HISTORY: RevolutionsWritten examination

Monday 10 November 2014 Reading time: 3.00 pm to 3.15 pm (15 minutes) Writing time: 3.15 pm to 5.15 pm (2 hours)

QUESTION BOOK

Structure of bookSection Number of

questionsNumber of questions

to be answeredNumber of

marks

A 3 3 40B 2 2 40

Total 80

• Studentsarepermittedtobringintotheexaminationroom:pens,pencils,highlighters,erasers,sharpenersandrulers.

• StudentsareNOTpermittedtobringintotheexaminationroom:blanksheetsofpaperand/orwhiteoutliquid/tape.

• Nocalculatorisallowedinthisexamination.

Materials supplied• Questionbookof21pages.• Answerbookof16pages.Additionalspaceisavailableattheendofeachsectionintheanswerbook

ifyouneedextrapapertocompleteananswer.

Instructions• Writeyourstudent number inthespaceprovidedonthefrontcoveroftheanswerbook.• IndicateintheanswerbooktherevolutionyouhavechosenforSectionAandtherevolutionyouhave

chosenforSectionB.Youmustnotchoosethesamerevolutionforbothsections.• AllwrittenresponsesmustbeinEnglish.

At the end of the examination• Youmaykeepthisquestionbook.

Students are NOT permitted to bring mobile phones and/or any other unauthorised electronic devices into the examination room.

© VICTORIAN CURRICULUM AND ASSESSMENT AUTHORITY 2014

Victorian Certificate of Education 2014

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SECTION A–continuedTURN OVER

SECTION A – Revolution one

Instructions for Section AIndicateintheanswerbooktherevolutionyouhavechosenforSectionAbyshadingtherelevantboxonpage2.AnswerallquestionsforthisrevolutioninSectionAoftheanswerbook.YoumustnotchoosethesamerevolutionforSectionAandSectionB.Writeusingblackorbluepen.

Revolution Page

America........................................................................................................................................................... 4

France..............................................................................................................................................................6

Russia.............................................................................................................................................................. 8

China.............................................................................................................................................................10

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SECTION A–continued

America

Revolutionary ideas, leaders, movements and events – American Revolution 1763 to 1776

Question 1 (10marks)Usingthree or four points,explainhowtheeffectsoftheFrenchandIndianWarcontributedtothedevelopmentoftheAmericanRevolutionfrom1763uptoandincluding1770.Provideevidencetosupportyouranswer.

Question 2 (10marks)Usingthree or fourpoints,explainhowtheideasandactionsofPatrickHenrycontributedtoarevolutionarysituationfrom1765uptoandincluding1776.Provideevidencetosupportyouranswer.

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SECTION A–continuedTURN OVER

Creating a new society – American Revolution 1776 to 1789

Question 3 (20marks)

Source: BenjaminTanner,America Guided by Wisdom,c.1815,engraving(afteradrawingbyJohnJBarralet); fromAlfredFYoungandTerryJFife,withMaryEJanzen,We the People: Voices and Images of the New Nation,

TempleUniversityPress,Philadelphia,1993,p.198 Thewritingontheshieldsays:‘UnionandIndependence’.

a. Identifytwosymbolsintherepresentationthatdepictthegovernmentofthenewsociety. 2marks

b. Identifytwofeaturesoftherepresentation(notmentionedinpart a.)thatreflecttheideaofsuccess. 2marks

c. Byreferringtopartsoftherepresentationandusingyourownknowledge,explainthewaythenewsocietywasgovernedby1789. 6marks

d. Evaluatetowhatextentthisrepresentationprovidesanaccuratedepictionofthenewsocietyby1789.

Inyourresponse,refertopartsoftherepresentationandtodifferentviewsoftheRevolution. 10marks

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SECTION A–continued

France

Revolutionary ideas, leaders, movements and events – French Revolution 1781 to 4 August 1789

Question 1 (10marks)Usingthree or fourpoints,explainhowdemandsforthecallingoftheEstatesGeneralcontributedtothedevelopmentoftheRevolutioninFrancefrom1787uptoandincluding4August1789.Provideevidencetosupportyouranswer.

Question 2 (10marks)Usingthree or fourpoints,explainhowthemovementoftroopstoParisfrom22Juneto1July1789contributedtoarevolutionarysituationuptoandincluding4August1789.Provideevidencetosupportyouranswer.

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SECTION A–continuedTURN OVER

Creating a new society – French Revolution 5 August 1789 to 1795

Question 3 (20marks)

Source:Memorable Day at Versailles, 5 October 1789;fromJackRCenserandLynnHunt, Liberty, Equality, Fraternity: Exploring the French Revolution,

ThePennsylvaniaStateUniversityPress,UniversityPark,2008,p.58

a. Identifytwosocialgroupsthataredepictedintherepresentation. 2marks

b. Identifytwofeaturesdepictedintherepresentationthatsuggestthepeoplehadwonavictory. 2marks

c. Byreferringtopartsoftherepresentationandusingyourownknowledge,explainwhytheeventsof5and6October1789occurred. 6marks

d. EvaluatetowhatextentthisrepresentationprovidesanaccuratedepictionofthepressuresthatconsolidatedtheRevolutionfromOctober1789uptoandincluding1795.

Inyourresponse,refertopartsoftherepresentationandtodifferentviewsoftheRevolution. 10marks

Photograph:M

useumoftheFrenchRevolution,Vizille,France

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SECTION A–continued

Russia

Revolutionary ideas, leaders, movements and events – Russian Revolution 1905 to October 1917

Question 1 (10marks)Usingthree or fourpoints,explainhowthegrowthofindustrycontributedtothedevelopmentoftheRevolutioninRussiafrom1905uptoandincludingOctober1917.Provideevidencetosupportyouranswer.

Question 2 (10marks)Usingthree or fourpoints,explainhowTsarinaAlexandracontributedtoarevolutionarysituationinRussiafrom1905uptoandincludingFebruary1917.Provideevidencetosupportyouranswer.

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SECTION A–continuedTURN OVER

Creating a new society – Russian Revolution November 1917 to 1924

Question 3 (20marks)

Source:NikolaiKogout,We Defeated the Enemy with Weapons – With Hard Work We Will Get Our Bread. Everyone to Work, Comrades,1920;fromDavidKing,Russian Revolutionary Posters: From Civil War

to Socialist Realism, From Bolshevism to the end of Stalin,TatePublishing,London,2012,p.41

a. Identifytwosocialgroupsthataredepictedintherepresentation. 2marks

b. Identifytwosymbolsofrevolutionaryspirit(notmentionedinpart a.)thataredepictedintherepresentation. 2marks

c. Byreferringtopartsoftherepresentationandusingyourownknowledge,explainwhatledtotheconditionscityworkersexperiencedfromNovember1917uptoandincluding1921. 6marks

d. EvaluatetowhatextentthisrepresentationprovidesanaccuratedepictionofthechallengesfacedbytheBolsheviksintheconsolidationofthenewsocietyuptoandincluding1924.

Inyourresponse,refertopartsoftherepresentationandtodifferentviewsoftheRevolution. 10marks

Photograph:D

avidKingCollection

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SECTION A–continued

China

Revolutionary ideas, leaders, movements and events – Chinese Revolution 1898 to 1949

Question 1 (10marks)Usingthree or fourpoints,explainhowDowagerEmpressCixiandtheQingCourtcontributedtoarevolutionarysituationinChinafrom1898uptoandincluding1911.Provideevidencetosupportyouranswer.

Question 2 (10marks)Usingthree or fourpoints,explainhowthe1919TreatyofVersaillesandtheMay4thMovementcontributedtothedevelopmentoftheChineseRevolutionuptoandincluding1921.Provideevidencetosupportyouranswer.

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END OF SECTION ATURN OVER

Creating a new society – Chinese Revolution 1949 to 1976

Question 3 (20marks)

Source:artistunknown,The people’s commune is good; happiness will last for ten thousand years,c.1960; fromStefanRLandsbergerandMarienVanDerHeijden,Chinese Posters, PrestelVerlag,Munich,2009,p.103

Thecharacterswrittenontheredlanternsay:‘Longlivethepeople’scommunes’.

a. Identifytwofeaturesoftherepresentationthatdepictcelebration. 2marks

b. IdentifytwowaysinwhichtheartistsuggeststhatchangestoChina’sagriculturalpolicieshavebeensuccessful. 2marks

c. Byreferringtopartsoftherepresentationandusingyourownknowledge,explainthechallengesthatchangestoagriculturecreatedfortheChineseCommunistPartyuptoandincluding1961. 6marks

d. EvaluatetowhatextentthisrepresentationprovidesanaccuratedepictionofthereconstructionofChinabytheChineseCommunistPartyuptoandincluding1965.

Inyourresponse,refertopartsoftherepresentationandtodifferentviewsoftheRevolution. 10marks

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SECTION B–continuedTURN OVER

SECTION B – Revolution two

Instructions for Section BIndicateintheanswerbooktherevolutionyouhavechosenforSectionBbyshadingtherelevantboxonpage9.AnswerallquestionsforthisrevolutioninSectionBoftheanswerbook.YoumustnotchoosethesamerevolutionforSectionAandSectionB.Writeusingblackorbluepen.

Revolution Page

America.........................................................................................................................................................14

France............................................................................................................................................................16

Russia............................................................................................................................................................18

China............................................................................................................................................................. 20

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SECTION B–continued

America

Revolutionary ideas, leaders, movements and events – American Revolution 1763 to 1776

Question 1 (20marks)JohnHancock,presidentoftheSecondContinentalCongress,‘DeclarationoftheCausesandNecessityofTakingupArms’,6July1775;fromRichardHofstadter(ed.),Great Issues in American History: From the Revolution to the Civil War, 1765–1865,VintageBooks,NewYork,1958,pp.47and52

… areverenceforourgreatCreator,principlesofhumanity,andthedictatesofcommonsense,mustconvinceallthosewhoreflectuponthesubject,thatgovernmentwasinstitutedtopromotethewelfareofmankind,andoughttobeadministeredfortheattainmentofthatend.ThelegislatureofGreatBritain,however,stimulatedbyaninordinatepassionforapower…whereregardshouldbehadtotruth,law,orright,haveatlength,desertingthose,attemptedtoeffecttheircruelandimpoliticpurposeofenslavingtheseColoniesbyviolence,andhavetherebyrendered1itnecessaryforustoclosewiththeirlastappealfromReasontoArms.–Yet,howeverblindedthatassemblymaybe,bytheirintemperaterageforunlimiteddomination,sotoslight2justiceandtheopinionofmankind,weesteemourselvesbound,byobligationsofrespecttotherestoftheworld,tomakeknownthejusticeofourcause…Inourownnativeland,indefenceofthefreedomthatisourbirth-right,andwhichweeverenjoyedtillthelateviolationofit–fortheprotectionofourproperty…againstviolenceactuallyoffered,wehavetakenuparms.

1rendered–made2slight–disregard

a. Identifytworeasons,statedintheextract,forthebeliefthatgovernmentwasinstitutedforthewelfareofmankind. 2marks

b. Identifytworeasons,statedintheextract,whythecolonistsbelieveditwasnecessarytotakeuparms. 2marks

c. Byquotingfromtheextractandusingyourownknowledge,explainhowideaswereusedtoopposeBritishauthorityinthecoloniesuptoandincluding1775. 6marks

d. EvaluatetowhatextentthisextractprovidesanaccuratedepictionofthecausesoftheAmericanRevolutionuptoandincluding1776.

Inyourresponse,quotepartsoftheextractandrefertodifferentviewsofthecausesoftheAmericanRevolution. 10marks

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SECTION B–continuedTURN OVER

Creating a new society – American Revolution 1776 to 1789

Question 2 – Essay response (20marks)GeorgeWashingtonstated:‘Itisyettobedecided,whethertheRevolutionmustultimatelybeconsideredasablessing[benefit]oracurse…’

TowhatextentwasthenewsocietyinAmericaabenefitoracurseforitspeople?Useevidencetosupportyouranswer.

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SECTION B–continued

France

Revolutionary ideas, leaders, movements and events – French Revolution 1781 to 4 August 1789

Question 1 (20marks)GeorgeRudé,Revolutionary Europe 1783–1815,TheFontanaHistoryofEurope,Collins,GreatBritain,1967,pp.73and74

Then,ontopofthiscyclicaldepression,camethesuddeneconomiccatastropheof1787–89,whichtooktheformofbadharvestsandshortage,withthepriceofwheatdoublingwithintwoyearsinthemainproductiveregionsofthenorthandreachingrecordlevelsin27ofthe32généralités inmid-summer1789.Thecrisishitthebulkofthepeasantrybothasproducersandasconsumers;asproprietors,tenants,share-croppersorlabourers;aswine-growers,dairy-farmersorwheat-growers.Fromagricultureitspreadtoindustry;andunemployment,alreadydevelopingfromthe‘FreeTrade’treatyof1786withEngland,reacheddisastrousproportionsinParisandthetextilecentresofLille,Lyons,Troyes,Sedan,RouenandRheims.Anotherresultwasthatwage-earnersandallsmallconsumers,inbothtownandcountryside,werecompelledbytherapidriseinfood-pricestoincreasetheirdailyexpenditureonbreadfromperhapshalftothree-quarters,orevenfour-fifths,oftheirearnings.Thus,peasantsandurbancraftsmenandworkersweredrawntogetherincommonhostilitytogovernment,landlords,merchantsandspeculators;andtheseclassesenteredtheRevolutioninacontextofincreasingpovertyandhardshipratherthanof‘prosperity1’.1prosperity–havingplenty

a. Identifytwoways,statedintheextract,inwhichtheeconomiccrisishitthepeasantryin1789. 2marks

b. Identifytwosocialgroups,statedintheextract,whoweredrawntogetherincommonhostilitytowardsthegovernmentandothergroupsin1789. 2marks

c. Byquotingfromtheextractandusingyourownknowledge,explaintheeffectsofeconomichardshiponthepeopleofFranceuptoandincluding4August1789. 6marks

d. EvaluatetowhatextentthisextractprovidesacompletedepictionofthecausesoftheFrenchRevolutionuptoandincluding4August1789.

Inyourresponse,quotepartsoftheextractandrefertodifferentviewsofthecausesoftheFrenchRevolution. 10marks

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SECTION B–continuedTURN OVER

Creating a new society – French Revolution 5 August 1789 to 1795

Question 2 – Essay response (20marks)HistorianWilliamDoylestated:‘…[therevolutionaries]foughtandpersecutedeachother…andsetaboutthesystematiceliminationofeverybodywhostoodintheirway…’

Source:WilliamDoyle,The Oxford History of the French Revolution,OxfordUniversityPress,NewYork,2002; bypermissionofOxfordUniversityPress,www.oup.com

Towhatextentweretherevolutionariesunitedincreatingthenewsociety?Useevidencetosupportyouranswer.

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SECTION B–continued

Russia

Revolutionary ideas, leaders, movements and events – Russian Revolution 1905 to October 1917

Question 1 (20marks)RexAWade,The Russian Revolution, 1917, CambridgeUniversityPress,Cambridge,2005,p.27

Thewaraddedyetanewsocialfactortotherestive1workersandeducatedsociety:discontentedsoldiers.Afterthedevastatingcasualtiesof1914–16,angeranddespairattheirdangerouslot2 drovethemtothebrink3ofrebellion.Severalsmall-scaleunitmutiniesandrefusalstoreturntofront-linepositionstookplacein1916.Self-woundinganddesertionratesrose.Frontsoldierswantedoutofthecarnage,newdrafteesatthereargarrisonsdreadedmarchingorders,whilerecuperatingwoundeddesperatelyhopedtoavoidbeingsentbacktothefighting.Tothesenaturalfearswereaddedsocialtensionswithinthemilitary.Therankandfileofthearmywerecomposedmainlyofpeasants,withworkersandotherurbanlower-classelementsmakinguptherest.Theofficercorpswasdrawnmostlyfromeducatedsociety,nobleandnon-noble.Forthepeasantsandworkersofthearmyrankandfile,theharshanddegradingtermsofserviceseemedacontinuationofserfdom,ofaservitudeinwhichtheywereatthecompletemercyoftheofficer,whomtheysawasanextensionofthe‘lord,’the‘master.’Betweenofficersandmenavastgaploomed.Tocompoundthesocialdivision,theverypurposeofthewardividedthem.Educatedsocietyadoptedastronglynationalistoutlookafter1914.Thepeasantandworkermasses,ontheotherhand,quicklylostinterestinthegoalsofthewar,seeingitasapurposelessslaughter,aheavyburdentheycarriedforthebenefitofothers.Theiralienation,fearsandresentmentspreparedthemfortheirroleintherevolution.1restive –restless2lot–position3brink–edge

a. Identifytwogroupswithinthearmythatarestatedintheextract. 2marks

b. Identifytwogrievancesofthetroopsthatarestatedintheextract. 2marks

c. Byquotingfromtheextractandusingyourownknowledge,explainthesocialtensions thatcontributedtotheoutbreakofrevolutioninFebruary1917. 6marks

d. EvaluatetowhatextentthisextractpresentsacompletedepictionofthecausesoftheRevolutioninRussiauptoandincludingOctober1917.

Inyourresponse,quotepartsoftheextractandrefertodifferentviewsofthecausesoftheRussianRevolution. 10marks

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SECTION B–continuedTURN OVER

Creating a new society – Russian Revolution November 1917 to 1924

Question 2 – Essay response (20marks)TowhatextentwasalackofoppositionresponsibleforBolsheviksuccessfromNovember1917to1924?Useevidencetosupportyouranswer.

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SECTION B–continued

China

Revolutionary ideas, leaders, movements and events – Chinese Revolution 1898 to 1949

Question 1 (20marks)RanaMitter,A Bitter Revolution: China’s Struggle with the Modern World,OxfordUniversityPress,NewYork,2004,p.149;bypermissionofOxfordUniversityPress,www.oup.com

Inmanyinterpretations,1927istheyearwhenChiangKaishek1betrayedhisCCPcolleaguesandsoldoutChina’schanceofrevolutionarysocialchange…However,itdidnotappearthatwayatthetimetomanyothers.Thedominantunderstandingamongthosewhowereinterestedinpoliticswasratherdifferent.Afteryearsoffeuding,Chinahadanewgovernment.ChiangKaishekhaddeclaredtheestablishmentofhisNationalistadministrationinNanjing2in1928,anditwasgiveninternationaldiplomaticrecognitionfairlyfast.Inretrospect,thishasbeenseenastherecognitionofa‘safe’governmentsympathetictobourgeoisandcapitalistinterests.Yetatthetime,theNationalistgovernmentwasanunknown,andinsomewaysquitefrightening,prospectforbothofthosegroups.ItwasjustafewmonthssinceBritishdiplomatshadreferredtoChiang,theninalliancewiththeCCP,as‘thelittleredgeneral’.Althoughitbecameclear,totheapprovalofthesesamegroups,thattheNationalistgovernmentwouldbevirulentlyanti-Communist,itsotherpolicieswerehardlydesignedtooffercomforttotheforeignpowers.Firstandforemost,theNationalistssawthemselvesasarevolutionaryparty,emphaticallynotapartyofthestatusquo,andSunYatsen’s3declarationthat‘therevolutionisnotyetcomplete’wasstampedonofficialdocumentsofthenewgovernment.AlthoughtheNationalistscertainlysawthemselvesastakingupthelegacyofthe1911revolution,theydidnotconsiderthemselvesyettohavecompletedtheirtask.1Chiang Kaishek–ChiangKai-ShekorJiangJieshi2Nanjing–Nanking3Sun Yatsen–SunZhongshan

a. IdentifytwointerpretationsofChiangKaishek’sactionsin1927thatarestatedintheextract. 2marks

b. Identifytwogroups,statedintheextract,whomayhavefoundthenewNationalistgovernment‘quitefrightening’. 2marks

c. Byquotingfromtheextractandusingyourownknowledge,explainwhytheNationalistssawthemselves asrevolutionaries. 6marks

d. EvaluatetowhatextentthisextractprovidesanaccuratedepictionoftheNationalistgovernmentintheyearsfrom1927uptoandincluding1949.

Inyourresponse,quotepartsoftheextractandrefertodifferentviewsoftheChineseRevolution. 10marks

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Creating a new society – Chinese Revolution 1949 to 1976

Question 2 – Essay response(20marks)TowhatextentdidMao’sbeliefinpermanentrevolutioncausedifficultiesandcrisesforChinesesocietyintheperiodfrom1958uptoandincluding1976?Useevidencetosupportyouranswer.

END OF QUESTION BOOK