dpulibdoc.dpu.ac.th/thesis/128025.pdf · 2015. 5. 5. · problems of prosecuting business operators...
TRANSCRIPT
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Problems of prosecuting business operators for consumer's damages
Mantana Phanpangapan
1 - 1
A Thesis Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements
for the Degree of Master of Laws
Department of Law
Graduate School, Dhurakij Pundit University
2007
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(Common Law). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 w 4
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Thesis Title
Author
Thesis Advisor
Department
Academic Year
Problems of prosecuting business operators for consumer's damages
Mmtana Phanpangapan
Assoc. Prof. Dr.Kalaya Tansir;
Law (Private and Business Law)
2007
ABSTRACT
At present, problems causing various forms of damage to consumers are increasing
with rapid economic growth. Yet, business operators can be held liable for the damages caused by
defectively manufactured goods and services only through regular legal procedure which can be
lengthy and time consuming. The purposes of this thesis are to study problems and legal measures
in connection with the lawsuits against business operators who are liable to the consumers, to
analyze the legal problems involved, and to seek appropriate measures which oblige business
operators to be responsibIe for consumers.
The study shows that the execution of the rights to receive compensation and remedy
for damage caused by the consumption of goods still follow the regular legal procedure. That is,
only individuals whose rights and duties are involved in the dispute and must be exercised
through the medium of the court are entitled to submit their cases to a civil court. The Consumer
Protection Committee is entitled to proceed with a case on behalf of consumers only when the
consumers' rights are violated and the prosecution of such a case benefits the general public. The
burden of proof in the dispute falIs on the plaintiff who makes the claim and the judgment is
binding only to the parties in the particular case. A study of the legal systems in other countries
reveals that the principles of strict liability and pmceedmgs by groups are adopted and the burden
of proof falb on the business operators and mt the consumers. This results in the business
operators taking a greater care in the manufacturing of their products.
The author thus suggests that the principles of strict liability be adopted in the cases
involving consumer protection because manufacturers are in the best position to prevent dangers
and damages to be caused by their goods and services. With regard to the case proceedings in
which the judgment shall bind all parties, the principles of case proceedings by group should be
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applied to the cases of consumer protection as well. With regard to lawsuits by private
organizations, foundations should also be entitled to proceed on court cases on behalf of
consunlers. These measures will significantly expand the extent of the protection of consumers.
In addition, in order to truly provide consumers with genuine compensation and remedy for the
damage affecting them, a provisional protection procedure before judgment should also be
adopted. DPU
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l ~ n f f Greenman V. Yuba Power Product Inc. (Cal 1963) M ~ ~ ' ~ U I T O M ~ ~ ~ Z ~ ~ B L ~ ~ ~ O ~ $ D $ I ~ I . ~ ~ " V B &=I I S U ~ D ~ V ~ ~ ~ X T ~ ~ ~ Y ~ ~ I ~ I U Y " I U ~ ' ~ ~ I ~ ~ ~ E ~ T Q M ~ ~ ~ I ~ ~ ~ ~ L ~ ~ D ~ U ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ L ~ U ~ L W ' U
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-u u 2 plz 8 o ~ h ~ ~ s x N ; l r s u l l I ~ ' Q ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ R ? u ~ " ~ G ~ s ~ % J ~ F ~ H ~ I I G I I B D M u " I ~ ~ y%ohirnui~n
n s ~ o w ~ n ~ i ~ ~ i ~ n ~ n w i o ~ v o ~ i i p d ~ ~ Y ~ ~iu~Ai iu 'o6uusswin6~nq~6~d~u1 idduuudna~ J * ~ u n l s ~ h a l u ~ u ~ ~ o 9 ~ f F I R ~ ~ ~ ~ u u oq~~mnngnuiu The Sale of Goods Act 1893 ~ ( G W P Y Y S O ~
#ati i~u~~nud?uiui~uan"u~ufi i ~ ~ ~ ~ i i ~ ~ ~ d r ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ u a ~ ~ ~ ~ n ~ w ~ ~ ~ ~ u ~ i ~ u ~ ~ u n ~ ~ a ~ a " ~ ~
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rrirrus ialnlu7-I 1973 7ii i i imsnnn~~uiu he supply of GOO& (Implied T ~ ~ S I A C ~ 1973
~ n u ~ i n u n ~ 1 ~ ~ o ~ i ~ u n ~ n 1 a " u ~ f ~ ~ i ~ ~ n a i % ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ % o ~ ~ d ~ ~ f l ~ ' ~ ~ ~ ~ mfll; The Sale of d w 9
Goads Act 1893 I ~ G w f i ~ d A ~ ~ ~ i l u n ~ ~ n i ~ ~ i u ~ f ; ; " o p ~ ? ~ n n .asud~laq~ngnu-w The Unfair
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0 ~ ~ ~ U f l ~ ~ ~ l ~ ~ ~ ~ l ~ ~ D 9 n ~ M 8 1 1 U The Sale of Goods Act 1979 Y&%MUR~OUYU
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5 smiu oZns~ni??. arn.iisGu. HI& 39.
6 John G . Fleming. (1983). The Law of Torts (6 th ed.), pp. 459 - 461.
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Y U u u ~mu;ml(a idua$u;afil~wwa~5u$;id~~dn i in:r?&iionomufiiLlon~Euouii~yy~~L~n:
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(coiiateral contract) n'8glaonqu g~aodouBunf ~ . l r i 7 l ? t l ~ l t l ~ l r 7 ~ ~ a " ~ ~ i I ~ U FIG Wells V, A 4 9
Backhand Sand, (1965) 2QB170 % ( u P ~ o ~ ~ Q o ? ~ ~ I IQII~?&$DW~I~~ITI J ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ W ~ U ~ D P ~ ~ B (
i a mnfuiu ~ u i a o n o 9 u m r ~ ~ d s ~ ~ ~ 0 e i 1 ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ u 0 ~ ~ e r a " 1 1 u i ~ n u r i i n ~ ~ d ~ n n ' u i u ~ o w a d plw I l ~ i n ~ i i l o ~ n l n s . i l n a i ' b ~ ~ ~ u ~ i u 14at o i n n s i u r u ' n ~ u 1 i ~ n ~ 1 ~ : a ( u ~ ~ ~ l ~ d ~ n ~ ~ i u ~ 0 ~ 1 i ~
4u md 16u"~u,uii!~$ii?ud~zn"uAau ainn"oiins~idu;ur;sySblidq~fiB'II (~ol la teral contract)
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n ~ 1 p l ? u i j ~ l u ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ n ~ u n ~ n u 1 u ~ ~ n ~ u n ' n u 4 i ~ i n i a ~ ~ n l u i ~ ~ . r ~ r ~ n i n o l A erd erw
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ld 44 w
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7 William L. Prosser. (1974). Handbook of The Lnw of Torts (6 th ed.). p. 641.
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s - n i - ~ d ~ ~ ~ f l u wa~::ni~~d~::u~n~a'u~-n'ouo~I i~au~un~iu~t juwiuninnuui~iTonn"RY~o
~ u d e ~ o 1 n n ~ ~ n ~ ~ u ~ u ~ t n ~ ~ 1 ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ 1 ~ ~ u ~ " e r w ' ~ ~ ~ 1 i i ~ 0 1 n ~ ~ ~ 1 9 u ~ 1 ~ ~ ~ ~ i ~ d ~ 1 ~ ~ ~ o a r " ~ u " ~ ~ 1 u 9 s P, 1um;lnpnuiuii t i i n ~ ~ u ~ b u m u a ~ ~ ~ i n ~ ~ d ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ w ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ a ~ m ~ ~ d ~ ~ % ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ u ~ s i ~ n-hn ir =iigau'
' John G . Fleming. Op.cit. pp. 463 - 465.
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B Lord Atkin !An$1al!hni6~0Isa'11~~ Donoghue V. Stevenson ROUMUS~I % 9 f i ~
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4 Consumer Protection Act 1987 ~1191Llk18~ 3 t'i3Ui 1 ~ ~ ~ ~ u R ~ ~ u ~ u ? R < u ~ ~ R o ~ ~ ~ u & I
9 E. H. Dodson. (1981). Product Liability a Manuel o f practice. pp. 13 - 14.
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2.1.2 M ~ Y ~ ~ ~ I I U I U ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ U ~ ~ ' L T P I ~ ~ ~ B J ~ ~ ~ Q P ~ U I O P ~ ~ D ~ Q M U I ~ ~
a i a ~ n u d i k ~ 3 (Civil Law)
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n a i u i ~ i r a ~ i o s l t r ~ ~ ~ m a 1 0 ~ 1 ~ t l ~ 1 t l Article 2 - 3 f r i l a ~ ~ f r l f 1 ~ ' ~ l f ~ l h 1 ~ R / l f h ~ 6 3 3 f l f l i 3 f l i l a$9
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" du'm~u Jo yn. tbulla8nr. w f i 2s.
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(1 ) n < ~ ~ ~ I U ? V ~ ~ R ~ M W I ~ ~ ~ ~ I (Contractual Liability)
1 1 ~ ~ u a a n g n u ~ u ~ ~ r i ~ ~ ~ o ~ G u ~ y ~ i n ~ n ~ a ~ u ~ ~ 1 i j ~ m i ~ 1 ~ ~ ~ i I a " ~ 1 % ~ ~ a " n Warranty
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uinsi 462 BGB n~nnnsj w ~ ~ ~ o ~ ~ ~ n 8 ~ y ~ ~ ~ ~ a ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ n ~ ~ ~ u W ? B D I O ~ T ~ M B
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~ ~ P I ? ? U ~ ~ U N ~ U M A R R U U A I ~ { U ? ~ ~ R ~ ~ ~ ~ w u ~ o ~ I ~ u ~ ~ R ~ ~ u ~ ~ ~ ~ u ~ ~ ~ ~ u " I I ~ o I ~ ~ ~ ~ ~
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n " ~ ~ ~ d o o i ~ ~ 0 1 1 ~ u $ u n i 5 k ~ n ~ n ~ i u ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ w ~ d o ~ f ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ 1~u~o~660.rw'qob~9nai%~~+un1~
B 9J 19ugu!d asknipludugluvas Fault Theory ~lrdoi j i~dnn?ll l~~~~1~9flai iau~1~n"LIn' ir i t d V d rn~ulbnniiunYi~ia~1~7m~ ~o~~imr:~o~n~o-ri~~ulw~nuiiiiun~i~ui~;nunwios~~a~
~ f l u ~ w ~ d i ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ n a ~ % ~ ~ ~ e r n ~ u ~ ~ o ~ i n ~ ~ u ~ u i u s ' r ~ ~ i i ~ ~ n ~ n ' u w a $ ; a ~ ~ ~ u 4 d 8 1 ~ n j ~ 1 o ~ n '
13 Bernhard Von Braunschweig. (1981). Product Liability: a Manual of Practice. p. 12 14
Ibid, p.13.
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w- B u n . J ' y ? l a ~ s o - r n ? l ~ ? ~ i S ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ l ~ (Strict Liability) U B ~ I U D ~ I ~ O E ~ ~ l n g ~ $ U
dsmq n.R. 1976 (Atomic Energy Act) l l n r l l ~ m ~ n ~ w ~ ~ n ~ ~ ~ l ~ v 0 9 1 ~ 0 5 ~ ~ 0 ~ ~ m l d l l ~ l ~ ~ f l
m r ~ m s ~ q o b u ~ ~ ~ w ' o u n a i u n ~ ~ ~ n ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ w ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ n " 1lnz6 i n h i l n - ~ i u ~ u i j ~ ~ d ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ i ~ ~
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1unsfi;1?2~ hJix~ ~ ~ ~ 1 ~ ~ ~ ~ l u n s ~ ~ u 6 1 ~ i i o ' u n r 1 ~ ~ u i n ~ n o 1 n n 1 ~ i w ~ 1 ~ u n " 1 ~ u
(Development Dangers) ~ ~ O I ~ ~ P I ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ P I ~ ~ I U ~ P J ~ S D ~ L I ~ ~ ~ ~ % J I ~ O ~ U ~ ~ ~ L ~ U ~ ~ U ~ A D C ~ ~ ~ O ~ ~ ~ ~
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~ ~ ~ ~ U ~ ~ U I J ~ I U ~ m n 1 f i ~ ~ i ~ u ~ n ~ a : ~ 6 n n ~ d ~ u ~ ~ ~ d ~ i ~ ~ n " u ~ 1 a z f i " u (Barter) Ilidn--~~~i1i8~ 9 plw
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4 K Y ~ ~ I ~ I ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ I ~ M ~ ~ ~ ~ ] ~ ~ ~ I ~ ~ Z ~ U ~ W ~ ~ H ~ I ~ ~ ~ ' U U L ~ ~ H ~ ~ O L L Y ' U ~ T ( ~ (Laisser - F&) L~WUURTI
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i ~ a u - i u c u h ~ ~ U ~ ~ U ~ U $ U W ~ $ U V ~ ~ { $ D I O ~ M~~~~unriumumElI~~~Ui1 Caveat Emptor
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2.3.2 %3llJ!d~3fd~~
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g . #uu%~. loniBun (D, W. Elliott) n ? ~ n u i ~ i d d ~ i ~ mszm5w'qou' A
(burden of proof) ~ n 2 i u n u - i ~ 2 Gu laskmnd~si=h n?iunulukan nu1u89 ~ U Y i d v n s d m ~ ~
o-d ~ ' l l l " ~ d o l u u " o ~ f i o o i ~ o ~ n n ~ r ~ ' ~ o d ' u Y o ~ i i ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ n d i ~ JW~I~BISISU~X iilula*~~a:
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~ ~ ~ ~ w ~ a ~ r d u ~ ~ a u ~ w a ~ ~ n i ~ ~ ~ w " ~ u ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ u m ~ ~ ~ ~ d s d
imnm huzi?. mzu? (Edward W. Clew) O%JIU~I ''m31n154p1j"
i m i u n u ~ u 2 riu drtmmm ~ i s ~ ~ w u ~ u ~ ~ n ~ ~ u % ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ X ~ ~ u i w ~ ~ o L i i a ( ~ n ~ p d a i a p d i b i u a ~ v Y d a ~otdoo?sdtfJudst~~u dztmldnoc nu~uBc rnr~iwu~u~fin~iuPndpILdob~d~~1nLp.1uo~
n ~ i u n n ~ o ; l $ u ; ~ ~ i i ~ ~ ? a d n i > a 6 i ~ "
22 D. W. Elliott. (1 972). Phipson's Manual ofthe Law of Evidence. p. 213.
23 Edward W. C l e w . ( 1 972). Mccormick's Handbook of the Law of Evidence. pp. 783 - 784.
24 ~ J ~ x ~ ~ w ~ ~ w ~ J I ~ ? ~ ~ ' D ~ ~ o I I ~ ~ I U I I W ~ ui~l'ii 84.
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B i i n ~ u 1 n ~ - i u . a ~ m s ~ n ~ ~ ~ ~ 0 P d d 1 ~ d ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ 6 u " ~ l ~ 4 ~ ~ ~ ~ ' ~ ~ 0 ~ a 1 ~ r u " ~
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n71rrdr : r n ~ ~ 8 u ~ d o r n r - n ~ ~ ~ q o d ~ s n ? ~ u d ~ ~ u i ~ ~ ~ u ~ ~ o [Negligence) IIR~OQIUIBUMIU (damage) mn~dliTilw16 ~ ~ i l ~ n ~ f i ; d i ~ ~ n ~ n i i 1 ~ ~ 1 ~ . ; i ~ l 0 ~ n " ~ a l a ~ 9 ~ n a ~ % 1 d ~ ~ % ~ 1 ~ i ~ ~ d ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ u
(conbibutory negligence) fll5 t m4iiqoimnufi~im~ ~ u n s ~ ~ m s ~ r n ~ w ~ ~ o ~ 9 u d ~ ~ ~ d u ~ 3 0 9 4 2 5 G b ~ n ' l ~ u . r ' l u v ' o ~ ~ 0 ~ ~ 4 m n ~ 1 ~ d 1 ~ ~ ~ i h u ~ u ? u ' ~ i w u i u ~ ~ n ~ i u ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ t hu ihhunnn
m r ~ m r ~ q a u ' o l n a ~ n ' ~ ~ ~ n " ~ f l ~ ~ n ~ a ~ b ~ ~ ~ d ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ d n i ~ m n a ~ n ' u ~ ~ d
5~~jl~~Fl7111 ~(~~IUL~UIIIU L ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ o ~ ~ ~ ~ I u ~ ~ I u ~ w I ~ u I ~ o A 2
u ~ s i i l n o a ~ ~ ~ u 1 ~ ~ 1 n Y i n P ~ m ~ n : ~ U P ~ u ~ ~ R U I ' U ~ W B ; ~ G ~ ~ U ' ~ ~ ~ * D ~ ~ D P ~ . I ~ $ U ~ ~ ~ U ~ I ~ V I ~
d mungnmuu~~olu~m ~ u n ~ l i i . r s s s u r n r d o i n a ~ u ~ ~ n i ~ a & i ~
A 4 iduds:1Auloqw'~od1&94naiuo?~n7uinsiiai't~ rns:mrw'qorjnno~~lf;~vi*~ (nmuwcu u d o A m s ~ r n s w P ~ o d ~ u u Y ~ ~ f f o 0 ~ ~ o ~ ~ 0 ~ 9 ~ u i ~ w ~ w u i ~ ~ B v " ~ B im:ri~Iripny u i ~ ~ l u w u ~ u ~ a ' f t ~ i t l
~ I ~ U I L A ~ F R ~ U ~ ~ ~ l i i ~ l d ~ 1unRds:uinlula'e (Negligence rase) ~ o n t ; n ~ o a i j ~ ~ i d
1. r i n ~ r ~ r n r w ' q o ~ ~ a n ~ i u d ~ ~ u i ~ ~ ~ u ~ ~ ~ ~ 0 ~ 4 i ~ a ~
2. ~ I W ~ ~ U ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ U ~ ~ I ~ U ~ ~ A ~ ~ U ~ ~ ~ U I M L ~ U L S ~ B
3. i ~ ~ ~ a ~ a A o ~ u ~ ~ ~ f i o ~ ~ ~ ~ i n w u ~ ' u ~ ~ n ~ ~ p d i i i ~ ~ i ~ i ~ w ~
miung~msu~sah ~ ~ ~ M ? ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ R ~ I % J ~ I u I R ~ I u H ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ " ~ ~ ~ 9 p r u p r
UYO& B ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ U ~ L ~ U V O B I ~ ~ ~ B U ~ ~ ~ ~ U D ~ ~ U (each party must prove those facts which gave / Y d s a
rise to right or defenses on which it relies) ml: ml A ~ Q U U 0b~003415Ufl<l eweis is last"^'
l u n 8 n ~ ~ n ~ i l u n u ' 1 d ' u 0 ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ : w ' ~ 0 d i 1 ~ ~ 1 ~ ~ ? ' ~ 1 n a 1 % ~ ~ ~ u ~ ~ ~
~ ~ ~ ~ n a 1 u ~ d u ~ i u ~ u ~ d ~ ~ ~ 1 3 ~ ~ ~ n ~ ~ ~ ~ 1 ~ ~ i ~ ; 1 ~ d ~ ~ l 4 5 " ~ f i 1 ~ p l " u ~ ~ ~ ~ m ~ % ~ d ~ ~ ~ a a n ~ ~ ~ 1 i 0 ~ ~ ~ ~ 4 ~uoslju uinsl 823 ~~armsnsz i ius - r i~~~uv~~f iu iwg~~~f i "awa iuL~u~ ie r~u i~un i5n5 : i~
diinnawu~u (unlawful) bm:?nmn~ (culpable) ~ ~ I ~ T R U L Q W I B ~ ; A o 1 0 ~ f i " # o d ~ ~ $ d i l Biinu n w e e
dQ¶Jmkf l i~~lnsy iunaix15~.~ '~5:a '9 (standard of care) L I R Z 1~1~m5n5zl;ii~ufi01w*~iim
as Zelman Cowen and P.B. Caner. (1 956). Essays on the Law of Evidence. p. 242.
26 William T. Fryer. (1975). Selected Writing on the Law of Evidence and Trial. p. 997
27 E. J . Cohn. (197 1). Manual of German Law (Vol. 11). pp. 219 - 220.
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~ ~ ~ G ~ I L ~ ~ ' ~ R ~ ~ ~ E ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ u ~ I ~ ~ I u ~ ~ ~ ~ L ~ ~ I ~ A I ~ o w , C I d r ~ n s ~ i r i ~ ~ ~ l i n n ~ ' ~ % ~ i ~ ~ l ~ u n ~ s h i ~ u ~ ~
~ ~ ~ R ~ ~ ~ W f / t l ~ ~ ~ 1 P 1 ~ f l ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ U ~ 1 ~ 1 b ~ ~ 9 I D ~ U (Freedom of Will) I ~ ~ L M ~ Y ~ F I ? I U ? Y ~ ~ R
4 IQWX$YE$ (Privity of Contract) L ~ U M ~ T ~ ~ U L ~ U ~ ~ H ~ ~ ~ ~ P ~ ~ I ~ ~ I L ~ U R ~ " ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~
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%%?.Id?ulu (Implied Warranty) n t i l 3 8 ~
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I Y eaa Y d B
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oc i i thuk i?~qarnwroai?~~i Yl;iio-huZdltuul~F;miu iiu m~oonluYudsGu n4o 9,- or
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9 4 d u lun; Crocker V. Winthrop Laboratone i 14aub~u ~ ~ ~ L ~ o u ~ ~ ~ ~ Q ~ ~ u A ~ ~ u E J s B J ~ ~ ~ H ~ ~ ; ~ u I A 4 4
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~la - : ~ ~ a u ~ s ~ ~ A ~ u s ~ ~ i i l ~ ~ ~ a " a 0 ~ 1 ~ ~ ~ a ~ ~ u ~ ~ ~ ~ 1 " ~ : ~ { l i i c l ~ l IUIU~RUW~IXYUUIRL~EI o ~ n ~ ~ g j n ' l ~ ~ ~ u h ~ ~ ~ ~ u ~ m ~ ~ ~ n ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ + u ~ t : ~ i n ~ ~ ~ i n i ~ ~ f l u ~ ~ ~ n a ' i a lui-x=rwi~ln$iiiun~u
A n ' ~ i ~ r i n a i u a ~ u ~ u o ~ o i n I ~ u i 6 L ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ T 3 15uvuin mnYEiGoBi~ i i l n u ! ~ ; t Y ~ ~ i i i u i d ~ ~ ~ , . - 4 Y 9 A - 2 a ~ n l n m a i ~ u ~ s m w ~ ~ u ~ I L ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ - ~ ~ ~ R ~ ~ U ~ ~ ~ U ~ ~ U ~ I B P ~ L ~ ~ U U O ~ ~ R I ? ' F I ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ U ~ ~ ~
~~$w"l3uraai$i irau~idu~ioon8iw~iiuluw*osmni~
2) ~ ? I ? U ~ ~ L ~ U ~ R U ~ ? U I U (Implied W-ty) dunqr~dr?nnhsdu
~ d o ~ s d o ~ ~ ~ n s ~ ~ ~ ~ i l n n ~ u k ; ~ ~ ~ a ~ u ~ n i s i ~ u n d n ~nun?~u?uijnrnwna'fifi~wxIlu$1iiib3u
i o ~ i ~ u ~ n s ~ f i u r n u ~ ~ t y ~ 1 ~ ~ ~ n ~ ~ ~ n ~ i i 1 ~ ~ d ~ ~ ~ ~ d ~ ~ 1 ~ n ~ d ~ u ' 1 ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ n ~ ~ d ~ : ~ u i ~
i i u ~ ~ ~ ~ o ~ d n a ~ u m ~ ~ ~ ~ u ~ 1 % 1 d ~ ~ t n ~ ~ ~ a ~ a " ~ ~ d ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ 0 l 4 ~ u n 1 ~ ~ 1 ~ ~ ~ n ~ u 8 ; 1 ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ 1 ~ 0 ~
ria~~2a*~9ua~na'n~ldO'n~.i~~dot11aIn o ~ a ~ u l $ ; i i n i ~ ~ . ~ l d ~ ~ ~ u ~ ~ ~ d ~ u i u 1 ~ u i ~ i ' ~ 1 P l ~ ~ ~ ~
1~u61uiouli~np~lnu 8~i~Mirnun~iu~8uo?~~:G1w* 9 0 ru iini~~nmsud3~riuL~fd~U~a"Lnu~~1U iju mrfudr:riufolnrr'1Ji?wi (Warranty of Title)
d e Ae? &~-u1uiuzowio@f~i1~ J W ~ ~ W M ~ O ~ ~ I U ~ U ~ R D ~ D I ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ W ~ ' W I R @%muirnthnJounsos
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(Warranty of Merchantability) ~ S I P ~ I ~ ~ U ~ ~ I U ~ Y ~ D ~ ~ I H M ~ ~ M U T ( ~ ~ ~ T O ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ O O ~ % J ~ ~ ~ I U " ~ ~ ~
m l u a n i w u ~ d u ~ ~ ! $ ~ I W ~ ~ ~ I S ~ ~ W ? O E I ~ ~ S ~ ~ ~ P ~ ~ U ~ S S R I R I ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ J ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ U % ~ ~ I ~ % ~ ~ ~ $ ~
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n~iu?uijRn~un6nn~s?ud~:n'u~nudfuiu~ ~ f iun~iu?u 'u i jm~i l~n~~inul$ 8 1 1 Y i+iwuni; ~an:iilupl~iu~uiin~i~vi~ (strict Liability) LLU~I~YIUOZI~I+ R ~ ~ U S C ~ ~ R ~ L T ~ ~ ~ U ~ T ~ U I J - d wa'niior4uins4u.rl~i(miu ~ i r n n i ~ ~ n a i u i . P r u ~ i u ~ n ~ " u u ~ u I u ~ ~ ~ B u ~ D ~ ? u ~ ~ ~ ~ P ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ % J ~ ~ o M I u
o : & ~ ~ i ~ ~ l n ~ ~wdow~nw"umnn~~u?u~~? i l~
~~PjwtYninn~~m~ Warranty 0~iid5zT~w61~m5{~1n~o9f~1?lfin II~KII%J~~UO?J
~ i a Y ~ n ~ ~ ~ l m s e . r ~ ~ i l n ~ W ~ A t W u a i n u n i w i w s ~ ~ ~ u ~ u ~ d i u i o r i e s s t l u ~ i ~ ~ ~ ~ $ ~ ~ ~ ~ % ~ i n n ~ ~
rjC f i l%d{siun~wl~koi id iuu{A~~uf j~rnsniwum$ou~u ~touna!iufiailr;ut;n 2 4 B e * 4 -
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u o ~ n ~ i u 5 u v i u ~ r n d q o l r y i (Privity of Contract) I ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ d ~ ~ i i d i ~ ~ o ~ ~ ~ w n n ~ n ' u
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i ~ u w r i n a n w ~ d d ~ ~ ~ o ~ i ~ ~ d ~ ~ o ~ ~ d n n a ~ u J ~ ~ F I I U M I ~ Z ~ ~ I d ~ n " o i i ~ a w ~ & j n r ~
' t u ~ o d ~ ~ d ~ ~ u d o ~ 9 ~ n ~ ~ ~ l ~ i u i j w ~ s k l i iudo.ro1n9mfi~rnwlumsthd~fi~i wind1 a 4 9 d
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r l r i n n a i u ~ ~ ~ i u i w i . r a r " ~ ~ i (Privity of Contract) ~ ~ n i i i ~ ; . r ~ B u g d n ~ ~ n ~ d i ~ y
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31 qwu qn%& n rdu~Su. nw"i 9 - lo.
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d 9 4 (Freedom of Contract) ~ n ~ ~ d 5 ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ i ~ ~ 1 ~ d d 1 ~ ~ ~ d ~ ~ ~ n 1 4 ~ 1 ~ ~ d ~ ~ d d b ~ ' ~ 1 (Form) ~114 l u Z ~ ~ i l i a : $ i K u $ ~ ? F n n q n 7 n u n ~ u ~ i k s u ? u l ~ u x Y u 8 q ~ 1 o ~ u n r i n ~ ~ i i i n ~ w d . ; i 1
(Standard Form Contract) I R U I W ~ U ~ O + ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ U I $ ; ~ ~ ~ U ' F ~ id^ ~~uni$un'io v 0 w us 2 ' U O Q I ~ I R R ~ ~ U ~ I J ~ R (Exception Clause) ~ H U I U O M ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ " B U ~ ~ Q I ~ P I W ~ ~ ~ ~ L ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ "
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BOOKS
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Bird R, Osborn's concide. (1983). Law dictionary (7 th ed.). London: Sweet & Maxwell.
Cleary, Edward w. (1 972). Mccormick's Handbook of the Law of Evidence. St. Paul,
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Cohn, E. 1. (1968). Manual of German Law. London: Oceana.
Cowen, Zelrnan. (1956). Essays on the Law of Evidence. Oxford: The Clarendon Press.
David Oughton & John Lowry. (2000). Text book on Consumer Law. London: Black stone Press.
Dodson, E. H. (1 98 1). Product Liability: United Kingdom. In Product Liability h a n u e l of
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Elliott, D. W. (1972). Pbipson's Manual of the Law of Evidence. London: Sweet and Maxwell.
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