.

XX

, 2015.

UNIVERSITY OF BELGRADE

FACULTY OF ARCHITECTURE

MSc ore I. Alfirevi

EXPRESSIONISM

IN XX CENTURY ARCHITECTURE

IN SERBIA

Doctoral Dissertation

Belgrade, 2015.

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: , , , . : : , : 72.036.7(497.11)"19"(043.3)

III

EXPRESSIONISM IN XX CENTURY ARCHITECTURE IN SERBIA

ABSTRACT

When the word expressionism is mentioned in science, it usually refers to style

movement which appeared in architecture and the arts at the beginning of the XX

century and lasted until 1930. However, there is a wider interpretation of the term,

which defines expressionism not only as a style movement but as one of the key

creative tendencies, i.e. the essential factor in all arts throughout history. By relying on

the wider interpretation, this paper discussed potential presence of expressionism in

architectural culture in Serbia during the XX century, even though the prevailing

opinion claimed that expressionism did not have a more significant influence on the

architecture in Serbia. By critically analyzing theoretical positions in literature, we

examined the similarities and differences between basic aesthetic categories:

expression and expressiveness. We also confirmed their relation to the phenomenon

of expressionism, with an aim of providing a clearer interpretation of it, as well as

establishing its presence in Serbian architecture. By studying most prominent

expressionist achievements in world architecture, we extracted expressionistic

principles and characteristics whose presence we examined on leading architectural

examples in Serbia. By comparative analysis of selected architectural objects, made in

XX century in Serbia and marked in reference books as expressionist, our paper

concludes that expressionism represents the key principle and one of the essential

creative tendencies in XX century architecture in Serbia. Moreover, expressionism in

Serbia did not emerge at the same time as in other parts of Europe (1905-1930), the

turning point leading to its appearance was the beginning of the sixties in the XX

century, when the first projects and realizations appeared, implementing complete

expressionist articulation, which opposed the existing viewpoints in science.

Key words: architecture, expressionism, expression, expressivity

Scientific area: rchitecture and urbanism Specific scientific area: History, theory and aesthetics of architecture and visual arts

and preservation of architectural heritage

UDK number: 72.036.7(497.11)"19"(043.3)

IV

........................................................................................................................................... 1

............................................................................................................ 1 ..................................... 2 ............................................................................................................. 10 ............................................................................................... 12 ..................................................................................................................... 14 .................................................................................................. 16 I - - - I

1.1. ................................................................................................................ 19 1.1.1. ...................................................... 19 1.1.2. XX ................................................. 26 1.1.3. ................................................................. 28 1.1.4. .................................................................. 29 1.1.5. ................................................................. 34 1.1.6. ............................................................................... 36

1.1.6.1. XX ............................... 38 1.1.6.2. (1910-1928) ........................................................................ 41 1.1.6.3. - (1950-1980) ................................................................. 42 1.1.6.4. XX (1980-2000) .................... 44

1.1.7. - ......................................................................... 45 1.1.7.1. ................................................................................ 47 1.1.7.2. ................................................................................. 50 1.1.7.3. ........................................................... 51 1.1.7.4. ............................................................................... 53

1.1.8. ....................................... 55 1.1.9. .................................................................... 58

1.1.9.1. ............................. 61 1.1.9.2. .................................................... 64 1.1.9.3. ....................................................................................... 66 1.1.9.4. ................................ 68 1.1.9.5. ............ 72

1.2. ......................................................................................................................... 74 1.3. .................................................................................................................. 79

V

II - XX

II

2. I ................. 84 2.1. .............................................................................................. 93 2.2. ............................................................................................ 104 2.3. .................................................................................... 116

III

3. ...... 127 3.1. ............................................................................................ 135 3.2. ............................................................................................ 163 3.3. .................................................................................... 172

IV

4. II ........ 180 4.1. ............................................................................................ 186 4.2. ............................................................................................ 250 4.3. ..................................................................................... 258

V

5. 264 5.1. ............................................................................................. 268 5.2. ............................................................................................. 290 5.3. ...................................................................................... 295

.............................................................................................. 297

.................................................................................................. 306

.............................................................................................................................. 330

...................................................................................................................... 331

........................................................................................................................ 422

...................................................................................................... 449

..................................................................................................... 450

o .......... 451

.................................................................................................. 452

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, , (A K. . (), . 17. (1990), . 90-100), ( -. - . (), . 16-17 (2005), . 713), ( . . - . (), . 6 (2005), . 195-210), ( M. XX XXI . 2009, (http://maldinis.blogspot.com/2009/03/stilovi-i-pokreti-u-srpskoj-arhitekturi.html)), ( . : . : , 2007) .

5 Robinson (2007), Rosenthal (2007), Minsaas (2005), Toovi (2004), Argan, Oliva (2004), Dilworth (2004), Grajam (2000), Gombrich (1980), Finn (1975), Morawski (1974), Wollheim (1968), Weisstein (1967), Read (1966, 1985, 1994), Tolstoy (1955), Hiler (1951), Collingwood (1938), Ellsworth (1928) .

3

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) , : ) XX 7 ) , , XX .8

,9 , , . XX , () .10 6 Kellner (2011), Sohee (2010), Harris (2006), Dietmar (2002), Curl (1999), Baldwin (1995), Palmier

(1995), Gill (1993), Barron (1988), Argan (1970), Read (1966, 1985, 1994), Donald (1966), Behne (1914) .

7 Olgren-Leblond (2008), Jencks (1986), Higgins (2010), Clarke (1975), Kathleen (1994), Michelucci (1992) .

8 (1989,1990,1995), (2003,2006,2007), (1966,1980,1990,1995) .

9 . - . ( ), . 33, . 1 (2008), . 191-201; -. . : , 1998; . XX . : , : , 1981; . . : , 1967; Irina, Suboti. Avant-Garde Tendencies in Yugoslavia. Art Journal (New York), vol. 49, no. 1 (Spring, 1990), pp. 21-27;

10 A K. , (), . 17. (1990), . 90-100; A K. 1918-1941. (), . 13 (2012), . 59-77; Aleksandar Kadijevi. Expressionism and Serbian Industrial Architecture. Zbornik Matice srpske za likovne umetnosti (Beograd), br. 41 (2013), str. 103-112; A K. - . (), . 53 (2013), . 205-218.

4

, , , , - , .11 , , , . , .12 , , , , . , 1929. , , .13 2 - , ( ) 1900-1970, .14 XX , , ,

11 , . . (), 7. 1965. 12 , . . (), 26.12.1965. 13 , . , : 1900-1970. :

, 1972, . 23-24. 14 , . 1900-1970. (), . 67

(1971), . 49.

5

.15 : , , , , , , .16 XX , .17 , , , , , , .18 - , - , 2 , , , , .19

15 , . . : , ,

1985; , . . : , , 1985; , . . : , 1985; , . 1. : , 1986.

16 , . . ( ), . 6 (1970), . 187-208; , . . (), . 14-15 (1983), . 132-134; , . - . (), . 2 (1981), . 43-47; , . - . (), . 3 (1981), . 37-42; , . - . (), . 4 (1981), . 49-54; , . - . (), . 6 (1981), . 49-54; , . - . (), . 1 (1981), . 45-49; , . . ( ), . 41 (2003), . 9-11; , . ( ). : - , 1979; .

17 , . XX , : XX - . : , 1986, . 16.

18 Ibid., . 21. 19 Zoran, Manevi. Art Deco and National Tendencies in Serbian Architecture. The Journal of

Decorative and Propaganda Arts (Florida), vol. 17, Yugoslavian Theme Issue (Autumn, 1990), pp. 73.

6

, , , , , , .20 , , . .21 : 1930-1980, , , , , , ., .22 , - 20 A K.

. (), . 17 (1990), . 90-100. 21 , . . :

, 1996; , . - . (), . XXVI-XXVII (1993-1994), . 153-162; , . 1918-1941. (), . 13 (2012), . 59-77; Aleksandar, Kadijevi. Expressionism and Serbian Industrial Architecture. Zbornik Matice srpske za likovne umetnosti (Beograd), br. 41 (2013), str. 103-112; , . - . (), . 53 (2013), . 205-218; , . , : , (.). : 1, . : , 2013, . 259-269; Aleksandar Kadijevi, Tadija Stefanovi. Expressionism and Serbian Architecture Between Two World Wars, in: Bogdanovi Jelena, Filipovitch Robinson Lilien, Marjanovi Igor. (eds.) On The Very Edge: Modernism and Modernity in The Arts and The Architecture of Interwar Serbia (1918-1941). Leuven: Leuven University Press, 2014, pp. 179-200; , . 1912. . (), . 37 (2013), . 43-49. .

22 . : 1930-1980. : , 1992, . 158, 181, 190, 198, 221, 232, 292, 321.

7

, 2 , , .23 : , , , , -, , , .24 XX : , ( ), ( ), .25 - : - .26 , . (1888-1943) , , .27 23 Bratislav Panteli. Nationalism and Architecture - The Creation of a National Style in Serbian

Architecture and Its Political Implications. Journal of the Society of Architectural Historians (University of California Press), vol. 56, no. 1 (1997), p. 32.

24 , . : , , . : ( ), , 1999, . 40.

25 . XX : . : , 2003, . 184, 185, 192.

26 . . : . : , 2004, . 55.

27 . (1888-1943), (), . 7 (2006), . 155.

8

, - , 19. .28 , , , , , XX , , , .29 , , 1918-1941, , . , .30 , ?, , , , , , , , , , 28 .

. (). . 20-21 (2007), . 133. 29 , . /

Expressionism as the radical creative tendency in architecture. (), . 34 (2012), . 14-27.

30 , . 1918-1941. (), . 13 (2012), . 59-77.

9

, , , .31 , , . , , . , , , ., .32 - , , , , -, , , , .33 , ,

31 , . ?:

. (), . 38 (2013), . 85-88; , . ?: , , . (), . 37 (2013), . 72-83; , . ?: , , . (), . 36 (2012), . 75-84; , . ?: , , . (), . 35 (2012), . 60-69; , . ( . ). (), . 171 (- 2012), . 14-17.

32 Aleksandar, Kadijevi. Expressionism and Serbian Industrial Architecture. Zbornik Matice srpske za likovne umetnosti (Beograd), br. 41 (2013), str. 103-112.

33 , . - . (), . 53 (2013), . 205-218.

10

, , - .34 , ( ), .35 , ( ).36 , , . , : ), ) ), , , .

XX . XX , 1905. 1930. , , , .37 34 , .

, : , (.). : 1, . : , 2013, . 259-269.

35 Aleksandar Kadijevi, Tadija Stefanovi. Expressionism and Serbian Architecture Between Two World Wars, in: Bogdanovi Jelena, Filipovitch Robinson Lilien, Marjanovi Igor. (eds.) On The Very Edge: Modernism and Modernity in The Arts and The Architecture of Interwar Serbia (1918-1941). Leuven: Leuven University Press, 2014, pp. 179-200.

36 1.1. - . 37 Elger Dietmar. Expressionism. A Revolution in German Art. Kln: Taschen, 2002, p. 7; James

Stevens Curl. A Dictionary of Architecture. Oxford University Press, 1999, p. 234; Robert Baldwin. Introduction to Expressionism. (essay was written in New London, Connecticut College, in 1995 and was slightly revised in 2002 and 2007), p. 1; Stephanie Barron. Introduction, in: Barron (ed.), German Expressionism: The Second Generation. Los Angeles: Los Angeles County Museum of Art, 1988, pp. 10-37; J.M. Palmier. : . I : . : , 1995, . 13; - , . 1770-1970-2000. : CLIO, 2004, . 184; .

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, - . , , , , , , . , . , (: Herbert Read. . : , 1957; Herbert Read. Education through art. London: Faber and Faber, 1961), , ( ), , . , . , , , , , . , . , , .

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), ( - ), ( ), ( ), ( ), ( ) . (, , -), , . 2: 1905. 1930. , (1960-65), , , .43 XX , , .44

43 ,

, . . , , , . , , . , 1929. . .

44 , , , , ( M. XX . 2007, (http://maldinis.blogspot.com//12/arhitektura-srbije-u-xx-veku.html); -. - . (), . 16-17 (2005), . 713;

16

, (, , , , , .), . , , , , , . , , je , . , , XX , , , . , , , . .

. - . (), 17.06.1999, . 30; . XX , : XX - . : , 1986, . 19-31; . XX : . : , 2003; .). , - , . , , 25. . , , , , XX .

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19

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, . : ( - , 1934) : ( , 1957), ( , 1962), ( , 1966), (, 1969), ( , 1973), (, 1975), (, 1978), - ( , 1978), (, 1986), ( - , 1987), (, 2002), (Brcke - 1905-1913, 2009), ( Brcke , 2011) . , .

1.1.1.

. , 1850. Tait's Edinburgh Magazine, .45 , (Donald Gordon) (Gustave Moreau) (Ecole des Beaux Art) 1891-1899. . 45 Jean-Michel Palmier. :

. I : . : , 1995, . 14.

20

, (. self-expression).46 (Lionel Richard)47 - (Julien-Auguste Herv) 1901. , , . 1980. 1900. .48 , .49 (Dennis Sharp) , .50 , 1905. Der Brcke (. ) . , , , 1911. , Der Sturm (Herwarth Walden), . , Der Sturm (. ), (. ) , .51 (Adolf Behne) , New Strum Exhibition 1914. , . :

, XX , .

46 Gordon, Donald. On the Origin of the Word Expressionism. Journal of the Warburg and

Courtauld Institutes (London), Vol. 29. (1966), p. 368. 47 Lionel Richard. Les Expressionnistes allemands. Paris: Maspero, 1974, p. 12. 48 Bohemian. A

tragedy of Modern Life. 1978. , , 1980. .

49 , , , , , .

50 Dennis Sharp. Modern Architecture and Expressionism. New York: George Braziller, 1966, p. 10. 51 J.M. Palmier. op. cit., . 15.

21

. . . (...) , , , , .52

, . , , . ,53 XX , , . , (James Stevens Curl), (Alan Higgins), (Jonathan Harris), (Giulio Carlo Argan), K (Kim Sohee) . , , ( ) 1905. XX . , , . . (Douglas Kellner), , . . , , .54

52 Adolf Behne. German Expressionists. (Lecture for the Opening of the New Sturm Exhibition,

published in Der Sturm (1914)) (http://www.mariabuszek.com/kcai/Expressionism/Readings/BehneSturm.pdf).

53 (, , .), .

54 Douglas Kellner. Expressionism and Rebellion, in: Passion and Rebellion: The Expressionists Heritage. New York: Bergin & Garvey, 1983, pp. 3-39.

22

, . , XX , , . , , .55 (Gottfried Benn), XX . , , .56 (Elger Dietmar) (Jean-Michel Palmier) , , , .57 (Richard Murphy) , , , , -.58 , , . , , , .59 (Shulamith Behr), (David Fanning) (Douglas 55 (Casa Mila, Casa Batllo, Park Guell .),

(Ideal palace), (Berlin Philharmonic Hall), (TWA Terminal JFK Airport), (Notre Dame du Haut, Philips Pavilion), (Hundertwasser house, Waldspirale), (Guggenheim museum, Nationale Nederlanden Building) . (: Wolfgang Pehnt. Expressionist Architecture. London: Thames and Hudson, 1973).

56 J.M. Palmier. op. cit., . 109. 57 Elger Dietmar. Expressionism. A Revolution in German Art. Kln: Taschen, 2002, p. 7. 58 Richard Murphy. Theorizing the Avant-Garde: Modernism, Expressionism, and the Problem of

Postmodernity. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1999, p. 43. 59 J.M. Palmier. op. cit., . 13.

23

Jarman) .60 -, , , .61 (Herbert Read), , .62 , , , . , , .63 , , , . -, - , , : , , , . , (Gill Perry) , / , .64 , , , , 60 Behr Shulamith, Fanning David, Jarman Douglas. Expressionism Reassessed. Manchester:

Manchester University Press ND, 1993, p. 2. 61 David Eliot. Expressionism: a health warning, in: Shulamith Behr, David Fanning, Douglas

Jarman (ed.) Expressionism Reassessed. Manchester: Manchester University Press ND, 1993, p. 41. 62 Herbert Read. Art Now, in: Education through art. London: Faber and Faber, 1961. 63 Herbert Read. (ed. 1966, 1985 and 1994) The Thames and Hudson Dictionary of Art and Artists.

London: Thames and Hudson Ltd, p. 128. 64 Gill Perry. Primitivism, Cubism, Abstraction: The Early Twentieth Century. Primitivism and the

Modern. New Haven and London: Yale University Press, 1993, pp. 62-81.

24

, XX . (Norbert Wolf) .65 , (Dennis Sharp) , . , XX , , , .66 , , (Charles Jencks), , , . ,67 , : , . () : , -, , , , , . , , . , , ( , , ). , : -.68 ,

65 Norbert Wolf. Expressionism. Kln: Taschen, 2004, p. 8. 66 Dennis Sharp. op. cit., p. 12. 67 . . : , 1986. 68 Dennis Sharp. op. cit., p. 21.

25

XX .69 . , - , , . , , , . , , , . , .70 , ( ), / , , . , , ,71 , , , , . , , -, , , , . , . , , . (, , , .)

69 . . : , 2011, . 203. 70 Dennis Sharp. op. cit., p. 12. 71 (: Herbert Read. . : ,

1957; Herbert Read. Education through art. London: Faber and Faber, 1961).

26

, . , () . , , , -, . , ( ) , , ) , ( ), , , , ) , , , , .72

) )

, , , , [ 1].

1.1.2. XX

XIX . .73 , a , , . ( )74 72 . . op. cit., . 328, 343. 73 John Zerzan. Origins and Meaning of WWI. Telos Press (Candor), No. 49 (1981), p. 97. 74 , 1882.

. ,

27

. (1914..) .75 XX , (, , , .), , , .76 ,77 II (1919) (1933). XX , - , . , , , .78 . , . , . . 1918. 1920. .79 (Friedrich Nietzsche),

. , 1904. , (J. Zerzan. Ibid., p. 97; . : 1914. I . : , 2014, . 55).

75 J. Zerzan. Ibid., p. 98. 76 J. Zerzan. Ibid., pp. 109-110. 77 -

(Gilbert Badia. Histoire de l'Allemagne contemporaine. Vol. 1, Messidor/Editions sociales, 1987).

78 , 1923. , 4,2 .

79 Dennis Sharp. Modern Architecture and Expressionism. New York: George Braziller, 1966, p. 10.

28

(Sren Kierkegaard) . , , , , .80 , .81

1.1.3.

, , , , . .82 , , , . , , .83 , , . , . e . , , , . (Adolph Behne), : 80 Jean-Michel Palmier. :

. I : . : , 1995, . 115.

81 Ibid., . 106. 82 Jonathan Harris. Expressionism. in: Art History: The Key Concepts. London: Routledge - Taylor

& Francis Group, 2006, pp. 110-111. 83 Kim Sohee. The Study of the Relationship between Arnold Schoenberg and Wassily Kandinsky

During Schoenberg's Expressionist Period. (D.M.A. document) Ohio State University, 2010, p. 2.

29

. . , , . .84

: ), , ), , ), .85 , . , . , . .86 , , , , , .87 [ 2]

1.1.4.

. , 7. 1905. ,88 Die Brcke () .89 : (Ernst Ludwig Kirchner), (Fritz Bleyl), (Erich Heckel) - (Karl Schmidt-

84 Adolf Behne. German Expressionists. (Lecture for the Opening of the New Sturm Exhibition,

published in Der Sturm (1914)) (http://www.mariabuszek.com/kcai/Expressionism/Readings/BehneSturm.pdf). 85 Jean-Michel Palmier. :

. I : . : , 1995, . 20.

86 Ibid., . 39. 87

(Ernst Bloch) . 88 Elger Dietmar. Expressionism. A Revolution in German Art. Kln: Taschen, 2002, . 15;

Hjorvardur Harvard Arnason. History of Modern Art: Painting, Sculpture, Architecture, Photography. New Jersey: Prentice Hall, 2003, p. 124.

89 Die Brcke -, , (E. Dietmar. loc. cit.). (Ashley Bassie. Expressionism. London: Parkstone International, 2008, p. 30).

30

Rottluff), .90 .91 , . , . , , . , . . , . , , .92 , .93 , . Die Brcke 27. 1913. . .94 , Der Blaue Reiter (. ),

90 1906. (Emil Nolde) (Max Pechstein),

1910. e (Otto Mueller). 91 Peter Krieger. - , :

( ). : , 1982, . 8. 92 Ibid., . 9. 93 Stephanie Barron. Introduction, in: Barron (ed.), German Expressionism: The Second Generation.

Los Angeles: Los Angeles County Museum of Art, 1988, pp. 10-37. 94 Norbert Wolf. Expressionism. Kln: Taschen, 2004, p. 17.

31

1910. 1914. , : (Wassily Kandinsky), (August Macke), (Franz Marc), (Paul Klee), (Alexej von Jawlensky) (Marianne von Werefkin). , ,95 , , .96 . .97 , 1912. , . , , , (), ( 1912. ) (Wenzel Hablik) .98

95 Long Washton, Carol Rose. Brcke, German Expressionism and the issue of modernism, in:

Christian Weikop (ed.) New Perspectives on Brcke Expressionism: Bridging History. Farnham: Ashgate Publishing Ltd, 2011, p. 14.

96 , . 1910. . , , . , , , . , ( . . : , 2011, . 83-84; Tatjana Vidovi. Razvoj apstraktnog slikarstva - od Kandinskog do minimalizma. Zadar: Sveuilite u Zadru, Odjel za povijest umjetnosti, 2013, str. 5-6; Ana Radonji, Slobodan Markovi. Subjektivni doivljaj slika koje pripadaju razliitim slikarskim pravcima XX veka. Psihologija (Beograd), vol. 37, br. 4 (2004), str. 552).

97 Ashley Bassie. Expressionism. London: Parkstone International, 2008, p. 35. 98 Robert Baldwin. Introduction to Expressionism. (essay was written in New London, Connecticut

College, in 1995 and was slightly revised in 2002 and 2007), p. 9.

32

Der Sturm (Herwart Walden). . Der Sturm, 1911 1929. ,99 , . 1913. , 400 73 .100 . ( , ), ( , ), , .101 , . . - ( , , )',102 . (George Grosz) . , .

99 S. Barron. op. cit., pp. 10-37. 100 P. Krieger. op. cit., . 11. 101 Starr Figura, Peter Jelavich. German Expressionism: The Graphic Impulse. New York: The Museum

of Modern Art, 2011, p. 24. 102 Dennis Crockett. German Post-Expressionism: The Art of the Great Disorder, 1918-1924.

University Park: Penn State University Press, 1999, p. 2.

33

, .103 (Lyonel Feininger) , , .104 , (Otto Dix) , . (Max Beckmann) , , , . 1928. . Der Sturm (1929), . 1933. ,105 , , . . , . , , , , , 1910. . , , . , , . , , , . , 103 Peter Krieger. - , :

( ). : , 1982, . 36.

104 Ibid., . 34. 105 A. Bassie. op. cit., p. 11.

34

, , . .106 [ 3,3]

1.1.5.

. , , XX , , (, .) .107 , . , , . (Grosses Schauspielhaus, 1919), (Der Golem, 1920), (Paul Wegener) , (Hermann Warm) , . (Fritz Lang) , (Die Galoschen des Glucks) , .

106 R. Baldwin. op. cit., p. 1. 107 (Der Student von Prag, 1913),

, (Der Golem, 1920), , , . , (Homunculus, 1916), , , , - (Nosferatu, eine Symphonie des Grauens, 1922), (: . . I . : Clio, 2005, . 159-167).

35

(Robert Wiene) (Das Cabinet des Dr. Caligari) . ( , ), , .108 :

, - , , , , .109

, , , , , . , . , . , , ( XX ), .110 . , (Paul Wegener) (Der Golem, 1920), . , , , . , , . , 108 Ibid., . 170. 109 Ibid., . 170. 110 Ibid., . 172.

36

.111 , , , , , . [ 4,4]

1.1.6.

, , XX ( 1910. ) 1928. . , , , , , , , , .112 , : , , , . , , , , . , , XX .113 ,

111 It is not Prague that my friend the architect Poelzig built. Rather it is a poem of a city, a dream, an

architectural paraphrase on the theme of the Golem. The lanes and squares are not meant to recall anything real; they are meant to create the atmosphere the Golem breathes - Paul Wegner, 1920 (: Dietrich Neumann. Film architecture: set designs from Metropolis to Blade runner. New York: Prestel, 1996, p. 15).

112 : (Herbert Read), (Gill Perry), (Dennis Sharp), (Charles Jencks) .

113 Dennis Sharp. Modern Architecture and Expressionism. New York: George Braziller, 1966, p. 21.

37

, , , , a .114 , , ( ). (Denis Sharp) (Wolfgang Pehnt) :115 1. ,

.116 , .117

2. , .

3. - , . . , .118

4. , , .119

5. . ,

114 Wolfgang Pehnt. Expressionist Architecture. London: Thames and Hudson, 1973, p. 8. 115 D. Sharp. op. cit., p. 166; W. Pehnt. op. cit., p. 20. 116 (Total work of art)

(W. Pehnt. op. cit., p. 19). 117 Bruno aut. Die Stadtkrone. Berlin: Diedrichs, 1919, p. 87. 118 : Grosses Schauspielhaus, Formspiels, Glass Pavilion . 119 ,

(), () ( ). (: D. Sharp. op. cit., p. 167).

38

.120 , , . , .

6. , . , .

7. . , , , .

8. . 9.

, . 10. , : ,

, , ,121 -.

1.1.6.1. XX XX , , : ) (1908-1914), , ) (1914-1927), , ) (1927-1941), ) - 120

2. 121 W. Pehnt. op. cit., pp. 17-18.

39

( 60-), , .122 , , , , ( 1910. ). (Dennis Sharp), (Herbert Read), (George Collins), a (Vittorio Gregotti) (Wolfgang Pehnt), , . -.123 , . ( ) (tienne-Louis Boulle), (Antonio Sant'Elia), (Claude Nicolas Ledoux) .124 ( ) -.125 , , .126 , (Muktesvara Deula, Odisha), (Wat Arun, Bangkok) , 122 .

. : , (.). : 1, . : , 2013, . 261.

123 D. Sharp. op. cit., p. 21. 124 George Collins. The Visionary Tradition in Architecture. The Metropolitan Museum of Art

Bulletin, New Series, Vol. 26, No. 8 (1968), pp. 310-321. 125 Vittorio Gregotti. Peter Behrens: 1868-1940. Special Issue, Casabella, No. 240 (1960), pp. 2-5. 126 Herbert Read. . : , 1957; Herbert Read. Education through art.

London: Faber and Faber, 1961.

40

, , (Herman Obrist), (Hermann Finsterlin), (Hans Poelzig), (Rudolf Steiner) (Hermann Moser).127 , , , , , . 1918-1941, , . :

, , .128

. - , (Dmitris Tselos) , .129 , , , () , ( ), , , . 127 Casa Mil

1908. (W. Pehnt. op. cit., pp. 54-62). 128 . 1918-1941.

(), . 13 (2012), . 63-67. 129 Dmitris Tselos. Romantic Expressionism and the Modern Church. Parnassus (New York), Vol.

13, No. 1 (1941), pp. 12-16; Grgo Gamulin. Hrvatsko slikarstvo XX stolea. Sveska 1, Zagreb: Naprijed, 1987, str. 14; Josip Vrani. Prvo razdoblje proljetnog salona i rani ekspresionizam u hrvatskoj likovnoj umetnosti (1916.-1919), u: Radovi Filozofskog fakulteta u Zadru za 1973./74. Zadar: Filozofski fakultet, 1974, str. 180.

41

, , . , . () , () . [ 5]

1.1.6.2. (1910-1928) (1905-1928) .130 , , . (Vittorio Gregotti) , , .131 : Deutscher Werkbund 1914. ,132 Grosses Schauspielhaus 1919. , 133 . - (Jugendstil-). , - . - () , 130 D. Sharp. op. cit., p. 21. 131 Vittorio Gregotti. Expressionism, in: Vittorio Magnago Lampugnani (ed.) The Thames and

Hudson Encyclopaedia of 20th Century Architecture. London: Thames and Hudson, 1986, pp. 92-95.

132 (Glass pavilion), (Bruno Taut), (Roesmarie Haag Bletter. The Interpretation of the Glass Dream Expressionist Architecture and the History of the Crystal Metaphor. Journal of the Society of Architectural Historians (Chicago). Vol. 40, No. 1 (1981), p. 34).

133 1919. 1920. , ( , , , , . ) . .

42

() , . , . , , , . .134 (Vittorio Gregotti), , (Peter Behrens) G (1908-1913). , .135 1914. 1920. , , , (Bruno Taut) (Alpine Architektur) (Formspiels) (Hermann Finsterlin) 1919. .136 , (Erich Mendelsohn). 1925. 137 (Neue Sachlichkeit), , . 1925. , , (Hans Scharoun). , (Frank Lloyd Wright).138 [ 6,6]

1.1.6.3. - (1950-1980) . (Vittorio Lampugnani), 1945. 1960 134 . 135 Vittorio Gregotti. Expressionism, in: Vittorio Magnago Lampugnani (ed.) The Thames and

Hudson Encyclopaedia of 20th Century Architecture. London: Thames and Hudson, 1986, p. 92. 136 D. Sharp. op. cit., p. 68. 137 , , , . 138 Vittorio Magnago Lampugnani. Visionary Architecture of the 20th Century: master drawings from

Frank Lloyd Wright to Aldo Rossi. London: Thames & Hudson, 1982, pp.100-195.

43

.139 . , .140 - 1910. . , .141 , -, . . , , . XX : , e (Hugo Hring) (Erih Mendelsohn).142 - , . . , , , , .143 - , . , , - 139 Vittorio Magnago Lampugnani. Architecture and city planning in the twentieth century. New York:

Van Nostrand Reinhold, 1985, p. 185. 140 Charles Jencks. The New Expressionism, in: Architecture Today. London: Academy Editions,

1993, pp. 222-229. 141 . . : , 1986, . 75. 142 Ibid., . 72-81. 143 A K.

. (), . 17. (1990), .90.

44

, . , . - : (Friedensreich Hundertwasser), (Bruce Goff), (Pier Luigi Nervi), (Otto Frei), (Felix Candela), , e (Jrn Utzon) . - . -, : ) , ) , ) ) .144 [ 7,7]

1.1.6.4. XX (1980-2000) , , . , , , , , , : , , , High-Tech-, .145 XX , , , , , , , , . XX , . (Jacques 144 Alan Higgins. Neo-Expressionism, in: Architectural Movements of the Recent Past. (http://alan-

higgins.com/ (accessed March 3, 2010)). 145 Charles Jencks. Architecture Today. London: Academy Editions, 1993.

45

Derrida) 1967. .146 , , , , . , (Museum of Modern Arts) 1988. . : (Coop Himmelblau), (Peter Eisenman), (Frank O. Gehry), (Zaha Hadid), (Rem Koolhaas), (Daniel Liebeskind) (Bernard Tschumi). . , . , , . , . , , . , . , , . . , . . Form follows fantasy ( ).147 [ 8,8]

1.1.7. -

. , 146 Jacques Derrida. De la grammatologie. Paris: Les ditions de Minuit, 1967, pp.10-11. 147 Carol Strickland, Amy Handy. The Annotated Arch: A Crash Course in the History of Architecture.

Kansas City: Andrews McMeel Publishing, 2001, p.155.

46

- . , / . , XX , , ( ), , , , , , .148 , , , , , , - , .149 , (Die glserne Kette), , , , , , , .150 , - , - , , .151 , , , , , .152 , , , , (Grosse Schauspielhaus, H.Poelzig), (Glass Pavilion, B.Taut) (Spielform, .), (Sterkirche, O.Bartning),

148 Jean-Michel Palmier. :

. I : . : , 1995, . 20.

149 Wolfgang Pehnt. Expressionist Architecture. London: Thames and Hudson, 1973, pp. 89-98. 150 W. Pehnt, loc. cit. 151 Dennis Sharp. Modern Architecture and Expressionism. New York: George Braziller, 1966, p. 12. 152 Ibid., p. 27.

47

(Chilehaus, F. Heger) (TWA Flight Center, E.Saarinen) , , .153 , ( ), , . , , , : ) , ) , ) ) . [ 9]

1.1.7.1. , , (Dennis Sharp) , , , .154 (Roger Scruton) .155 (Adrian Sheppard) (Herbert Ellswort Cory) .156 (Wolfgang Pehnt) . 153 (Sou Fujimoto),

, , , .

154 D. Sharp. op. cit., p. 12. 155 Roger Scruton. The Aesthetics of Architecture. London: Methuen / Co Ltd., 1979, p. 192. 156 Adrian Sheppard. The Return of Expressionism and the Architecture of Luigi Moretti, in: Bruno

Reichlin, Letizia Tedeschi. Luigi Moretti (1907-1973): Razionalismo e trasgressivita tra barocco e informale. Milano: Electa Editore, 2010, p. 2; Herbert Ellsworth Cory. The Concept of Expression in Esthetic Theory. The Journal of Philosophy (New York) vol. 25, No. 2 (1928), p. 44.

48

. , Gesamtkunstwerk.157 , , ,158 . . () , , , , . , :

, , , .159

, , . , , , .160 . , . , , , , , , , , 157 W. Pehnt. op. cit., p. 21. 158 . . : , 2011, . 271. 159 Branko Mitrovi. Philosophy for Architects (Architecture Briefs). New York: Princeton

Architectural Press, 2011, pp. 48-50. 160 -. (

). : a , 2012, . 60.

49

, . ( ) . : ) , ) ( ), ) ( ), ) ( ), ) ( ) ) ( , ).161 (Steen Eiler Rasmussen) , , , , , .162 , . , , , . , , , ( ). . : ) () ) () , . , ,

161 . . op. cit., . 315. 162 Steen Eiler Rasmussen. Experiencing Architecture. Cambridge: MIT Press, 1964, p. 10.

50

, , , , , ., . , . ( ) , , , . , , , , .

1.1.7.2. , (Charles Jencks).163 , XX . , , , (, , .), () . : ) ( , , .) ) ( ). , 163 Charles Jencks. Architecture Today. London: Academy Editions, 1993, p. 26; Charles Jencks. The

Evolution From Modern Architecture. Journal of the Royal Society of Arts (London), Vol. 127, No. 5280 (1979), pp. 756-757.

51

. . , , (Antonio Gaud), (Hermann Finsterlin), (Rudolph Steiner), (Erich Mendelsohn), (Eero Saarinen) (Zaha Hadid), , , . . (Hans Poelzig), (Wassili Luckhardt) (Fritz Heger) , , , , () , , , , , , . () (, , .), , , , , .

1.1.7.3. , . , , , , , , .

52

(, , -, , ), , ( ) . (Grosse Schauspielhaus, Hans Poelzig), . , , , , () , . . : Sagrada Familia (Antonio Gaudi, Barcelona, 1926), Casa Mila (Antonio Gaudi, Barcelona, 1910), Bismarck Tower

(Willheim Kreis, Dresden, 1902), Tower of Peace (Tokuchika Miki, Osaka, 1970) .164 , . , , , , (Hans Poelzig, Luban, 1912), (Peter Behrens, Frankfurt am Main, 1912), (Otto Bartning, Zeipau, 1922) De Dageraad (Pieter Kramer, Amsterdam, 1923).165 , . . . : (Antonio Gaudi, Barcelona, 1914), Chilehaus 164 W. Pehnt. op. cit., p. 9, 61, 63. 165 Ibid., p. 65, 71, 157, 188.

53

(Fritz Heger, Hamburg, 1924), - (Bernhard Hoetger, Bremen, 1927) Bttcherstrasse (Bernhard Hoetger, Bremen, 1927).166

-. () , . 2 (Rudolf Steiner, Dornach, 1928) (Erich Mendelsohn, Luckenwalde, 1923).167 , , , (Le Corbusier, Ronchamp, 1955), (Dominikus Bhm, Neu-Ulm, 1926), a (Giovanni Michelucci, Florence, 1963) TWA (Ero Saarinen, New York, 1962). 168

1.1.7.4. (Total work of art), . XX , .169 , ( ). , , .

166 Ibid., p. 12, 127, 133, 197. 167 S. Dennis. op. cit., p. 121, 155. 168 W. Pehnt. op. cit., p. 51. 169 Dragana Vasiljevi Tomi, Igor Mari. Colour in The City: Principles of Nature-Climate

Characteristics. Facta universitatis - series: Architecture and Civil Engineering (Ni), Vol. 9, No. 2 (2011), pp. 316-317; . K . () . 26 (2009), . 14.

54

, , :

, , .170

, . , , .171 , , , (Park Gell, A.Gaudi, Barcelona, 1914; Casa Batll, A.Gaudi, Barcelona, 1914; .) (Hundertwasser house, Hundertwasser, Vienna, 1986; KunstHausWien, Hundertwasser,

Vienna, 1991; Waldspirale, Hundertwasser, Darmstadt, 2000, La Follies, Bernard

Tschumi, Paris, 1987; .). , , (Wolfgang Pehnt), XX , , .172 (Bruno Taut) . , (, , , , ) . . . , .

170 Ibid., . 13. 171 Ibid., . 19. 172 W. Pehnt. op. cit., p. 87.

55

, .

1.1.8.

XX , . , .173 , ( , ), : ) , ) -, ) ) - . [ 12] , , , . : ), ) ). a)

.174 , :

- () / , / .

173 1.1.6. - . 174 , , ,

( . , II. : , 2004, . 700).

56

- .

- , , , - .

- , .

, . ) ( )

,175 . , (, , , .), .176

- .

- , / .

- .

175 ,

, . . 176 (. arcitektwn, . Architektonik), ,

. , (. . op. cit., I , . 54).

57

) , . .177 , .

- 178 , / , , / .

- , .

- , , .

, () . , , , , . - .179 (). ( , ), . , . , . 177 Ibid., 788. 178

. , (Ibid., . 338).

179 1.2. - 1.3. - .

58

( (Chilehaus) (Fritz Hger), , , , ). , . , , .180 ( ), (), , .

1.1.9.

, , 181, (, , , .), . , , , . , 180

(Le Corbusier). 181 Herbert Read. Art Now, in: Education through art. London: Faber and Faber, 1961; Herbert

Read. (ed. 1966, 1985 and 1994) The Thames and Hudson Dictionary of Art and Artists. London: Thames and Hudson Ltd, p. 128; Gill Perry. Primitivism, Cubism, Abstraction: The Early Twentieth Century. Primitivism and the Modern (with C. Harrison and F. Frascina). New Haven and London: Yale University Press, 1993, pp. 62-81; Norbert Wolf. Expressionism. Kln: Taschen, 2004, p. 8; Dennis Sharp. Modern Architecture and Expressionism. New York: George Braziller, 1966, p. 12.

59

: ) ,

( )182, )

( ).183 , .184 ( ), 182 ,

- , . (Wassily Kandinsky. Du spirituel dans l'art. (d.) Paris: ditions Denol, 1989, pp. 112-118,197,199; Wassily Kandinsky. Concerning The Spiritual In Art. Whitefish: Kessinger Publishing, 2004); Wassily Kandinsky. On The Spiritual in Art. New York: Solomon Guggenheim Foundation, 1946, pp. 54-55); . -: - , 2, : , -, 2009, . 6-7; Balog Andreas, Plaza Sylvia. Inner-Directed Actions. Sociological Perspectives, Vol. 40, No. 1 (1997), pp. 35-36; Oscar Pfister. Expressionism in Art: Its Psychological And Biological Basis. London: Kegan Paul, Trench, Trubner & Co., 1922, p. 9; Jerome shmore. The Theoretical Side of Kandinsky. Criticism (Detroit), Vol. 4, No. 3 (1962), pp. 175-185; , . . : , 1973, . 284-285).

183 () , . (), (Abraham Maslow. A Theory of Human Motivation. Psychological Review (Washington), No. 50 (1943), pp. 370-396; Abraham Maslow. Motivation and Personality. New York: Harper, 1954; . , . . op. cit., . 292-293; . : . : , 1972, . 222-223). (Anna Freud), (Neal Miller) (John Dollard), , (Anna Freud. The Eggo and The Mechanisms of Defence. New York: International University Press, 1946; Neal Miller, John Dollard. Social Learning and Imitation. New York: Yale University Press, 1941).

184 . , () ( ). , , (. . op. cit., . 213; . , . . op. cit., . 284-285).

60

, .185 , , , , , . : )

,186 ) ,

, ,187 )

.188 , - , , , , , .

185 . , . . op. cit., . 285-286; . . op. cit., . 252. 186 .

. + (), . 12, . 1 (2009), . 174-177; Erving Goffman. Symbols of Class Status. The British Journal of Sociology (London), Vol. 2, No. 4 (1951), pp. 294-304; . . : , 2000.

187 Bratislav Panteli. Nationalism and Architecture - The Creation of a National Style in Serbian Architecture and Its Political Implications. Journal of' the Society of' Architectural Historians (University of California Press), Vol. 56, No. 1 (1997), pp. 16-41; . . (), . 8. (2007), . 225-237; . - XIX XX . (), . 9. (2008), . 51-73; Ivan, Stanojev. Urban Representation of State Power: The Queen Maria Boulevard 1918-2012. Proceeding from International Conference Architecture and Ideology. Belgrade, 2012, pp. 401-411.

188 . -: . : , -, 2005, . 41; . . : , 1986; . . : , 2007; . . Ard Review (), . 32. (2004), . 42-47.

61

1.1.9.1. , .189 , (Gottfried Semper) , .190 , (Wassily Kandinsky), .191 , , , , . , : ) , ) ( ) ) , , .192 , (Andreas Balog) (Sylvia Plaza) (, ), , .193 (Oscar Pfister), , 189 . -: -

, 2, : , -, 2009, . 6-7.

190 Gottfried Semper. The Four Elements of Architecture and Other Writings. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1989, p. 136.

191 Art is born from the inner necessity of the artist in an enigmatic, mystical way through which it acquires an autonomous life; it becomes an independent subject, animated by a spiritual breath (Wassily Kandinsky. Du spirituel dans l'art. (d.) Paris: ditions Denol, 1989, pp. 112-118,197,199; Wassily Kandinsky. Concerning The Spiritual In Art. Whitefish: Kessinger Publishing, 2004); Wassily Kandinsky. On The Spiritual in Art. New York: Solomon Guggenheim Foundation, 1946, pp. 54-55).

192 Wassily Kandinsky. On The Spiritual in Art. New York: Solomon Guggenheim Foundation, 1946, pp. 54-55.

193 Balog Andreas, Plaza Sylvia. Inner-Directed Actions. Sociological Perspectives, Vol. 40, No. 1 (1997), pp. 35-36.

62

.194 . .195 :

.196

197 XX . , , , . (Bruno Taut) , .198 , . , . , 1917. , 194 Oscar Pfister. Expressionism in Art: Its Psychological And Biological Basis. London: Kegan Paul,

Trench, Trubner & Co., 1922, pp. 8-9. 195

() , , , , .

196 O. Pfister. op. cit., p. 9. 197

: David Nielsen. Deceit and Bruno Tauts Glashaus, in: Moulis, Antony & Van Der Plaat, Deborah (eds.) Proceedings of the XXVIIIth International Conference of the Society of Architectural Historians, Australia and New Zealand, The Society of Architectural Historians, Australia and New Zealand (SAHANZ), Brisbane, QLD, 2011, pp. 1-19; Elana Gomel, Stephen Weninger. Romancing The Crystal: Utopias of Transparency and Dreams of Pain. Utopian Studies (University Park), Vol. 15, No. 2 (2004), pp. 65-91; Roesmarie Haag Bletter. Paul Scheerbart's Architectural Fantasies. Journal of the Society of Architectural Historians (Chicago), Vol. 34, No. 2 (1975), pp. 83-97.

198 Iain Boyd White. The Crystal Chain Letters: Architectural Fantasies by Bruno Taut and his Circle. Cambridge: MIT Press, p. 20.

63

(Alpine Architektur) , . . , .199 , , .200 , .201 , (Herman Finsterlin) , , . (Rudolf Steiner) , , . , , , .202 , . , . (, ,

199 Roesmarie Haag Bletter. The Interpretation of the Glass Dream Expressionist Architecture and

the History of the Crystal Metaphor. Journal of the Society of Architectural Historians (Chicago). Vol. 40, No. 1 (1981), p. 35.

200 . -: - , 2, : , -, 2009, . 13.

201 I.B. White. op. cit., p. 20. 202 Rudolf Steiner. Architecture as a Synthesis of the Arts. Eight lectures given in Berlin and Dornach

between 1914 and 1924. London: Rudolf Steiner Press, 1999, p. 60.

64

), . .203 (Herbert Read), , , , .204 , (Rudolf Arnheim) , , , , .205 , (Frederic Rzewski) , , , .206 , (Julius Portnoy) () . , - .207

1.1.9.2.

, () 203 ,

, , (Rudolf Steiner. Tajna oveijih temperamenata. Beograd: Svetlost, 1940; Dejvid Adams. Prvi Getenaum Rudolfa tajnera kao ilustracija principa organskog funkcionalizma, u: Milo Perovi. Istorija moderne arhitekture: Antologija tekstova. Kristalizacija modernizma, avangardni pokreti. Knjiga 2B. Beograd: Arhitektonski fakultet Univerziteta u Beogradu, 2000, str. 211).

204 Herbert Read. . : , 1957; Herbert Read. Education through art. London: Faber and Faber, 1961.

205 Rudolf Arnheim. Accident and the Necessity of Art. The Journal of Aesthetics and Art Criticism (Malden), Vol. 16, No. 1 (1957), p. 18.

206 Frederic Rzewski. Inner Voices. Perspectives of New Music, Vol. 33, No. 1/2 (1995), pp. 404-417. 207 Julius Portnoy. A Psychological Theory of Artistic Creation. College Art Journal (New York),

Vol. 10, No. 1 (1950), pp. 23-29.

65

, . (David Hare) .208 , , . , , .

, .209

, , , . , , , . .210 , , , , . , ,211 ,

208 David Hare. The Myth of Originality in Contemporary Art. Art Journal (New York), Vol. 24, No.

2 (1965), pp. 139-142. 209 Ibid., p. 139. 210 Ibid., p. 140. 211 Mark Wigley. How Old Is Young?. Perspecta (Cambridge), Vol. 37, Famous (2005), pp. 64-77.

66

, .212 (), , . , , , , .213 , (Pedro Guilherme) . , , , .214

1.1.9.3.

, , . , 212 ,

, . , , ( . . : , 2005, . 55).

213 : , , , , . (...) ( . : ( ). ( ), 28. 2009). : (...) , , . , ( . 1947. 1970. . (), . 10 (2009), . 114,135).

214 Pedro Guilherme. Shall We Compete?, in: Leentje Volker, Beatrice Manzoni. 5th International Conference on Competitions (Proceedings), Delft: University of Technology, 2014, pp. 35-61.

67

, , , , , . . , (Dana Arnold)215 . .216 . ( ), . , (Erving Goffman) , Nouveau riche (. ), , .217 , . (Antonio Gaud) (Eusebio Gell), , , , .218 , 215 Dana Arnold. A class performance: social histories of architecture, in: Reading Architectural

History. London: Routledge, 2002, pp. 127-128. 216 . . op. cit., . 174-177. 217 Erving Goffman. Symbols of Class Status. The British Journal of Sociology (London), Vol. 2, No.

4 (1951), pp. 294-304. 218 Nathaniel Harris. Art Nouveau. Middlesex: The Hamlyn Publishing Group, 1987, p. 160.

68

, , . , (Manuel Vicens), . , . .219 , , , , , . . :

, , . (...) , .220

1.1.9.4. 221 ,

219 Maria Antonietta Crippa. Gaud. Kln: Taschen, 2003, p.21; Lluis Permanyer. Barcelona Art

Nouveau. New York: Rizzoli, 1999, p. 13. 220 . ?:

, , . (), . 36 (2012), . 76.

221 , , . , , . , , , , , ( . 1904. 1941. ( ). : , 2005, . 32,35).

69

, , .222 :

, , , .223

, .224 , , , , . . , , , , , XIX XX .225 (John Macsai) - (Megan Brandow-Faller) 226 222 Ibid., . 6. 223 Ibid., . 4. 224 Ibid., . 33. 225 Athena Leoussi. The ethnocultural roots of national art. Nations and Nationalism (The

Association for the Study of Ethnicity and Nationalism), Vol. 10, Iss. 12 (2004), pp. 143159; John Macsai. Architecture as Opposition. Journal of Architectural Education (Oxford), Vol. 38, No. 4 (1985), pp. 8-14; Heather McMahon. An Aspect of Nation Building: Constructing a Hungarian National Style in Architecture. Budapest: Central European University, 2004, pp. 5-8.

226 - , , . ( (Sndor rsi Csma), ( (l Bartok) (Zoltn KodIy)), ( (Klmn Mikszth), (Istvn Petelei) (Gza Grdonyi)), ( . 1906-1919. : , 2004, . 12-13; . : 1900-1918 ( ). : , 2003, . 15; . XIX XX , : . (.) . , , . 61. : , 1967, . 611). , , (dn Lechner), , .

70

, , .227 , , , , .228 , XIX XX , . , .229 , , , . .230 XIX XX ,

, .

227 . : 1900-1918 ( ). : , 2003, . 15; . . op. cit., . 611.

228 John Macsai. Architecture as Opposition. Journal of Architectural Education (Oxford), Vol. 38, No. 4 (1985), pp. 8-14; Megan Brandow-Faller. Art Nouveau and Hungarian Cultural Nationalism in Art, Architecture, and Design, in: Louise Vasvri and Steven Ttsy de Zepetnek (d.) Comparative Hungarian Cultural Studies. West Lafayette: Purdue University Press, 2012, pp. 182-193.

229 Bratislav Panteli. Designing Identities - Reshaping the Balkans in the First Two Centuries: The Case of Serbia. Journal of Design History (Oxford), Vol. 20, Iss. 2 (2007), p. 135.

230 Bratislav Panteli. Nationalism and Architecture - The Creation of a National Style in Serbian Architecture and Its Political Implications. Journal of' the Society of' Architectural Historians (University of California Press), Vol. 56, No. 1 (1997), pp. 34-36.

71

, . .231 , , :

, .232

, , , .233 , XIX , .234 , XX , , . , .235 , , 1929. , .236 231 . -

XX XX . (), . 9 (2008), . 68.

232 . . loc. cit. 233 .

. (), . 8 (2007), . 228. 234 B. Panteli. op. cit., p. 16. 235 . -: -

, 2. : , , 2009, . 52-53.

236 , . :

72

( ) , .

1.1.9.5.

, , , , . , , :

, , .237

, , , , , .238 , , .239 (Bruce Allsopp) .240 (Charles Jencks) , , ,

(...) , , (: . 1904-1941. : , 2007, . 289-306).

237 . : . : , Stylos, 1998, . 14.

238 . . loc. cit. 239 (James Ackerman) ,

, (James Ackerman. Distance Points: Essays in Theory and Renaissance Art and Architecture. Cambridge: MIT Press, 1994, pp. 55,60).

240 Bruce Allsopp. A Modern Theory of Architecture. London: Routeladge and Kegan Paul, 1977, p. 53.

73

( , ), , , .241 . , , , . , , . , - 242 . , , .243 , , - : , -, -, , . , , , , . , (George Collins) , , .244 , , , , .245 241 . . : , 1986; Charles

Jencks. The New Expressionism, in: Architecture Today. London: Academy Editions, 1993, pp. 222-229; . . : , 2007, . 72-82.

242 . -: . : , , 2005, . 37-41.

243 . . loc. cit. 244 George Collins. The Visionary Tradition in Architecture. The Metropolitan Museum of Art

Bulletin, New Series, Vol. 26, No. 8 (1968), pp. 313-314. 245 . . : , 2007; .

. Ard Review (), . 32 (2004), . 42-47.

74

1.2.

. , .246 , . : 1) ; 2) , ; 3) , ; 4) ; 5) , , , . ; 6) . , . , , . , .247 [ 10] , : (Benedeto Croce), (Regina Wenninger), (Robin George Collingwood), (John Dilworth), (Van Meter Ames), (Julio Carlo Argan), ja (Jacques Schnier), (Edward Casey), (Haig Khatchadourian) . , 246 : Stefan Morawski. Expression.

Journal of Aesthetic Education (Champaign), Vol. 8, No. 2 (1974), pp. 37-56; John Dewey. Art as Experience. New York: Perigee Books, 1980, pp. 58-81; John Dilworth. Artistic Expression and Interpretation. British Journal of Aesthetics (Oxford), Vol. 44, No. 1 (January 2004), pp. 10-28; David Finn. Expression. Mind (Oxford), New Series, Vol. 84, No. 334 (1975), pp. 192-209; Ernst Gombrich. Four Theories of Artistic Expression. Architectural Association Quarterly (London), Vol. 12, No. 4 (1980), pp. 14-19; Haig Khatchadourian. The Expression Theory of Art: A Critical Evaluation. The Journal of Aesthetics and Art Criticism (Hoboken), Vol. 23, No. 3 (1965), pp. 335-352; Van Meter Ames. Expression and Aesthetic Expression. The Journal of Aesthetics and Art Criticism (Hoboken), Vol. 6, No. 2 (1947), pp. 172-179; Richard Wollheim. Expression. Royal Institute of Philosophy Lectures (London), Vol. 1 (1968), pp. 227-244.

247 . . (), . 3 (2004), . 25-61.

75

, . , , , .248 . : , , , .249 ,250 . : , , . , . , : , . . , - . ( ), . , .251 (Van Meter Ames), , . , .252 . j (Jacques Schnier) . , , , , .,

248 . . : , 1934. 249 Regina Wenninger. Individual Style after the End of Art. Postgraduate Journal of Aesthetics

(Oxford), Vol. 2, No. 3 (2005), pp. 105-115. 250 Robin George Collingwood. The Principles of Art. New York: Oxford University Press, 1958, pp.

109-111. 251 J. Dilworth. op. cit., pp. 10-28. 252 V. Meter Ames. op. cit., pp. 172-179.

76

, ,253 . j .254 (Julio Carlo Argan) 1770-1970-2000 , . , () (). , , .255 , , ' , , . , , , XIX XX . , , , . (Edward Casey) (Haig Khatchadourian) , , , .256 (Martin Foss), (John Dewey), (Leo Tolstoy), , , , , .257 , . , :

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311 . 1900-1970. : , 1972, . 16.

312 1.1.7. - .

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