2014 Fall Semester Final Study Guide

Colonization

What were the main reasons for colonization of the Americas by the Europeans?

Religion, riches, natural resources, and land (Gold, God, and Glory)

Most of the Colonies were established to make a PROFIT for the Investors!

John Winthrop’s Quote about a “City Upon a Hill” means?

• The region of Massachusetts and the City of Boston are to be a City Upon a Hill for others to emulate.

• Like a hero who is placed on a pedestal.

• They are to live by example and have higher expectations placed upon them.

• Natural Boarder of the 13 Colonies were13

• Atlantic Ocean: East

• Appalachian Mountains: West

• Florida/swamp/savage natives: South

• North: Canada

Identify the 3 regions of the colonies and their similarities and differences

New England• Small local or personal farms Long winters with short growing season

• Mostly manufacturing Many cities and urban areas

• Strong religious ties Rocky soil

Middle• Medium size farms Moderate weather and growing season

• Moderate soil Some religion but tolerance for others

• Partially farms and urban area

South• Large farms Long growing season

• Cash crops Agrarian society

• Mostly small towns, rural areas Large slow moving rivers

What was the most common form of local government in New England?

• Town Hall meetings were an integral part of the small towns in New England.

• It gave the town’s people a way to control their governance.

• They usually met in churches, and often required people to be church members and mostly men.

American Revolution

List in chronological order important events between the Stamp Act and Revolutionary War

• 1765 Stamp Act

• 1767 Townshend Act

• 1770 Boston Massacre

• 1773, March Tea Act

• 1773, December Boston Tea Party

• 1774 Intolerable Acts

• 1775, April Lexington/Concord

• 1775, June Battle of Bunker Hill

Thomas Jefferson used this Locke’s philosophy in writing this document and what was his belief?

• The document was the Declaration of Independence.

• We hold these truths to be self-evident, that all men are created equal, that they are endowed by their creator with certain unalienable Rights, that among these are Life, Liberty and the pursuit of Happiness.

• It stated that people have the natural rights of life, liberty, and property. Eventually property became happiness.

How was the US able to defeat England?

• Naval Support from France

• Fighting for a cause

• Fighting at home

• Unique tactics

• England became tired of fighting (many recent wars)

• Belief that it was a temporary separation

What enabled the Colonist the to defeat the British in the American Revolution.

• “Different” battle tactics that the British have never seen. (guerrilla warfare, hit and run attacks).

• Fighting at “home.”• Britain tired from many wars, sends out some soldiers

but hires many others to fight the war.• Support from France (Britain's longtime enemy).• Long distance from home base.

What was Thomas Payne’s pamphlet “Common Sense” most influential in persuading?

• Thomas Paine, argued that colonist should free themselves from British rule. This encouraged many colonists to support independence from England. The time is now!

In which event did the first conflict between the Minutemen and Redcoats occur?

• The FIRST “Battle” between the Redcoats (British Army) and the Minutemen (colonial militia) that started the Revolutionary War occurred at Lexington/Concord.

Saratoga’s Importance in the Revolutionary War

• By winning this battle it showed France that we had a chance in defeating England.

• Thus they were willing to openly support us.

• They did so with money, training, and Naval support.

• What were the major weaknesses of the American government under the articles of Confederation?

– No strong central government, – No power to tax.– States had too much power.– No regulation over trade– No regulation over currency.– Consisted only of a legislative branch.

List differences between the two major groups surrounding the Constitution and how it was resolved.

• What was the Great Compromise?

- Two house system. Bicameral– Also known as the Connecticut Compromise, it

established equal representation for all states in the Senate.

– Representation by population in the House of Representatives

Why were some concerned about the Constitution at first?

• Lack of promise of personal freedoms and rights and Local Authority/Control.

• Thus the reason for the Bill of Rights/Amendments.

• And limits of National/Federal Power allowing some rights to be given to States

• Both were a concern of the Anti-Federalist.

• Why was the Bill of Rights added to the Constitution?

– So that the Anti-federalists would agree to ratify the Constitution giving and protecting individuals certain rights (10 at first)

• What groups were disenfranchised by the Constitution?(not allowed to vote)

– African Americans, Women, and Native Americans

• What was Shay’s Rebellion? What did it lead to?

– Farmers in Massachusetts rebelled closing several courthouse to stop foreclosures on their farms.

– This Illustrated that the nation needed a strong central government.

Early Nation

Purpose of Lewis and Clark’s Expedition?

• To map the new area.

• To find a passage to the Pacific Ocean.

• To inform the Natives that we were now in control.

• For Scientific purpose to group and categorize animals and plants.

Identify the new lands and where they came from

-NW Territory (Treaty with Great Britain Revolutionary War)

-Louisiana Purchase: France: doubling the size

-Oregon Territory (Treaty with Great Britain War 1812)

-Texas (Mexico through Independence)

-SW Region (Bought/Treaty Mexican War)

-Gadsden Purchase (Mexico)

• What were the elements and results of Jacksonian Democracy?

– Spoils system (friends and supporters got jobs)– NO support for National bank – Representing common man – Universal white male suffrage– Common Man feeling.

• What were the major effects the outcome of the WAR of 1812 had on the United States?

– Increased patriotism through out the nation.– National Anthem was written. – We now knew we could compete with a world

power such as England.– Shared control of the Oregon Territory.– Defeated Great Britain (again) really tied.– The United States won the war, return to status

quo with Britain prior to the war.

What were the reasons for displacement of the Native Americans to reservations.

• Settlers moved westward requiring more land• The expansion of railroads.• Need for more land for cattle and farms.• It was a way to control the Natives • Dawes Act (was to break up reservations and sell land

giving the Natives money for them to use improving the land: most of the money never got to them).

• A way to “Civilize” the Native Americans.• A way to control them.• Natives did not improve the land so “we” had the right to

take the land and the resources. • Not Christian• Below “white” people.

Result of the Indian Removal Act and Trail of Tears

• The Natives were moved to “Indian Lands” (today known as Oklahoma).

• As a way to control and change them. • Treaties and court decisions were ignored.• Their lands were taken from them and given to the “white

men,” who would have better use of it. • Trail of Tears best known movement GA to OK.

Erie Canal Impact• The building of the canal was the largest construction project in

the Western Hemisphere up to that time.• The canal connect The Great Lakes to the Hudson River and to

NY City.• This enables NY to become the trade capital of the US and

eventually the World..• Western farmers can now

sell their goods and trade

with the rest of the

country/world.

Washington View of Our Involvement in World Affairs was

•Isolationism.

•We need to stay out of other countries affairs.

Identify the reasons for the Western Expansion and Manifest Destiny

• Desire for land and the need for it as well (to produce)• God given right to control land from sea to sea.• Natural resources: Gold and Lumber• New Opportunities.• The desire to explore.• Trade with Asia.• Homestead Act of 1862 settlers were able to purchase 160

acres for $10 from the federal government. In return they were required to live on the land for at least five year and make improvements.

• Desire to control and Americanize the Native Americans.

Antebellum

Compare the differences in the economy and society of each region before and during the war.

North STRENGTHS• Larger population (more than 2 to 1, 22 mil to 9)• More production, thus more supplies• Larger and better Navy• More money• Recognized by other countries as a sovereign nation.

WEAKNESS• Lack of a strong desire to fight• Forced army entrance (Conscription/draft)• Privileged/rich people had way to escape war• Not sure of the real cause• Was slavery worth the “cost?”

• SOUTH STRENGTHS

• Good leadership in the Army.

• Fighting on home soil.

• More to fight for- “Way of Life.”

• WEAKNESS

• Lack of resources- outside of natural

• Lack of money

• Lower population

• No outside support from other nations

• What was the Missouri Compromise? What effect did it have on slavery?

– It allowed Missouri to enter as a slave state and Maine to enter as a free state (maintain balance in congress).

– Remainder of Louisiana Territory divided along 36-30 latitude, north would be free territory, south slave.

– It put a band-aid on the issue of slavery facing the nation.

• What was the purpose of the Kansas Nebraska Act? What did it cause?

– Proposed by Stephen Douglas, it allowed popular sovereignty (allow the people to choose slave or free state) in the territories of Kansas and Nebraska

– Fighting between proslavery and antislavery factions for control of Kansas turned violent and deadly

– Some state this was start of the Civil War and violence between the sides.

• Describe the Dred Scott Case and its significance.

– He was a slave who sued for his freedom after living in a free state.

– Supreme Court ruled that he had no rights because slaves were nothing more than property and therefore could not sue in court.

– Helped convince people that slaves were not really people.

– May have helped societal attitudes against slaves and justify slavery.

Impact of the Cotton Gin

• Changed the world.

• Increased demand for Cotton.

• Which increased demand for slaves.

• Triples the slave population in the South.

Civil War and Reconstruction

• Lincoln's purpose for the Union at the start and how his view evolves over time?

– Lincoln was very religious. He wanted to keep the country together. Considered the country as a family with “issues.”

– He was willing to accept slavery (despite feeling it was morally wrong) but did not want it to expand.

– He knew the South depended on slavery and could not realistically take it away without devastating them.

– After Antietam, his public view changed and decided to issue the Emancipation Proclamation.

– Now he wanted to publically state the issue of slavery is what the war is going to determine. Also to show Europe that slavery is over in this country when the war ends.

Flow Chart of Civil War Major Battles

• Ft. Sumter

• Bull Run

• Vicksburg

• Gettysburg

• March to the Sea/Atlanta

• Appomattox

Importance of Antietam

• Single bloodiest day of death in US History.

• Caused Lincoln to change his view about the South and the purpose of the War.

• Lincoln now issues the Emancipation Proclamation.

• What was the goal and purpose of the Emancipation Proclamation?

– To inform the South there was no “turning back,” slavery was going to end with the war.

– To give a purpose of the war to the North.– To show Europe (mostly France and England)

that the issue of slavery was dead once the war is over.

– Also to discourage them from supporting the South.

– To free the slaves in all Confederate held territories.

Why would the Reconstruction Congress make laws regulating the KKK and identify some of them.

• They wanted to stop the KKK from intimidating former slaves and running the area.

• Passed the Enforcement Acts of 1870 and 1871 and the Ku Klux Klan Act which protected newly freed black citizens (from violence) and their rights .

• Authorized the president to use the military and other emergency measures to control the KKK, and law enforcement in the South.

Lincoln’s 10% plan was:

• Officially known as the Proclamation of Amnesty and Reconstruction.

• This was to be lenient on the South because Lincoln felt they could not have left the Union because there was no provision in the constitution for that.

• He wanted to pardon most and make the return as easy as possible. After 10% of the citizens of the state took the oath, they state could apply for admission and form a new constitution/government.

• Prodigal Son story

What were the provisions of the Reconstruction Act of 1867?

– The south was put under military control and divided into 5 military districts, each headed by a Military General.

– States were required to ratify the 14th amendment and protect African-American voting rights, and swear an oath to the Union.

– Designed to protect African-American Rights too.

• Explain the major economic effects of Civil War on the North and South.

– The North becomes wealthier, stronger and more industrial during the war.

– North had infrastructure established.– North won so had more control over the South.– South is devastated physically, socially, and

psychologically.– The South was still reliant on agriculture,

specifically cash crops, but they had no labor force after the war.

– Farms were destroyed.– Lifestyle was changed.

Rioting in NY during the Civil War was?• Known as the Conscription Riots and

considered to be one of the most violent in history.

• They were the result of the draft and the ability of some to avoid the draft by paying $300.

• Thus favoring the rich.

Urbinization

Describe a Monopoly

• A company having full control of a product or industry.

(integration)

• Vertical: Control all aspects of an industry. – For example an oil company controlling the land, drilling,

refining, distribution, and selling of gasoline.

• Horizontal: Control all of an industry in one area.– For example own all the sandwich shops in an area.

What is Social Darwinism?

– Application of Charles Darwin’s theory of evolution to the business world. Survival of the fittest!

Explain the impacts and effects of Urbanization on city life

– However people from the same area (immigrants) often would congregate in the same area providing a support base.

– Pollution, overcrowding, poor sanitation, disease, crime (police), fire and tenements were all issues that emerged as a result of urbanization.

How did activist try to correct the abuses of the Industrial Revolution?

• The Social Gospel Movement- mostly middle class white women who wanted to help reform society. Ran them for Immigrants/poor.

• Jane Addams and the Hull House along with other social reformers.

• A community or neighborhood center

for immigrants• To help people and get rid

of poverty.• Training center for immigrants too.• Jacob Riis took pictures to share

The suffering of Immigrants.

Who was Boss Tweed? How did political machines manipulate local elections?

– Boss Tweed was a political boss who ran Tammany Hall in NY, City.

– Political machines strongly encouraged people to vote for certain candidates, who the “machine” wanted in order to influence government and politics during the Gilded Age.

– Often they would control many aspects of the city (police, construction, jobs, etc.).

– Popular in cities such as: Chicago, NY, Boston

– They were corrupt.

Boss Tweed and Tammany Hall

• Immigration and Quota Laws were?

– An attempt by Congress to limit immigration!

– Congress passed the Literacy Test, Quota Systems and the Gentleman’s Agreement in an attempt to control and limit immigration from certain areas of the world.

A. Hamilton believed _____ about Government?

• He was a Federalist.

• Strong National Government.

• Voting not for ALL.