Rey TyLevels of Analysis

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Three Models

(Graham Allison)

Model I:

Classical Rational Actor Model (RAM)

Realism & Neorealism: Morgenthau, Schelling,

Kennan, Waltz, Kissinger, etc.

Unitary states as key players who act rationally, calculating costs &

benefits of policy choices to maximize utility

Model II:

Organizational Process or Behavior Model

Liberalism & Neorealism: Keohane, Doyle

Not ”act” or “choices” but OUTPUTS of organizational SOPs

Model III: Bureaucratic or Governmental Politics

Model

e.g. President Obama vs. Republicans in both Houses

of Confress

Competition among decision making units; no single strategic master plan; diverse conceptions of nat’l, org’nal & personal goals

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Three Levels of Analysis

(Martin Griffiths & Terry O’Callaghan)

International Political System

e.g. Realism & Neorealism: Morgenthau, Schelling,

Kennan, Waltz, Kissinger, etc.

Balance of power in an anarchical structure of the system

Domestic Politics

States are nominal actors but national behavior is

determined by…

Action & interaction of bureaucracies, legislatures,

political parties, business & union lobbies, & other advocacy groups

Individuals Acting & Interacting

e.g. Gorbachev & Reagan

Choices, actions, & interactions of powerful individuals

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Leve

ls o

f A

nal

ysis

(Jo

hn

T. R

ou

rke

)1

IndividualIndividual, group, or

as a species

2 State

Countries are the key actors

3 System

Top-down view of the structure & pattern

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Levels of Analysis

(Karen Mingst)

Individual

Personality, perceptions, activities,

choices

State

Government, economy, interest groups, national interest

International

International norms/ rules, TNCs,

Intergovernmental organizations, alliances

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Levels of Analysis

(Joshua Goldstein)

1

Individual

Great/ crazy leaders, decision making, perception, learning, assassinations, accidents of

history, citizens’ participation (vote, rebel, go to war)

2

Domestic

Nationalism, ethnic conflict, type of gov’t, democracy,

dictatorship, domestic coalitions, pol parties &

elections, public opinion, gender, econ sectors &

industries, foreign policy bureaucracies

3

Interstate

Power, balance of power, alliance, wars, treaties, trade agreements, IGOs, diplomacy, summit meetings, bargaining,

reciprocity

4

Global

N-S gap, world regions, European imperialism, UN, world environment, tech. change, info revo, global

telecom, worldwide scientific & business communities

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Levels of Analysis

Global or System

Interstate

State

State-Society

Organization

Bureaucratic

Politics

Individual

Rey Ty’s Synthesis of the Literature

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Levels of Analysis

7

Global or System

6

Interstate & international

society

5

State

4

State-Society

3

Organization

2

Bureaucratic Politics

1

Individual

Rey Ty’s Synthesis of the Literature

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Levels of Analysis

Rey Ty’s Synthesis of the Literature

Individual

Psychology, Choices, Action, &

Interaction

Domestic

State (Organization,

Bureaucracies) & Civil Society

interaction within a country

State

Foreign policy: “The United States

supports x and condemns y.”

International

Between or among countries, TNCs, civil society, &

individuals

Global System

Global climate change, economic

globalization

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Individual Domestic

Governmental

Organization

Domestic

Bureaucratic

Politics

Domestic

Civil Society

(Non-State

Actors)

State Interstate

or

International

International

Civil Society

Organizations

Global or

System

Perceptions,

Policies, &

Actions

International

Relations

Levels of

Analysis

Rey Ty’s Synthesis of the Literature

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References1. Graham T. Allison & Philip Zelikow. (1999). Essence of

Decision: Explaining the Cuban Missile Crisis. New York: Longman.

2. Joshua S. Goldstein. (Latest edition). International Relations. New York: Longman.

3. Martin Griffiths & Terry O’Callaghan. (2003). International Relations: The Key Concepts. London & NY: Routledge.

4. Karen A. Mingst. (Latest edition). Essentials of International Relations. New York & London: W. W. Norton & Company.

5. John T. Rourke. (Latest ed.). International Politics on the World Stage. McGraw-Hill/Dushkin.

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Levels of AnalysisRey Ty