~ 1 ~

1. cyfpy; g+r;rpapdq;fs; vt;tsT? 7>50>000 2. cyfpy; jhtutiffs; vj;jid? 3>50>000 3. caphpdq;fsidj;Jk; capuw;w ,aw;ifr; #oiy rhh;e;Js;s

Kf;fpaj;Jtj;jpid czh;;j;Jk; tifapy;> cUthd fUj;JU vJ? caph;f;Nfhsk; 4. kdpjhpd; Rw;Wr;#oy; Fwpj;j gd;dhl;L cr;rp khehL vq;F eilngw;wJ? ];lhf; N`hk; (1972)

Fwpg;G : ,k;khehl;by; xNu xU g+kp vDk; njhlh; gug;gl;lJ. 5. Rw;Wr;#oy; njhlh;ghd I.eh fUj;juq;fk; vq;F eilngw;wJ? eapNuhg;> (1982) 6. Gtp cr;rp khehL vq;F eilngw;wJ? hpNah b n[dpNuh (1992)

Fwpg;G : ,k;khehl;by; vjph;;fhyk; vDk; jiyg;gpy; tpthjq;fs; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;ld.

7. cyfstpyhd> capUyfpd; gy;Yaph;j; jd;ikAk; mjidg; ghJfhj;jy; khehL vq;F eilngw;wJ?

N[hfd;d]; ngh;f; (2002)

8. IRC 1B, 1C, 1D Nghd;w nraw;iff; Nfhs;fshy; mspf;fg;gl;l juTfspd; mbg;gilapy;> ve;j Mz;L Njrpa tdts mwpf;if ntspaplg;gl;lJ?

1999 9. caphpdq;fs; ,dq;fs;

caphpdq;fs; ,dq;fs; ghY}l;btif tpyq;Ffs; gwit Ch;td ,dk; ePh;epy tho;tpfs;

672 1228 446 204

10. jhtu ,dq;fs; jhtuq;fs; ,dq;fs;

g+f;Fk; jhtuk; kiwAk; #o;epiyapy; cs;s jhtuk;

15>000 1>500

11. G+r;rpapdj;jpy; tz;LfSf;fhd Nfhypahg;buh> caphpay; tifg;ghl;bd; je;ij vdg; Nghw;wg;gl;lth; ahh;?

mhp];lhl;by; 12. caphpdq;fis tifg;gLj;Jk; vz;zj;ij mhp];lhl;by; Kjd;Kiwahf ve;j

Mz;L Vw;gLj;jpdhh;?

384 322 fp.K 13. tifghl;bay; gzpapid Kjypy; Jtf;fpath; ahh;?

,q;fpyhe;jpd; [hd;Nu (1627 1705) 14. tifg;gLj;Jjy; njhlh;ghf [hd;Nu> 1963 ,y; ntspapl;l E}y; vJ?

Synopsis Methodica Animalium Quadrupedumet Serpentini Generis 15. tpyq;Ffis> [hd;Nu vj;jid tiffshfg; gphpj;jhh;?

2014 SPECIAL TNPSC Group II & VAO -

~ 2 ~

1. ,uj;jKilait 2. ,uj;jkw;wit 16. ,dg;ngUf;fk; nra;git XH ,dk; rhh;e;jit vDk; Kiwahd tpsf;fj;ij

Kjypy; njhptpj;jth; ahh;? [hd;Nu 17. tifg;ghl;baiy Nkk;gLj;jpath; ahh;?

];tPld; ehl;bd; fhh;y;; ypd;da]; (1707 1778) 18. tifg;ghl;baypd; je;ij vd miof;fg;gl;l fhh;y; ypd;da]; ntspapl;l E}y;

vJ?

Systema naturae (1758) (,aw;ifapd; tifghL) Fwpg;G : fPopwq;F gbepiy Kiwia Njhw;Wtpj;jhh;.

19. tpyq;Ffs;> jhtuq;fSf;F ,U ngah;fspLk; Kiwia Vw;gLj;jpaJ ahh;? fhh;y; ypd;da]; 20. caphpdq;fis tifg;gLj;;Jjy; Ntz;Lk; vd;w fUj;jpid

Kd;dpiyg;gLj;jpath; ahh;? gpuhd;R ehl;L jhtutpayhh; ikf;Nfy; Mlk;rd; (1727 - 1806) 21. ypd;da]; Njhw;Wtpj;j Kiwia Nkk;gLj;j Kad;wth;fspy; Kjd;ikahdth;

ahh;?

yhkhh;f; (1744 1829) 22. caphpay; njhlh;ghf> yhkhh;f; ve;j jiyg;gpy; VO Gj;jfq;fshf ntspapl;lhh;?

Histoire Naturelle Des Animaux Sans Vertebres. 23. tifg;ghl;likg;gpy; gbtq;fshfpa caphpfSf;Fk; ,lKz;L vd njhptpj;jth;

ahh;?

Ftpah; (1769 1832) 24. Ftpah; Kiwapy; tpyq;Ffspd; ehd;F gphpTfs; vit? 1. KJnfYk;gpfs; - kPd;fs; Kjy; ghY}l;bfs;

2. nkhy];fh nky;Ylypfs;> ghh;dfps;fs;

3. Mh;;l;bFNyl;lh fpu];Nlrpah> g+r;rpapdq;fs;> rpye;jpg; g+r;rpfs;

4. NubNal;lh Kl;Njhypfs;> cUisg; GOf;fs;> FopAlypfs;. 25. rhh;y]; lhh;tpdpd;> 1859 ,y; ntspapl;l E}y; vJ?

origin of species (,dkhjy;) 26. etPd tifg;ghl;bay; cUthd Mz;L vJ? 1930 27. ,. Nkah; (1942) vOjpa ve;j E}y; tifghl;Lj; Jiwapy; XH iky; fy;yhdJ?

New systematics (Gjpa tifg;ghl;likT)

28. systema vd;gjw;F vd;d nghUSz;L? njhlh;G mikT 29. ,dq;fspd; cwTKiwfis mwptNj ,dj;njhlh;G njhFg;gikT MFk; vd

njhptpj;jth; ahh;? [p.[p rpk;rd; (1961) 30. jdpg;gphpthf Vw;gLj;Jk; tifapy; khWgl;l gz;Gfisf; nfhz;l mikg;G vJ? XH njhFg;G 31. njhFjp GNuhl;NlhNrhthtpd; tFg;Gfs;

tFg;G gz;G iuNrhNghlh rpypNal;lh /g;shn[y;Nyl;lh ];NghNuhNrhth

Nth; Nghd;w Nghypf;fhy;fs; rpypaq;fisg; ngw;wpUj;jy; firapio nfhz;lit ];Nghh;fs; cilait.

~ 3 ~

32. njhFjpfspd; gz;Gfs; gz;Gfs; njhFjp

xU nry; tpyq;Ffs; Jis clypfs; nghJthd clw;rPuzf;Fop jl;ilg;GOf;fs; E}y; Nghd;w GOf;fs; fZf;fhy;fs; nkd;ikahd cly; gug;G clw;Njhypy; Kl;fs; KJF ehz; nfhz;lit

GNuhl;NlhNrhth nghhp/nguh (JisAlypfs;) rPnyd;bNul;lh (FopAlypfs;) gpshl;bn`y;kpd;jp]; (jl;il GO ,dk;) epkl;Nlhlh (cUisg; GO ,dk;) Mh;j;NuhNghlh (fZf;fhypfs;) nkhy];fh (nky;Ylypfs;) vf;ifNdhnlh;Nkl;lh (Kl;Njhypfs;) fhh;Nll;lh

33. G+r;rpapdk; thpir

thpir gz;G cjhuzk;

VBNuh nyg;gpNlhg;buh bg;buh i`kpdhg;buh

,wf;iffspy;iy nrjpy;fSila ,wf;iffs; ,uz;L ,wf;iffs; nky;ypa ,wf;iffs;

nygp];kh (Gj;jfg;G+r;rp) tz;zj;Jg;g+r;rp nfhRf;fs; Fstpfs;

34. rpwg;gpdk; Fwpj;j %d;W Kf;fpa gbtq;fs; vit? 1. tifrhh;e;j rpwg;gpdk; 2. ngah; rhh;e;j rpwg;gpdk; 3. caphpay; rpwg;gpdk; 35. Xh; njhFg;G my;yJ tifghl;L myF vJ? XH $l;lk; 36. $l;lj;jpd; myF vJ?

OTU (Operational Taxonomic Units) 37. XH nry;ypd; midj;J FNuhNkhNrhk;fisAk; milahsk; fz;L mikg;ig

tpthpf;Fk; Kiw vJ? fhhpNahilg;gpq; 38. jkpo;ehl;bYs;s ehd;F tif jtis ,dq;fs; vit?

Rana hexadactyla, R. tigrina, R. cyanophlictics and R. limnochoris 39. tpyq;Ffspd; tiffspy; xU nry; tpyq;Ffs; vit? GNuhl;NlhNrhth 40. gy nry; tpyq;Ffs; vit? nkl;lhNrhth 41. a+nkl;lhNrhthtpd; ,U gphpTfs; vit? 1. 2. %tLf;F tpyq;Fs; 42. 2. mfg;gil 43. %tLf;F tpyq;Ffspd; mLf;Ffs; vit? Gwg;gil> ,ilg;gil> mfg;gil 44. Nkhdpuhtpd; njhFjpfs; vit? iraNdh ghf;Bhpah> ghf;Bhpah 45. GNuhB];lhtpd; ,U Jizg;gphpTfs; vit? 1. GNuhl;NlhNrhth 2. My;fh 46. caphpfspd; Ie;J NguuRfs; vit?

1. Nkhdpuh (Monera)> 2. GNuhB];lh (Protoctista), 3. g+Q;ir (Fungi)> 4.

gpshd;Nl (plantae) (gRe;jhtuk;)> 5. mdpkhypah 47. gy tif Ez;zpa caphpfspd; njhFjp vJ?

~ 4 ~

GNuhl;NlhNrh my;yJ xU nry; caphpfs; 48. Nghypf;fhy;> FWapiofs; my;yJ ePspapio ,tw;why; ,lg;ngah;r;rp nra;tJ

vJ? xU nry; A+NfhpNahl;L 49. ghy;Kiw my;yJ ghypy;yh Kiw ,dg;ngUf;fk; cilait vit? mkPgh> ghukPrpak;> gpsh];Nkhbak; 50. ePh;tho;td njhFjp vJ? nghhp/nguh my;yJ JisAlypfs; 51. midj;Jk; FopAlypfSk; ePH; tho;td njhFjp vJ? rPnyd;bNul;lh my;yJ FopAlypfs; 52. mlh; $o;kg; nghUs; vJ? kPNrhfpspah 53. gy FopAlypfspy; cs;s vgpj;jPypar; jpRr; nry;fs;> Rug;gp nry;fs;> czh; nry;fs; 56. rPnyd;bNul;lh njhFjpapy; cs;s %d;W tFg;Gfs; vit?

i`bNuhNrhth> ];ifNghNrhth (Scyphozoa) (Hydrozoa) Me;NjhNrhth

(Anthozoa) 57. i`bNuhNrhtpy; cs;s epiyahd cly; mikg;G vJ? ghypg; 58. jw;fhypfkhd nk^rh mikg;G cilait vit? i`buh> xgPypah 59. nk^rh mikg;G epiyahdJ vJ? ];ifNghNrhth 60. epiyj;j ghypg;Gfs; vit? Me;NjhNrhth caphpfs; 61. clypDs; kprd;lhpf;fs; vDk; Fly; jhq;fpfs; cs;sit vit? fly; mdpNkhd;fs;> gtsq;fs; 62. jl;ilg; GOf;fs; njhFjp vJ? gpshl;bn`y;kpd;j]; 63. jl;ilg; GOf;fspd; fopT ePf;fKk;> CLfyg;G xOq;Fg;ghLk; vtw;why;

eilngWk;? Rly; nry; 64. gpshl;bn`y;kpd;j]pd; %d;W tFg;Gfs; vit?

1. lh;ngy;Nyhpah (Turbellaria)> 2. bukl;Nlhlh (Ttrematoda)

3. nr];Nlhlh (Cestoda) 65. cUisg; GO ,dj;jpd; njhFjp vJ? epkl;Nlhlh 66. xl;Lz;zpg; GOf;fs; vit?

M];fhhp]; Yk;gphpf;fhapb]; (Ascaris lumbricoides) 67. tisj;jirAlypfs; njhFjp vJ? md;dyplh 68. clw;fz;lq;fs;> ve;j ,ilr;Rtuhy; gphpf;fg;gLk;? nrg;lh 69. clypd; Nkw;Gwj;jpy; cs;s ciw vJ?

fpa+l;bf;fps; (Cuticle)

~ 5 ~

70. GO mikg;Gila tpyq;Ffspd; fopT ePf;fKk;> CL fyg;G xOq;FghLk; vtw;why; epfOk;?

ne/g;hPbaq;fs; 71. GO mikg;Gila tpyq;Ffspy; jiyg;Gwj;jpy; %isahf mike;jJ vJ?

euk;gZj;jpus;fs; (Ganglia) 72. Kjd; Kiwahf njspthd> khWgl;l jiyg;gFjp Njhd;Wk; gz;G vJ? jiyahf;fk; 73. ,U ghypd yhh;thf;fspd; ngah; vd;d?

bNuhf;NfhNghh; (Trochophore) 74. md;dyplh njhFjpapy; cs;s %d;W tFg;Gfs; vit?

ghypfPl;lh (Polychaeta)> MypNfhfPl;lh (Oligochaeta)> `pUbdpah (Hirudinea) 75. fly; tho; GOf;fshd ghypfPl;Lfs; vit?

1. ePhp]; (Nereis) 2. MhpdpNfhyh (Arenicola) 76. kz;GOf;fs; tFg;G vtw;wpy; mlq;fpaJ? MypNfhfPl;lh 77. tFg;G `pUbdpahtpy; mlq;Fgit vit? ml;ilfs; 78. yhh;thtpd; njhFjp vJ? Mh;j;NuhNghlh 79. $l;Lf;fz; gy rpwpa czh; mikg;G vJ? xkl;bak; 80. yhh;thf;fspd; clw;Fop ve;j jputj;jhy; epug;gg;gl;lJ? `PNkhypk;g; 81. Mh;j;NuhNghlh njhFjpapy; cs;s Ie;J tFg;Gfs; vit?

1. Mdpf;NfhNghuh (Onychophora)> 2. kphpaNghlh (Myriapoda)

3. G+r;rpapdk; (Insecta)> 4. fpu];Nl~pah (Crustacea)

5. muhf;dpl (Arachnida) 82. Mdpf;NfhNghuhtpy; cs;s caphpfs; vJ?

GO Nghd;w nghpghl;l]; (Peripattus) 83. G+r;rpapdk;> ve;j Ez; %r;Rf; Foyhy; Rthrpf;Fk;? buf;fpah 84. clypd; Nky;Gwj;jpy; fhug;Ng]; vDk; ghJfhg;G ciw nfhz;lit vit? ,uhy;> ez;Lfs;> fy;,uhy; Nghd;w tpyq;Ffs; 85. nky;Ylypfs; njhFjp vJ? nkhy];fh 86. Nkd;by; miwapDs; cs;s vtw;why; Rthrpj;jy; eilngWk;? nrTs;fs; my;yJ bdpak; 87. nky;Ylypfspd; yhh;th vJ? buhf;NfhNghh; yhh;th 88. nky;Ylypfspd; %d;W tFg;Gfs; vit?

1. ngyprpNghlh my;yJ igthy;tpah (Pelecypoda or Bivalvia)

2. fh];bNuhNghl (Gastropoda)

3. rpgNyhNghlh my;yJ jiyf;fhypfs; (Ephalopoda) 89. igthy;tpah vitfs;? kl;bfs;> rpg;gpfs; 90. fh];bNuhNghlh vit? ej;ij 91. rpgNyhNghlh vit?

~ 6 ~

Mf;Nlhg];> yhypNfh> nrg;gpah 92. el;rj;jpu kPd;fs;> fly;mh;r;rpd;fs;> fly; nts;shp ,tw;wpd; njhFjp vJ? vf;ifNdhnlh;Nkl;lh

93. KJF ehzpfspd; (Chordata) njhFjp vJ? fhh;Nll;lh 94. cyfpd; nghpa tpyq;F vJ?

ePyj;jpkq;fyk; (Blue whale) 95. cyfpd; kpfr;rpwpa KJnfYk;gpfs; vJ? 10 kp.kP ePsKila gpypg;igd; Nfhgp kPd; 96. tpyq;Ffspd; nghJg;gz;Gfs; vit?

1. KJF ehz;> 2. KJFg;Gw Foy; tbt euk;G tlk;> 3. nrTs; gpsTfs;> 4. fPo;Gw ,jak;> 5. %ba ,uj;jf; Foy;fspd; njhFg;G 6. fy;yPuy; Nghh;l;ly; mikg;G

97. njhFjp KJF ehzpfspd; Jizj; njhFjpfs; vit?

1. n`kpfhh;Nll;lh (Hemichordata)> 2. rpgNyhfhh;Nll;lh (Cephalochordata)> 3.

a+Nuhfhh;Nll;lh (Urochordata)

4. KJnfYk;gpfs; (Vertebrata) 98. GNuhl;Nlh fhh;Nll;LfSf;F NtW ngah; vJ?

VfpNudpah (Acrania) 99. fly; tho; caphpfspd; njhFjp vJ? n`kpfhh;Nll;lh 100. FWapio ,af;fj;jhy; czT+l;lk; nfhs;git vit? gyNdhfpshr];> rhf;Nfhfpshr]; 101. kPd;tbt fly; tho; caphpfspd; Jizj; njhFjp vJ? rpgNyhfhh;Nll;lh 102. czit tbfl;bAz;git vJ? Mk;gpahf;r]; 103. thy; KFJ ehzpfspd; Jizj; njhFjp vJ? a+Nuhfhh;Nll;lh 104. thy; KFJ ehzpfspd; cliyr; Rw;wpYk; cs;s ciw vJ?

ba+dpf; (Tunic) 105. XH jiyg;gpul;il yhh;th epiy cs;sJ vJ? mrpbad;> NlhypNahyk;> rhy;g;gh 106. tpyq;Ffspy; kz;ilNahLk; KJnfYk;Gj; njhlUk; cs;sJ vJ? KJnfYk;gpfs; 107. KJnfYk;gpfspd; ,U gphpTfs; vit? 1. kPd;fs; 2. ehd;F fhypfs; 108. kPd;fspd; clyhdJ ve;j %d;W gFjpfisf; nfhz;lJ? jiy> cly;> thy; 109. nrjpy;fspy; gy tiffs; vit? gpsf;fhapL> irf;shapL> BdhapL> NfdhapL 110. cly; jirfspy; cs;s jirj; Jz;lq;fs; vit? kNahNlhk; 111. ,jaj;jpd; miwfs; vj;jid? mit ahtd? 2 > 1. Mhpf;fps; 2. ntd;bhpf;fps; 112. ePH-epy tho;tpfs; vit vd fUjg;gLk;?

Njhy;tpAw;w ,dk; 113. Njhypy; Nfhior; Rug;gp cs;sJ vJ? jtis

~ 7 ~

114. Ch;td> gwitfs;> ghY}l;bfs; ,itfs; vJ?

mk;dpNahl;lh (Amniota) 115. mk;dpNahl;lhtpy; cs;s glyq;fs; vit? mk;dpahd;> Nfhhpahd;> myd;lhap]; 116. Ch;td rpWePufk; tif vJ? nkl;lh ne/g;uh]; 117. gwitfs; rpWePhpy; cs;sJ vJ? a+hpf; mkpyk; 118. Gwh> fpsp> fhfk;> FUtp> kapy;> jPf;Nfhop> ngq;Ftpd; ,itfs; vit? Nkd;ikAw;w Ch;td 119. ghY}l;Lk; tpyq;FfSf;F kk;khypah vd;W ngahpl;lth; ahh;? ypd;da]; (1758) 120. Kiya+l;bfs; vd;W nghUs;gLtJ vJ? kk;khypah 121. ghY}l;bfspy;> ,U ngU%is miuf; Nfhsq;fisAk; ,izf;f mbg;Gwj;jpy;

cs;s euk;gpiofs; mikg;G vJ? fhh;g;g]; fNyhrk; 122. ghY}l;bfspy; Fl;b gpshl;bg]; 124. khh;Rg; ghypah vit? fq;fhU 125. gpshnrd;lhypah vit? ahid> Gyp> rpq;fk;> kdpjd;> Fuq;F> eha;> G+id> vyp> ntsthy; 126. a+j;jPhpah JiztFg;gpd; thpir vJ? gpiuNkl;L 127. gpiuNkl;bd;> ,U fz;fSk; Kd; Gwk; Nehf;fpAs;s ghh;itf;F vd;d ngah;? igdhFyh; ghh;it 128. gpsh];Nkhbak; njhFjp vJ? GNuhl;NlhNrhth 129. gpsh];Nkhbak; tFg;G vJ? ];NghNuhNrhth 130. gpsh];Nkhbak; thpir vJ? `PNkh];Nghhpbah 131. kNyhpahtpw;F fhuzk; vJ? gpsh];Nkhbak; ,dk; rhh;e;j xl;Lz;zp 132. kNyhpah NehAilath;fspd; ,uj;jj;jpy; cs;s gpsh];Nkhbak; caphpfis

Kjypy; fz;lth; ahh;?

gpuhd;R ehl;bd; rhh;y;]; yhntud; (charles Laveran) 1880 133. gpsh];Nkhbaj;jpd; NehAz;lhf;Fk; jd;ik> guty; Kiw Mfpatw;iw 1889,y;

tpsf;fpath; ahh;?

rh;. Nuhdhy;L uh]; (Sir Ronald Ross) Fwpg;G : ,jw;fhf ,th; Nehgy; ghpR 1902,y; ngw;whh;.

134. gpsh];Nkhbaq;fSf;Fk;> mdhgpy]; nfhRf;fSf;Fk; ,ilNa cs;s njhlh;Gfis> kpfj;Jy;ypakhf tpsf;fpath; ahh;?

fpuhrp (Grassi) 1890

~ 8 ~

135. XH mfr;nry; ,uj;j xl;Lz;zp vJ? gpsh];Nkhbak; 136. kdpjdpd; clypDs;> gpsh];Nkhbak; EioAk; epiy vJ? ];NghNuhNrhapl;L 137. kdpjh;fspilNa> gpsh];Nkhbaj;ij gug;GtJ vJ? mdgpy]; nfhR 138. kdpjUf;F Neha; cz;lhf;Fk; ehd;F tif gpsh];Nkhbaq;fs; vit?

Plasmodium vivax, P. Falciparum, P. Malaria, P. Ovale

139. kdpjhpd; clypy; cs;s gpsh];Nkhbaj;jpd; ,U epiyfs; vit? 1. Gwr;rptg;gZr; Row;rp> 2. mfr;rptg;gZr; Row;rp 140. Gwr; rptg;gZr; Row;rp ve;j cWg;gpy; epfOk;? fy;yPuy; 141. mfr;rptg;gZr; Row;rp vtw;wpy; epfOk;? ,uj;j rptg;gZf;fs; 142. kdpj clypDs; mdgpy]; nfhRf;fbapdhy; EiotJ vit? Mapuf;fzf;fhd fjph;tbt ];NghNuhNrhap 143. ];NghNuhNrhapl;Lf;fs;> fy;yPuypy; cl;Gwk; ve;j nry;fspy; jq;Fk;? nul;bFNyh vd;NlhjPypay; 144. ];NghNuhNrhapl;Lf;fs; fy;yPuypy; vt;thW cUg;ngWk;? fphpg;NlhNrhapl;L 145. mjpf mstpy; czTz;Zk; fphpg;NlhNrhapl;Lfs; vit vdg;gLk;?

fphpg;Nlh irrhd;L

146. fphpg;Nlh irrhd;L nry;fs;> gphpe;J ,uj;jj;jpy; vt;thW fyf;Fk;? Ez;zpa fphpg;Nlh-kPNuhNrhapl;L (irNrhfdp) 147. irNrhfdp> fy;yPuypy; jq;Fk; ehl;fs; vj;jid? 7 ehs; Kjy; 17 ehl;fs; tiu

148. fphpg;Nlh kPNuhNrhapl;Lfs;> mkPgh epiy ngWtJ vit vdg;gLk;? bNuhNghNrhapl;Lfs; 149. bNuhNrhNrhapl;Lfs;> Kj;jpiu Nkhjpuepiyapy;> Ez;Fkpopia ,oe;J mstpy;

nghpjhtJ vJ? irrhd;L epiy 150. irrhz;Lfs; gythfg; gpse;J vd;dthFk;? kPNuhNrhapl;Lfs; 151. fha;r;rYf;F fhuzkhd kPNuhNrhapl;Lfspd; fopTg;nghUs; vJ? `PNkhNrhapd; 152. kPNuhNrhapl;Lfs;> kPz;Lk; rptg;gZf;fisj; jhf;FtJ vit vdg;gLk;? cs;Neha;g; guty; 153. Nfhy;ifapd; Row;rp my;yJ irNrhfdp vd miof;fg;gLtJ vJ? ,uj;jj;jpy; epfOk; Row;rp 154. gy Row;rpfSf;Fg;gpd; rpy kPNuhNrhapl;Lfs; vitfshf cUg;ngWk;? Nfkpl;Nlhirl;Lfs; 155. Nfkpl;Nlhirl;Lfs; tiffs; vit? 1. khf;Nuh 2. ikf;Nuh 156. ,uj;jj;ij cwpQ;Rk; ngz; mdhgpy]; nfhRf;fs; vtw;iw gug;Gk;? gpsh];Nkhbaq;fs; 157. nfhRtpDs; gpiof;Fk; Nfkpl;Nlhirl;Lfspy; NfkPl;Lfs; vDk; ,dg;ngUf;fr;

nry;fs; vJ? Nfkpl;Nlhfdp 158. fjph; tbtpy; gy ikf;Nuhfhkpl;Lfs; Njhd;Wk; epfo;r;rp vJ? vf;];gpsh[pNsrd;

~ 9 ~

159. ngz; ,dg;ngUf;fr; nry; vJ? khf;Nuhfhkpl;Nlh 160. nfhRtpd; ,iug;igapDs; ,iztJ vit? ikf;NuhfhkPl;> khf;NuhfhkPl; 161. ikf;NuhfhkPl;> khf;NuhfhkPl; cl;fUf;fs; fyg;gJ vJ?

rpq;fkp (Syngamy) my;yJ ,dg; ngUf;fr; nry;fspd; xUq;fpizT 162. rpq;fkp> epfo;r;rpapy; Njhd;Wk; ,izT nry; vJ?

irNfhl; (Zygote) 163. fUKl;ilapd;> ntspg;Gwk; cs;s ciw vJ? rp];L 164. rp];L ciwTs;s fUKl;il vit vdg;gLk;?

Crp];L (Oocyst) 165. gpsh];Nkhbaj;jpd; ehd;F tiffs; vit?

1. gpsh];Nkhbak; itthf;]; (Plasmodium vivax)> 2. gp. ghy;rpghuk; (P.

Falciparum)> 3. gp. kNyhpNa (P. Malariae)> 4. gp. xNtNy (P. Ovale) 166. gpsh];Nkhbaq;fis mopf;Fk; rpq;Nfhdh kug;gl;ilapypUe;J jahhpf;Fk;

kUe;Jfs; vit? ghYbhpd;> ml;lgphpd;> fNkhFtpd;> FNshNuhFapd;> nuNrhrpd;> ghkhFtpd; 167. nfhRf;fspd; ePH tho; yhh;thf;fis cz;Zk; kPd;fs; vit? fhk;g+rpah> nygp];l]; 168. kz;GO

njhFjp md;dyplh

tFg;G fPl;NlhNghlh

thpir MypNfhfPl;lh

caphp yhk;gpl;Nlh khhpl;bia 169. njd; ,e;jpahtpy; cs;s kz;GO ,dk; vJ? yhk;gpl;Nlh khhpl;b 170. kz;GOtpd;> cl;Gwj;jpy; fz;lq;fSf;fpilNa cs;s ,ilr;Rth; vJ?

nrg;lk; (Septum) 171. kz;GOtpd;> xj;j mikg;G vJ? nkl;lhnkhprk; 172. kz;GOtpd; tha; Jis> Rw;wpAs;s Kjy; clw;fz;lj;jpw;F vd;d ngah;? nghp];Nlhkpak; 173. kz;GO clypd; filrp fz;lj;jpy; cs;s kyj;Jthuk; vJ? gp[pbak; 174. kz;GOf;fspy; 14 Kjy; 17 tiuAs;s fz;lq;fs; ,ize;J jbg;gJ vJ? fpisl;nly;yk; 175. kz;GOtpd; cly; Rtw;wpYs;s rpwpa Fopfspy; Ez;zpa tise;j cly;

Ez;Kl;fs; vJ? Ez;Ks; nfhs; Fop 176. Ez;Ks; vtw;why; MdJ? ifl;bd; vDk; nghUs; 177. GOf;fspd; Gwj;Jthuq;fs; vit? 1. KJfg;Gwj; Jisfs;> 2. tpe;Jg;igj; Jthuq;fs; 3. mz;l ehsj;Jisfs;> 4. tpe;J ehsj;Jisfs; 5. ne/g;hPbaj;Jisfs; 178. kz;GOtpd; cly; Rthpd; mLf;Ffs; vit? vgpnlh;kp];> nlh;kp];> jirfs;> clw;Fop vgpj;jPypak; 179. vgpnlh;kp]; ve;j jpRtpdhy; MdJ?

~ 10 ~

Jz; vgpj;jPypak; 180. kz;GOtpd; jputj;jhy; epug;gg;gl;l clw;Fop Rw;wpYk; cs;sJ vJ? vgpj;jPypak; 181. kz;GOtpd;> epwkw;w clw;Fop jputj;jpy; cs;s gy nry;fs; vit? mkPghapL 182. kz;GOtpd;> czTf;Foypd; Nky; Rtw;wpypUe;J> mike;Js;s kbg;G FlypDs;

vJ? bg;NyhNrhy; 183. kz;GOtpd; cztpy; cs;s gad;glhj kz;Jfs;> fopTg; nghUSld;

ntspNaWtJ vJ? ehq;$o;f; fl;b 184. kz;GOtpd; clypy; cs;s ,U Kf;fpa ika ,uj;jf; Foy;fs; vit? 1. czTf; Foy; ,uj;jf; Foha; 2. czTf; Foy; fPo; ,uj;jf; Foha; 185. kz;GOtpd; fopT ePf;f cWg;G vJ? ne/g;hPbaq;fs; 186. ne/g;hPbaq;fspy;> Rw;wpYk; cs;s Ez;zpio vJ? rpypaq;fs; 187. ne/g;hPbaq;fspd; %d;W tiffs; vit? 1. nkfhne/g;hPbah> 2. ikf;Nuh ne/g;hPbah> 3. njhz;il ne/g;hPbah 188. kz;GOtpd;> fopT ePf;fj;jpw;nfd cs;s rpwg;Gr; nry; vJ? FNshuNfh[d; 189. kz;GOtpd; clw; Rtw;wpYs;s cWg;Gfs; vit? 1. njhL czh; cWg;Gfs;> 2. Ntjpa czh; cWg;Gfs; 3. ntg;g czh; cWg;Gfs; 190. Mz; ,dg;ngUf;fj; Jthuj;jpy; cs;sJ vJ? fytp Ez;Kl;fs; 191. kz;GOtpd;> Rug;Gj; jputk; tpe;Jr; nry;fis xUq;fpizf;Fk; njhFg;GfSf;F

vd;d ngah;? ];ngh;kl;NlhNghh;fs; 192. kz;GOtpd;> cly; Kd; Kid gphpe;J ve;j tsh;igahFk;?

nfhf;$d; (Cocoon) 193. Gwh

Jizj; njhFjp KJnfYk;gpfs;

tFg;G gwitfs;

thpir nfhyk;gpghh;kp];

tif nfhyk;gh yptpah 194. Gwhf;fs; gwf;Fk; jpwDila vit? NfhpNdl;Lfs; 195. tsh;g;Gg; Gwhf;fspd; tiffs; ahit?

Panter, Fantail, Tumblers

196. tsh;g;Gg; Gwhf;fs; ve;j top tif te;jit? nfhyk;gh yptpah 197. Gwhf;fspd; myFfspd; Nky;Gwj;jpy; ve;j ciw cs;sJ?

uhk;NghjPf;fh (Rhampotheca) 198. Gwhtpd;> Nky; myfpd; mbg;Gwj;jpy; cs;s ,iz ehrpj;Jthuq;fs; Rw;wp vJ

cs;sJ?

rpah; (Cere) vDk; gUj;j Njhy; gFjp 199. Gwhtpd; fz;fspd; ghJfhg;gpw;F vJ cs;sJ?

epf;bNll;bq; rt;T (Nictitating membrane) vDk; nkd;glyk;

~ 11 ~

200. thy; gFjpapy; ve;j vz;nza; Rug;gp cs;sJ?

a+Nuhgp[pay; Rug;gp (Uropygeal gland) 201. Gwh> gwf;fhj Ntis mjd; rpwF vd;d tbtpy; ,Uf;Fk;?

Z 202. Gwhtpd; Kd;Gwj;jpy; Nky;tif eLifia ,izf;Fk; Njhy; gFjpf;F vd;d

ngah;? Kd;gl;lh[pak; my;yJ myhh; glyk; 203. Gwhtpd; gpd;Gwj;jpy; Nky;ifia clYld; ,izf;Fk; Njhy; gFjpf;F vd;d

ngah;? gpd;gl;lh[pak; 204. Gwhtpd; ,wFfs;> mike;Js;s Nfhl;bw;F vd;d ngah;?

nlhpNy (Pterylae) 205. Gwhtpd; ,ilntspg;gFjpfSf;F vd;d ngah;?

VBhpah (Apteria) 206. Gwhtpd; clypy; cs;s ,wFfs; tiffs; vit? ,wf;if ,wFfs;> cUt ,wFfs;> ,io ,wFfs; 207. Gwhtpd; ,wf;if ,wF> ikaj;jpy; cs;s XH mr;rpd;> Nky;fPo;gFjpf;F vd;d

ngah;?

uhr;rp]; (Rachis) Nky;gFjp

Ftp]; my;yJ fyhk]; (Quill or calamus) fPo;gFjp 208. Gwhtpd; Ftpy; gFjpapd; fPo;g;Gwj;jpy;> ve;j JisAs;sJ?

fPo; mk;gpypf;f]; (Inferior umbilicus) 209. Gwhtpd; ,uj;jf; Foy;fSf;F rw;W Nky;Gwj;jpy; cs;s Jis vJ? Nky; mk;gpypf;f]; 210. Nky; mk;gpypf;f]; mUfpy; vJ cs;sJ?

nkd;ikahd ,wFg;gFjp (Aftershaft) 211. Gwhtpd; ,wFg;gwg;G vjpy; mike;jJ? uhf;rp]p 212. Gwhtpd; ,izfshd ePl;rpfSf;F vd;d ngah;?

ghh;Gfs; (Barbs) my;yJ ,iofs; 213. Gwhtpd; ,iofspd; ,UGwj;jpy; ve;j Ez;zpio cs;sJ?

ghh;gpa+y; (Barbules) 214. Gwhtpd; Nky;ifapy; ,ize;Js;s 11 ,wFfs; vJ? Kjy; epiy ,wFfs; 215. Gwhtpd; eLf;ifapy; cs;s 12 ,wFfs; vit? ,uz;lhk; epiy ,wFfs; 216. Gwhtpd; thy; gFjpapy; cs;s 12 ,wFfs; ve;j tbtpy; ,ize;Js;sJ? tprpwp 217. Gwhtpd; mfr; rl;lfk; fhw;why; epug;gg;gl;ljw;F vd;d ngah;? fhw;nwYk;G 218. Gwhtpd; ngUk; khh;Gj; jirfs; vJ?

ngf;Nlhuhyp]; Nk[h; (Pectoralis major) 219. Gwhtpd; rw;W ePskhd rpwpa jir vJ?

ngf;Nlhuhyp]; ikdh; (Pectoralis minor) 220. Gwhf;fs; ,wFfis fPopwf;f cjTk; rpWjir vJ?

Nfhgpuhf;fpahyp]; (Coracobrachialis) 221. Gwhtpd;> thapDs; totog;ghd nghUisr; Ruf;Fk; vj;jid Rug;gpfs;

cs;sJ?

~ 12 ~

%d;W 222. Rth; kPs;jd;ikAila jPdpg;igapy; vJ cs;sJ? Nfhior; Rug;gpfs; 223. Gwhtpd; ,iug;ig Kd;gFjp vJ?

GNuhntd;bhpFy]; (Proventricuius) 224. Gwhtpd; Kd; Fly; gFjp vJ?

U tbt bNahbdk; 225. Gwhtpd; tise;j gpd; Fly;gFjp vJ?

,ypak; (Ileum)

226. Gwhtpd; nghJf;foptiw FNshNaf;fhtpy; (Cloaca) cs;s %d;W rpwpa miwfs; vit?

1. Kd;Gw Nfhg;Nuhbak; (Coprodaeum)> 2. eLg;Gw a+Nuhbak; (Urodaeum)> 3.

fPo;Gw gpuhf;Nlhbak; (Proctodaeum) 227. Gwhtpd;> kyf;Fly; vtw;why; jpwe;Js;sJ? Nfhg;Nuhbak; 228. Gwhtpd; rpW ePuf ,dg;ngUf;f ehsq;fs; vjpy; Kbtile;Js;sd? a+Nuhbak; 229. GwhTf;F ntspapy; jpwe;Js;sJ vJ? gpuhf;Nlhbak; 230. Gwhtpd; fy;yPuypy; Njhd;Wk; ,U gpj;j ehsq;fs; Neubahf jdpj;jdpNa

vtw;wpy; jpwe;Js;sJ? bNahbdk; 231. Gwhtpd; cs;thapd; njhlh;r;rpahf cs;s ve;j gFjp njhz;ilapDs;

jpwe;Js;sJ?

fpshl;b]; (Glottis) 232. khh;giwapy; %r;Rf;Foy; Fuy; vt;thW mfd;Ws;sJ?

xypg; ngl;lfk; (Syrinx) 234. EiuaPuy;fSld; njhlh;Gila fhw;Wg;igfs; vj;jid? xd;gJ 235. xd;gJ fhw;Wigfs; vitfshFk;?

ika Njhs;gl;ilg;ig> Xhpiz fOj;Jg; igfs;> ,uz;L ntd;bhpf;fps;fs; 237. Gwhtpd; %isapy; ve;j %d;W gFjpfs; njspTw cs;sJ? Kd;> ,il> gpd; %isfs;

238. rpW %is vJ Kd;Ndhf;fp ePz;Ls;sjhy;> ilad;rp/gyhd; (Diencephalon) vDk; ,il %isg;gFjp kiwe;Js;sJ?

nrhpngy;yk; (Cerebellum) 239. Gwhtpd; ilad;rp/gyhdpd; Nky; Gwj;jpy; ve;j cWg;G cs;sJ? gPdpay; 240. Gwhtpd; ilad;rp/gyhdpd; fPo;Gwj;jpy; fPo; ePl;rp ve;j Rug;gpahf cs;sJ? gpl;a+l;lhp 241. Gwh gwf;Fk; NghJ fz;fis ghJfhg;gJ vit? ];fpspuhl;bj; jl;L> epf;l;bNll;bq; glyk; 242. fz; jputj;jpDs; cs;s epwkp ePl;rp vJ? ngf;ld; 243. Gwhtpd; ve;j fopT ntz;ik epwj;jpy; A+hpf; mkpykhf ePf;fg;gLk;? iel;u[d;

~ 13 ~

Mk;gpahf;r];

244. njhFjp KJF ehzpfs;

Jizj;njhFjp jiy KJF ehzpfs;

tif Mk;gpahf;r]; 245. Jizj;njhFjpapy; cs;s ,U ,dq;fs; vit? gpuhq;fpNah];Nlhkh> Vrpnkl;uhd; 246. gpuhq;fpNah];Nlhkh ,dj;jpw;F rhd;W vJ? Mk;gpahf;r]; 247. KJFehzpfspd; mbg;gilg; gz;Gfs; vit? 1. tho;ehs; KOtJk; epiyf;Fk; ePz;l KJF ehz; 2. KJFg;Gwj;jpy; Foy;tbt euk;Gj; jz;L 3. njhz;ilg; gFjpapy; gy nrTs; gpsTfs; 248. Mk;gpahf;r]; mikg;gpd; fhuzkhf nfhz;Ls;s ngah; vJ? yhd;nryl; 249. clypd; ,U gf;fq;fspYk; ve;j kbg;Gfs; Njhd;Wk;? nkl;lhgpspa+uy; 250. Gdy; tbt tha;Kd; miw vJ? nt];bgpa+y; 251. nt];ba+g+ypd; fPo;g;Gwj;jpYs;s rt;tpd; ikaj;jpy; cs;s cWg;G vJ?

tPyk; 252. Mk;gpahf;r]pd;> tha;Nehf;fpa XH ePNuhl;lk; vJ vdg;gLk;? rf;fu cWg;G 253. tha; %bapd; Nkw;Gwj;jpy;> Ez;zpiofs; nfhz;l gs;sk; vJ? `hl;nrf; 254. Mk;gpahf;r]pd;> nrTs; gpsTfs; cly; Rtw;wpw;F ,ilapy; cs;s ve;j

miwapDs; jpwe;Js;sJ? Vl;hpak; 255. cly; Rth; ntsp> cs; vtw;why; MdJ?

ntsp vgpnlh;kp];> cs; - vgpnlh;kprhy; 256. vgpnlh;kprpy; XuLf;F J}z; vJ cs;sJ? vgpj;jPypa nry;fs; 257. vgpj;jPypa nry;fspy;> ntspg;Gwkhf cs;s ,izg;Gj;jpR vJ? nlh;kprpy; 258. vgpj;jPypa nry;fspy;> cl;Gwkhf ehh;fSila ve;j gFjpAs;sJ? khl;hpf;]; 259. nlh;kprpd; mbapy; cs;s jirj; Jz;lq;fs; vit? ikNahNlhk;fs; (m) ikNahkpah;fs; 260. Vl;hpa miwapd; kpfg;nghpa ve;j clw;Fop FWfp mike;Js;sJ? rPNyhk; 261. Mk;gpahf;r]pd; clw;rl;lfk; vtw;why; Mf;fg;gl;lJ? KJF ehz; jpR> n[yhl;bd; nghUs; 262. njhz;ilr; Rtw;wpd; ,UGwj;jpy; vj;jid nrTs; gpsTfs; cs;sJ? 180 263. Flypd; fPo;Gwj;jpy;> XH nghpa vJ cs;sJ? fy;yPuy; ePl;rp 264. njhz;ilg; gFjpapy; Nky;> fPo; gug;Gfspd; ikaq;fspy; cs;s ,U thpg;

gs;sq;fs; vit?

~ 14 ~

nry; caphpay;

vd;Nlh];ily; 265. njhz;ilapd;> fPo;thpg;gs;sj;jpy; ehd;F jlq;fshf cs;sJ vJ? Nfhior; Rug;gpr; nry;fs; 266. jlq;fSf;F ,ilapy; mike;Js;sJ vJ? FWapior; nry;fs; 267. FWapioj; jlq;fSf;F vd;d ngah;? njhz;il #o; gl;ilfs; 268. nrTs; gpsTfspd; topahf ePH ntspNaWk; NghJ epfOtJ vJ?

O2 kw;Wk; Co2 tpd; ,lkhw;wk; 269. Mk;gpahf;rpw;F ,uj;jk; Vd; epwkw;wJ? ,jak;> Rthr epwkp ,y;iy 270. jkdpapypUe;J ,iz ,uj;jf; Foha;fs; nrTs;fspDs; EiotJ vJ? nrTs; Nehf;F ,uj;jf; Foy;fs; 271. ,uj;j Foha;> Kd;Ndhf;fpr; nrd;W fy;yPuy; ePl;rpapy; KbtiltJ vJ? fy;yPuy; Nghh;l;ly; mikg;G 272. Mk;gpahf;rpapd; fopT ePf;F cWg;G vJ? ne/g;hPbaq;fs; vDk; ,izapWg;G 273. ne/g;hPbaj;jpd; ,U ePl;rpfspYk; mike;Js;sJ vit? Rlh; nry;fs; (m) nrhyNdhirl;Lfs; 274. xU ne/g;hPbaj;jpy;> cs;s nrhyNdhirl;Lfs; vj;jid? 500 275. %is> jz;Ltlk; Nghd;w njspthd cWg;Gfs; ,y;iy vtw;wpw;F? Mk;gpahf;r]; 276. Mk;gpahf;r]; clypy;> vj;jid ,iz ,dg;ngUf;f cWg;Gfs; cz;L? 26

277. caphpfspd; nray; kw;Wk; mikg;gpd; mbg;gilahd nry;nfhs;if

ntspapl;lth;fs; ahth;?

kj;ah]; ];nrypld; (Mathias Schleiden) jpNahlh; ];thd; (Theodor Schwann)

(1838 39) 278. caphpaNyhL njhlh;Gila gy Gjpa gphpTfs; vit?

nry; tifg;ghl;bay;> nry; kugpay;> nry; nraypay;> nry; Ntjpapay;> %yf;$W caphpay;> nry; Nehapay;> nry; #opay;

279. nry;fs; mikg;G vt;tsT?

5 500 mf;F ,ilg;gl;l tpl;l msT

280. rp];lNk ,d;lh;Ne~dd; (SI) myfpd; gb ePsj;jpd; myF

1 (m) = 1000 mm (10-3m)

1 mm = 1000 (m) (10-6m)

1 m = 1000 (nm) (10-9m)

1 nm = 1000 (pm)

281. Mq;];lhuhq; () vd;gJ vt;tsT?

10-10

m

282. kdpjdpd; fz;fspd; NtWgLj;jy; jpwd; vt;tsT?

0.1 mm (or) 100 m

283. Kjd; Kjypy; $l;L Ez;Nzhf;fpia cUthf;fpath;fs; ahth;?

1950 ,y; gpuhd;rp]; N[d;nrd; (Francis Janssen) kw;Wk; rf;fhpah]; N[d;nrd;

(Zacharias Janssen)

~ 15 ~

284. G+r;rpfspd; $l;Lf;fz;fis MuhAk; vspa> Ez;Nzhf;fpia cUthf;fpath; ahh;?

fypypNah fypyp (Galileo Galilei 1564-1642) 285. tpyq;Ffspy; jpRf;fis Muha Ez;Nzhf;fpia gad;gLj;jpath; ahh;?

khh;nrNyh khy;gp[p (Marcello Malpighi, 1628-1694) - ,j;jhyp 286. jf;irj;jpRtpd; nky;ypa gFjpapid Muha> jhNd xU $l;L Ez;Nzhf;fpia

cUthf;fp> jf;if jpRtpd; nry;fSf;F nry; vd ngahpl;lth; ahh;?

uhgh;l; `Pf; (Robert Hooke) vDk; Mq;fpNya Ez;Nzhf;fp Muha;r;rpahsh; - (1665)

287. Ez;Nzhf;fpapy; juk; cah;j;jg;gl;l nyd;]; cgNahfg;gLj;jpath; ahh;?

Md;ld; thd; yPtd; `hf; (1632-1723) (Anton Van Leeuwenhoek) 288. Md;ld; thd; yPtd; `hf;d;> Ez;Nzhf;fp cUngUf;fj;jpwd; vt;tsT?

300X 289. nyd;rpd; ,Utiffs; vit? 1. nghUsUF nyd;];> 2. fz;zUF nyd;]; 290. Ez;Nzhf;fpapy; nghUj;jg;gl;lit vitfs;? nghUsUF nyd;R> Ftpg;ghd; jhq;fpfs; 291. Ez;Nzhf;fpapy; xspiar; Nrfhpf;Fk; nghUsUF nyd;rpd; gz;ig

mjpfhpg;gjw;fhf ];iyLf;Fk;> nghUsUF nyd;Rf;Fk; ,ilapy; vz;nza; itg;gJ vJ?

vz;nza; top Ez;Nzhf;fp 292. jpiuapy; Njhd;Wk; gpk;gj;ij Gifg;glr; RUspy; gjpa itj;J tiu glkhfj;

jahh; nra;tJ vJ?

flj;Jk; kpd;dZ Ez;Nzhf;fp (TEM)

293. kpd;dZ Ez;Nzhf;fpahy; vtw;iw fhz KbahJ? vjdhy; ];Nfd;> nra;ag;gLk;? kpd;dZ fjph; 295. Nfhy;if cWg;Gfis rhaNkw;Wgit vit?

N[d]; gr;ir B (Janus green B)> ikl;Nlhfhz;l;hpah

296. FNuhNkl;bd; ,ioia rhaNkw;WtJ vit?

kPijypd; ePyk; (Methylene blue)> gphpAk; nry;fspd; cl;fU

297. ePAl;uy; rptg;G (Neutral red) my;yJ fhd;Nfh rptg;G (Congo red) rhaq;fs;

vtw;iw epwNkw;Wk;? epiyg;gLj;Jjy;> rhaNkw;Wjy; kw;Wk; gjpj;jy;

299. ey;y epiyg;gLj;jpfs; (Fixative) ghf;Bhpahtpdhy; Vw;gLk; ve;j epfo;Tfisj;

jtph;f;Fk;? Ml;Nlhiy]p]; kw;Wk; mOFjy; 300. nghJthf gad;gLk; epiyg;gLj;jpfs; vit? mrpbf; mkpyk;> ghh;khy;bi`L Nghapd;]; fiury; kw;Wk; fhh;dha;]; jputk; 301. nry;fs; my;yJ jpRf;fspy; cs;s ePh; vit %yk; ntspNaw;wg;gLk;? Ntjpg;nghUs; 302. Ntjpg;nghUl;fs; %yk; ePH ntspNaWk; nraypy;

~ 16 ~

303. Gijj;jYf;F cl;gl;l nghUs;fs; Njitahd mstpy; Jz;lhf;f gad;gLk; rhjdk; vJ?

ikf;NuhNlhk; (Microtome)

304. irl;Nlhgpshrk; vjdhy; ,sk; rptg;ghfpwJ?

,Nahrpd; (Eosin)

305. cl;fUit ePyepwkhf rhaNkw;WtJ vit?

`Pkl;lhf;];ypd; (Haematoxylin) (m) rptg;G fye;j Nrg;uhdpd; (Red with

Safranin)

306. Rj;jg;gLj;jg;gl;l Jz;Lfis fz;zhb Jz;lj;jpd; Nky; gjpa itg;gjw;F gad;gLk; Clfk; vJ?

fdlh ghy;rk; 307. vyf;l;uhd; Ez;Nzhf;fp %yk; fhz;gJ vJ? gpsh];kh glyk; 308. gpsh];kh glyk;> nfhOg;G nghUshy; MdJ vd $wpath; ahh;?

1895 ,y; Xth;lhd; (Overton)

309. nry; glyj;jpy; ,uz;L gf;fKk; Gujq;fshy; #og;gl;l nfhOg;G mLf;Ffs; cz;L vd njhptpj;jth;fs; ahth;?

1935 ,y; Nldpayp (Danielli) kw;Wk; Nlt;rd; (Davson)

310. vyf;l;uhd; Ez; tiugl cjtpAld; myFg;glyf; Nfhl;ghl;bidf; $wpath; ahh;?

1960 ,y; uhgh;l;]d; (Robertson)

311. uhgh;l;]d;> Nfhl;ghl;bd;gb nfhOg;Gg; gFjp ve;j %yf;$Wfshy; MdJ? gh];Nghypg;gpL

312. gpsh];kh glyj;jpw;fhd jputj;jd;ik $l;likg;G cUtfk;> ahUila

fUj;Jg;gb Njhd;wpw;W?

1972 ,y; ]pq;fh; (Singer) kw;Wk; epf;nfhy;rd; (Nicholson)

313. nfhOg;gpy; fiuAk; nghUl;fs; Ntfkhf ve;j glyj;jpy; fiue;J cl;nry;Yk;? gh];Nghypg;gpl; 314. cah; tpyq;Ffs; kw;Wk; jhtuq;fspd; nry;fspy; fhzg;gLk; ,io my;yJ

Jfs;fs; Nghd;w Ez;ZWg;Gfs; vit? ikl;Nlhfhz;l;hpaq;fs; 315. ikl;Nlh fhz;l;hpaq;fs; vtw;wpy; fhzg;gLk;? My;fh> GNuhNlhNrhth> g+Q;ir 316. 1850 ,y; thpj;jir nry;fspy;> Jfs; mikg;ig Kjypy; fz;lwpe;jth; ahh;?

Nfhypf;fh; (Kolliker)

317. Jfs; mikg;gpw;F> ikl;Nlhfhz;l;hpak; vdg; ngahpl;lth; ahh;?

ngd;lh (Benda) 1897 98

318. ikl;Nlhfhz;l;hpaj;jpy; eilngWk; fpisNfhiyrpypy; gy;NtW epiyfis fz;Lgpbj;jth; ahh;?

n[h;kd; cah; Ntjpapay; Muha;r;rpahsh;fs; vk;g;ld; (Embden) kw;Wk; Nkah;

`hg; (Meyerhof)

Fwpg;G : ,jw;fhf 1922 ,y; vk;g;ld; Nehgy; ghpR ngw;whh; 319. rpl;hpf; mkpy Row;rpiaf; fz;lwpe;jth; ahh;?

1937 ,y; rh; N`d;]; mlhy;;g; fpug;]; (Sir Hans Adolph Krebs)

~ 17 ~

320. ikl;Nlhfhz;l;hpaj;jpy; eilngWk; rpl;hpf; mkpyr;Row;rp> Mf;]pfuz gh];Ngl; Vw;wk; kw;Wk; nfhOg;G mkpy Mf;]pfuzk; Mfpatw;iw tpsf;fpath; ahth;?

nfd;db (Kennedy) kw;Wk; nydpd;[h; (Leninger) 1948 50

321. ikl;Nlhfhz;l;hpad;fspd; vz;zpf;if

322. ikl;Nlhfhz;l;hpad;fs; ,io mikg;gpd; msT vd;d?

0.5 m Kjy; 2.5 m 323. ikl;Nlhfhz;l;hpahitr; Rw;wpAs;s ntspglyj;jpw;Fk;> cs;glyj;jpw;Fk; cs;s

,ilntsp vt;tsT?

6-8 nm 324. cs;glyj;jpy; cUthFk; kbg;G vJ?

fphp];Nl (Cristae) 325. cs; miwapy; mlh;j;jpahd vit cs;sJ? $o;k ikl;Nlhfhz;l;hpay; Nkl;hpf;]; epuk;gp 326. Nkl;hpf;]; epuk;gpy; cs;s %yf;$Wfs; vit?

nfhOg;G> Gujk; kw;Wk; tl;l DNA 327. Nkl;hpf;]; gFjpfspy; fhzg;gLtJ vJ? gy nehjpfs; 328. ikl;Nlhfhz;l;hpad;fs;> nry;fspd; gy Kf;fpa nray;fs; vit?

Mf;]pfuzk;> i`l;u[d; ntspNaw;wk;> Mf;]pfuz gh];Ngl; Vw;wk; kw;Wk; Rthrr; rq;fpyp

329. nry;fspd; cz;ikahd Rthr cWg;G vJ? ikl;Nlhfhz;l;hpad;fs;

340. ikl;Nlhfhz;l;hpahtpy;> biu gh];Ngl; my;yJ ATP fis cUthf;fg; gad;gLtJ vJ?

mbNdhird; 341. nry;fspd; rf;jp epiyak; vJ? ikl;Nlhfhz;l;hpah

342. tpyq;Fnry;fspy;> vt;tsT rjtPjk; ATP %yf;$Wfis ikl;Nlhfhz;l;hpah cUthf;Fk;?

95% 343. rpwpa mlh;j;jpahd> cUz;il tbtpy;> Jfs;fs; mikg;GilaJ vJ? iuNghNrhk;fs; 344. iuNghNrhk;fspy;> fhzg;gLk; Gujk; vJ? iuNghepAf;spf; 345. ikl;Nlhfhz;l;hpah jdpahf vtw;wpy; fhzg;gLk;? gRq;fzpfq;fs; kw;Wk; irl;Nlhgpshrk; Mfpatw;wpd; Nkl;hpf;]; 346. ikl;Nlhfhz;l;hpah> Xl;bf;nfhz;L vtw;wpy; fhzg;gLk;? vz;Nlhgpshrtiy kw;Wk; cl;fU 347. iuNghNrhikg; gw;wp Kjypy; tpsf;fk; mspj;jth; ahh;?

[P.,. ghyNl (G.E. Paladae 1952) 348. 1958 ,y; iuNghNrhk; vd ngahpl;lth; ahh;?

Mh;.gp. uhgh;l;]; (R.B. Roberts) 349. iuNghNrhk;fs; vtw;wpy; fhzg;gLk;?

caphpdq;fs; vz;zpf;if fly; mh;r;rpdpd; mz;lk; ,Utho;tpfspd; mz;lk; vypapd; fy;yPuy; nry; rpy My;fh nry;

1>40>000 Kjy; 1>50>000 300>000 500 1600 1

~ 18 ~

GNuhNfhpahl; kw;Wk; ANfhpahl; nry; 350. fiza nry;fs;> gpsh];kh nry;> fy;yPuy; nry;fs;> vYk;G nry;fs;>

rg;Nkf;]pyhp Rug;gpapy; cs;s rPu];nry;fs;> ,iug;igapy; cs;s Kf;fpa Rug;gpfspd; nry;fs;> ijuha;L nry;fs; kw;Wk; ghy;Rug;gpr; nry;fs; vit?

Ntfkhf eilngWk; nry;fs; 351. iuNghNrhk;fs; cUz;il tbtj;jpy; vt;tsT tpl;lk; cilait?

150 Kjy; 250

352. iuNghNrhkpd; ,uz;L gFjpfs; vit? 1. nghpa fyr tbtk; cilaJ 2. rpwpa> nghpa gFjpapd; Nky;Gwk; njhg;gp Nghy; ,Uf;Fk; 353. iuNghNrhk;fs; vtw;why; MdJ?

R.N.A (iuNghePAf;spf; mkpyk;) kw;Wk; Gujk;

354. rRNA apd; nray;fSf;F fphpah Cf;fp vJ?

iuNghNrhkpd; Gujq;fs; 355. Kg;ghpkhd Njhw;wj;jpy; fhzg;gLk; tiy Nghd;w cs;sPlw;w Foy;fs; vit? rp];lh;Nd 356. mfg;gpshrtiy vd ngahpid toq;fpath; ahh;?

1953 ,y; Nghh;l;lh; (Portar)

357. iuNghNrhk;fspy; fhzg;gLk; tiy vJ?

fbd (Rough) vz;Nlhgpshr tiy (RER)

358. iuNghNrhk; ,y;yhj vz;Nlhgpshr tiy vJ?

kpUJthd (Smooth) vz;Nlhgpshr tiy (SER)

359. Gw mikg;gpy; vz;Nlhgpshr tiy nfhz;Ls;s %d;W mikg;Gfs; vit?

jl;Lfs; (Lamellar)> Fkpo;fs; (Vesicular)> Foy;fs; (Tubular) mikg;G

360. jl;Lfspd; tpl;lk; vJ?

40-50 m

361. rp];lh;Nd vtw;wpy; fhzg;gLk;? fizak; KJFehz; kw;Wk; euk;G nry; 362. Fkpo;fspd; tpl;lk; vJ?

25-500 m

363. Foy;fspd; tpl;lk; vt;tsT?

50-190 m

364. Nfhy;if cWg;Gfisf; fz;lwpe;jth; ahh;?

,j;jhypa euk;gpay; epGzh; NfkpNyh Nfhy;[p (Camillo Golgi) 1873 365. Nfhy;if cWg;Gfspd; myF vJ? rp];lh;Nd 366. xU rp];lh;Ndapd; tpl;lk; vd;d?

1 m

367. rp];lh;Ndf;fspd; njhFg;gpy; cs;s mLf;fpd; ,ilntspapd; msT vt;tsT?

20-30 nm

368. xU njhFjp rp];lh;Ndf;fs; vJ?

bf;bNahNrhk; (Dictyosome)

369. Nfhy;if cWg;Gf;fs; vit? Foy;fs;> Fkpo;fs;> rp];lh;Nd

~ 19 ~

370. vz;Nlhgpshr tiy cUthf;Fk; Gujk; nfhOg;Gf;fis> kw;w nghUl;fis Nrkpg;gJ vJ?

Nfhy;if cWg;G 371. iyNrhNrhk;fs; Kjypy; vt;thW miof;fg;gl;lJ? cl;fU #o; mlh; cWg;Gfs; 372. iyNrhNrhk;fs; vd ngahpl;lth; ahh;?

1955 ,y; rp.b. bNt (C.D. Duve)

373. iyNrhNrhk;fspd; msT vt;tsT?

0.2 Kjy; 5 m

374. iyNrhNrhkpy; fhzg;gLk; nghJthd nehjpfs; vit? GNuhl;bNa];> epAf;spNa];> fpisf;Nfh irNl];> ypg;Ng];> gh];Nghypg; Ng];> gh];gl;Nl]; kw;Wk; ry;gNl];

375. iyNrhNrhk;fs; vtw;wpypUe;J Njhd;Wk;? Nfhy;if cWg;G (m) Neubahf mfg;gpshr tiy 376. xU nry; Kjph;r;rpapdhy; ,we;J tpLk; Ntisapy; mr;nry;ypy; cs;s

iyNrhNrhk;fs; cile;J nry;iy rPuzpg;gJ vit vdg;gLk;?

Ml;Nlhiyrp]; (Autolysis)

377. GNuhl;NlhNrhth> g+Q;irfs;> jhtuq;fs;> KJnfYk;gpfspd; fy;yPuy;> rpWePufk; Mfpatw;wpd; nry;fspy; fhzg;gLtJ vJ?

ngh; Mf;]pNrhk;fs; 378. ngh; Mf;]pNrhk; vdg; ngahpl;lth;fs; ahth;?

1966 ,y; rp.b.bNt (C.DE. Duve) kw;Wk; gp.ghLAd; (P. Baudhuin)

379. ngh; Mf;]pNrhkpy; fhzg;gLk; Nfl;lNy]; (Catalase) vDk; nehjp> nray;

vd;d? i`l;u[d; ngh; Mf;]piril jPq;fw;w ePh; kw;Wk; Mf;]p[dhf khw;Wk;. 380. cl;fUtpd; mUfpy; cs;s ,U cUis tbt Ez;zpa Foy; mikg;G vJ? nrd;l;hpNahy;fs; 381. nrd;l;hpNahy;fs;> firapio my;yJ FW ,ioAld; njhlh;G nfhz;bUe;jhy;

vit vdg;gLk;?

Ngry; ghb (Basal body)> mbj;jpus; cWg;G

382. nrd;l;hpNahy;fs; vtw;wpy; fhzg;gLk;? nghJthf tpyq;F nry;fs;> My;fh nry;fs; kw;Wk; rpy nguzp nry;fs; 383. nrd;l;hpNahy;fspd; mikg;G vJ?

tpl;lk; - 0.15 Kjy; 0.25 m

ePsk; - 0.3 Kjy; 0.7 m

384. rpW Foy; xd;wpd; tpl;lk; vJ?

200-260

385. rpW Foy; mikg;G> ve;j %yf;$WfSld; Nrh;e;j mikg;ghFk;?

Gujk; bAGypd; (Tubuline) ypg;gpl;

386. gy tpyq;F nry;fspy; nrd;l;hpNahy;> vtw;wpd; Kf;fpag; Gs;spahFk;? nrd;l;NuhNrhkpd; 387. cl;fUit Kjypy; fz;Lgpbj;jth; ahh;?

1833 ,y; ,uhgh;l; gpuTd; (Robert Brown)

388. cl;fU glyk; cs;sJ vd;gij ntspg;gLj;jpath; ahh;? x. n`h;l;tpf; (1893)

~ 20 ~

389. rpy nry;fspy; fhZk; ,U cl;fU vitfs;? 1. ,ul;il cl;fU> 2. gy cl;fU 390. gy cl;fU nfhz;l tpyq;F nry;fs; vJ? ,izTr; nry; (v.fh.) vYk;G nry; 391. cl;fUtpd; FWf;F tpl;l msT vd;d?

3-25 m

392. N`g;sha;L nry;ypd; cl;fU> ve;j nry;ypd; cl;fUit fhl;bYk; rpwpJ? bg;sha;L 393. cl;fU ciwapd; gUkd; vt;tsT?

5-10 nm

394. cl;fU cs;glyk;> ciwapdhy; jhq;fg;gl;lJ vJ?

cl;fU Nykpdh (Nuclear lamina)

395. cl;fUj;Jisfspd; tpl;lk; vJ?

10 nm Kjy; 100 nm

396. cl;fU glyj;jpd; gug;gstpy;> cl;fUj;Jisfs; vt;tsT tpOf;fhL nfhz;lJ?

5 Kjy; 15 397. cl;fUtpy; epug;gg;gl;l njspthd> $o;kg; gFjp vJ? cl;fUgpshrk; 398. cl;fU gpshrj;jpy; cs;sJ vJ? FNuhNkl;bd; ,iofs;> cl;fUkzp 399. ePAf;spNah Gujk;> Gujq;fs;> nehjpfs; kw;Wk; jhJ cg;Gfisf; nfhz;lJ

vJ? cl;fU gpshrk; 400. cl;fU gpshrj;jpy; fhzg;gLk; RUz;l ,iofs; Nghd;w mikg;G vJ? FNuhNkl;bd; ,iofs; 401. FNuhNkl;bd; ,iofs; vtw;why; Mdit?

b Mf;]piuNgh epAf;spf; mkpyk; (DNA) kw;Wk; Gujk;

402. cl;fUtpDs; xd;W my;yJ gy cUz;ilahd ve;j mikg;G cs;sJ? nfhyha;ly; ($o;k) 403. nfhyha;ly; mikg;G vit vdg;gLk;? cl;fU kzpfs; 404. Ntjpapay; mikg;gpy;> cl;fUkzpapy; cs;sit vit?

cl;fUkzpia cUthf;Fk; DNA> ehd;F RNA tiffs;> 70 tif

iuNghNrhkpd; Gujk;> RNAit ,izf;Fk; Gujkhd epA+f;spNay]; kw;Wk;

RNA ntl;Lk; epa+f;spNah Gujk;

405. iuNghNrhk; cUthf;fj;jpy; cs;s vitfs; cl;fUkzpapd; %d;W gFjpfspy; eilngWfpwJ?

njhlf;f epiy> tsh;r;rp epiy> Kjph;r;rp epiy 406. jhtu nry;fspy;> FNuhNkhNrhik Kjypy; fz;lwpe;jth; ahh;?

fhh;y; ehf;yp (Karl Nagli) 1842

407. nry; gphpjypd; NghJ FNuhNkhNrhk;fspd; nray;fis tpsf;fpath; ahh;?

1873 ,y; V. nrdplh; (A. Schnider)

408. FNuhNkhNrhk;fspd; vz;zpf;if xNu ,dj;jpy; fhzg;gLk; caphpfspy; khwhjpUf;Fk; vdf; fz;lwpe;jth; ahh;?

1887 ,y; ngd;ld; (Benden) kw;Wk; Nght;hp (Bovery)

~ 21 ~

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~ 22 ~

409. gog;G+r;rpapy; cs;s ehd;F FNuhNkhNrhk;fspy; 2000 tiu kugZf;fs; cs;sd vdf; fz;lwpe;jth; ahth;?

1922 ,y; b.vr;. khh;fd; (T.M. Morgon) kw;Wk; vr;. Ky;yh; (H.Muller)

410. FNuhNkhNrhk;fs; DNA ahy; MdJ vd fhz;gpj;jth; ahh;?

1924 ,y; ,uhgh;l; gpAy;n[d; (Robert Feulgen)

411. xU njhFjp FNuhNkhNrhk;fs; ve;j njhFjpahFk;?

N`g;sha;L njhFjp (n)

412. clw; nry;fspy; ,uz;L njhFjp [PNdhk; cs;sJ vit? bg;sha;L nry; 413. FNuhNkhNrhk;fspd; vz;zpf;if

rhjhuzg;ngah; mwptpay; ngah; FNuhNkhNrhk;fspd;

vz;zpf;if 1. guNkrpak; 2. i`l;uh 3. tPl;L < 4. gog;G+r;rp 5. Gwh 6. nfhhpy;yh 7. kdpjd;

g. MNuypah i`. ty;Nfhp]; k];fh nlhnk];bfh bNuhNrhgpy;yh nfhyk;gh yptpah nfhhpy;yh nfhhpy;yh N`hNkh Nrg;gpad;

30-40 32 12 8 80 48 46

414. FNuhNkhNrhkpd; mstpid ikl;lhrp]; nry; gphpjypd; eLepiy (Metaphase)apy;

mstpl;l NghJ mjd; msT vt;tsT?

0.25 m Kjy; 30 m

415. xt;nthU FNuhNkhNrhkpYk; mjd; ePsthf;fpy; fhzg;gLk; xU njspthd gFjp vit?

nrd;l;Nuhkpah; my;yJ ifdl;NlhNfhh; 416. FNuhNkhNrhkpd; ,uz;L gFjpapy;> xt;nthU gFjpAk; vitahFk;? FNuhNkhNrhkpd; fuk; 417. nrd;l;Nuhkpah; mike;Js;s ,lj;jpidg; nghUj;Jk;> FNuhNkhNrhkpd; fuj;jpd;

mikg;gpidg; nghUj;Jk; FNuhNkhNrhk;fis vitfs; vdyhk;? bNyhnrd;l;hpf;> mf;Nuhnrd;l;hpf;> rg;nkl;lh nrd;l;hpf; kw;Wk; nkl;lh nrd;l;hpf; 418. nry;fspd; mghpjkhd ngUFk; epiy vJ? Gw;W Neha; 419. epzePh;fs; %yk; clypd; gy ghfq;fSf;Fk; gutp ve;j epiyia Vw;gLj;Jk;? ,uz;lhk; epiy Njf;fk; my;yJ nkl;lh];Nlrp]; epiy 420. Gw;WNehiag; gw;wpa mwptpay; gphpT vJ?

Md;fhy[p (Oncology) - ,J fpNuf;f thh;j;ij

421. mghpkpjkhdj; jpR tsh;r;rp vit? epNahgpshrk; 422. epNahgpshrj; jpR gutp NfL tpisg;gJ vJ? Nkypf;ndd;l; 423. Gw;WNeha; kw;W Gw;Wnry;ypd; jd;ikia njspg;gLj;jpath; ahh;? 19 Mk; E}w;whz;by; n[h;kdpapd; Neha; ,ayhh; 424. vy;yh tifahd Gw;W Neha;fSk; fz;lwpag;gl;l fhyk; vJ? 20 Mk; E}w;whz;L 425. Gif Nghf;fpfis Rj;jk; nra;gth;fSf;F Gw;W Neha; tUtij fz;Lgpbj;J>

mjw;F fhuzk; fhpj;Jfs;fs; vdf; $wpath; ahh;?

1775 ,y;> ngh;rpty; ghl; (Percivell pott)

~ 23 ~

426. Gw;WNeha; Vw;gLk; njhopw;rhh;G

1. epyf; fPy; vz;nza; (Shale) Njhy; Gw;WNeha; - njhopyhsh;fSf;F

2. fjphpaf;f jhJ (Radio active ore)EiuaPuy; Gw;WNeha; Ruq;f gzpahsh;fSf;F

3. gPl;lh neg;jyikd; (Beta-Napthalamine) rpWePH ig Gw;WNeha; - ,ug;gh;

njhopw;rhiy gzpahsh;fSf;F

4. Gif nghUs; (Cigarettes) EiuaPuy; Gw;WNeha;

427. Gw;W Neha;f;F Kjypy; fhuzkhd itu]; vJ? uh]; rhh;Nfhkh

428. rkPgj;jpy;> kdpjdpd; T nry;fspy; Vw;gLk; YAf;Nfkpah vDk; Gw;W Neha;f;F

fhuzkhd itu]; vJ?

HTLV 1

429. ghuk;ghpakhf Vw;gLk;> fz;zpy; Njhd;Wk; Gw;Wfl;b vJ?

nul;bNdhgpsh];Nlhkh (Retinoblastoma)

Fwpg;G : ,J nkd;lypd; ghuk;ghpag;gb XH Xq;fpag; gz;ghFk; 430. tsh;r;rpapy; clypy; cs;s nry;fs; vitahf gphpjypd; %yk; gphpe;J

NtWghLfs; mile;J gy;NtW rpwg;Gr; nry;fshf khWk;? ikl;lhbf; nry; 431. nry;ypy; cs;s kugZf;fis fl;Lg;gLj;Jk;> epfo;Tfs; vit? ikl;lhbf; nry; gphpjy;> tsh;r;rp kw;Wk; khWghL miljy; 432. Gw;W Neha;f;Ff; fhuzkhtJ vJ?

xhpl cUthf;fk; (Monoclonal)

433. gy epfo;Tfshy; rhjhuz nry;> Gw;W nry;yhf khWtJ vJ?

Gw;W nry; cUthf;fk; (Carcinogenesis)

434. Gw;W nry; cUthf;fk; epfo;tpy; cs;s gphpjy; epiyapy; cs;s epiyfs; vit?

1. Mf;fpukpj;jy; (Invarion) kw;Wk; 2. nkl;lh];lhrp]; (Metastasis)

435. nry; tsh;r;rpiaj; J}z;Lk; [PNdhkpd; gFjp vJ? GNuhl;Nlh Mq;Nfh[Pd;fs;

436. DNA %yf;$W mikg;G jpBh; khw;wpj;jpdhy; GNuhl;Nlh Md;Nfh[Pd;fs;

vitahf khw;wg;gLk;? Md;Nfh[Pd;fs; 437. kdpjhpy; Gw;Wf; fl;bia cUthf;Fk; Md;Nfh[Pd;fs;

Md;Nfh[Pd; Gw;WNeha; tif nray;ghl;L fhuzk; 1. `hf;]; 11 (Hox) 2. vh;g; B 2 (Erb) 3. likf; (Myc) 4. nul; (Ret)

,uj;jg;Gw;WNeha; (Acute T-cell Leuckemia) khh;gf kw;Wk; mz;lf Gw;WNeha; EiuaPuy; Gw;W Neha; ijuha;L Gw;WNeha;

,lkhw;wk; Amplification

Amplification DNA ,y; khw;wpmikj;jy;

438. rhjhuzr; nry;fspd; tsh;r;rpiaf; fz;fhzpg;gJk;> fl;Lg;gLj;JtJk;

(Suppresor) vJ?

kugZ 439. Gw;W nry;fspy; cs;s ve;j gFjpapy; kugZ nray;gLk; gFjp> nrayw;W

NghFk;? [PNdhk;

~ 24 ~

440.

kugZ Gw;WNehapd; tif APC BRCA 1

INK 4 Gw;WNeha; Rb

PTEN

Nfhyd; gFjp/kyf;Fly; Gw;WNeha; khh;gf/mz;lf Gw;W Neha; Njhy; epwkp nry; Gw;WNeha;> EiuaPuy; %isf;fl;b> ,uj;jg; Gw;WNeha;> epzePh; Rug;gp Gw;WNeha; nul;bNdh gpsh];Nlhkh %isf;fl;b> rpWePufk; kw;Wk; EiuaPuy; Gw;WNeha;

441. Gw;W nry;fspd; ngUFk; epiy> Mf;fpukpg;Gj; jd;ik kw;Wk; nkl;lh];Nlrp]; jpwd; mjpfhpg;gJ vjdhy;?

gy kugZ tpisT 442. Gw;W Nehapd; tiffs;

1. rhh;Nfhkh (Sarcoma)

(v.fh) M];bNahrhh;Nfhkh (vYk;G) mikg;G jpRf;fspy; Vw;gLk; fl;bfs;

2. fhh;rpNdhkh (Carcinoma)

(v.fh) EiuaPuy; fhh;rpNdhkh> khh;gf fhh;rpNdhkh - vg;gpjpyp jpRf;fspy; Gw;WNeha;

3. ypk;Nghkh (Lymphoma) - epzePHj; jpRf;fspy;

4. YAf;Nfkpah (Leukemia) - ,uj;j nts;is mZf;fspy;

443. Gw;W Neha;f;fhd fhuzq;fs; vit?

Gifapiy> x-fjph;fs;> njhlh; cWj;jy;fs;> kUj;Jth; MNyhridapd;wp kUe;J

cl;nfhs;Sjy;. 444. Gw;W Neha;f; fl;Lg;ghL Kiw vitfs;?

nry; Ntjpapay; nry; kugpay; kw;Wk; ];Nfdpq;> x-fjph;fs; ghpNrhjid Kiw

445. Gw;WNehapd; rpfpr;ir> ghpNrhjidf;F gpd; vt;thW mikAk;? mWit rpfpr;ir> kUe;J rpfpr;ir> fjph; tPr;R rpfpr;ir kw;Wk; `hh;Nkhd;fs; rpfpr;ir

446. Gw;WNeha; rpfpr;irf;F Gjpa topfs; Njhd;w fhuzkhd> x-fjph;fis Kjypy;

fz;lwpe;jth; ahh;?

1895 ,y;> Nuhd;l;[d; (Roentgen)

447. fjph;tPr;R fz;Lgpbj;jth; ahh;?

1899 ,y; fpAhp (Curries)

448. jpRf;fisj; Jisj;Jr; nry;Yk; jd;ikAilait vitfs;?

x-fjph;fs;> fhkhf; fjph;fs;> fjph;tPr;R

449. Gw;WNeha;f;F> #o;epiy fhuzk; vj;jid rjtPjk;? 70 Kjy; 80 450. Gw;WNeha;f;Fj; jPHT vit? Muk;g epiy fz;lwpjy;> rhpahd jtph;g;G Kiwf; fy;tp

451. tpyq;Ffs;> jhtuq;fs; clYf;F cs;shfpf; fhzg;gLk; cWg;giktpid mwpAk; gphpT vJ?

cs;SWg;gikg;gpay; (Anatomy)

kdpj cs;SWg;gikg;gpay;

~ 25 ~

452. fp.K. 2500,y; kdpjdpd; cliyg; gw;wp ed;F mwpe;jth;fs; ahth;? vfpg;jpah;fs;

453. fp.K. 500 491 Mz;Lfspy; ,e;jpahtpy; fhl;luhf;l; (Cataract) fz; mWitr;

rpfpr;ir nra;jth; ahh;? R];Ujh 454. mWitr; rpfpr;ir Kiw gw;wp fp.gp. Kjy; E}w;whz;by; E}y; ntspapl;lth;

ahh;? nry;r]; vDk; Nuhk kUj;Jth; 455. cs;SWg;gikg;gpay; gw;wp Jy;ypakhf vOjp Gj;jfk; ntspapl;lth; ahh;? md;bhpa]; ntrhypa]; - fp.gp. 1543 456. ,jak;> ,uj;jf; Foha; nray;ghl;il tpsf;fpath; ahh;? 1628 ,y; tpy;ypak; `hh;tp

457. Anatomy gw;wpa rpwe;j E}y; vJ> vOjpath; ahh;?

n`d;wp fpNu> E}y; - Descriptive and Surgical

Fwpg;G : ,e;E}y; Kjy; gjpg;G Mf];l; 1858 ,y; ntspahdJ. 38 tJ gjpg;G 2005 ,y; ntspahdJ

458. n`d;wp fpNu vq;F gpwe;jhh;? ,q;fpyhe;jpy;> tpd;l;rh; vDk; ,lj;jpy; 1827

Fwpg;G : ,th; 1861 tiu tho;e;jhh; 459. gy jug;gl;l gzpfisr; nra;tjhy; Njhy; vit vdg;gLk;? gy;njhopy; tpw;gd;dh; 460. Nky; Njhy; ve;j nry; gug;gpd; kPJ mike;Js;sJ? i`g;Nghnlh;kp]; (fPo; nlh;kp];) 461. Njhypy; cs;s ,U Kf;fpa jpRf;fs; vit? nlh;kp];> vgpnlh;kp]; (Nky; nlh;kp];)

462. nlh;kp]; gFjp> nfhz;l ,uz;L mLf;Ffs; vit?

1. ghg;gpy;yhp mLf;F (Papillary layer)

2. fPo;g;Gw nul;bFyhh; mLf;F (Reticular layer)

463. nlh;kp]pd; Kf;fpa gFjp vJ? nul;bFyhh; mLf;F. ,J fPo;nlh;kpRld; njhlh;G nfhz;Ls;sJ. 464. Nky;nlh;kprpd; nry;fs;> jahhpf;Fk; Gujg;nghUs; vJ?

nfuhl;bd; (Keratin)

465. nfuhl;bNdhirl;Lfs; vdg;gLtJ vJ? Nky;nlh;kprpd; nry; 466. vgpnlh;kprpd; mbg;Gwr;nry;fs;> vit gphpjyhy; Gjpa nry;fis cz;lhf;Fk;? ikl;lhrp]; nry; 467. ntspr;nry;fspy; nfuhl;bd; epuk;GtJ vJ? nfuhl;bdhf;fk; 468. Nky; nlh;kpRtpd; Ie;J mLf;Ffs; vit?

fPo;mLf;F> ];igNdhrk; mLf;F> fpuhDNyhrk; mLf;F> Y}rplk; mLf;F> fhh;dpak; mLf;F

469. jl;ilahd nry;fs; vit? fbd nry;fs; 470. ,uz;lLf;Fr; nry;fs; kl;LNk ,Ug;gJ vjpy;? fpuhDNyhrk; 471. fhh;dpak; mLf;F> gy mLf;Fr; nry;fisf; nfhz;bUf;Fk; vJ?

~ 26 ~

Njhy;j; jbg;G 472. #hpad; ve;j fjph;fspypUe;J cliyg; ghJfhf;Fk;?

uv

473. uv fjph;fs; cUthf;FtJ vJ?

nkyNdhirl; 474. ,we;j nfuhl;bdhd nry;fshy; MdJ vJ? Nuhkk; 475. Nuhkj;jpy; cs;s gFjpfs; vit? nkLy;yh> fhh;nlf;];> fpA+l;bf;fps; 476. Nuhkj;jpd; epwk; ve;j tif rhh;e;jJ? nkydpd; msT 477. Nuhkj;Jld; ,ize;Js;s jirr;nry; vJ?

muf;lhh; igiy (Arrector pili) (Nuhkk; rpyph;g;gjw;F ,it jhd; fhuzk;)

478. nlh;kprpy; cs;s vz;nza;r; Rug;gp> Ruf;Fk; vz;nza;g; nghUs; vJ?

rPgk; (Sebum)

479. Njhypy; cs;s Rug;gpfs; vit? tpah;it kw;Wk; vz;nza; 480. khWghlile;j tpah;it Rug;gp vJ? ghy; Rug;gp 481. efj;jpd; ,uz;L gFjpfs; vit? efNth; kw;Wk; cly; gFjp 482. ekJ clypd; mfr;rl;lfj;jpy; cs;sJ vitfs;? vYk;G> FUj;njYk;G> ypf nkz;L

Fwpg;G : ,J cly; viliaj; jhq;Fk; 483. vYk;Gfspy; rpwpait vit?

kzpf;fl;L (Carpals)> Fjpq;fhy; (Tarsals) vYk;Gfs;

484. jl;il vYk;Gfs; vit? kz;ilNahl;L vYk;G> tpyh> khh;ngYk;G> Njhs;gl;il vYk;Gfs; 485. vYk;Gfspy; xOq;fw;w tbtKilait vit? Ks;nsYk;G> Kfj;njYk;G 486. vYk;G ve;j ciwahy; %lg;gl;Ls;sJ?

nghpah];bak; (Periosteum) 487. tsUk; ePs vYk;gpd; %d;W gFjpfspy;> ePz;l gFjp vJ? ilaigrp]; (m) vYk;Gj; jz;L 488. vYk;Gj; jz;bd; KbTg;gFjpapy; cs;s nkd;ikahd gFjp vJ? vgpigrp]; 489. vgpigrp];> ilahigrp]; ,ilapy; cs;sJ vJ? `aypd; FUj;njYk;gpdhy; Md tsh;r;rpj;jl;L 490. vYk;Gj; jz;bd; ikagFjpapy; cs;sJ vJ? nkLy;yhp FopT 491. nfhOg;G kpFe;j mbNgh]; jpRtpdhy; MdJ vJ? kQ;rs; k[;i[ 492. nkLy;yhp Foptpd; cl;Gwk; cs;sJ vit? vd;lh];bak; my;yJ vYk;G cl;glyk; 493. vYk;gpd; ,uz;L tiffs; vit? 1. mr;Rr; rl;lfk; 2. ,izaWg;Gr; rl;lfk;

~ 27 ~

494. kdpjdpd; clypy; cs;s 206 vYk;Gfs; vt;thW mike;Js;sd? mr;Rf; rl;lfk; - 80 vYk;Gfs; ,izAWg;Gr; rl;lfk; - 126 vYk;Gfs; 495. kdpjh;fspd; kz;ilNahl;bd; nfhs;ssT vd;d? 1500 fd nr.kP 496. kz;ilNahl;Lld; ,ize;Js;s rpwg;ngYk;G vJ? khd;bgps; (m) fPo;j;jhilnaYk;G 497. nghUj;Jjy;fs; ve;j tifiar; rhh;e;jJ? mirah %l;L 498. kz;ilNahl;bd; gpd;Gwk; cs;s nghpa vYk;Gfs; vit?

RtnuYk;G (Parietal)> gpluUF (Occipital)

499. fd;dntYk;gpYs;s nghpa JisahdJ vit vdg;gLk;? ntspf;fhJj;Jis 500. jiyapd; gf;fthl;by; fd;dntYk;Gfs; Kd;Gwj;jpy; ,ize;Js;sJ vJ?

Mg;GUntYk;Gfs; (Sphenoid bones)

501. Mg;GUntYk;gpy; nghUe;jpAs;sJ vJ?

Kd; fd;d tisnaYk;G (m) irNfhkhl;bf; vYk;G (Zygomatic bone)

502. Nky;jhil vYk;G vJ? khf;rpy;yh 503. fPo;j;jhil vYk;G vJ?

khd;bapy; (Mandible)

504. Kfj;;jpd; Kd;Gwkhfj; njd;gLk; Kf;fpa vYk;Gfs; vit?

EjnyYk;G (Frontal)> fd;d tisnaYk;G (Zygomatic)> Nky;jhil>

fPo;j;jhil 505. kz;ilNahl;bd; mbg;Gwj;jpy; kz;ilNahl;Lg; ngUe;Jis topahf Njhd;wpaJ

vJ? %isapd; KFsj;jpypUe;J jz;Ltlk; 506. XH Ks;nsYk;gpd; Kf;fpa vil jhq;Fk; gFjp vJ?

nrd;buk; (Centrum) vDk; ikag;gFjp

507. Ks;nsYk;G ml;y]; my;yJ mr;nrYk;G vdg;gLtJ vJ? Kjy; fOj;J 508. khh;ngYk;Gld; ,ize;j 12 ,iz tpyh vYk;Gfspy; 8>9>10 tJ tpyh

vYk;Gfs; ,ize;J 7tJ tpyh vYk;Gld; nghUe;JtJ vJ? ngha; tpyh vYk;Gfs; 509. khh;ngYk;Gld; ,izahj 11>12 tJ ,iz tpyh vYk;Gfs; vit? kpjf;Fk; tpyh vYk;Gfs; 510. ePz;l fhiu vYk;G ve;j tbtj;jpy; ,Uf;Fk;?

S 511. rhf;uk; vDk; jpUntYk;ghYk; Xhpiz fhf;Nr vDk; ,Lg;ngYk;Gfshy; MdJ

vJ? ,Lg;ngYk;G tisak; 512. ,Lg;ngYk;gpd;> %d;W vYk;Gfspd; ,izTfs; vit? 1. ,ypak; my;yJ ftL vYk;G 2. ,];fpak; my;yJ ,Lg;gpizg;ngYk;G 3. gpa+gp]; my;yJ G+g;ngYk;G 513. ,Lk;ngYk;G tisaj;jpy; cs;s vJ fhy;fs; ,iza cjTk;?

fpz;zf;Fop (Acetabulum)

~ 28 ~

514. Nkw;if gFjpapDs; cs;s Nkw;ifnaYk;G vJ?

`pa+ku]; (Humerus)

515. Nkw;ifapw;Fk;> kzpf;fl;Lg; gFjpf;Fk; ,ilapYs;sJ vit?

Kd;ifnaYk;G (Ulna)> MunaYk;G (Radius)

516. kzpf;fl;L vYk;Gfs; vit vdg;gLk;? ypfnkd;l;

517. njhilapy; cs;s jdpj;j ePz;l vYk;G vJ?

njhil vYk;G (m) /gPkh; (Femur)

518. njhil vYk;gpd; fPo;g;gFjpapy; nghUe;jpAs;sJ vJ?

jl;ilahd Koq;fhy; rpy;Y (Patella)

519. ntspnaYk;GfSld; fZf;fhy; vYk;Gfs; ve;j gFjpahy; ,ize;;Js;sJ?

lhy]; (Talus)

520. %l;L tiffs; vit? ehhpizg;G> FUj;njYk;G> vYk;G %l;Lfs; 521. jirj; jpRtpd; %d;W tiffs; vit? 1. vYk;Gj; jirfs; (m) thpAilj; jirfs; 2. cs; cWg;Gj; jirfs; (m) thpaw;w jirfs; 3. ,jaj; jirfs; 522. vYk;Gj; jirfs; ve;j ,izg;Gj; jpRthy; %lg;gl;Ls;sJ?

jirg;glyk; (Facia)

523. 10 kp.kP FWf;fsT cs;s jirehz; vt;tsT viliaj; jhq;Fk;? 600-1000 fpNyh 524. jirr; rt;tpy;> cs;s Mokhd rt;T ve;j ,iofshy; MdJ? nfhyh[d; 525. jirfspd; ,uz;Ltiffs; vit?

1. ,izj; jirfs; 2. rha;Tj; jirfs; 526. jirfspd; ngah;fs;

527.

528.

tbtk; msT 1. nly;lhapL (m) Kf;Nfhzj;jir 2. FthbNul;l]; (m) ehw;Nfhzj;jir 3. fpNurpyp]; (m) nkype;j jir

Nk[h; (m) ngUe;jir ikdh; (m) rpW jir yhq;f]; (m) ePs; jir yhl;b];k]; (m) mfd;w jir

jir Kidfs; ,lk; 1. ignrg;]; (m) ,Ujiyj;jir 2. biunrg;]; (m) Kj;jiyj;jir 3. Fthl;hpnrg;]; (m) ehd;Fjiyj; jir

lhh;ir KJFg;Gwj;jir ngf;nlhuhyp]; - khh;Gj; jir gpuhf;fpia ifj;jir> Kd; jir> gpd; jir

gug;G epiy ,af;fk; 1. #g;gh; gp]pahyp]; - Nky; gug;Gj;jir 2. ,d;lh;d]; - cl;gug;Gj;jir 3. GNuhgd;l;]; - Moj;jir

vf;];nld;rhh; - ePl;rpj;jir g;nsQ;rhh; - klf;Fj;jir fd;];bhpf;lh; - RUf;Fj;jir

~ 29 ~

529. jiyg;Gwj; jirfspd; ,U tiffs; vit?

1. kz;ilNahL Kfj;jirfs;> 2. nky;Yk; jirfs;

530. kz;ilNahL Kfj;jirfs; vit vdg;gLk;? Kfghtidj; jirfs; 531. cjl;bd; Kj;jkpLk; mirtpw;F fhuzkhd jirfs; vit?

Mh;gpFyhhp]; Mhp]; (Orbicularis oris)> gf;rpNdl;lh; jirfs; (Buccinator

muscles) 532. rphpj;j Kf mikg;G Vw;gLj;Jk; jirfs; vit?

i]Nfhkh];bf]; Nk[h; - ikdh;> ypNtl;lh; Mq;Fyp Xhp]; kw;Wk; hpNrhhpa];

(Zygomasticus major and minor, Levtor anguli oris and Risorius)

533. czT Ritf;Fk; jirfs; vit?

khnrl;lH nlk;nghuhyp]; (Masseter temporalis)> nlhpfhapL (Pterygoid)

534. fOj;Jg; gFjpapd; mirTfs; vtw;why; Vw;gLfpd;wd?

nrh;itf;fy; (Cervical)> Nky;`aha;L (Suprahyoid)> fPo;`aha;L (Infrahyoid)

kw;Wk; KJF Ks;nsYk;Gj; jirfs; 535. cly; gFjpj; jirfspy; cs;s Kf;fpaj; jirfs; vit?

vnuf;lhh; ];igNd (Erector spinae)> yhq;fp];k]; (Longissimus) kw;Wk;

];igdhyp]; (Spinalis)

536. cl;Rthrk; ve;j ntsp tpyh vYk;gpilj; jirfshy; epfOk;? ];fyPd;

537. cs;tpyh vYk;gpilj; jirfs;> njhuhrp]; (Thoracis) jirfs; vit?

ntspr;Rthrj; jirfs; 538. ngy;tpf; fPo; cs;s gFjp vJ?

nghpdpak; (Perineum)

539. bug;gPrpa]; (Trapezius)> nghpa> rpwpa Nuhk;ghapLfs; (Rhomboid major and

minor)> ypNtl;lh; ];Nfg;GNy (Levator scapulae)> yhl;b];k]; lhh;ir

(Lattissimus dorsi) Nghd;wit vitfs;?

Nkw;ifj; jirfs;> khh;ngYk;G tisaj;JlDk; KJnfYk;Gj; njhlUlDk; nghpa jirfshy; ,izf;fg;gl;lit

540. jl;ilahd nghpa> Kf;Nfhz tbtj; jir vJ? yhl;b];k]; lhh;ir 541. tpyh vYk;Gfis> Njhs; gl;ilnaYk;Gld; ,izg;git vit?

Nky; nrh;Nul;l]; (Serratus anterior)> ngf;Nlhuhyp]; Nk[h; (Pec-toralis major)

jirfs; 542. Nkw;ifapy; cs;s jirfs; vit?

Nfhuf;Nfhgpuhf;fpahyp]; (Coracobracialis) ,Ujiyj; jir> Kj;jiyj; jir>

gpuhf;fpahyp]; (Brachialis) 543. Nfhuf;Nfhgpuhf;fpahyp]; jirfs; Njhspd; ve;j vYk;Gfspy; Njhd;Wk;? Nfhuf;fhg;gpL 544. fhy; jirapd;> Nky; jirfs; ve;j jirfshFk;?

,ypahf;f]; (Iliacus) kw;Wk; Nrhth]; Nk[h; (Psoas major)

545. fhypd;> gpd; Gl;lg;gFjp (Buttocks) ve;j jirahy; MdJ?

FSl;ba]; khf;rpk]; 546. fhy; mirTfs;> Nky; njhilj; jirfshfpa vtw;why; Vw;gLk;?

~ 30 ~

Fthbhpnrg;]; /gpNkhhp]; (Quadriceps femoris) kw;Wk; rhh;l;Nlhhpa];

(Sartorius)

547. kdpjdpd; czT+l;lk; ve;j tifiar; rhh;e;jJ? N`hNyhNrhapf; 548. Ntjpa epfo;r;rpahy; nghpa czT %yf;$W> rpwpa %yf;$whFk; epfo;r;rp ve;j

nehjpfshy; epfOk;? vd;irk;fs; 549. fd;dj;jpd; Rthpy; cs;tha;j; jiug; gFjpia ,izg;gJ vJ?

gphpDyk; (Frenulum)

551. ehtpid ,U gFjpahf gphpg;gJ vJ? nlh;kpdy; ry;f]; vDk; ikag; gs;sk;

552. gw;fspd; ehd;F tiffs; vitahFk;? gy;yikT 553. gy; #j;jpuk; vJ?

nt.g

; Nfh.g

; K.f.g

; gp.f.g

2

(or)

2123 2123 554. gy;ypy; cs;s %d;W gFjpfs; vit? Nkw;Gw gw;fphPlk;> fOj;J> Nth;g;gFjp 555. gy;ypd; ngUk;gFjp ve;j nghUshy; MdJ? nld;ild; 556. Nky;Gwj;jpy;> gw;fis #o;e;Js;s fbd gFjp vJ? vdhky; 557. gy; GijAz;l ,lq;fspy; nld;ildhdJ> ve;j nghUshy; %lg;gl;Ls;sJ? rpnkd;lk; 558. gy;ypd; cl;Gwkhf cs;s gw;$o;f; FopT vDk; FopTg; gFjp vJ? gy;ypd; Nth;f; fhy;tha; 559. ckpo; epHr; Rug;gpfspy; cs;s %d;W nghpa ,izfs; vit? 1. Nky; mz;zr; Rug;gpfs;> 2. fPo;j;jhilr; Rug;gpfs;> 3. ehtbr; Rug;gpfs; 560. thapy; cs;s gy> rpwpa RUs; tbt Rug;gpfs; vit? Nky;ehf;Fr; Rug;gp> mz;zr; Rug;gp> cs;tha; Rug;gp> cjl;Lr; Rug;gp 561. czTf;Foy; ePsk; vd;d? 25 nr.kP 562. %r;Rf; Foypd; gpd;dhy; khh;giwapy; cs;s gFjp vJ? kPbah];bdk; 563. ,iug;igapd; ,uz;L gFjpfs; vit? ,jag;gFjp> igNyhhpf; gFjp 564. ,iug;igapd; ,lJGwj;jpy; cs;s gFjp vJ?

/gd;l]; (Fundus)

565. ,iug;igapd; ngUk; gFjp> FWfp khWk; gFjp vJ? igNyhhpf; 566. igNyhhpf; gFjpf;Fk;> Flw;gFjpf;Fk; ,ilapYs;s Jthuk; ve;j RUf;Fj;

jirfshy; MdJ?

~ 31 ~

igNyhhpf; 567. rpWFlypd;> %d;W gFjpfs; vit?

1. Kd;rpWFly;> 2. [p.[Pdk; (Jejunum)> 3. gpd;rpW Fly; (Ileum)

568. rpWFly; gFjp ePsk; vd;d? 6 kPl;lh; 569. Kd;rpW Flyhd> bNahbdk; ePsk; vJ? 25 nr.kPl;lh; 570. bNahbdk;> tapw;wiwapDs; vt;tsT tisthfTs;sJ? 1800 571. [p[Pdk;> ,ypak; vt;tsT ePsKilaJ? 2.5 kPl;lh;> 3.5 kPl;lh; 572. rpWFly;> ngUq;Fly; ,izAk; ,lk; vit vdg;gLk;?

,ypNah rPf;fy; re;jpg;G

573. ,ypNah rPf;fy; gFjpapy;> gy nky;ypa tisaj; jirfs; vit vdg;gLk;?

,ypNah Nfhypf; thy;T 574. fy;;yPuy; vil vt;tsT? 1.36 fp.fpuhk; 575. fy;yPuypy; cs;s ,U rpwpa fJg;Gfs; vit? fhNll;> FthbNul; 576. fy;yPuypd; mbg;gFjpapy; cs;s gpj;j ePh;g; igapd; msT vd;d? ePsk; 8 nr.kP> mfyk; 4 nr.kP 577. ehskpy;yh Rug;gpg; gFjpapy; cs;sJ vJ? fizaj; jpl;Lfs; 578. ,d;Rypd;> FSf;fhd; Nghd;w `hh;Nkhd;fisr; Rug;gJ vJ? fizaj; jpl;Lfs; 579. ehsKs;s Rug;Gg; gFjpapy; cs;s ,ilntsp vJ? Vird]; 580. ngUq;Fly;> rpWFly;fs; ,izAk; ,lj;jpy; cs;sJ vJ? rPf;fk; 581. rPf;fk; ePsk; vd;d? 6 nr.kPl;lh; 582. rPf;fKld; ,ize;Js;s Fly; thy; ePsk; vJ? 9 nr.kPl;lh; 583. ngUq;Fly; ePsk; vd;d?

1.5 1.8 kPl;lh;

584. ngUq;Flypy; cs;s %d;W gFjpfs; vit? VWFly;> fpilf;Fly;> ,wq;F Fly; 585. ngUq;Flypd; %d;W gFjpfis mLj;J cs;s gFjp vJ? rpf;khapL ngUq;Fly; 586. Rth; jirfshy; MdJ vJ? kyf;Fly; 587. kyf;fhy;tha; ePsk; vd;d? 2 nr.kPl;lh; 588. Rthr cWg;Gfs; ahit?

ehrpaiw> njhz;il> Fuy;tis> %r;Rf;Foy;> fpisf;Foy;> EiuaPuy;fs; Nghd;w cWg;Gfs;

~ 32 ~

589. Nky; Rthrg; ghij cWg;Gfs; vit? ehrpg;gs;sk;> njhz;il 590. njhz;ilapy; cs;s %d;W gFjpfs; vit? ehrpg; gFjpj; njhz;il> cs;tha;j; njhz;il> Fuy;tisj;njhz;il 591. njhz;ilapd; cl;Rthpy; mike;Js;sJ vJ? FWapio J}z; vgpjPypaq;fs; 592. njhz;ilapd; cl;Rtw;wpy; ve;j mikg;G cs;sJ? lhd;rpy; vDk; mbdhapL 593. cs;tha; jpwf;Fk; ,lj;jpd; mUfpy; cs;sit vit?

,U ,iz Nky; mz;z lhd;rpy; tsh;r;rpfSk;> ehtb lhd;rpy; tsh;r;rpfSk; cs;sd

594. njhz;ilg;gFjp kw;Wk; cs;thapid mLj;Js;sJ vJ?

yhhpq;]; (Larynx)

595. yhhpq;]; Rw;wpYk; cs;s 3 ,izapy;yh> 6 ,izf; FUj;njYk;Gfs; vtw;why; ,izf;fg;gl;Ls;sd?

jirfs;> ypfnkd;Lfs; 596. ,izapy;yhf; FUj;njYk;Gfs; vit? ijuhapL> fphpf;fhapL> vgpfpshl;b]; 597. nghpa FUj;njYk;G ijuhapL vJ? fOj;Jr; rq;F 598. yhhpq;rpd; mbj;jsk; vJ? fphpf;fhapL FUj;njYk;G 599. ijuhapL FUj;njYk;gpd; kPJ mike;jJ vJ? vgpfpshl;b]; 600. Fuy; tisapDs;> cs;s Fuy; xyp ehz; vJ? ypfnkd;Lfs; 601. Fuy; xyp ehz;fSf;F> ,ilapy; cs;s Jis vJ? fpshl;b]; 602. %r;Rf; Foy;> Rthpy; tYT+l;l mike;jit vit?

15-20 c tbt FUj;njYk;G tisaq;fs; 603. %r;Rf; Foypd; cl;Rtw;wpy; cs;sJ vJ? XH Nfhiog; glyk; 604. Nfhiog; glyj;jpy; cs;s jpRf;fs; vJ? FWapio J}z; vgpjPypak; 605. %r;Rf; Foy; ePsk; vJ? 10-12 nr.kPl;lh; 606. %r;Rf; Foy; cs;tpl;lk; vd;d? 12 kp.kPl;lh; 607. ,U rpwpa Kjy; epiy %r;Rf; fpisf;Foy;fshfg; gphpAk; ,lj;jpy; cs;s

FUj;njYk;G vJ?

fhhpdh (Carina)

608. EiuaPuy; tbtk; vJ? $k;G 609. tyJ EiuaPuy; vil vd;d? 620 fpuhk; 610. ,lJ EiuaPuy; vil vd;d?

~ 33 ~

560 fpuhk; 611. tyJ> ,lJ EiuaPuypy; vj;jid fJg;Gfs; cs;sd? tyJ - %d;W> ,lJ - ,uz;L 612. EiuaPuy;fisr; Rw;wpYk; cs;sJ vJ? gpspA+uh glyk; 613. gpspA+uh glyj;jpw;Fk;> EiuaPuYf;Fk; ,ilapy; cs;sJ vJ? gpspa+uy; jputk; 614. EiuaPuy;fSf;F ,ilapy; cs;s gFjp vJ? kPbah];bdk; 615. kPbah];bdj;jpy; cs;sit vit? ,jak;> %r;Rf;Foy;> czTf;Foy; 616. Kjy;epiy %r;Rf;fpisf; Foy;> ,uj;jf; Foha;fs;> euk;Gfs;> epzePH ehsq;fs;

EiuaPuy;fspd; cs; xuj;jpy; XH Fwpg;gpl;l gFjpapd; topahf EiotJ vJ? i`yk; 617. i`yk; gFjpapy; EioAk; midj;J mikg;Gfs; vit? EiuaPuy; Nth; 618. Ez;Foy;fs; tpl;lk; msT vd;d? 1 kp.kPl;lh; 619. rpw;wiwfspd; Rth; jbg;G> msT vJ? 0.05 ikf;uhd;fs; 620. kdpjdpd; EiuaPuypy; vj;jid rpw;wiwfs; cs;sJ? 300 kpy;ypad; 621. 300 kpy;ypad; rpw;wiwfspd; nkhj;jg; gug;gsT vt;tsT? 143 rJu kPl;lh;fs; 622. khh;giwapy; nfhs;ssT khWghLfis Vw;gLj;Jk; cl;Rthr> ntspr;Rthr

jirfs; vit? cjtpjhdk;> tpyh vYk;gpilj; jirfs;> khh;Gj; jirfs;> ];NfyPd; 623. kdpjhpy; gpw ghY}l;bfisg; Nghd;W cs;s mikg;G Kiw vJ? ,ul;ilr; Rw;W 624. ,jaj;jhy; ,uj;jk; clypd; gy ghfq;fSf;Fk; nrd;W jpUk;GtJ vJ? rp];lkpf; (m) cly; ,uj;j Xl;lk; 625. ,jaj;jpypUe;J> EiuaPuYf;F ,uj;jk; nrd;W kPStJ vd;d? EiuaPuy; ,uj;j Xl;lk; 626. ,uj;j Xl;lj;jpy; kpf Kf;fpa gFjp vJ? ,jak; 627. Mf;]p[d; ngw;w ,uj;jj;jpid EiuaPuy;fspypUe;J ,lJ Vl;hpaj;jpw;F

vLj;Jr; nry;tJ vJ?

EiuaPuy; jkdp 628. jkdpfs; gyKiwf; fpisj;J> Njhd;Wk; Ez; jkdpfs; vj;jid?

4 106

629. ,jaj;jpy; cs;sit vit? ehd;F miwfs;> thy;Tfs; 630. ehd;F miwfs; vit? tyJ Vl;hpak;> ,lJ Vl;hpak;> tyJ ntd;bhpf;fps;> ,lJ ntd;bhpf;fps; 631. Ez;rpiufs; ,ize;J Njhd;WtJ vJ? rpiufs;

~ 34 ~

632. ,lJ ntd;bhpf;fpspypUe;J cly; KOtJk; Rw;wptpl;L> gpd; ,uj;jk; kPz;Lk; tyJ Vl;hpaj;ij miltJ vJ?

rp];lkpf; (m) cly; ,uj;j Xl;lk; 633. tyJ ntd;bhpf;fpspypUe;J EiuaPuy; topahf ,uj;jk; kPz;Lk; ,lJ

ntd;bhpf;fpis nrd;wiltJ vJ? EiuaPuy; ,uj;j Xl;lk; 634. fy;yPuy; rpiu> fPo;g;ngUQ;rpiuAld; Nrh;e;J tyJ Vl;hpaj;ijr; nrd;wiltJ

vJ? Nghh;l;ly; ,uj;j Xl;lk; 635. ,jaj;jpypUe;J ,uj;jj;ij ntspNaw;Wk; Foha;fs; vit? jkdpfs; 636. ,jaj;jpw;F ,uj;jj;ij kPz;Lk; nfhz;L tUtJ vJ? rpiufs; 637. jkdpfs;> gzpapd; mbg;gilapy; cs;s tiffs; ahit? 1. jkdpfis flj;Jk; Foha;fs;> 2. gutr; nra;Ak; Foha;fs; 3. jil Vw;gLj;Jk; Foha;fs;> 4. nfhLf;fy; - thq;fy; Foha;fs; 5. ,uj;jj; Njf;fpf; Foha;fs; 638. jilNaw;gLj;Jk; Foha;fs; vit? Mh;l;bNahy;fs; (m) Ez; jkdpfs; 639. ,uj;jf; Fohapy; cs;s Rth;g; gFjp> ve;j> njspthd %d;W mLf;Ffis

cilaJ?

ba+dpf; (Tunic)

640. ba+dpf;fpd; %d;W mLf;Ffs; vit? 1. ba+dpf;fh ,d;bkh (m) cs; mLf;F 2. ba+dpf;fh kPbah (m) ,ilaLf;F 3. ba+dpf;fh vf;];lh;dh (m) ntspaLf;F 641. cs;mLf;F vtw;why; MdJ? vd;NlhjPypak;> nky;ypa ,izg;Gj;jpR> kPs;jd;ik ehh;fs; 642. eLtLf;fpy; cs;sJ vit? nky;ypa jirr; nry;fs; 643. ,uj;jf; Fohapd; tiffs; vit?

nghpa kPs; jd;ikj; jkdpfs;> jirr; Rth; jkdpfs;> Ez; jkdpfs;> je;Jfpfs;> Ez; rpiufs;> rpiufs;

644. nghpa kPs; jd;ikj; jkdpfs;> Rth; msT vJ? 1 ikf;uhd; 645. jirr; Rth; jkdpfspy; cs;sJ vit? 30-40 mLf;Ffs;> nkd;ikahd jirfs; 646. jirr; Rth; jkdpfs;> ,uj;j Xl;lj;ijf; fl;Lg;gLj;Jtjhy; vit vdg;gLk;? ,uj;jk; gug;Gk; jkdpfs; 647. ,uj;jk; gug;Gk; jkdpfspd; tpl;lk; vt;tsT? 30-40 ikf;uhd;fs; 648. jkdpfspypUe;J ,uj;jj;ij> je;JfpfSf;Ff; flj;JtJ vJ? Ez; jkdpfs; (m) Mh;l;bhpNahy;fs; 649. je;Jfpfs; msT vd;d? 5-8 ikf;uhd;fs;

~ 35 ~

650. jl;ilahd> ePs;Kl;il my;yJ gy Nfhz vd;NlhjPypay; nry;fshyhd Foha;fs; vJ?

Ez; rpiufs; 651. Ez; rpiufspd; FWf;fsT vt;tsT? 30 ikf;uhd;fs; 652. ,uj;jj;ij ,jaj;jpw;Ff; flj;JtJ vJ? nghpa rpiufs; 653. 2 kp.kPl;lh; FWf;fstpw;F Nkw;gl;l rpiufspDs;> cs;sJ vJ? thy;Tfs; 654. thy;Tfspd; tbtk; vJ? gpiwr; re;jpud; 655. ,jaj;ij Nehf;fp ,uj;jk; nry;tij cWjpg;gLj;JtJ vJ? thy;Tfs; 656. jkdp ,uz;lhfg; gphpe;J KbtilAk; fpisfs; vJ? KbTf; fpisfs; 657. jkdpfspd;> ,UGwq;fspy; Njhd;Wk; Foha;fSf;F vd;d ngah;? gf;ff; fpisfs; 658. jkdpfs; ,izAk; ,lq;fSf;F vd;d ngah;? mdh];lNkhrp]; (m) ,izg;gplq;fs; 659. ,uj;jf; Foha;fspd; Nky; gutpAs;s> kpf Ez;zpa ,uj;jf; Foha; vJ?

thrh thNrhuk; (Vasa vasoram) 660. ,uj;j Foha;fspd;> jirr; Rthpd; ,af;fj;ijf; fl;Lg;gLj;JtJ vJ? ghpT euk;Gfs; 661. ,jak; tbtk; vJ? $k;G (m) gpukpl; 662. ,jak; ePsk; msT vd;d? nghJthf fPopUe;J Nkyhf 12 nr.kPl;lh; 663. ,jak; FWf;fsT vt;tsT? 8-9 nr.kP 664. xU Mzpd; clypy; ,jaj;jpd; vil vt;tsT? 230-280 fpuhk; 665. khh;G cWg;Gfshfpa czTf;Foha;> ,jak;> czTf;Foy; Nghd;w gFjpfs;

mike;j XH cUtff; Nfhl;Lg;gFjpf;F vd;d ngah;?

kPbah];Bdk; (Mediastinum) 666. ,jaj;ijr; Rw;wpYk; ,uz;lLf;Fg; glykhf vJ mike;Js;sJ? nghpfhh;bak; ciw 667. nghpfhh;bak; ciwapy; ntspg;glyk; vJ? ehhpiog;nghpfhh;bak; 668. nghpfhh;bak; ciwapy; cl;Gwkhf vJ mike;Js;sJ? nry;gly nghpfhh;bak; 669. ,jaj;jpw;Fk;> nghpfhh;baj;jpw;Fk; ,ilapy; cs;s ,ilntspapy; epuk;gpAs;sJ

vJ? nghpfhh;bay; jputk; 670. ,jaj;jpd; Rthpd;> %d;W mLf;Ffs; vit?

vgpfhh;bak;> ikNahfhh;bak;> vd;Nlh fhh;bak;

671. ,jaj;jirj; jpRthy;> MdJ vJ?

~ 36 ~

ikNahfhh;bak; 672. ,jaj;jpd;> cl;Rthpy; cs;sJ vJ? mLf;F vgpj;jPypaj;jhyhd vd;Nlhfhh;bak; 673. clypd; jputj; jd;ikiag; ghJfhg;gjpy;> ,uj;jr; Rw;W cWg;GfSld;> kpf

Kf;fpag; gq;fhw;WtJ vJ? epzePH cWg;Gfs; 674. epzePH cWg;Gfs; vit?

epzePH> epzePH nry;fs; (ypk;Nghirl;L)> epzePH ehsq;fs;> epzePH Rug;gpfs;> lhd;rpy;fs;> kz;zPuy;> ijk]; Rug;gp

675. epzePH cWg;Gfspy; cs;s nry;fs; vit?

khf;NuhNg[]; (Macrophages)> ild;biul;bf; nry;fs;> tiyg;gpd;dy; nry;fs;

676. ypk;Nghirl;Lfspd; tiffs; vit?

B ypk;Nghirl;Lfs; (m) B nry;fs; T ypk;Nghirl;Lfs;

677. ntspg;Gwj;jpypUe;J clypDs; EioAk; Ntjpa %yf;$Wfis milahsk; fz;L mopf;Fk; vjph; er;Rf;fis cw;gj;jp nra;af; $baJ vJ?

B ypk;Nghirl;Lfs; 678. itu];fshy; ghjpf;fg;gl;l nry;fis milahsk; fz;L mopg;gJ vJ?

T ypk;Nghirl;Lfs;

679. T ypk;Nghirl;Lfs; ve;j epzePH cWg;gpDs; nrd;w gpwF Kjph;r;rpailAk;?

ijk];

680. B nry;fspd; Kjph;r;rp vtw;wpy; epfOk;?

vYk;G k[;i[ 681. ika epzePH cWg;Gfs; vit? ijk];> vYk;G k[;i[ 682. ijk]; tbtk; vJ? Kf;Nfhzk; 683. ijk]; mLf;Ffs; vit? nkLy;yh> fhh;nlf;]; 684. fhu;nlf;]; gFjpapy; fhzg;gLtJ vJ? ypk;Nghirl;Lfs; 685. epzePHr; Rug;gpfs; mikg;G vJ? Nfhstbtk; 686. epzePHr; Rug;gpfs; msT vd;d? 1-25 kp.kPl;lh; 687. gpwe;j Foe;ijapd; clypy; ijk]pd; vil vt;tsT? 10-15 fpuhk;fs; 688. epzePHr; Rug;gpfs; vtw;wpy; mjpfk; fhzg;gLk;?

njhilg; gFjp (Inguinal nodes)> iffSf;fbapy; (Axillary nodes)> fOj;Jk;

gFjp (Cervical nodes)

689. XH Rug;gpapd; cl;Gwkhf ird]; vDk; ,ilepiyg; gFjpia Rw;wpYk; mike;jJ vJ?

ghNfhirl;bf; nry;fs; 690. ghf;Bhpahf;fs;> gpw Ntjpag; nghUl;fspd; jhf;FjypypUe;J cliyg; ghJfhf;f

cjTtJ vJ? lhd;rpy; (m) mbehr; rijfs; 691. njhz;ilg; gFjpapd; cs;Rtw;wpy; cs;s lhd;rpy;fs; vj;jid?

~ 37 ~

kdpjdpd; clw;nraypay;

czT+l;lk;

%d;W 692. njhz;ilg;Gw lhd;rpy;fs; vitahFk;? mbdhapLfs; 693. ehf;fpd; mbg;gug;gpy; cs;s epzePH Rug;gpfs; vit? ehf;Fg;Gw lhd;rpy;fs; 694. kz;zPuypy; cs;s epzePHj; jpRf;fs; vit? rptg;Gf; $o;> nts;isf; $o; 695. cly; gFjpfspy; cs;s epzePHr; Rug;gpfspd; njhFg;Gfs; vit?

1. jiy kw;Wk; fOj;J 2. Nkw;ifg; gFjp 3. fhy; gFjp 4. tapW - ,Lg;Gg; gFjpfs; 5. khh;G

696. euk;G cWg;Gfs; ve;j euk;G nry;fshy; MdJ? epa+uhd;fs; 697. epa+uhd; mbg;gilapy; ve;j nry; mikg;gpdhy; MdJ?

irl;lhd; 698. irl;lhdpd; ePl;rpfs; vit? nld;biul;Lfs;> nld;buhd;fs; 699. irl;lhdpd; ePz;l ePl;rp vJ? Mf;rhd; 700. XH epa+uhd;> kw;nwhU epa+uhDld; njhlh;G nfhs;tJ vJ? irdhg;];

1. midj;J clw;nray; epfo;r;rpfSk; ve;j ,af;fq;fspd; nray;ghlhFk;? caphpfs; jd;epiyf; fhj;jy;> tho;jy;> ,dg;ngUf;fk; nra;jy; 2. capupfs; gpw capuw;w nghUl;fspypUe;J jq;fis Kw;wpYkhf NtWgLj;jp

vjpy; fhz;gpf;fpd;wd? jd;epiy fhj;jyhy; 3. ghpzhk khWghLfshy; Njhd;wpAs;s gytifg;gl;l cWg;GfSk;

mt;TWg;Gfspd; xUkpj;j nray; jpwd;fspd; vit Mjhukhfpd;wd? caph; tho;jYf;F 4. czT+l;lk; vd;why; vd;d? czit cs;spOj;jy;> nrhpj;jy;> cl;fpufpj;jy;> jd;kakhf;Fjy; 5. midj;J czT tiffSk; nghJthf ve;j Ntjpag; nghUl;fshy; Mdit?

fhh;Nghi`l;Nul;L> GNuhl;Bd;> nfhOg;G> itl;lkpd;fs;> jhJ cg;Gf;fs;> ePh; 6. fhh;Nghi`l;Nul;Lfs;> fhh;gd;> i`l;u[d;> Mf;rp[d; Nghd;wtw;iw ve;j

tpfpjj;jpy; nfhz;Ls;sd?

1:2:1 [(CH2O)n]

7. fhh;Nghi`l;Nul;Lfspd; 3 tifahd rh;f;fiufs; vit? 1. xw;iwr;rh;f;fiu 2. ,ul;ilr;rh;f;fiu 3. $l;Lr;rh;f;fiu 8. xw;iwr; rHf;fiufs; fhh;gd; vz;zpf;ifapd; mbg;gilapy; vj;jid

tiffshf cs;sd? ilNah];> biuNah];> nll;Nuh];> ngd;Nlh];> n`f;Nrh];

~ 38 ~

itl;lkpd;fs;

9. ,ul;ilr; rh;f;fiuapd; 3 tiffis $Wf?

khy;l;Nlh]; (Kisj;j jhdpaq;fs;) FSf;Nfh]; + FSf;Nfh];

Rf;Nuh]; - FSf;Nfh]; + /g;uf;Nlh];

yhf;Nlh]; (ghy;) FSf;Nfh]; + fhyf;Nlh];

10. $l;Lr; rh;f;fiuapy; mjpf mstpy; rf;jpiaf; nfhz;L Nrkpg;G czthf mike;Js;sJ vJ?

];lhh;r; 11. tpyq;Ffspd; fy;yPuypYk;> jirfspYk; ve;j $l;Lr; rh;f;fiu mike;Js;sJ? fpisf;Nfh[d; 12. GNuhl;Bd; %yf;$Wfs; vtw;iwf; nfhz;Ls;sd? fhh;gd;> i`l;u[d;> Mf;]p[d;> iel;u[d;> fe;jfk; 13. gy GNuhl;Bd;fs; vd;irk;fshf nray; Ghptjw;F ngah; vd;d? nray; Gujq;fs;

14. GNuhl;Bd; %yf;$Wfs; vtw;why; Mdit? mkpNdh mkpyq;fs; 15. GNuhl;Bd; %yf;$Wfspy; mkpNdhmkpyq;fspd; ,uz;L tiffs; vd;d? 1. mtrpakhd 2. mtrpakw;w 16. GNuhl;Bdpd; Kjy;epiy mikg;G vd;why; vd;d?

gy mkPNdh mkpyq;fs; ngg;ilL ,izg;Gfshy; ,iztjhy; Xh; GNuhl;Bd; my;yJ ghypngg;ilL cUthFk;. ,t;tif ePz;l rq;fpypj; njhlh; mikg;gpw;Fg; GNuhl;Bdpd; Kjy;epiy mikg;G vd;W ngah;.

17. xU jdpegUf;F xU ehspy; Njitg;gLk; GNuhl;Bdpd; msthdJ xt;nthU fpNyhfpuhk; cly; vilf;Fk; 1 fpuhk; MFk; vd;W fUj;Jf;fs; $wpath;fs; ahth;?

1CMR d; czT epGzh; FOtpd; fUj;Jg;gbAk;> WHOtpd; epiyg;gbAk;

18. cztpy; GNuhl;Bd; Fiwe;jhy; Njhd;Wk; Fiwghl;L Neha;fs; vit? kuhRk];> Fth\pahh;fh; 19. nfhOg;G mkpyq;fspy; ,uz;L tiffs; vd;d? 1. epiwTw;w 2. epiwTwhj nfhOg;G

20. itl;lkpd;fs; vt;thW gphpf;fg;gl;Ls;sd?

A>B>C>D>E>K

21. itl;lkpd; A>D>E>K ia msTf;F mjpfkhf cl;nfhz;lhy; Vw;gLk; Nehapd;

ngah; vd;d? itl;lkpNdhrp]; vDk; kpF itl;lkpd; Neha;fs; 22. #hpa xsp itl;lkpd; vd;w ngaUila itl;lkpd; vJ?

itl;lkpd; D

23. itl;lkpd;fspd; Kf;fpa Ntiyfs; vd;d? 1. clw; nraw; epfo;r;rpfs; 2. cly; jpRf;fisg; ghJfhj;jy;

3. tsh;rpij khw;w epfo;r;rpfs; 24. fz;ghh;it czh;tpy; Kf;fpa gq;F trpf;Fk; itl;lkpd; vd;d?

itl;lkpd; A

25. tpyq;Ffspd; ,dg;ngUf;fj; jpwDf;F mtrpakhd itl;lkpdpd; ngah; vd;d?

itl;lkpd; E

~ 39 ~

itl;lkpd; FiwghLfs;

26. ,uj;jk; ciwjy; ve;j itl;lkpdhy; epfo;fpwJ?

itl;lkpd; K

27. Neha;j; jLg;ghw;wy; mspg;gJld; kw;Wk; tsh;r;rpapid Cf;Ftpf;Fk; itl;lkpd; vJ?

itl;lkpd; C

28. clypd; vgpj;jPypa jpRf;fs; ve;j itl;lkpd;fshy; ghJfhf;fg;gLfpd;wd?

itl;lkpd; A kw;Wk; B2 29. vYk;G tsh;r;rpf;F Njitg;gLk; itl;lkpd; vJ?

itl;lkpd; D

30. jpRf;fshd Gj;Jzh;r;rpaspg;gjpy; gq;fspf;Fk; itl;lkpd; vJ?

itl;lkpd; E

31. euk;G nry;fs; cztpidg; ngw Njitg;gLk; itl;lkpd; vJ?

itl;lkpd; B1

32. ,uj;jr; rptg;gZf;fis Kjph;;r;rpailr; nra;Ak; itl;lkpd; vJ?

itl;lkpd; B12

33. fhy;rpak; kw;Wk; gh];gu]; tsh;rpij khw;wk; epfOk; itl;lkpd; vJ?

itl;lkpd; D

34. Md;b Mf;]pld;l; itl;lkpd; vJ?

itl;lkpd; E

35. jpR tsh;rpij khw;wj;jpy; itl;lkpd; B1 vt;thW gad;gLfpwJ?

Nfh-vd;irk; 36. FSf;Nfh]; tsh;rpij khw;wj;jpw;F cjTk; itl;lkpd; vJ?

itl;lkpd; B2

37. gNahl;bd; vDk; ngaUila itl;lkpd; vJ?

itl;lkpd; B

38. itl;lkpd; A Fiwghl;lhy; Vw;gLk; Neha; vd;d?

khiyf;fz; Neha; 39. tsUk; Foe;ijfSf;F hpf;fl;]; NehAk;> Kjpath;fSf;F M];bNahkNyhpah

vDk; NehAk; ve;j itl;lkpd; Fiwghl;lhy; Njhd;WfpwJ?

itl;lkpd; D

40. Nrhjid tpyq;Ffspy; kyl;Lj;jd;ik Vw;gLj;Jk; itl;lkpd; vJ?

itl;lkpd; E

41. itl;lkpd; K Fiwghl;lhy; Vw;gLk; Neha; vd;d?

kdpjdpd; ,uj;jk; ciwjy; ghjpg;gilayhk;

42. itl;lkpd; B1 Kw;wpYkhff; Fiwtjhy; Vw;gLk; Nehapd; ngah; vd;d?

nghp nghp

43. ,iug;ig Fly; FiwghLfs;> cjL> tha;> ehf;Fg; Gz;fs; ve;j itl;lkpd;

Fiwghl;bdhy; Vw;gLfpwJ?

itl;lkpd; B2

44. ngy;yf;uh vDk; Neha; ve;j itl;lkpd; Fiwghl;lhy; Njhd;WfpwJ? itl;lkpd; earpd; 45. fz;fs;> %f;F> fhJfs; Mfpa cWg;Gfisr; Rw;wpYk; Njhy; ghjpg;Gfs;

Vw;gLj;Jk; itl;lkpd; vJ?

~ 40 ~

jdpkq;fs;

ePh;

rhptpfpj czT

itl;lkpd; B6 (ighplhf;]pd;)

46. itl;lkpd; B12 Fiwghl;lhy; Vw;gLk; Neha; vd;d?

,uj;jr; Nrhif

47. itl;lkpd; C Fiwghl;lhy; Njhd;Wk; Nehapd; ngah; vd;d?

];fh;tp

48. rpy jdpkq;fs; mjpf mstpy; vtw;wpw;F cjTfpd;wd? cly; fl;Ltpj;jYf;F 49. cly; fl;Ltpj;jYf;F> Fwpg;ghf vYk;G> gw;fisj; Njhw;Wtpf;fj;

Njitahdit vit? fhy;rpak;> kf;dPrpak;> gh];gu]; 50. rpy Ez; jdpkq;fs; Mf;rp[d; flj;JjYf;Fhpa jdpkk; vJ?

,Uk;G 51. `hh;Nkhd; jahhpg;Gf;F gad;gLk; jdpkk; vJ? mNahbd; 52. tsh;rpij khw;wq;fSf;F Njitg;gLk; jdpkq;fs; vd;d? khq;fdP];> nrk;G> Jj;jehfk; 53. rpy jdpkq;fs; cly; jputj;jpd; gFjpfshfTs;sit vit? FNshhpd;> Nrhbak;> nghl;lhrpak; 54. euk;Gjirj; J}z;Ljy;fSf;F Njitahd rpy jdpkq;fs; vit? kf;dPrpak;> Nrhbak;> nghl;lhrpak;

55. nfhOg;gw;w cly; vilapy; kdpjd; cl;glg; ngUk;ghyhd ghY}l;bfspYk; ePhpd; msT vt;thW fzf;fplg;gl;Ls;sJ?

71-78%

56. gpwe;j Foe;ijapd; cly; vilapy; vj;jid rjtPjk; ePh; kpFe;jpUf;Fk;?

85-90%

57. ,isQh;fspd; clypy; vj;jid rjtPjk; ePh; cz;L?

55-60%

58. nry; ntspapy; cs;s ePhpy; 25% vtw;wpy; cs;sJ?

,uj;jg; gpsh];khtpy; 59. cly; ePhpog;G 4 topfspy; NehpLk;> mit ahit? 1. rpWePh; (1400 kp.yp) 2. ntspr;Rthrk; (400 kp.yp)

3. Njhypd; topNa (600 kp.yp) 4. kyg;nghUSld; (100 kp.yp) 60. vd;irk;fs;> `hh;Nkhd;fs;> itl;lkpd;fs;> vyf;bNuhiyl;Lfspd;

fiug;ghdhfpwJ vJ? ePh;

61. clYf;Fj; Njitahd midj;J czTg; nghUl;fisAk; chpa msTfspy; nfhz;l cztpd; ngah; vd;d?

rhptpfpj czT

~ 41 ~

fNyhhp msTfs;

czTr; nrhpkhdk;

62. czT+l;lk; kw;Wk; cztpay; Jiwapy; Xh; fNyhhp vd;gJ vt;tsT ePiu cah;j;Jtjw;F Njitahd ntg;g msthff; nfhs;sg;gLfpwJ?

1fp.fpuhk; ePiu 10C

63. Xh; khjphp ,e;jpa MZf;Fk;> ngz;zpw;Fk; Njitg;gLk; msTfisf; fzf;fpl;L je;Js;s czT rpwg;Gf; FOtpd; ngah; vd;d?

,e;jpa kUj;Jt Ma;Tf; fTd;rpy; (ICMR)

64. ,e;jpa khjphp Mz; (IRM) Njitg;gLk; fNyhhp msTfs; vt;thW

fzf;fplg;gl;Ls;sd? 25 taJ> cly;gug;G 1.62 r.kPl;lh;> cly; vil 55fpNyhfpuhk;> ey;y cly; eyk;

65. ,e;jpa khjphp ngz; (IRW)zpw;F Njitg;gLk; fNyhhp msTfs; vd;d?

25 taJ> cly;gug;G 1.4 r.kPl;lh;> cly; vil 45fpNyhfpuhk;> ey;y cly; eyk;

66. Fwpg;gpl;l tajpw;Fhpa vilapid tpl 10% mjpfhpg;G Vw;gl;lhy; mjd; ngah;

vd;d? cly; gUkd; mjpfhpg;G 67. cly; gUkd; mjpfhpg;ghy; Vw;gLk; FiwghLfs; vd;d? ,uj;j mOj;j mjpfhpg;G> ,uj;jf; Foha; milg;G> ,ja Neha;> ePhpopT Neha; 68. cly; gUkd; ve;jf; FwpaPl;lhy; Fwpg;gplyhk;? cly; vilf; FwpaPL

69. nrhpj;jy; vd;why; vd;d?

thapd; topahf EioAk; cztpy; ngUk; gFjpahfg; nghpa %yf;$Wfshd ghyprh;f;fiuLfSk; GNuhl;Bd;fSk; mike;Js;sd. ,tw;iw me;epiyapNyNa Flw;Rthpd; topahf cs;spOf;f ,ayhJ. ,it fiuf;fg;gl;L rpwpa %yf;$Wfshf cilgLjy; Ntz;Lk;. ,JNt nrhpj;jy; vdg;gLk;.

70. czT nrhpj;jypy; fphpah Cf;fpfshf nray;glf;$bait vit? nrhpkhdr; Rug;gpfspd; vd;irk;fs; 71. nrhpj;jypy; Kjy; nray; vd;d? czitr; Ritj;jy; my;yJ nky;Yjy; 72. tha;> jhilapd; vYk;Gj; jirfSld; ,ize;Js;s vtw;why; Ritj;jy;

my;yJ nky;Yjy; Vw;gLfpwJ? Nrhkhl;bf; euk;Gfshy; 73. ckpo;ePiu Ruf;Fk; %d;W ,izr; Rug;gpfs; vit? Nky; mz;zr; Rug;gpfs;> fPo;j;jhilr; Rug;gpfs;> ehtbr; Rug;gpfs; 74. kdpjDf;F jpde;NjhWk; vt;tsT kp.yp. ckpo;ePh; Ruf;fg;gLfpwJ? 1000 Kjy; 1500 kp.yp 75. ckpo;ePhpy; cs;s mq;ffg; nghUl;fs; vd;d? kpa+rpd;> mikNy]; 76. ckpo;ePhpd; ];lhh;r;rpd; kPJ nray;glf;$bait vJ? mkpNy]; my;yJ laypd;

~ 42 ~

. - . 1. 9094826254 2. 9750216789 3. 9994343334 4. 9842428861 5. 9443833333 6. 9750216789 7. 9894846425 8. 9994063702 9. 9894217248 10. 9944144222 11. 9894495845 12. 9843427724 13. 9659765900 14. 9994079013 15. 9842537005 16. 9443929273 17. 9443182330 18. 9025313661 19. 9025313661 20. 9943153202 21. 9842316661 22. 9486525806 23. 9500478338 24. 9791544734 25. 9500862024 26. 9042482982 27. 9443491894 28. 9750216789 29. 9750216789 30. 9443079942

1. ARIVUKKADAL PATHIPPAKAGAM DD M.O 2. ,

: 1161135000002562 IFSC NO KVBL 0001161 / SOUTH MASI STREET, MADURAI : , 3262, , , 625011. Contact no:98426 49140, 0452-6463666, 9976935585

~ 43 ~

czTg; ghij FiwghLfs;

77. rikj;j cztpYs;s ];lhh;r;rpid vit ,ul;ilr; rh;f;fiuahf khw;Wk;? khy;Nlh]; 78. cztpw;F vspjpy; tpOq;Fk; jd;ikAila ............................... vd;W ngah;

czTj;jpus; 79. ,iug;igapd; vd;irk;fshf Rug;git vit? ngg;rpd;> nudpd; 80. fhy;;rpak; madpfspd; Kd;dpiyapy; NfrpahdJ fiuahj fhy;rpak; - Nfrpd;

$l;Lg; nghUspd; ngah; vd;d? japh; 81. ,iug;igapypUe;J fPopwq;Fk; cztpw;F ngah; vd;d? ,iug;igg; ghF 82. kdpj rpWFlypd; ePsk; vd;d? 5-7 kPl;lh; 83. kdpj rpWFlypd; %d;W gFjpfs; vit?

bNahbdk; (Kd;rpWFly;)> [P[Pdk; vDk; ,ilr; rpWFly;> ,ypak; vd;Dk; gpd; rpWFly;

84. Kd;rpWFly; gFjpapy; nfhl;lg;gLk; %d;W nghUl;fs; vit? gpj;j ePh;> fiza ePh;> Kd; rpWFly; ePH; 85. ..................... cg;Gfs; nghpa nfhOg;Gg; nghUl;fisr; rpwpa nfhOg;Gj;

jptiyfshf khw;Wfpd;wd. gpj;j ePh

86. fiza ePhpd; vd;irk;fshf cs;sit vit? bhpg;rpd;> ifNkhb hpg;rpd; 87. rpWFly; ePhpy; cs;s nghUs; ,aq;Fk; epiyapYs;s bhpg;rpd;>

ifNkhbhpg;rpdhf khw;WtJ vJ? vd;bNuhifNd]; 88. Kd;rpWFly; ePh; : vd;irk;fSk; nray;fSk;

1. nfhOg;G iyg;Ng]; nfhOg;G mkpyk; + fpspruhy;

2. Rf;Nuh]; Rf;Nu]; FSf;Nfh]; + gpuf;Nlh];

3. khy;l;Nlh]; khy;l;Nl]; FSf;Nfh]; + FSf;Nfh];

4. yhf;Nlh]; yhf;Nl]; FSf;Nfh]; + fhyf;Nlh]; 5. ngg;ilLfs; vhpg;rpd; mkpNdh mkpyq;fs;

6. DNA> RNA epa+f;spNaR epa+f;spNahilLfs;>

epa+f;spNahirLfs; 89. nrhpf;fg;gl;l czTg; nghUl;fs; cwpQ;Rg;gl;L vtw;wpd; %yk; fy;yPuiyr;

nrd;wilfpd;wd? fy;yPuy; Nghh;l;ly; rpiuapd; %yk; 90. czthdJ rf;jpahfTk;> nry; mikg;ghfTk; khWjy; ngWtjd; ngah; vd;d? jd;kakhf;fk;

91. gy;ypd; kPJ ghJfhg;gpw;nfd cs;s vdhky;> nld;ild; vDk; gy;nyYk;G (gw;je;jk;) rpwpJ rpwpjhfj; Nja;khdk; miltjhy; Vw;gLtJ vd;d?

gw;nrhj;ij 92. Fly; Gz;fspy; ,uz;L tiffs; vd;d?

~ 44 ~

vYk;GfSk; %l;LfSk;

gapw;rp Kiw rpfpr;ir kw;Wk; kWtho;T

Kd; Fly;Gz;> ,iug;igg; Gz; 93. Fly;Gz;fs; ve;j ghf;Bhpaq;fshy; Njhd;Wfpd;wd? n`ypf;NfhNgf;lh; 94. Fly;Gz; njhy;iy mjpfkpUg;gpd; ve;j cs;Nehf;Ff; fUtpahy; Ma;T nra;J

ghjpg;gpd; msT jPh;khdpf;fg;gLfpwJ?

endoscopy 95. Flypwf;fj;jpidg; nghJthf vt;thW miog;gh;? fPwy;fs; 96. FlypWf;f Fly;gpJf;fk; vd;why; vd;d?

Flypwf;fj;jpy; Flypd; xU gFjp jpUfyile;J gpJf;fj;jpDs; Eioe;J tpLk;. mg;gFjpapy; ,uj;j xl;lk; jilg;glyhk;. ,jw;F FlypWf;f Fly; gpJf;fk; vd;W ngah;

97. Fly; gpJf;f tiffis tpthp? 1. ftl;ilg; gpJf;fk; 2. Nky;njhil gpJf;fk; 3. nfhg;G+o; Fly; ,wf;fk; 98. cjug;igAiw Row;rp vd;why; vd;d?

Jtf;fj;jpy; jpBnud Nky; tapw;wpy; typAk;> the;jpAzh;Tk; Njhd;Wk;> fha;r;rYk; Njhd;Wk;> rpfpr;ir fhyjhkjkhdhy; NehAw;w Fly;thy; ntbj;J tapw;wiwapy; njhw;W Nehplyhk;. ,t;tifapy; Njhd;Wk; ghjpg;gpw;F cjug;igAiw Row;rp vd;W ngah;.

99. gpj;j ePhpd; jd;ikfspy; khw;wq;fs; Vw;gl;lhy;; Njhd;WtJ vd;d? gpj;jf; fw;fs;

100. xU tsh;e;j kdpjdpd; clypy; nkhj;j vYk;Gfs; vj;jid? 206 vYk;Gfs; 101. kdpjdpd; vYk;GfSld; ,izf;fg;gl;l jirehh;fs; vj;jid? Rkhh; 700 102. vWk;GfSk;> jir ehh;fSk; kdpj clypy; vj;jid rjtPj viliaf;

nfhz;Ls;sJ?

50%

103. ,uz;L vYk;Gfs; ,izAk; ,lj;jpy; Njhd;WtJ vd;d? %l;L my;yJ Mh;bFNy\d; 104. vYk;G KwpT vd;why; vd;d? vYk;G ciljy; my;yJ fPwYWjy; 105. fp.K. 14 Mk; E}w;whz;by; if> fhy;fspy; vYk;G KwpT rpfpr;ir gw;wp

tpsf;fpath; ahh;? `pg;nghfpNul;]; 106. vYk;G Kwptpd; tiffs; vd;d? 1. gr;irf; nfhk;G KwpT 2. %ba KwpT 3. jpwe;j KwpT

4. Neha;epiy KwpT 5. mOj;j KwpT 6. gpwg;G KwpT 107. Kwpe;j vYk;Gfs; $Ljy; nraypy; %d;W epiyfs; vd;d? 1. tPq;Fjy; epiy 2. rhpnra;jy; epiy 3. kPz;Lk; tbtikj;jy; epiy

~ 45 ~

jirfs;

108. clw;gapw;rpapd; %ykhf> nraypoe;j if> fhy;fis kPz;Lk; ed;Kiwapy; nray;glr; nra;Ak; rpfpr;ir Kiw vd;d?

gprpNahnjugp (gapw;rp Kiw rpfpr;ir) 109. vYk;G KwpT rpfpr;irapd; ,Wjpapy; Njhd;Wk; rpy gpur;rpidfs; vd;d? %l;Lfs; ,Wf;fkiljy;> jirfspd; ,og;G 110. %l;Lfspy; ,ize;Js;s vYk;Gfs;> mg;gFjpapypUe;J ,lk; ngah;jy; my;yJ

eOTjYf;F ngah; vd;d? %l;Lfs; eOtjy; 111. %l;L eOtjypd; 4 fhuzq;fs; tpthp? 1. fd;n[dpl;ly; (gpwtpf;FiwghL) 2. tpgj;J 3. Neha; 4. gf;f thjk; 112. fd;n[dpl;ly; vd;gJ fUtsh;r;rpapd; NghJ kugpay; fhuzpfshy; vYk;G

tsh;r;rpapy; FiwghL Vw;gLtjw;F ngah; vd;d? nluNlhn[dpf; my;yJ nluNlhyh[pf; 113. %l;L typf;Fg; gy Neha;f; fhuzpfs; cz;L? mit ahit?

kd ey cly; ey Neha;f; fhuzp> Neha;j; njhw;Wjy;> gy;NtW Neha;fs;

kw;Wk; tsh;rpij khw;wf; FiwghL 114. %l;Ltypapd; tiffs; vd;d?

1. njhw;W Nehapdhy; cz;lhFk; %l;Ltyp> 2. UNkl;bf; %l;Ltyp 3. M];bNah Mh;j;hpl;b];> 4. tsh;rpij khw;wf; FiwghL %l;Ltyp 115. vYk;Gfspd; kPJ NghJkhd fdpk cg;Gfs; Nruhikapdhy; cz;lhFk; Neha;fs; vd;d?

hpf;fl;]; kw;Wk; M];bNah kNyhpah 116. cztpy; Cl;lr;rj;Jf; FiwghL ,Uf;FNkahdhy;> Cl;lr;rj;J hpf;fl;];

FiwghL vd;wiof;fg;gLfpwJ. 117. hpf;fl;]; FiwghL Vw;gLtjw;F ve;j itl;lkpd; FiwghL fhuzkhf cs;sJ?

itl;lkpd; D

118. vYk;Gfspy; typ kw;Wk; vYk;Gfs; nkyptiljy; ve;j Nehapd; gz;GfshFk;? M];bNah kNyrpah

119. caphpay; ,ae;jpukhfr; nray;gl;L Ntjp Mw;wiy ,af;F Mw;wyhf khw;wg;gLgit vit?

jirr; nry;fs; 120. Njhuhakhf ek; clypd; vilapy; vj;jid rjtPjk; jirfshFk;?

40%

121. xt;nthU jir ehiur; Rw;wpAk; rt;Tg;glyk; fhzg;gLtjw;F ngah; vd;d? rhh;Nfhnyk;kh 122. xt;nthU jir ehhpYk;> 4 Kjy; 20 tiu fhzg;gLk; nky;ypa ,iofspd;

ngah; vd;d? ikNah/iggphpy;fs; 123. jirehh;fspy; ikNah/iggphpypd; xU jdp Jz;bw;F ngah; vd;d? rhh;Nfhkpah; 124. efUk; - ,io fUj;Jf; nfhs;ifia ve;j Mz;by;> ahh; ntspapl;lhh;fs;? `hd;rd; kw;Wk; `f;Ny (1955) ,y; 125. euk;Gfs; KbAk; ,lj;jpy; jirAk;> euk;GfSk; re;jpg;gjw;F ngah; vd;d?

euk;G jir re;jpg;G

~ 46 ~

Rthrpj;jy;

126. xU euk;Gj;J}z;ly;> euk;G jir re;jpg;ig te;jilAk; NghJ mt;tplj;jpy; ve;j Ntjpg; nghUs; ntspaplg;gLfpwJ?

mrpl;ily;nfhiyd; 127. vYk;Gld; ,izf;fg;gl;Ls;s ve;j nray;> nray;kpF Mw;wy; jirehh;fis

te;jilAk; NghJ Jtq;FfpwJ? jirfspd; RUq;Fk; nray; 128. KOikahd jirr; RUf;ff; fl;Lg;ghl;Lr; nray;fSf;F ngah; vd;d? J}z;ly; miljy; 129. ,ay;ghd ePsKila jirfs; nray;gLk; NghJ> Njhd;Wk; mjpfgl;r mOj;j

rf;jp Rkhh; 3.5 fp.fp/r.nr.kP. jirg;gFjpahFk;.

130. jirfspd; Fiwe;j msT RUf;fk; vd;why; vd;d? Xa;T epiyapy; ,Uf;Fk; NghJ> rw;Nw J}z;Ljy; ngw;W xU Fwpg;gpl;l msT RUq;fpa epiyapNyNa jirfs; fhzg;gLfpd;wd. ,jw;Fj; jirfspd; Fiwe;j msT RUf;fk; vd;W ngah;.

131. ePz;l Neuk; tYthd epiyapy; jirfs; RUf;fj;jpy; ,Ue;jhy; Vw;gLtJ vd;d?

jirr;; Nrhh;T 132. jirfr; Nrhh;T vjdhy; Vw;gLfpwJ?

jirfspy; cs;s fpisf;Nfh[d; FiwtjdhYk;> yhf;bf; mkpyk; mjpfhpg;gjhYk;

133. xUth; ,we;j gpd;> gy kzp Neuk; tiu> jirfs; RUq;fpa epiyapid (tpiwg;Gld;) miltjw;F ngah; vd;d?

kuz tpiwg;G 134. jirfs; rpijtiltJ my;yJ ghjpf;fg;gLtjhy; Vw;gLtJ vd;d? jirg;gpbg;G 135. xU tpgj;jpdhy; jir ehh;fs; ,Of;fg;gl;lhy;> jir ehh;fs;

ghjpg;gpw;Fs;shtjd; ngah; vd;d? jirg;ghjpg;G 136. jirr; RUf;fj;jpd; 2 tiffs; vd;d? 1. INrhlhdpf; jirr; RUf;fk; 2. INrhnkl;hpf; jirr; RUf;fk; 137. clw;gapw;rp %d;W topfspy; cly;eyj;ij Nkk;gLj;JfpwJ? mit ahit? 1. ,jak; kw;Wk; EiuaPuypd; nray;jpwid mjpfhpj;jy; 2. Nkk;gLj;jg;gl;l epiyapy; Xa;Tepiy jirr;RUf;fk; fhzg;gLjy; 3. %l;Lfs; vspjpy; mirAk; jd;ik 138. njhopy;Kiw rhh;e;j vil J}f;Fk; gapw;rpahshpd; jirfs; gUkdhtjw;F

fhuzkhtJ vJ? INrhnkl;hpf; jirr;RUf;fk; 139. euk;Gj; jir re;jpg;gpy; J}z;ly; flj;jg;glhikNa fhuzkhfTs;s Neha; vJ? ikah];jPdpah fpuhtp]; 140. ikah];jPdpah fpuhtp]; Neha; NtW vt;thW ek;gg;gLfpwJ? Ra Neha;j; jLg;G mikg;Gf; FiwghL Neha; 141. ikah];jPdpah fpuhtp]; Nehapy; ,uj;jj;ijr; Rj;jpfhpf;Fk; nraypd; ngah;

vd;d? gpsh];Nkh/gphprp];

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FUjpr; Row;rp

142. Rthrj;jpy; gy epfo;r;rpfis vOJf?

1. fhw;Nwhl;lk; 2. O2 guty; 3. O2 flj;Jjy; 4. O2 gug;Gjy;

5. O2>CO2 ,lkhw;wk; 6. CO2 flj;Jjy; 7. CO2> O2 ,lkhw;wk;

8. ntspr;Rthrk; 143. khh;giwapy; Vw;gLk; mOj;j khw;wq;fshy; Vw;gLgit vit? cl;RthrKk;> ntspr;RthrKk; 144. Gjpa fhw;W> EiuaPuy;fSf;fhf vLj;Jf;nfhs;sg;gLk; epfo;r;rpapd; ngah; vd;d? cl;Rthrk; 145. cl;Rthrj;jpidj; njhlh;e;J epfOk; ke;jj;jd;ikAila nray; vJ? ntspr;Rthrk; 146. %r;R rpw;wiuapy; thA khw;wk;? Mf;rp[d; iel;u[d; fhh;gd;-il-Mf;i]L mjid czh;e;j czh;gFjpfs; KFsj;jpYs;s ntspr;Rthrg; gFjpf;F Ntf]; euk;gpd; topNa J}z;Ljy;fis mDg;Gfpd;wd. ,jdhy; cl;Rthrk; epWj;jg;gLk;. ,t;tifj; njhlh; epfo;r;rpf;F n`hpq; - G&ah; nray; vd;W ngah;.

149. epa+Nkhdpah (rspf;fha;r;ry;) vd;why; vd;d? EiuaPuy;fs; Neha;j; njhw;wpdhy; tPq;fpa epiyailjNy epANkhdpah vdg;gLk;.

150. ghf;Bhpa epANkhdpahthdJ ve;j ghf;Bhpaq;fshy; Vw;gLk;? epa+Nkhfhf;fy; epANkhdpah 151. epANkhdpahit ve;j Ez;ZaphpfspypUe;J Njhw;Wtpf;fyhk;? ikf;Nfhgpsh];kh 152. fhrNeha; ve;j ghf;Bhpaj;jhy; kdpjdpy; Njhd;Wk; njhw;W NehahFk;? ikf;Nfhghf;Bhpak; ba+gh;FNyhrp]; 153. khh;Gr;rsp Nehapd; 2 tiffs; vd;d? jPtpu khh;Gr;rsp Neha;> Kw;wpa khh;Gr;rsp Neha;

154. ,jaj;ij Nehf;fp ,uj;jj;ijr; nrYj;Jfpd;w rpiufspd; ngah;fs; vd;d? fPo; ngUQ;rpiufs;> EiuaPuy; rpiufs; 155. tyJ ntd;l;hpf;fpspypUe;J vit ,uj;jj;ij Mf;]p[d; ngWtjw;nfd

EiuaPuy;fSf;F vLj;Jr; nry;fpd;wd? EiuaPuy; Kf;fpa jkdp 156. ,lJ ntd;l;hpf;fpspypUe;J Njhd;wpAs;sJ vJ? ngUe;jkdp 157. ngUe;jkdpapypUe;J Njhd;wpAs;s jkdpfs; vd;d? NfhNuhdhp jkdpfs;> cly; Rw;Wf;fhd jkdpfs;

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158. tyJ Vl;hpaj;jpypUe;J tyJ ntd;l;hpf;fpSf;F ,uj;jk; ,wq;Ftij fl;Lg;gLj;JtJ vJ?

%tpjo; thy;T 159. ,jaj;jpy; ,lJGw miwfSf;fpilNa ,uj;jk; ,wq;Ftij fl;Lg;gLj;JtJ

vJ? ngUe;jkdp Mfpa Foy;fspDs; ,uj;jk; Eiotij

guhkhpf;Fk; thy;T vJ? gpiw re;jpu thy;Tfs; 161. ,ja ,af;fj;J}z;ly; ,af;fj;jpw;nfd ,jaj;jpy; cs;s mikg;Gfs; vd;d?

irD Mhpf;Fyhh; fZ> Vl;hpNah ntd;hpFNyhh; fZ> `p];rpd; fw;iw> Gh;fpd;[p ,iofs;

162. Xh; Jtf;f ,jaj;Jbg;Gj; Njhd;wp gbg;gbahf gy epfo;r;rpfspd; gpd; kPz;Lk; ,jaj; Jbg;gpd; Jtf;fk; Njhd;wjypd; ngah; vd;d?

,ja ,af;fr; Row;rp 163. ,ja ,af;fr; Row;rpapy; ,jak; RUq;Fjy; vt;thW miof;fg;gLfpwJ? rp];Nlhy; 164. ,ja ,af;fr; Row;rpapy; ,jaj; jsh;r;rpahdJ vt;thW miof;fg;gLfpwJ? ila];Nlhy; 165. ,jak; epkplj;jpw;F vj;jid Kiwfs; Jbf;Fk;? 72-80 Kiwfs; 166. ntd;l;hpf;Fyhh; rp];Nlhyhy; jkdpfspy; ,uj;jk; Fjpj;J XLtjw;F ngah;

vd;d? Vl;hpa ehbj;Jbg;G 167. ,lJ jkdpapd; ,U fpisfspd; ngah;fs; vd;d?

,lJ Foy; jkdp> ,lJ fPopwq;Fj; jkdp 168. ,jaj; jir ,uj;jf; Foy;fs; ghjpg;gile;jhy; my;yJ mf;Foy;fs;

RUq;fpdhy; Vw;gLk; Neha; vd;d? ,jaj; jkdp Neha; 169. ,jaj; jir erpTwy; Nehapd; kWngah; vd;d? ,jaj; jirj; jkdp Neha; 170. ,jaj; jir erpTwy; Nehapy; kaf;fk;> tpah;j;jy;> Njhy; ntSg;G

Nghd;witapd; ngah; vd;d? mikjpahd ,jaj; jir erpTwy; 171. khh;ig mOj;JtJ Nghd;w fLikahd khh;G typapd; ngah; vd;d? Md;i[dh 172. ,uj;jr; rptg;G mZf;fspd; vz;zpf;if ve;j Nehapdhy; mjpfhpf;fpwJ? ghyp irj;jPkpah 173. khh;G typapy; ijuhf;rpd; Rug;G mjpfhpj;jhy; mjw;F ngah; vd;d? ijulhf;rpNfhrp];

174. X-fjph; nrYj;jp ,jaj;jir ,uj;jf; Foha;fisg; glkhf Njhw;Wtpj;jypd;

ngah; vd;d? MQ;rpNahfpuhk; 175. Rthr - ,uj;j Xl;lg; gzpia Nkw;nfhs;tJ vJ? ,ja EiuaPuy; fUtp 176. ,ja ,af;fj;jpw;fhd kpd;J}z;Ljy; jilg;gLtjhy; Njhd;Wk; epiyapd; ngah;

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vd;d? ,jaj; J}z;ly; milg;G 177. ,ja vjpnuhyp tiuglk; vd;why; vd;d?

Ez; xyp miyTfis cl;nrYj;jp ,jaj;jpd; cs;sikg;gpidg; glkhfj; Njhw;Wtpj;jNy ,ja vjpnuhyp tiuglk; vdg;gLk;

178. ,ja miwfSf;fpilNaAk;> ,uj;jf; Foha;fspDs;Sk; Jy;ypakhf ,uj;jj;ijr; nrYj;j gad;gLgit vit?

,ja thy;Tfs; 179. cyfk; KOtJk; gutpAs;s ,jaNeha; vJ? Ukhl;bf; ,ja Neha; 180. njhz;ilg; gFjpapy; ve;j ghf;Bhpaq;fs; jhf;Ftjhy; Njhd;Wk; ,jaNeha;

vJ? Ukhl;bf; ,ja Neha; 181. ,jaf; Foy; Neha; jPtpu rpfpr;irg; gphptpy; ,uj;j mOj;jk; gjpT

nra;ag;gLtJ vjpy;? jhdpaq;fp ,uj;j mOj;jkhdp 182. ,jaf; Foy; Neha; jPtpu rpfpr;irg; gphptpy; ,jaj; Jbg;G kw;Wk; rPh;,af;fk;

ve;j fUtpahy; gjpT nra;ag;gLfpwJ?

ECG 183. ,jaj;jpy; Kf;fpa jkdpfspd; topNa ,uj;jk; XLk; NghJ mj;jkdpfspd;

Rtw;wpy; Njhd;Wk; mOj;jk; vt;thW miof;fg;gLfpwJ? ,uj;jk; mOj;jk; 184. clw;gapw;rp> kdmOj;jk;> cwf;fk; Nghd;w jd;ikfisg; nghWj;J

khWgLgit vit? ,ja ,af;fKk;> ,uj;j mOj;jKk; 185. ,jaj;jpy; ntd;l;hpf;fps; miwr;Rth; RUq;FtjhYk; ngUe;jkdpapDs; ,uj;jk;

gha;e;J nry;tjhYk; Njhd;Wk; mOj;jk; vJ? rp];lhypf; mOj;jk; 186. ,jaj;jpy; ntd;l;hpf;fps;fspd; Rth;j; jsh;r;rpailAk; Ntisapy; jkdpfspd;

Rthpy; Njhd;Wk; mOj;jk; vJ? ila];lhypf; mOj;jk; 187. ,jaj;jpd; xt;nthU ,jaj;Jbg;gpd; NghJk; jkdpfspy; Njhd;Wk; mOj;j

miyf;F ngah; vd;d? ehbj;Jbg;G 188. ,jaj;jpy; ,uj;j mOj;jj;jpid ve;j fUtpah