentric circles

b) Which sentence does not state a fact about Stonehenge?

Some stones in Stonehenge came from over 200 miles away.

Stonehenge is in southern England.

Stonehenge was an ancient burial ground.

Stonehenge was completed more than 3,000 years ago.

c) What is significant about the placement of the Heel Stone?

At the summer solstice, the sun can be seen rising over the Heel Stone.

The stone is next to an ancient road, which is now a major highway.

The stone is precisely 19 miles north-northwest of the entrance to Stonehenge.

Twice a year, the Heel Stone casts a shadow long enough to reach Stonehenge.

d) Why is Stonehenge so mysterious?

Archaeologists have yet to decipher the markings on the stones.

Geologists do not understand why the limestone has survived intact.

Little is known about how and why the monument was built.

Scientists have not been allowed to study the stones.

e) Which sentence does not describe a theory about why Stonehenge was built?

Stonehenge was built as an ancient palace.

Stonehenge was an ancient burial ground.

Stonehenge was built as an astronomical calendar.

Stonehenge was built as a place of healing.


Answers

What is Stonehenge?Giant stones arranged in concentric circles

Which sentence does not state a fact about Stonehenge?Stonehenge was an ancient burial ground.

What is significant about the placement of the Heel Stone?At the summer solstice, the sun can be seen rising over the Heel Stone.

Why is Stonehenge so mysterious?Little is known about how and why the monument was built.

Which sentence does not describe a theory about why Stonehenge was built? Stonehenge was built as an ancient palace.

Stonehenge interactive http://www.english-heritage.org.uk/daysout/properties/stonehenge/world-

heritage-site/map/


http://www.english-heritage.org.uk/daysout/properties/stonehenge/world-heritage-site/map/

http://www.english-heritage.org.uk/daysout/properties/stonehenge/world-heritage-site/map/

MUSICAL INTERLUDE. THIS IS SPINAL TAP!

The rock band Black Sabbath featured a Stonehenge stage set that ended up being too large to fit in most venues. This was parodied in the movie “This is Spinal Tap”, a 1984 mock musical documentary directed by Rob Reiner about the fictional heavy metal band Spınal Tap.

The film satirizes the wild personal behaviour and musical pretensions of hard-rock and heavy-metal musical bands. The documentary covers a concert tour for the fictional British rock group "Spinal Tap" to promote their new album, interspersed with one-on-one interviews with the members of the group and footage of the group from previous points in their career.

As the tour starts, concert appearances are repeatedly cancelled due to low ticket sales. The album fails to draw crowds to autograph sessions with the band. So, in order to rekindle interest, Tufnel, one of the members of the band, suggests staging a performance of "Stonehenge", an epic song, and asks Ian, the group’s manager to order a giant Stonehenge megalith replica for the show.

However, Tufnel mislabels the sketch's dimensions and the resulting prop, seen for the first time by the group during a show, ends up only 18 inches high, making the group a laughing stock on stage:

COMPLETE SONG HERE!http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_Zdyo4vJuCU

LYRICSIn ancient times,

Hundreds of years before the dawn of history.There lived a strange race of people...the Druids.

No one knows who they were, or...what they were doing...But their legacy remains...

Hewn into the living rock of Stonehenge...

Stonehenge!Where the demons dwell

Where the banshees live and they do live wellStonehenge!

Where a man is a man and the children dance


http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_Zdyo4vJuCU

To the pipes of Pan...

And you my love, won't you take my handWe'll go back in time,

To that mystic landWhere the dew drops cry, and the cats meow

I will take you thereI will show you how....

And Oh how they danced...The little children of Stonehenge

Beneath the haunted moon...For fear that daybreak, might come too soon...

... Stonehenge!

Tis' a magic place,Where the moon doth rise, with a dragon's face

Stonehenge!Where the virgins lie

And the prayers of devils fill the midnight sky...

And where are they now?The little people of Stonehenge...And what would they say to us,

If we were here.........Tonight.......

Rock in a Hard Place is the seventh studio album by American hard rock band Aerosmith. It also displays an image of Stonehenge in its cover art.


http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Aerosmith_-_Rock_in_a_Hard_Place.jpg

Stonehenge Replicas: Carhenge and Phonehenge

1. Carhenge: Carhenge is a replica of England's Stonehenge located in Nebraska (USA). Instead of being built with large standing stones, Carhenge is formed from vintage American automobiles, all covered with gray spray paint. While living in England, the creator of Carhenge, Jim Reinders, studied the structure of

Stonehenge, which helped him to copy the structure's shape, proportions, and size. Carhenge consists of 38 automobiles arranged in a circle. Some are held upright trunk end down, and arches have been formed by welding automobiles atop the supporting models.

Carhenge replicates Stonehenge's current "tumble-down" state, rather than the original stone circle. Carhenge is now known as the Car Art Reserve.

2. Phonehenge is made of old-fashioned British telephone booths and is located at Hard Rock Park (now Freestyle Music Park) in Myrtle Beach, South Carolina

Hard Rock Park: 211 George Bishop Parkway Myrtle Beach, South Carolina 29579


http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/2b/A_Yool_Carhenge2_02Sep03_exif.jpg

http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/61/A_Yool_Carhenge1_02Sep03_exif.jpg

Art History Quiz: Paleo-, Meso- or Neo-?

Q 1: This era saw the first uses of pottery.

Paleolithic

Mesolithic

Neolithic

Q 2: An artifact from this era went on to become part of a memorable scene in the movie “This is Spinal Tap”.

Paleolithic

Mesolithic

Neolithic

Q 3: This era had but two artistic themes: food and sex.

Paleolithic

Mesolithic

Neolithic

Q 4: Art of this era was functional, but we started figuring out that it didn’t have to be visually boring.

Paleolithic

Mesolithic

Neolithic


ANSWERS

Question 1: This era saw the first uses of pottery.

B, Mesolithic. The pottery wasn’t a visual treat, but it represented the cutting-edge technology of its day. Much better than trying to hold water or grain in animal skins, in any case.

Question 2: An artifact from this era went on to become part of a memorable scene in the movie "This is Spinal Tap".

C, Neolithic. All of the Great Megaliths we know and love - particularly Stonehenge - were constructed in the Neolithic era. In the 1984 movie, a mis-scaled (inches, where feet were intended) model of Stonehenge was lowered to the stage to thundering power rock music. Far from impressive, the wee dolmen and lintel blocks came perilously close to being crushed by dancing dwarves.

Question 3: This era had but two artistic themes: food and sex.

A, Paleolithic. The Paleolithic era concerned itself with either food (hunting scenes, animal carvings) or fertility (Venus figurines). Its predominant theme was animals. Since we, as a species, had domesticated nothing at that point, the animals in art represented tasty cuts of meat.

Question 4: Art of this era was functional, but we started figuring out that it didn’t have to be visually boring.

C, Neolithic. Neolithic art was still, almost without exception, created toward some useful purpose. There was none of that "Art for art's sake" business for those people, no siree. However, some genius, somewhere, realized that ornamentation was easily incorporated - and that it made everyday life a lot more pleasant.


West Kennet Long Chambered Barrow, Wiltshire, England

What are long barrows?

Long barrows are ancient, communal tombs. They are elongated mounds, covering a wood or stone ‘house’ for the dead. It’s hard to say when Stone-Agers started believing in life after death or in some sort of religion. But it’s a fair guess that it happened around the time they started burying people carefully in graves with their precious objects.


West Kenett Long Barrow is an impressive Neolithic tomb not far from Avebury.

The entrance consists of a forecourt where large sarsen stones were placed to seal entry. Entering the tomb there are two burial chambers either side, and a larger polygonal one at the end of a long passage (around 100 m long). Excavations found a total of 46 burials, ranging from babies to old people.

A local legend tells how this tomb is visited on Midsummer Day by a ghostly priest and a large white hound.


http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarsen

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forecourt

http://www.stonepages.com/england/avebury.html

The Neolithic village of Skara Brae, Mainland Orkney, Scotland

The Neolithic village of Skara Brae was discovered in the winter of 1850. Wild storms ripped the grass from a high dune and exposed the ruins of ancient stone buildings. The discovery proved to be the best-preserved Neolithic village in northern Europe. And so it remains today.

Skara Brae was inhabited before the Egyptian pyramids were built. But it is not its age alone that makes it so remarkable: it is the degree to which it has been preserved. The structures of this semi-subterranean village survive in impressive condition. So, amazingly, does the furniture in the village houses. Nowhere else are we able to see such rich evidence of how our remote ancestors actually lived.

The housesSkara Brae consists of ten clustered houses and is Northern Europe's most complete Neolithic village. All the houses are well-built of closely-fitting flat stone slabs, linked by covered passages. Each house comprised a single room with a floor space of roughly 40 sqm. The stone furniture within each room comprised a dresser, where prized objects were probably stored and displayed, two box-beds, a hearth centrally placed and small tanks set into the floor.

An example of the stone furniture found at Skara Brae, a stone 'dresser'.

The artifactsA rich array of artifacts has been discovered during the various archaeological excavations. They include gaming dice, hand tools, pottery and jewellery (necklaces,


beads, pendants and pins). Most remarkable are the richly carved stone objects, perhaps used in religious rituals. The villagers were farmers, hunters and fishermen. No weapons have been found, suggesting a peaceful life.

A beautiful bone necklace, found at Skara Brae.

Panorama: http://www.stonepages.com/ancient_scotland/sites/skaravr.htm

Five videos about1) What and where is Skara Brae2) What were the houses like inside3) What do we know about the people4) What can the special places tell us (about MaesHowe, near Skara Brae)5) What happened to Skara Brae

http://www.bbc.co.uk/scotland/learning/primary/skarabrae/content/what/index.shtml

Skara Brae Gameshttp://www.bbc.co.uk/scotland/learning/primary/skarabrae/flash/activities.shtml

Skara brae factsheet




Right is Male - Left is Female?: Each of the eight dwellings of Skara Brae have the same basic layout - a large room, with a fireplace in the middle, a bed on either side and a dresser facing the entrance.

The visitor to Skara Brae may notice that the right hand bed is always larger than the left hand bed; this has led some archaeologists to speculate that the layout of the village is gendered - right being male and left being female. Beads and paintpots were also found on some of the smaller beds - lending weight to the gendered theory.

This theory is also supported by the fact that, in most of the later houses, an object on the left hand side of the entrance, usually a stone box, forced a person to turn into the right hand half of the house. This suggested that the right hand side of the dwelling may have been an area where guests were received and the less domestic business of the day was dealt with, while the left hand side was reserved for the more domestic chores which were dealt with by the women.

House 7 - An Apparently Darker History: House 7 in Skara Brae may appear very much like the other houses in the community, however, several distinctive features have led archaeologists and historians to theorise that it played a unique, and perhaps darker, part in village life.

The house is isolated from the main part of the village: access being gained down a side-passage. It is the only house in the village in which the door was barred from the outside, not the inside. The bodies of two females were discovered beneath the right hand bed. It was apparent that the females had been buried there before the house was constructed and their presence could have signified some sort of foundation ritual.

Most theories on the subject involve confinement or separation from the rest of the community - they range from childbirth and menstruation to initiation through ritual and imprisonment.

Stone Age Lavatories?: Off the main room, cells were set into the wall for storage. One of these has a drain and may be the first indoor toilet - long before the Romans amazed Britannia with the wonders of Latin baths.

VIDEO TOUR: http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/scottishhistory/media_museum/ancient_popup1.html


http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/scottishhistory/media_museum/ancient_popup1.html

Connect with arrows

AveburyCallanish

Ring of Brodgar ScotlandSkara Brae

Stanton Drew EnglandStonehenge

West Kennet Long Barrow


BRONZE AGE BRITAIN

The Neolithic ended when people stopped using stone tools and started to use tools made out of metal. Scientists think people started using copper and gold for ornaments and jewelry before they started using metal for tools. The reason scientists think jewelry came first is because they have found human skeletons surrounded by metal jewelry and stone tools

Why copper and gold?Copper and gold can be found as native metal. Native metal means you can pick up a nugget of copper or gold and pound on it with a hammer and make stuff out of it. You don’t have to heat it up or melt it out of the rock. (This last process is called smelting).

But copper isn’t very good for making tools. It’s better than stone, but it’s too soft. To solve the problem of copper being too soft, people learned that if you melt copper and tin and mix them together you make bronze. But, again … there is a problem: finding copper is easy; finding tin is hard. If you wanted to make bronze you had to trade for the tin. (During the Bronze Age in Europe most of the tin was found in the Cornwall region of Great Britain and copper was extracted from sites such as the Great Orme mine in Northern Wales) So, a new metal had to be found. The solution was iron. Iron wasn’t as good as bronze but it was good enough and it was cheaper, easier to find and easier to work. Eventually people learned how to make iron in a way that it became as good as bronze. Then people learned how to make steel from iron. The use of steel is the foundation of our modern world.

Scientist and historians call the time period that bronze was used the Bronze Age. But bronze-age Britons also managed to develop their skills at making ornaments from gold.

The Amesbury ArcherThe grave of a man was discovered in Amesbury, near Stonehenge, in 2002. The man was dubbed by the media as the “King of Stonehenge” or “the Amesbury Archer” because of the stone arrowheads buried with him. His grave had the greatest number of artifacts ever found in a British Bronze Age burial including metalworking tools and a pair of gold hair ornaments (the earliest gold objects ever found in England)


http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wales

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Orme

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copper

The Mold Gold Cape

For the local workmen, it must have seemed as if the old Welsh legends were true. They'd been sent to quarry stone in a field known as Bryn-yr-Ellyllon, which translates as the Fairies' or the Goblins' Hill. Sightings of a ghostly boy, clad in gold, a glittering apparition in the moonlight, had been reported frequently enough for travellers to avoid the hill after dark. As the workmen dug into a large mound, they uncovered a grave. In it were hundreds of amber beads and the remains of a skeleton. And wrapped around the skeleton was a mysterious object - a large and finely decorated sheet of pure gold.

Undeterred by thoughts of ghosts or goblins, and exhilarated by the dazzling wealth of their find, the workmen eagerly shared out chunks of the gold sheet, with the farmer taking the largest pieces. It would have been easy for the story to end there. The year was 1833, and burials from a distant past, however exotic, enjoyed little legal protection. The isolated location of the burial site, near the town of Mold, not far from the north coast of Wales, meant that the wider world could easily have continued in ignorance of its existence. That this didn't happen, owes everything to the curiosity of a local vicar, Reverend C.B. Clough, who wrote an account of the find that aroused the interest of the Society of Antiquaries, hundreds of miles away in London.

Three years after the spoils from the burial had been divided, the British Museum bought from the tenant farmer the first and the largest of the fragments of gold, which had been his share of the booty. As more archaeological discoveries were made, it became clear that the Mold burial was indeed prehistoric, and dated to the age of bronze - around four thousand years ago. But it took a hundred years for the British Museum to gather together enough of the remaining fragments (and some indeed are still missing) to begin a reconstruction of this treasure.

Nevertheless, all the conservators had was flattened fragments of paper-thin gold, some large, some small, with cracks, splits and holes all over them, altogether weighing just over a pound - about half a kilo. It was like a huge three-dimensional jigsaw puzzle, and solving it took nothing less than the re-learning of ancient gold-working techniques that had been lost for millennia and it was not until the 1960s, that the gold pieces from the Mold grave were put together for the first time.


It turned out to be a gold cape - or perhaps more accurately a short poncho. But we call it a cape. It's a stunning gold wrapping and it would have been put over the head and lowered onto the shoulders.

When you look at it closely, you can see that it's all been made out of one sheet of breathtakingly thin gold. The very thin sheet of gold has then been worked from the inside - so that the overall effect is of strings of beads running from one shoulder to another and going all the way round the body. Looking at it now, you're struck with this as an object of enormous complexity and ultimate

luxury. We don't know who made this, but it's perfectly obvious that they were very, very highly skilled. These were the Cartiers or the Tiffanys of Bronze Age Europe.

The Mold Cape was buried only a matter of miles away from the largest Bronze Age copper mine in northwest Europe, the Great Orme. The copper from here, and the tin from Cornwall, would have provided the ingredients for the vast majority of British bronze objects. The peak of activity at the Great Orme mine has been dated between 1900 and 1600 BC. Recent analysis of the gold-working techniques, and the decorative style of the cape, dates the burial to this very period. So we can only guess, but it's likely that the wearers of this extraordinary object were linked to the mine, which would have been a source of great wealth, and a major trading centre for the whole of north-west Europe.

On the other side, if the expertise of the maker of the cape is clear, virtually nothing is certain about the person who may have worn it. The object itself provides us with a number of clues. The cape is so fragile, and it would so have restricted the movement of arms and shoulders, that it can only have been very rarely worn. But there are definite signs of wear, and so it may have been brought out on a number of different ceremonial occasions. But 'who' was wearing it? The cape is too small for a grown man, certainly too small for a mighty warrior, and it will fit only a slim small person - a woman or perhaps, more likely, a teenager. We know that in the early Bronze Age very few people would get older than about 25 years. That would mean that most people around were teenagers. And so the cape could have well have been worn by a young person who already had considerable power. We can only guess. The key evidence, the skeleton that was found inside the cape, was thrown away when the gold was discovered, as it clearly had no financial value.

Design a comic strip in no less than 8 and not more than 12 steps through which the story of the Mold Gold Cape can be


properly and fully told, since its discovery to its current exhibition amongst the most precious objects in the British Museum

Beaker cultureBeaker culture is defined by the common use of a pottery style — a distinctive inverted bell-shaped profile ornamented with horizontal bands of incised or impressed patterns made with a comb or cord.

Design and produce (in clay or similar material) three samples of beaker pottery. Pay attention to the shape and then decorate them with horizontal patterns, one incised, another one impressed with a comb and a last one

impressed with a cord.

Silbury Hill Earth mound, Wiltshire, EnglandBy the end of the Neolithic period, metal working was introduced and new types of pottery appeared, and people started burying their dead under individual round barrows, alone, rather than in communal tombs. Each one was shaped like a round dome and people were buried with things that were important to them in life, for example: arrow-heads, pottery, strike-a-lights, flint knives, antler picks or metal daggers.

Silbury Hill is the tallest prehistoric man-made mound in Europe and one of the world's largest. On a base covering over 2 hectares it rises almost 40m high and it is perfectly round. Its summit is flat-topped. Every man, woman and child in Britain today could together build such a mound if they each contributed one bucketful of earth. It is comparable in height to some of the Egyptian pyramids. Unlike them, however, it seems to contain no shrine or burial and no one knows why it was built. Nothing has


ever been found on Silbury Hill, and the monument remains a stupendous enigma. According to legend, this is the last resting place of King Sil, sitting on a fabled golden horse.

Sea Henge timber circle

A timber circle with an upturned tree root in the centre, Seahenge, was apparently built in the 21st century BC, during the early Bronze Age in Britain, most likely for ritual purposes.

Discovered in January 1999, English Heritage decided that the best option for the future of the timber circle was to lift and transfer the whole structure to an archaeological center. The timber posts are now in Flag Fen laboratories, which specialise in the study of prehistoric timber. They are being treated in order to prevent further deterioration.

Flag Fen timber siteThe Flag Fen archaeological centre is based itself on the site of a unique Bronze Age religious complex. It is the site of some of the most recent and unusual discoveries of ancient British culture. In 1982 archaeologist Francis Pryor tripped over a piece of


wood while walking in the Fenlands near Peterborough. Noticing that the wood showed signs of deliberate shaping, he poked around in the wet soil and soon discovered a series of posts. The wood was set deeper into the ground than the surface of a nearby Roman road, so Pryor knew the wood had to have been placed into the ground well before the Roman engineers arrived on the scene.

As Pryor and his team worked to uncover more of the ancient remains, they were astonished by the size of the site. The wood covered an area of 2 full acres, amounting to an astounding 50,000 posts. Careful analysis of the wood has revealed that the Bronze-Age builders felled more than 2 million trees in the process of creating the immense structure.

Originally, Pryor suspected that he had discovered a prehistoric village built something like a Scottish crannog –a raised wooden platform forming an artificial island in the midst of a lake and linked to the shore by wooden causeways-. But as excavation progressed this explanation seemed insufficient: The presumed causeway connecting the timber platform to the dry land, for example, would have been below the level of the water. As work continued at the site, Pryor recovered dozens of metal artifacts that gradually convinced him that the main concern of the builders was ritualistic. Many of the metal objects, including weapons, tools, and jewellery, bore no indication of ever having been used. Pryor theorizes that these were offered as sacrifices in some sort of ceremony. Other gruesome finds, such as that of a dog with a stake through its body, suggest that animal sacrifices may have been performed there as well.

Included in the Treasure from the digs across this site there are the oldest wheel in England, a scabbard with possibly the earliest example of Celtic Art and one of the finest collections of Bronze Age swords and dirks in the country

Dover BoatAnother unexpected finding, in 1992, archaeologists working alongside contractors on a new road discovered the remains of a large wooden prehistoric boat some 3,000 years old, belonging to the Bronze Age.

It shows a technological prowess previously unsuspected for the people of the Middle Bronze Age.


Grimspound Houses, Dartmoor.Dartmoor contains the largest concentration of Bronze Age remains in the United Kingdom, There are an estimated 5,000 remnants of Bronze Age houses. Some particularly good examples are to be found at Grimspound, where there are 24 hut circles surrounded by a massive granite perimeter wall. Hut 3 has a surviving porchway, with the two jamb stones still upright, although the lintel has fallen. It is believed that they would have had a conical roof.

A round house reconstruction

Imagine you are a real estate agent. Prepare three classified ads either selling or renting a cave in Cresswell Crags (summer residence), a Skara Brae “fully-equipped” Neolithic dwelling and a cozy Grimspound village round house

Examples:

Maximum charm, minimum maintenance! Relax in this 3-bedroom round house nestled among fabulous shade trees, featuring attached greenhouse and deck with gazebo. Fenced yard, koi pond with delightful fountain, and detached garage complete this charming country property.

Best of both worlds: Wide open spaces inside and out! Spacious 4-bedroom cave with decorated ceilings and fabulous Great Room, cook-friendly kitchen with built-in appliances opening to stone terraces leading to pool. Low maintenance gardens and shade trees complete a picture-perfect setting!

Home is where the heart is, and your heart will be happy to share this “stony” home connected by a convenient passage with a completely separate mother-


in-law suite! Fireplace, lovely landscaped yard and home office with separate entrance wrap up this unique property.

GRAND FINALE Stone Age Song

http://youtu.be/eClDL2QtYzE

I'm sure you've heard the Stone Age occurred,

For two and a half million years.But there's more of Stone Age to engage,

Than maybe it first appears.

Dinosaurs, Neanderthals, Let's make this clearer.

Didn't live together, Came from different eras.

That's not all I can tell you, So much more to be known.

About the many phases In the ages of stone.

Shooby-dooby-doo-wapIt's all the rage.

To skiddly-bap-doo-waBrush up on your Stone Age.

Oh yeah! All right! It's fine to define, An era Paleolithic.

But you're gonna have to be, A little more specific.Do you mean lower,

When ancient beings first used tools?Or middle Paleolithic,

When Neanderthal ruled?That's when Homo sapiens,

Starts to emerge.But just in Africa,

It's long before the global surge.Not till upper Paleolithic,


http://youtu.be/eClDL2QtYzE

Forty thousand years ago.Did Neanderthal and Homo sapiens

say hello,

Neanderthal and Homo sapi, Living in caveman harmony.

Language was invented, Cave painting art.

Then Paleolithic ended, Which meant the start.

Of phase two-be-doo-be-doo-wapTurn a new page.

Skiddly-bap-doo-wahBuck up on the Stone Age.

Oh yeah! All right! This is where it starts to,

Get all scientific.Paleolithic’s followed by,

The era Mesolithic.Then Neanderthals are wiped out,

By the ice age - horrific! After which the Neolithic age,

Was terrific.Man learned to farm,

Built homes so they could settle.Then some other folks turned up,

And they discovered metal.

Bigger men from Europe, Found bronze and outgrown.

The simple and traditional ways of stone.Bronze Age was invented,

By now man was flying.'Cause hot on its heels, Came the age of iron.

Celts, Druids, Religion then Rome.

By now a distant memory, Those ages of stone.


Shooby-dooby-doo-wapSince that metallic stage.

Skiddly-bap-doo-wahThere was no more Stone Age.

Shooby-dooby-doo-wapNow you know what is known,

About the many phases of the ages of stone

Yeah! All right!

Imagine you are running your own travel agency. A family has asked you to plan a ten days “archaeological” trip to the United Kingdom covering both England and Scotland. Select the top five sites that you consider will worth the trip. While going from one place to the other, which albums and songs would you suggest them to listen to and/or sing?

http://watchdocumentary.org/watch/britain-bc-episode-1-video_ced543eac.htmlhttp://watchdocumentary.org/watch/britain-bc-episode-2-video_762102c31.html

A “musical” questionnaire

1. How is it that the name usually given to the so called “Australopithecus afarensis” is connected to a Beatles’ song?


http://watchdocumentary.org/watch/britain-bc-episode-2-video_762102c31.html

http://watchdocumentary.org/watch/britain-bc-episode-1-video_ced543eac.html

2. Explain the so called Piltdown hoax and name two contemporary music pieces related to it. Name their original performers.

3. Which is the title of a song related to prehistoric times originally performed by the Canadian folk rock group Crash Test Dummies?

4. Name two contemporary music albums that feature Callanish images in their covers.

5. Where has been recorded the Ultravox videoclip which features the song “One small day”?

6. What problem did the rock band Black Sabbath have with a Stonehenge set during one of their tours? How was it parodied in the mockumentary titled “This is spinal tap”?

7. What Aerosmith album features a picture of Stonehenge on its cover art?

8. In which thematic Music Park, located in South Carolina, United States, can we find a Stonehenge replica made of British telephone booths?


Annex ICueva de las Manos, Santa Cruz, Argentina

The Cueva de las Manos (Spanish for Cave of the Hands) is a cave or a series of caves located in the province of Santa Cruz, Argentina. It is famous (and gets its name) for the paintings of hands. The art in the cave dates from 13,000 to 9,000 years ago. The age of the paintings was calculated from the remains of bone-made pipes used for spraying the paint on the wall of the cave to create silhouettes of hands. The site was last inhabited around 700 CE, possibly by ancestors of the Tehuelche people.

The images of hands are often negative painted, that is, stencilled. Most of the hands are left hands, which suggests that painters held the spraying pipe with their right hand.

Besides these there are also depictions of human beings, guanacos, rheas, felines and other animals, as well as geometric shapes, zigzag patterns, representations of the sun, and hunting scenes. The hunting scenes are naturalistic portrayals of a variety of hunting techniques, including the use of “boleadoras”. There are also red dots on the ceilings, probably made by submerging their hunting “boleadoras” in ink, and then throwing them up.

Cueva de las Manos has been listed as a World Heritage Site since 1999.

75

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Heritage_Site

Vocabulary

- Array: an impressive display or collection- Atop: At the top, on top of.- Backdrop: A painted cloth hung at the back of a stage set.- Bagsie: Informal rights (to) or claims (on) something(used mainly by children) - Barren: incapable of producing offspring, seed, or fruit; sterile - Bash: To strike violently- Beacon: A signaling or guiding device, such as a lighthouse, located on a coast,

a radio transmitter that emits a characteristic guidance signal for aircraft, a source of inspiration.

- Bead: A small, often round piece of material, such as glass, plastic, or wood that is pierced for stringing or threading.

- Beaker pottery: distinctive bell-shaped pots- Beam: A structure that is loaded transversely- Bind: To tie or secure, as with a rope, to fasten or wrap by encircling as with a

belt or ribbon- Bluestone: the smaller stones at Stonehenge that come from Wales, they are

called bluestones because they are blue.- Bonehead: Slow to learn or understand; obtuse, Tending to make poor

decisions or careless mistakes, marked by a lack of intelligence or care- Boulder: a smooth rounded mass of rock that has been shaped by erosion and

transported by ice or water from its original position- Bound: Intending to head in a specified direction- Brush up: to refresh one's knowledge- Bulge: A protruding part- Campfire: a small outdoor fire for warmth or cooking- Cap: To lie over or on top of; cover:- Cast: To cause to appear- Causeway: A raised roadway, as across water or marshland.- Causewayed enclosure: a large central area surrounded by a series of

discontinuous ditches and banks- Chip: A small broken or cut off piece, as of wood, stone, or glass.- Chunky: Short and thick- Clado: To cover with a protective or insulating layer of other material.- Clamber: to climb onto something clumsily, without skill or grace. - Cluster: A group of the same or similar elements gathered or closely together; a

bunch.- Coinage. The process of making coins.- Contend: to maintain or assert:- Coppice: to form a thicket or dense growth of small trees or bushes, regularly

trimmed so that a continual supply of small poles and firewood is obtained.- Crate: A container, such as a slatted wooden case, made of narrow strips of

metal or wood, used for storing or shipping. - Cripple: To disable, damage, or impair the functioning of- Crisp: A dessert of fruit baked with a sweet crumbly topping- Crumble: To break into small fragments or particles

76

- Cursus monuments : long rectangular enclosures- Cutlery: Utensils such as knives, forks, and spoons used as tableware.- Daft: giddy, frivolous and lighthearted- Damp: to moisten, to make slightly wet.- Deed: something that is carried out; an action, a usually praiseworthy act. - Demise: To die- Dew: Water droplets condensed from the air, usually at night, onto cool

surfaces.- Dim: Lacking in brightness, dull and subdued- Dip: To plunge into water or other liquid and come out quickly.- Dodge: To avoid someone or something by moving quickly, especially so that

someone does not see you- Dolmen: a Neolithic stone formation, consisting of a horizontal stone supported

by several vertical stones- Dopey: half-asleep or in a state of semi-consciousness- Doth: Archaic form for does- Drain: a pipe or channel that carries off water, sewage, etc.- Drift: To be carried along by currents of air or water, unhurriedly and smoothly- Drumstick: The lower part of the leg of a cooked fowl (domesticated chicken,

duck, goose, turkey, pheasant)- Dub: nickname.- Dusk: twilight, the time of day immediately following sunset, - Earthwork: civil engineering work involving moving quantities of soil, creating

man-made mounds and hollows in the landscape- Ensue: To take place subsequently- Fabled: Existing only in fables; fictitious, legendary.- Feat: An act of skill, endurance, imagination, or strength; an achievement.- Fell: To cause to fall, cut down- Flicker: To move waveringly- Flint: a hard kind of stone- Fly: To move with great speed; burst- Foraging: The act of searching for food or provisions - Forecourt: A courtyard (open space) in front of a building.- Gait: A particular way or manner of moving on foot- Game: a flock or herd or animals- Go ape: (informal): To become wildly excited or enthusiastic- Golly: Used to express mild surprise or wonder.- Grave: An excavation for the interment of a corpse.- Gravel: rock fragments- Graze: To feed on growing grasses and herbage.- Grind: to crush, pulverize, or reduce to powder - Grub: To dig up by the roots- Gut: A thin, tough cord made from the intestines of animals, usually sheep,

used as strings for musical instruments or as surgical sutures.- Hang out (with) (informal) to frequent the company (of someone)- Haul: pull or drag forcibly- Hearth: The floor of a fireplace

77

- Heave: To raise or lift with great effort or force- Henge: a nearly circular or oval-shaped flat area that is usually surrounded by a

bank and ditch. They can have one or more entrances, and additional circles of stone and timber were sometimes constructed inside

- Herd: A group of cattle or other domestic animals of a single kind kept together for a specific purpose, a number of wild animals of one species that remain together as a group; derogatory, large mass of ordinary people

- Hew: To cut something by repeated blows, as of an ax.- Hieroglyph: a writing system using picture symbols; mainly used in ancient

Egypt- Hinge: a device for holding together two parts such that one can swing relative

to the other, typically having two interlocking metal leaves held by a pin about which they pivot

- Hitherto: Until this time- Hoards: an accumulated store hidden away for future use - Hotplate: a portable device, heated electrically or by spirit lamps, etc., on which

food can be kept warm- Hound: A domestic dog used for hunting, characteristically having drooping

ears, bending or hanging downward. - Jagged: Marked by irregular projections and indentations on the edge or

surface, having a rough or harsh quality, unpleasantly coarse, that is, lacking in delicacy or refinement, not fine in texture.

- Jamb: Vertical posts or pieces that together form the sides of a door, window frame, or fireplace, for example.

- Knap: to break or chip (stone) with sharp blows- Knock: To strike with a hard blow.- Laughing stock: figure of fun- Layout: the schematic arrangement of parts or areas- Lever: To move or lift with a lever, that is, a simple machine consisting of a rigid

bar pivoted on a fixed point and used to transmit force, as in raising or moving a weight at one end by pushing down on the other.

- Lintel: the horizontal stone that sits on top of two vertical stones.- Long barrow: a Neolithic communal tomb. They are elongated mounds of earth

covering a wooden or stone ‘house’ for the dead.- Loom: An apparatus for making thread or yarn into cloth- Lump: An irregularly shaped mass or piece.- Luster: Soft reflected light- Mean: Low in quality or grade; inferior.- Mince: Finely chopped food, especially mince meat.- Moa: Flightless ostrich-like birds, native to New Zealand and extinct for over a

century.- Munch: To chew food audibly or with a steady working of the jaws.- Nobble: To kidnap- Nosh: a snack or light meal- Out run: to run faster than- Outcrop: A portion of protruding bedrock- Outgrow: To surpass in growth

78

- Overhang: a formation, object, part of a structure, etc., that extends beyond or hangs over something

- Perilously: dangerously- Pictograph: A picture representing a word or idea- Pig out: To eat ravenously and voraciously; gorge oneself, to devour greedily

and- Pile up: To accumulate- Pit: A natural or artificial hole or cavity in the ground.- Poke: To search or look curiously- Pole: A long, relatively slender, generally rounded piece of wood or other

material.- Porpoise: Any of several related aquatic mammals, such as the dolphin.- Portray: To represent dramatically, as on the stage.- Posh: Smart and fashionable- Pound: To strike repeatedly and forcefully.- Prowess: Superior skill or ability.- Quarry: to excavate; an open surface excavation for the extraction of building

stone, marble, etc., by drilling, blasting, or cutting- Raft: A flat structure, typically made of planks or logs, that floats on water- Rage: A burning desire; a passion.- Rampart: A fortification consisting of an embankment (artificial mound of stone

or earth built as a means of protection or defense), often with a parapet (or low wall) built on top.

- Rave: An all-night dance party- Ravenously: Extremely hungry; voracious.- Recumbent: Lying down- Rekindle: To revive or renew- Release: To issue (a record, film, book, etc.) for circulation or distribution. - Rhea: Al flightless South American bird, resembling the ostrich but somewhat

smaller.- Rip: To move violently.- Roam: to move about without purpose or plan; wander.- Roll on: Used to express the wish that an eagerly anticipated event or date will

come quickly- Roll out: To become flattened by pressure applied by a roller.- Roller: A cylindrical device- Rolling pin: A smooth cylinder, usually with a handle at each end and often

made of wood, used for rolling out dough- Roughly: Lacking polish or finesse, having a surface marked by irregularities, not

smooth.- Rubble: A loose mass of angular fragments of rock or masonry crumbled by

natural or human forces.- Rucksack: a large bag carried on the back and often used by climbers, campers,

etc- Sake: Purpose; motive- Sarsen: the bigger stones at Stonehenge are made from sarsen, a hard

sandstone found locally

79

- Scabbard: a holder for a bladed weapon- Scatter: To distribute loosely by or as if by sprinkling;- Scavenge: To feed on dead or decaying matter.- Scenery: The natural features of a landscape, also the painted backcloths, stage

structures, etc., used to represent a location in a theatre or studio- Scrap: To fight, often with the fists.- Scratch: To use the nails or claws to dig- Seek out: to look for a specific person or thing- Settle for: To accept in spite of incomplete satisfaction- Shaft: The long narrow stem or body of a spear or arrow.- Shrine: A place of religious devotion or commemoration- Shuffle: To slide (the feet) along the floor or ground while walking.- Shumble: To walk in an awkward, lazy, or unsteady manner, shuffling the feet.- Slab: a broad flat thick piece of wood, stone, or other material- Sling: To hang loosely or freely;- Slot: To make a narrow opening; a groove or slit- Sloth: Slow-moving, arboreal mammals having long hook-like claws by which

they hang upside down from tree branches.- Sneak off: leave furtively- Snug: Close fitting, compact, secured and well built- Solstice : the two times of year when the sun is furthest away from the earth’s

equator. In summer it is usually 21 June (midsummer - the longest day) and in winter usually 21 December (midwinter -the shortest day). 4,500 years ago people celebrated the solstices at Stonehenge.

- Span: To extend across in space or time- Spare: To give or grant out of one's resources; in addition to what is needed.- Spooky: Suggestive of ghosts or a ghost; eerie, inspiring inexplicable fear, dread

and/or uneasiness; strange and frightening, mysterious, and suggestive of the supernatural.

- Squat: Short and thick; low and broad.- SQM: square meter- Stack: To arrange in a group or set. - Stake: A piece of wood or metal pointed at one end for driving into the ground - Stitch: To fasten together with staples or thread.- Stomp: To beat down with the feet- Strife: Contention or competition between rivals.- Strike a light: a device consisting of a piece of flint to be hit sharply in order to

obtain sparks.- Stumble: To miss one's step in walking or running- Sturdy: strongly built- Summit: The highest point or part; the top.- Summon: to request to appear;- Swamp: A lowland region saturated with water.- Tank: A usually artificial pool, reservoir, or cistern, especially one used to hold

water.- Tap: To strike gently with a light blow- Tear: to hurry or rush

80

- Tepee: a cone-shaped tent- Tide over: To support through a difficult period- Tile: A thin, flat piece of hard material such as baked clay, laid in rows to cover

walls, floors, and roofs.- Timber: Wood used as a building material; lumber.- Treat: A source of a special delight or pleasure:- Trilithon: two vertical stones with another stone across the top. (Greek: tri =

three, lithos = stone)- Trim: To remove excess by cutting- Trip: to stumble, to miss one's step in walking or running;- Trunk: Boot, an enclosed compartment of a car for holding luggage, etc.,

usually at the rear.- Tuck: To store in a safe place- Tumble down: to fall down- Tusk: An elongated pointed tooth, extending outside of the mouth in certain

animals such as the walrus, elephant, or wild boar.- Twig: Any small, leafless branch of a woody plant.- Vine: a plant with a weak stem that derives support from climbing or creeping

along a surface- Vintage: Characterized by excellence, maturity, and enduring appeal; classic,

outmoded.- Wedge: A piece of material, such as metal or wood, thick at one edge and

tapered (gradually thinner) toward the other for insertion in a narrow crevice- Wee: Very small; tiny- Weld: To join metals by applying heat- Windbreak: A hedge, fence, or row of trees serving to lessen or break the force

of the wind.- Wit: mental ability- Wombat: An Australian marsupial. A female wombat has a pouch on the

outside of her stomach in which she carries her babies after they are born.- World Heritage Site: A place recognised as being very important in the nature

and culture of the world. Stonehenge and Avebury are World Heritage Sites listed as such by the UNESCO.

- Wrap up: To bring to a conclusion; settle finally, summarize; recapitulate. - Yarn: a continuous twisted strand of natural or synthetic fibres, used in

weaving, knitting, etc.

81

"ROCK WITH THE CAVEMAN"by Lionel Bart, Michael Pratt and Tommy Steele

The old-time cave dweller lived in a caveHere's what he did we he wanted a raveHe took a stick and he drew on the wall

Man, a fellah had to settle forRock with the cavemanRoll with the caveman

Shake with the cavemanBaby, make with the caveman, oh boy



His way with women was rather neatHe'd love a girl right off her feet

You know the lyric writers would never lieIt's where they got the sayin' "starry eyed"


Shake with the cavemanMake with the caveman, oh boy



(Saxophone Solo)

Piltdown poppa (*) sings this song"Archaeology's done me wrong"

The British Museum's got my headMost unfortunate 'cause I ain't dead


Shake with the cavemanBreak with the cavemanMake with the caveman

C-A-V-E-M-A-N, Caveman!

82

"IN THE DAYS OF THE CAVEMAN"by Brad Roberts

When you go on camping trips you're stuck right out in natureForaging the forests like a primate

Using sharpened tools instead of hotplates

Your thumb and forefinger supposed to show you're not a wild beastYou can hear their noises at night time

They don't have to keep a certain bedtime


Sometimes when I lie awake I hear the rainfall on my tent flyI think of all the insects that are sleepingAnd wonder if the animals are dreaming


In the days of the caveman and mammoths and glaciersBugs and trees were your food then; no pyjamas or doctors

And when I finally get to sleep, I dream in technicolorI see creatures come back from the Ice Age

Alive and being fed inside a zoo cage

83

"STONEHENGE"(from This is Spinal Tap)

In ancient times,Hundreds of years before the dawn of history.

There lived a strange race of people...the Druids.No one knows who they were, or...what they were doing...

But their legacy remains...Hewn into the living rock of Stonehenge...

Stonehenge!Where the demons dwell

Where the banshees live and they do live wellStonehenge!

Where a man is a man and the children dance To the pipes of Pan...

And you my love, won't you take my handWe'll go back in time,

To that mystic landWhere the dew drops cry, and the cats meow

I will take you thereI will show you how....

And Oh how they danced...The little children of Stonehenge

Beneath the haunted moon...For fear that daybreak, might come too soon...

... Stonehenge!

Tis' a magic place,Where the moon doth rise, with a dragon's face

Stonehenge!Where the virgins lie

And the prayers of devils fill the midnight sky...

And where are they now?The little people of Stonehenge...And what would they say to us,

If we were here.........Tonight.......

84

"STONE AGE SONG"

I'm sure you've heard the Stone Age occurred,

For two and a half million years.But there's more of Stone Age to engage,

Than maybe it first appears.

Dinosaurs, Neanderthals, Let's make this clearer.

Didn't live together, Came from different eras.

That's not all I can tell you, So much more to be known.

About the many phases In the ages of stone.

Shooby-dooby-doo-wapIt's all the rage.

To skiddly-bap-doo-waBrush up on your Stone Age.

Oh yeah! All right! It's fine to define, An era Paleolithic.

But you're gonna have to be, A little more specific.Do you mean lower,

When ancient beings first used tools?Or middle Paleolithic,

When Neanderthal ruled?That's when Homo sapiens,

Starts to emerge.But just in Africa,

It's long before the global surge.Not till upper Paleolithic, Forty thousand years ago.

Did Neanderthal and Homo sapiens say hello,

Neanderthal and Homo sapi, Living in caveman harmony.

Language was invented,

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Cave painting art.Then Paleolithic ended, Which meant the start.

Of phase two-be-doo-be-doo-wapTurn a new page.

Skiddly-bap-doo-wahBuck up on the Stone Age.

Oh yeah! All right! This is where it starts to,

Get all scientific.Paleolithic’s followed by,

The era Mesolithic.Then Neanderthals are wiped out,

By the ice age - horrific! After which the Neolithic age,

Was terrific.Man learned to farm,

Built homes so they could settle.Then some other folks turned up,

And they discovered metal.Bigger men from Europe,

Found bronze and outgrown.The simple and traditional ways of stone.

Bronze Age was invented, By now man was flying.'Cause hot on its heels, Came the age of iron.

Celts, Druids, Religion then Rome.

By now a distant memory, Those ages of stone.

Shooby-dooby-doo-wapSince that metallic stage.

Skiddly-bap-doo-wahThere was no more Stone Age.

Shooby-dooby-doo-wapNow you know what is known,

About the many phases of the ages of stone

Yeah! All right!

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2013 5to plan 1 prehistoric britain (main)

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