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Volume 4 • Issue 8 • 1000208J Bioremed Biodeg

ISSN: 2155-6199 JBRBD, an open access journal

Research Article Open Access

Cesaro et al., J Bioremed Biodeg 2013, 4:8

http://dx.doi.org/10.4172/2155-6199.1000208

Review Article Open Access

Bioremediation & Biodegradation

Keywords: Biodegradability; Emerging contaminants; Fentonprocesses; Free radicals; Oxidation; Ozone; Photocatalysis; Recalcitrantcompounds; Ultrasound

Introduction

In the last years, one o the major concerns to water quality is

related to the detection o chemical pollutants in both industrial and

municipal wastewater. Most o these contaminants, both synthetic

organic chemicals and naturally occurring substances, enter the

aquatic medium in several different ways and, according to their water-

solubility, can be transported and distributed in the water cycle [1].

Te risk associated to these contaminants, such as pharmaceuticals,

endocrine disruptor, personal care products, pesticides, is related to

their ubiquity and persistence into the environment as well as to their

biological activity that may affect the development o aquatic organisms

and wildlie [2].

Te effluents o urban wastewater treatment plants are among themajor responsible or the release o this kind o contaminants into

the environment [2,3]. Although conventional biological processes

are usually efficient or the degradation o pollutants occurring in

wastewater, reractory compounds are not effectively removed [4].

In such cases the use o Advanced Oxidation Processes (AOPs)

may improve the overall removal efficiency o such compounds.

AOPs are based on the chemistry of hydroxyl radicals (• OH),

which are non-selective reactive species, able to oxidize pollutants into

mineral end-products, yielding CO2 and inorganic ions [5].

However, the use of AOPs is not cost-eective if intended to

mineralize toxic and recalcitrant compounds in wastewater [1].

Tereore, suitable application o AOPs should not consider, wheneverpossible, the replacement o the more economic biological processes

[6], but the proper combination o both systems.

AOPs can be used as pre- and/or post-treatment o biological

systems (Figure 1). In the ormer case, AOPs aim to improve biological

treatability o wastewaters, thus avouring their processing by means

o common microorganisms [7-9]. In the latter, the oxidation step is

directed towards the removal o those contaminants not completelydegraded during the biological treatment [10].

In order to ensure the economic optimization o the combined

process, it is necessary to limit the intensity and/or duration o the

advanced treatment. As a result, special attention must be paid to

the procedures useul to evaluate the efficiency o the process. When

AOPs are used as pretreatment o wastewater or their biological

processing, their perormances have to be adequately assessed through

biodegradability tests [11].

Tis work discusses the most studied AOPs used as pretreatment

o wastewaters or biological processing, in order to highlight the

enhancement o wastewater biological treatability supplied by

different advanced processes. o this end, wastewater biodegradabilityassessment is pointed out, with reerence to the most spread standard

tests and parameters, thus providing an overview o the most reliable

ones.

*Corresponding author: A Cesaro, SEED - Sanitary Environmental Engineering

Division, Department of Civil Engineering, University of Salerno via Giovanni Paolo

II, 84084 - Fisciano (SA), Italy, E-mail: [email protected]

Received August 30, 2013; Accepted September 30, 2013; Published October

05, 2013

Citation: Cesaro A, Naddeo V, Belgiorno V (2013) Wastewater Treatment by

Combination of Advanced Oxidation Processes and Conventional Biological

Systems. J Bioremed Biodeg 4: 208. doi:10.4172/2155-6199.1000208

Copyright: © 2013 Cesaro A, et al. This is an open-a ccess article distributed underthe terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted

use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and

source are credited.

Wastewater Treatment by Combination of Advanced Oxidation Processes

and Conventional Biological SystemsAlessandra Cesaro*, Vincenzo Naddeo and Vincenzo Belgiorno

SEED - Sanitary Environmental Engineering Division, Department of Civil Engineering, University of Salerno via Giovanni Paolo II, 84084 - Fisciano (SA), Italy

Abstract

One of the most challenging issues of the last decades is the presence of recalcitrant compounds in the efuents

of wastewater treatment plants, due to their toxicity on both human health and environment. Although conventional

biological processes are usually efcient for the degradation of pollutants occurring in wastewaters, most of these

compounds are not effectively removed.

In this context, Advanced Oxidation Processes (AOPs), which are oxidation methods relying on the action

of highly reactive species such as hydroxyl radicals, are raising great interest for the removal of those organic

pollutants not treatable by conventional techniques due to their high chemical stability and/or low biodegradability.

As several studies pointed out the effectiveness of AOPs in the degradation of a wide spectrum of both organic andinorganic pollutants, they are considered a highly competitive wastewater treatment technology. However, in order to

reduce operating costs associated to the application of AOPs, their proper combination with conventional biological

processes should be considered.

This work aims to discuss the most common AOPs used as pretreatment of wastewater for its biological

processing, in order to highlight the enhancement of wastewater biological treatability supplied by different advanced

oxidation methods. To this end, main standard tests and parameters for wastewater biodegradability assessment are

also pointed out, thus providing an overview of the most reliable ones.

http://dx.doi.org/10.4172/2155-6199.1000208http://dx.doi.org/10.4172/2155-6199.1000208



Citation: Cesaro A, Naddeo V, Belgiorno V (2013) Wastewater Treatment by Combination of Advanced Oxidation Processes and Conventional

Biological Systems. J Bioremed Biodeg 4: 208. doi:10.4172/2155-6199.1000208



Page 2 of 8

Degradation Mechanisms by Advanced Oxidation

Processes

Te efficacy o AOPs in improving biological degradability orecalcitrant compounds in wastewater depends on both chemicaland physical properties o contaminants as well as on the generationo reactive ree radicals, in most cases hydroxyl radicals [12]. Teoxidation reaction between these radicals and the contaminants is themechanism behind the degradation o the contaminant itsel.

Te generation o these reactive agents can be achieved by meanso several processes, including, sonolysis [13], ozone-based processes

[14], Fenton-based reactions [15], heterogeneous photocatalysis [16]and various combination o these technologies [17-19]. Each one canbe characterized according to the specific method or the productiono ree radicals.

Sonochemical processes imply the application o ultrasound (US),which refers to sound waves with a frequency ranging between 20 kHzand 500 MHz. When ultrasound propagates in a liquid, it promotes theormation o cavitational bubbles, whose collapse is associated to bothphysical and chemical effects [13]. In particular, at high requencies,chemical ultrasonic effects are predominant due to the larger ormationo ree radicals [20].

Tese radicals move to the liquid-gas interace to react with theorganic substrate [21] or, in the case o high concentration, they

recombine with each other to form H2O2 [22], which is an oxidativeagent as well, thus providing the degradation o contaminants.

Sonolysis is a versatile process, which has been widely studied orthe degradation o several compounds [23-25] even in combinationwith other AOPs [26]. Its main disadvantage is related to energyconsumption. Tis item ofen limits the applicability o the ultrasonictechnology to small volumes. Differently, ozonation has shown a verystrong oxidizing power with short reaction times, thus allowing thetreatment o great amount o wastewaters.

Te process relies on ozone, which is unstable in an aqueousmedium. It decomposes spontaneously by a complex mechanismthat involves the generation o hydroxyl ree radicals. Tereore, thedegradation o pollutants occurs by both ozone itsel and radicals [27],

although the latter is more powerul than the ormer, as highlighted inable 1, reporting the reaction rate constants or both oxidants withreerence to several compounds.

Although ozonation has already been applied at ull-scale, asalready pointed out or sonolysis, it is an energy intensive process,

characterized by high operating costs, mainly associated to ozonegeneration.

As ozone is an unstable molecule, it should be generated at the

point o application. o this end, several methods can be used, butthe most common within ozone generation industry is the coronadischarge one, which requires a considerable energy input.

Ozone technology has also been studied in combination withultraviolet (UV) radiation, since UV photons are able to activate ozone

molecules. In this way, the ormation o hydroxyl radicals is promoted[28,29], but any relevant energy saving can be pursued.

UV radiation, in the wavelength range between 200 and 280 nm,can also be applied in combination with hydrogen peroxide (H

2O

2).

Te major drawback o this process is related to the small molar

extinction coecient of H2O

2. Tereore, only a relative small raction

o incident light is exploited, especially when organic substrates willact as inner lters. Moreover, the rate of photolysis of aqueous H

2O

2 is

pH dependent: it was found to increase when more alkaline conditionsare used [6].

H2O

2 occurs also in Fenton based processes: its reaction with iron

in water, under acidic conditions, determines the ormation o radicals.

Te rate constant or the reaction o errous ion with hydrogen peroxideis high and Fe(II) oxidizes to Fe(III) in a ew seconds to minutes in the

presence o excess amounts o hydrogen peroxide, which decomposesby Fe(III) and generates again hydroxyl radicals. Te major parameteraecting Fenton processes are: the pH of the solution, the amount of

ferrous ions, the concentration of H2O

2, the initial concentration o

contaminants and the presence o other ions [30]. Moreover, Fentonreagent action can be significantly improved when exposed to UV

radiation [31].

Enhancement o reagent yields afer light irradiation is the concepton which also photocatalytic processes have been developed.

Heterogeneous photocatalysis is a photochemical reaction,accelerated by the action o a catalyst: one o the most widely used

and highly effective is iO2 [32]. Te mechanism action is based onthe transition o electrons rom the valence to the conduction band,which is caused by the light irradiation o the catalyst. In particular,

a.

b.

Figure 1: AOP as pretreatment (a.) and post-treatment (b.) of biological system.








Page 3 of 8

both migrating electrons and the holes created in the valence bandcan participate in redox reactions with compounds absorbed on thephotocatalyst [33]. Te presence o molecules which compete with thecontaminants or reactive sites should be, thereore, avoided.

Notwithstanding the possibility o mineralization o severalcompounds, photocatalysis ull-scale application is still not spread dueto both technical and economic reasons, mainly related to the proper

handling o the catalyst.

able 2 summarizes main advantages and drawbacks or thediscussed AOPs.

Te design o AOPs depends on several parameters, including:reagent dosage and ratios with other substances, contact time andreactor configuration. Te optimal conditions have to be determinedwith reerence to the treatment scenario o interest [34]. Reasonably,longer contact time as well as higher reagent dosage result in moreeffective treatment but also in operating costs which can be notsustainable.

Differently, when AOPs are used in combination with conventionalbiological treatment o wastewaters, their application is not intended

to remove reractory compounds and can be cost-competitive. In thiscontest, the easibility o AOPs is highly dependent on the enhancemento wastewater biological treatability and, consequently, the assessmento biodegradability plays a undamental role.

Wastewater Biodegradability Assessment

In scientific literature, biodegradability concept has been used toreer to different characteristics o a substrate, such as persistence [35]or bioavailability [36]. In the field o water and wastewater treatment,biodegradability ofen implies the biological treatability o theinvestigated substrates [37].

Due to these differences, several tests have been developed in timeto assess biodegradability.

OECD (Organization or Economic Cooperation andDevelopment) guidelines distinguish three main groups within thebiodegradability test system [38]:

- Ready Biodegradability ests (RBs), which are useul or quickscreening. Tey all rely on the principle that biodegradationis monitored as the degree o mineralization, by means oaggregated parameters such as oxygen uptake, carbon dioxideproduction or reduction o dissolved organic carbon (DOC);

- Inherent Biodegradability ests (IBs), to demonstrate thepotential degradability o a compound. Differently rom RBs,biodegradation conditions are optimized, thus making themreally reliable;

-

Simulation ests (Ss), designed to measure the rate obiodegradation in a specified environmental compartment.est substance concentration varies according to the test aim:

it is lower, i intended to provide biodegradation rates; higherto quantiy main degradation products. Te measurement odegradation rates, moreover, requires specific analysis.

According to this classification, a undamental step or theevaluation o wastewater biodegradability is the perormance o RBs.A compound can be considered readily biodegradable, i the results oRBs fit the ollowing criteria [39]:

- O2 uptake or CO

2 evolution achieves at least 60% o the

theoretical one or DOC removal reaches 70%;

- time elapsed rom the start o the mineralization process,defined as 10% o the theoretical one until the required plateauis reached, should be no longer than 10 days.

According to OECD guidelines, i these conditions are not ulfilled,the test substance cannot be considered "not biodegradable", but should

undergo additional trials, even within the class o the RBs. Althoughsome o these tests based on respirometry or the determination o O2

uptake are more versatile than others, their applicability depends alsoon the kind o substances which are being investigated, as shown inable 3 [40].

able 4 lists the most perormed IBs, highlighting that thepopulation density is higher than the one o RBs. Tis item makes theconditions or the biodegradation optimal. Tereore, a negative resultwould indicate a high persistence o the test substance, suggesting thatno urther research on biodegradation should be perormed [38].

An important aspect to be taken into account is reproducibility otest results.

One o the most recent studies on the topic [11] was carriedout comparing different tests to determine the biodegradabilityenhancement during the advanced treatment o wastewater samplescontaining 200 mg

DOC/L o a pesticide mixture. Authors ound that the

results o Zahn-Wellens test were consistent with the ones achievedthrough the Pseudomonas putida bioassay. Te use o this bacteria isstandardized within the procedures provided by DIN 38 412 Part 8(1991) and DIN 38 412 Part 27 (1993) to assess water and wastewatertoxicity, by evaluating the growth inhibition in 30 minutes. In the studyo Ballesteros Martín et al. [11], the same bacteria species was used asculture mean or a bioassay, incubated or 120 h. As or the Zahn-Wellens tests, biodegradability efficiency o the investigated AOP wasassessed in terms o DOC removal.

Results showed that both Zahn-Wellens test and Pseudomonasputida bioassay proved to be the most suitably judging by repeatabilityand precision. Te main advantage o the Pseudomonas putida test isthe shorter time required to obtain reliable results, in comparison tothe Zahn-Wellens test, lasting 28 days.

Te duration o biodegradability tests can be a discriminatingactor in the choice o the test itsel as well as the operating simplicity,especially in research screening steps. Tis item has promoted theuse o BOD

5/COD ratio, which is quite spread in literature [41] as

biodegradability indicator: when the ratio is higher than 0.4, the testsubstance is considered biodegradable [42].

Although biodegradability tests provide useul inormationconcerning the effect o chemical pre-treatment on subsequent

biological degradation o wastewater, experiments integrating chemicaland biological degradation are necessary or a more realistic viewpointo the combined process [1].

Compound O3

OH•

Chlorinated alkenes 10-3 ÷ 10-4 109 ÷ 1011

Phenols 103 109 ÷ 1010

N-containig organics 10 ÷ 102 108 ÷ 1010

Aromatics 1 ÷ 102 108 ÷ 1010

Ketones 1 109 ÷ 1010

Alcohols 10-2 ÷ 1 108 ÷ 109

Table 1: Ozone and hydroxyl radical rate constants, as L/mol s [28].








Page 4 of 8

Combined AOPs and Biological Processes for

Wastewater Treatment

Most studies dealing with AOPs as pretreatment o wastewater ortheir biological processing reer to laboratory and pilot scale tests.

One o the main obstacles to the scale up o AOPs or the treatmento wastewater prior to biological processes is related to the oxidantdose. High reagent concentrations determine signicant increases inoperating costs as well as serious damages to microorganisms [43,44].On the other hand, low reagent doses could result in inadequatepretreatment o wastewaters.

Te effectiveness o AOPs has been extensively proved or the

pretreatment o several kinds o wastewaters, including industrial ones[45], as they can be conveniently reused within the productive process.

According to Scottis and Ollis [46], the kinds o wastewater that canbe successully treated by means o combined AOPs/biological processesare the ones containing bio-resistant or recalcitrant compounds, whichare ofen o industrial origin, as well as the wastewaters containingpollutants resulting in toxicity or microorganisms.

Among bio-resistant compounds, pesticides arise great concern,since their high solubility makes their propagation in the environmentextremely easy. Although several processes have been studied or thepretreatment o wastewater polluted by pesticides, the most recenttrend is directed toward the combination o Fenton and photo-Fenton

processes with aerobic biological treatment [47,48].Zapata et al. [49] ound that the photo-Fenton treatment at pilot

plant scale was able to increase the biodegradability o a wastewater

polluted with commercial pesticides rom 50% to 95% as well asto reduce its toxicity (rom 96% to 50% o inhibition). Authors alsoobserved that the most suitable point or combining the photo-Fentonprocess with the biological treatment was afer the total elimination othe active ingredients. Te efficiency o the combined photo-Fenton/biological system in terms o mineralization was 94%, while thecombination bio/photo-Fenton was not successul, thus pointing outthe importance o the proper identification o the sequence withintreatment units.

Fenton based processes have been also applied to several industrialwastewaters, such as tannery effluents, which are usually characterizedby low pH, relatively high temperature and high presence of aromatic

compounds.

In the study o Mandal et al . [50], the application o Fenton processas pretreatment or a biological system allowed the reduction opollutant content, in terms o both COD and BOD

5, thus improving

the biodegradability and reducing the duration o biological treatment.Te main drawback o the combined Fenton/biological process was thehigh production o sludge (about 3 kg dry sludge/m3), which greatlyaffect the economic balance, as observed also in the study o Di Iaconiet al. [51].

Fenton raection was also studied by Feng et al. [52] in combinationwith a membrane bioreactor (MBR) or the advanced processing othe effluent rom an integrated dyeing wastewater treatment plant.In this study, Zahn-Wallens est was used to assess the wastewater

biodegradability enhancement aer Fenton process. However, thesame effect was also evaluated in terms o OC, afer the Fentontreatment as well as afer the combined Fenton/MBR system. Although

AOP Advantages Disadvantages

US

- Versatile technology

- Suitable for small volumes

- Interesting upgrade applications

- Energy consuming technology

- Sonotrode erosion issues

O3

- Strong oxidative power

- Effective for a wide spectrum of pollutants

- Existing full-scale applications

- Energy consuming

- High operating costs

- Risks associated to ozone generation

O3/UV - More effective than O

3 or UV alone - More energy intensive than single processes

H2O

2/UV

- UV promote •OH formation

- High efciency- Turbidity can interfere with UV radiation

Fenton-based reactions - Not as energy intensive as other AOPs- Developing technology

- Need for acidic conditions

UV/TiO2

- Can be performed at higher wavelenghts than other UV-

based processes

- Developing technology

- Need for pretreatment

Table 2: Advantages and drawbacks of discussed AOPs.

Test Measured parameter Maximum microbial concentration

[CFU/mL]

Suitability for compounds

Poorly soluble Volatile Adsorbing

DOC Die-Away (301 A) DOC (2 ÷ 10) • 105 - - +/-CO

2 evolution (301 B) CO

2 evolution (respirometry) (2 ÷ 10) • 105 + - +

MITI (I) (301 C) O2 (respirometry) (2 ÷ 10) • 105 + +/- +

Closed bottle (301 D) O2 (respirometry) (0,5 ÷ 2.5) • 103 - - +/-

Modied OECD Screening (301 E) DOC (0,5 ÷ 2.5) • 102 +/- + +

Manometric respirometry (301 F) O2 (respirometry) (2 ÷ 10) • 105 + +/- +

+ suitable; - not suitable; +/- suitable under specic conditions

Table 3: Applicability of OECD (301 series) test methods (adapted from Pedrazzani [40]).

Test Measured parameter Maximum microbial concentration [CFU/mL]

Zahn-Wellens Test (302 B) DOC (0.7 ÷ 3) • 107

SCAS (302 A) DOC (2 ÷ 10) • 107

MITI (II) (302 C) O2

(0.7 ÷ 3) • 106

Table 4: IBTs (adapted by Struijs et al. [38]).








Page 5 of 8

a IBs was perormed, the estimation o OC allowed a promptcomparative assessment between the single AOP and its combinationwith a biological system by means o a parameter that is common and

easy to determine.

Similar consideration arises or the study o Oller et al. [53],reporting the combination, at pilot scale, o Fenton process with anattached biomass biological reactor, or the treatment o 4 m 3/d opharmaceutical wastewater, with a concentration o 600 mg/L oα-methylphenylglycine and a DOC value in the range 400-600 mg/L.In this case, the removal reached through the combined process wasevaluated in terms o DOC and was ound to reach values up to 95%.

Pharmaceuticals represent only one o the widest categories oconcern among emerging contaminants because o their endocrine-disrupting properties. Personal-care products, steroid sex hormones,illicit drugs, flame retardants and perfluorinated compounds are

other particularly relevant examples o such emerging compounds,whose high transormation/removal rates are compensated by theircontinuous introduction into the environment. In order to increasebiodegradability and detoxiy effluent streams containing suchcompounds, alternative treatments with AOPs have been studied [54-56].

Naddeo et al. [24] investigated the application o sonolysis on thedegradation o three kinds o pharmaceuticals, both in single solutionsand as mixtures spiked in urban wastewater effluent. Several operatingconditions were studied and the aerobic biodegradability variationassessed by BOD

5/COD ratio. It was ound that the pharmaceuticals

conversion enhanced or increasing ultrasonic power densities.Reaction by-products proved to be more stable than the original

compounds as well as more readily biodegradable, thus suggesting theeffectiveness o sonolysis as pretreatment rather than post-treatment. Inthe ormer case, lower energy input can be provided in order to achievean adequate increase in biodegradability and promote the consequentprocessing o wastewater by conventional biological systems.

Te great potential o ultrasonic irradiation or the degradationo toxic organic compounds in wastewater was also highlighted in thestudy o De Bel et al. [57]. Authors ound that, although there was onlya minor decrease in COD afer treatment, the BOD/COD ratio o theantibiotic solution increased rom 0.06 to a maximum o 0.60.

Sonolysis has been widely investigated as wastewater treatmentprior to biological processes [58,59] or the increase o differentorganic substrates biodegradability [60-62], also in combination with

other AOPs [63]. Most studies, however, are ocused on the effects oAOPs on organic substance removal rather than the improvement inbiodegradability. Sangave et al. [64] evaluated the effectiveness o a

combined US/ozone process in improving the aerobic degradation odistillery wastewater and observed a COD reduction up to 45%.

A more recent work was carried out with reerence to ozonation,applied in the treatment line or remediation o different kinds owastewater. Integrated schemes considering ozonation alone as bothpre- and post-treatment or the biological processing o distillerywastewater allowed around 79% reduction o pollutants, expressed asCOD, compared to 35% COD reduction with a not ozonated sample[65].

Similarly, Di Iaconi et al. [66] operated at demonstrative scale anaerobic granular biomass system (SBBGR – Sequencing Batch BiofilterGranular Reactor) integrated with ozonation or the treatment otannery wastewater. Results showed the removal efficiencies o thecombined process or several parameters, including COD, SS, KN,as well as the estimation o sludge production or the assessment o theprocess economic easibility. Te same process scheme was used in the

study o Lotito et al. [67] or the treatment o textile wastewater.

In all cases, any test to assess changes in biodegradability aferozone application was perormed, whereas several studies dealing withthe assessment o biodegradability enhancement afer the applicationo ozonation to specific kinds o wastewaters are reported in literature(able 5).

As shown in able 5, BOD5/COD ratio was ound to be the most

common parameter used to assess the biodegradability o a testsubstance afer ozonation, even in combination with other AOPs [68-75].

Te recurring use o this parameter is related to the operationalsimplicity, although several tests have been standardized to assess

biodegradability and to provide specific inormation about thisproperty.

Conclusion

Advanced Oxidation Processes represent one o the most promisingoptions or the removal o persistent compounds in wastewatertreatment effluents.

Te action mechanism o AOPs relies on the ormation o highreactive oxidant species, mainly hydroxyl radicals, which can reactwith recalcitrant compounds until their mineralization occurs.However, when AOPs are intended to remove all these pollutants fromwastewaters, their application can be not sustainable. Conversely, theircombination with conventional biological processes can be considered

a valid option. It has been extensively proved that AOPs can improvethe biological treatability o wastewaters, thus enhancing the removalo both organic matter and recalcitrant compounds.

Wastewater characteristics Biodegradability parameter Work highlights Reference

Municipal WWTP efuent BOD5

Biodegradability increase due to the change in molecular structure of refractory

compounds decreased inhibitory effects[68]

Textile dyeBOD

5 increase, BOD/COD,

OD/TOC

Under optimal conditions, the BOD/TOC and BOD/COD ratios increased up to

0.58 and 0.27, respectively.[69]

Phenolic solution BOD5/COD

The BOD5/COD ratio increased to 0.18, 0.26 for the test solutions, under the best

treatment time.[70]

Pulp mill alkaline bleach plant efuentBOD

5 increase

COD reduction

Ozone treatment enhanced the biodegradability of the efuent, monitored as 21%

COD reduction and 13% BOD5 enhancement

[71]

Procaine penicillin G formulation efuent BOD5

No signicant correlation existed between the BOD5 and the toxici ty test resul ts [72]

Diclofenac in aqueous solution

BOD5/COD

Zahn-Wellens test Ozonation promotes a more biocompatible efuent of waters containing diclofenac [73]

Textile wastewater BOD5/COD Biodegradability enhancement by a factor up to 6,8-fold [74]

Table 5: Evaluation of ozone effect on wastewater biodegradability.








Page 6 of 8

In this contest, the assessment o biodegradability variation aferthe application o AOPs plays a undamental role, so that specificprocedures have been standardized in time. However, even though

they are now well developed, results o the biodegradability variationafer AOPs are usually expressed in terms o BOD

5, COD, BOD

5/

COD ratio, DOC. Differently rom biodegradability assays, theseparameters are easy and quick to determine. Moreover, their recurringoccurrence in scientific literature allows the immediate comparison oresults obtained rom different studies dealing with the use o AOPs aswastewater pretreatment or its biological processing.

Tis aspect is particularly important when considering that theinvestigation o advanced treatment effects generally ollows twodifferent approaches.

In the first one, research is ocused on the effectiveness o AOPs inimproving wastewater biodegradability. Tis approach is developed to

deepen the study o the viability o the investigated AOPs as biologicalsystem pretreatment and/or to assess the qualitative characterization oits intermediates.

In the second one, aim o the experimental study is the integratedAOPs/biological process easibility. Tis second kind o approachis pursuable when the enhancement o biodegradability afer theapplication o the studied AOPs is already clear and the easibility othe combined process has to be assessed.

Tereore, the comprehension o the action mechanisms oinvestigated AOPs has been extensively studied and the potential oseveral processes has been recognized.

Te gap that scientific research should cover is the assessment

o the technical and economic easibility o AOPs as treatment owastewater beore its conventional biological processing. o this end,urther research should be mainly addressed towards:

- the definition o removal kinetics o pollutants afer combinedAOPs/biological processes, in order to optimize the operatingconditions as well as to identiy modelling tools to generalizeexperimental data;

- Te assessment o the combined AOPs/biological processefficiency in larger scale continuously operated systems, inorder to promote its scale up.

Acknowledgements

Research activities were partly funded by the FARB project of the University

of Salerno and PRIN project founded by Italian Ministry of University. Assistance

provided by P. Napodano is deeply appreciated.

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Systems. J Bioremed Biodeg 4: 208. doi:10.4172/2155-6199.1000208

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