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2015 in science

A number of significant scientific events occurred in 2015. The United Nations declared

2015 the International Year of Soils and Light-based Technologies.[1]

January

2 January Astudy published inScienceshows evidence that a protein partially

assemblesanother protein withoutgenetic instructions. Defying textbook science, amino

acids (the building blocks of a protein) can be assembled by another protein and without

genetic instructions.[2]

5 January: Detection of an

unusually bright X-Rayflare from

Sagittarius A*, a supermassive

black holein the center of the

Milky Way galaxy.[3]

List of years in science (table)

...2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011...

2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018

...2019 2020 2021 2022 2023 2024 2025...

Art Archaeology Architecture Literature Music Philosophy Science+...

Events
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3 January - Iranian chemists from Ferdowsi University of Mashhadcreated biodiesel

fuel from soya oilto decrease pollutions caused by fossil fuels.[4]

5 January

Scientists from the US and UK have mapped the genome of the bowhead whaleand

identified genes responsible for its 200-year lifespan, the longest of any mammal.[5][6]

The Japan Meteorological Agency(JMA) declares 2014 as the hottest year on record

globally, surpassing the previous record of 1998.[7]

Researchers have developed a compound that causes the metabolismof mice to

respond as if a meal has been eaten, so they burn fat to make room for new calories.[8]

Human trials could follow within two years.[9]

An earthquakefelt by Ohio residents in March 2014 was caused by fracking, a study

has found.[10]

NASA reports observing an X-rayflare 400 times brighter than usual, a record-

breaker, from the supermassive black hole, named Sagittarius A*, in the center of the

Milky Way galaxy. The unusual event may have been caused by the breaking apart of

an asteroidfalling into the black holeor by the entanglement of magnetic field lines

within gas flowing into Sagittarius A*.[3]

6 JanuaryAstronomers have developed a method of accurately telling a star's age from how

fast it spins.[11]

NASA announces the 1000th confirmed exoplanetdiscovered by the Kepler Space

Telescope. Three of the newly confirmed exoplanets were found to orbit within

habitable zonesof their related stars: two of the three, Kepler-438band Kepler-442b, are

near-Earth-size and likely rocky; the third, Kepler-440b, is a super-Earth.[12][13]

7 January

Humans are eroding soil a hundred times faster than natural processes, according to

a new study.[14]

If global warmingis to be kept below 2 C this century, then over 80% of coal, 50% of

gas and 30% of oil reserves are "unburnable" a new study concludes.[15]

A review article published in the journal Neurondescribes a number of recent studies

showing that brain imagingcan help predict a person's future learning, criminality,health-related behaviors, and response to drug or behavioral treatments.[16]

In a world first, researchers from New Zealand have observed mitochondrial DNA
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moving between cells in mice and triggering cancergrowth.[17][18]

Tarbiat Modarres Universityresearchers produce ceramicnonporousmembranewith

high thermal firmness.[19]

8 January

NASA reports determining, with a high degree of accuracy, the precise center of the

planet Saturnand its family of moons to within 4 km (2.5 mi).[20]

Astronomers have observed and measured a neutron starslipping out of view

because of the warp in space-timeits orbit creates. The star is expected to reappear in

about 160 years.[21][22]

9 January

A new species of ichthyosaurresembling a dolphin merged with a crocodile has been

discovered in Scotland. Dearcmhara shawcrossilived in the early to mid-Jurassicabout

170 million years ago.[23][24]

Iranian and Argentinean researchers made a biosensorby using graphenesheets.[25]

Iranian researchers from University of Tehranapplied nanocompositecovering to

enhance the strength and lifetime of concretecompositions.[26]

13 January The first lab-grown, contracting human muscle is announced by Duke

University.[27]

14 January

NASA and ESA celebrate 10 years since the Cassini-Huygensprobelanded on Titan,

largest moon of the planet Saturn.[28](related image).

By the year 2050, almost nobody under the age of 80 will die of cancer, according to a

study by University College London.[29]

The acceleration in global sea levelduring recent decades has been significantly

underestimated, according to a new Harvard study.[30]
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19 January: Ceres, a dwarf planet,

as viewed by the Dawnspacecraft

on 19 February 2015.[31]

15 January

Researchers have extended the lifespan of fruit flies by 60 percent, using a method

that could one day lead to anti-aging treatments for humans.[32]

A series of 24 global indicators, published in the journalAnthropocene Review, show

how the impact of humans is now the primary driver of the Earth system.[33][34]

Iranian scientists from University of Tehranproduced a sensor that calculates the

amount of blood sugarof Diabeticsby measuring acetoneconcentration in their

expiration.[35]

16 January

NASA reports the Beagle 2, built by the United Kingdom, thought to be lost on the

planet Marssince 2003, has been found on the surface in Isidis Planitia(location is

about 11.5265N 90.4295E)[36]High-resolution images captured by the Mars

Reconnaissance Orbiteridentify the lost probe, which appears to be intact.[37][38](see

discovery images here)

NASA and NOAA confirm that 2014 was the hottest year on record globally.[39][40]

19 JanuaryNASA presents an animated viewof the dwarf planetCeresby the approaching Dawn

spacecraft.[31][41](animated images: 20150113& 20150204)

By observing the gravitational effects on extreme trans-Neptunian objects(ETNOs),

astronomers have theorised that a pair of Earth-sized objects may be hidden at the

edge of the Solar System.[42]

20 January Long-term carbon sequestrationas a way of mitigating climate change

may be harder to achieve than previously thought, due to difficulties in converting the gas

to a solid state, MIT reports.[43]

22 January

By recreating the conditions on Earth during the Chicxulub impact, researchers have

concluded that the heat pulse nearer the crater was too short-lived (less than a minute)

to ignite significant amounts of plant matter. By contrast, regions much further away

would have experienced less intense, but longer-lived heat levels (up to seven minutes),long enough to ignite plant matter. This challenges previous theories about global

firestorms in the aftermath of the event.[44]
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28 January: Ingredient in green tea

found that may protect against

oral cancer.[45]

As part of the Open Worm Project , scientists have mapped the brain of a

roundworm (C. Elegans), created software to mimic its nervous system and uploaded it

to a legorobot, which seeks food and avoids obstacles.[46]

23 January

Scientists have slowed the speed of lightby using a special mask to change the

shape of photons.[47]

With a successful new method, Iranian scientists managed to create a graphene-

based gas sensor, which has uses in many industries to detect oxygen.[48]

25 January A new owlspecies in the Middle East, the desert tawny owl(Strix

hadorami), is described.[49]

26 January

Chemists determine that alkali metalsexplode on contact with water due to a

Coulomb explosionat the water-metal interface driving the reaction, instead of merelydue to Hydrogen gas formation and its subsequent ignition. This overturns what was

previously considered to be a well understood phenomenon, and has the potential to

increase safety when handling reactive metals.[50]

Iranian nanotechnologistsdrafted and constructed solar cellsfor transforming solar

energyinto electricity.[51]

27 January

Astronomers have discovered an exoplanetwith a gigantic ring systemthat is 200

times larger than that around Saturn.[52]
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NASA reports that the Keplerspacecraftconfirmed five sub-earth-sized rocky

exoplanets, all smaller than the planet Venus(but bigger than the planet Mercury), in

orbit around the 11.2 billion year old star Kepler-444, making this planetary system, at

more than 80% of the age of the universe, the oldest yet discovered. According to

NASA, no life as we know it could exist on these hot exoplanets, due to their close

orbital distancesto the host star.[53][54]

28 January An ingredient found in green teamay protect against oral cancer,

according to Penn State University researchers.[45]

29 January Global warming will result in large storms becoming larger, rather than an

increase in the number of storms, concludes a study by the University of Toronto.[55]

30 January A joint study of data from the Planck space missionand the ground-

based experiment BICEP2casts doubt on earlier findingsof gravitational wavesfrom theBig Bang.[56][57]

31 January NASA launches the Soil Moisture Active Passive(SMAP) observatory. It

will provide the most accurate, highest-resolution global measurements of soil moisture

ever obtained from space.

February

10 February: "Smiley" image of galaxy

cluster(SDSS J1038+4849) and

gravitational lensing(an Einstein ring)

(HST).[58]

2 February A study about penta-graphene, a proposed carbon allotrope, is

published.[59]

3 February

The British government votes to allow a controversial new technique involving babies
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created from three people. If passed by the House of Lords, the UK will become the first

country in the world to offer this medical procedure, which can be used to treat

mitochondrial diseases.[60][61]

For the first time, researchers have used biodegradable nanoparticlesto kill brain

cancercells in animals and lengthen their survival.[62]

The FDA approves a new drug, Ibrance(palbociclib), for treating advanced breast

cancer.[63]

The first transistorsmade from silicene, a one atom-thick version of silicon, are

reported.[64]

4 February

Scientists have genetically reprogrammed plants to be drought tolerantin response

to an already existing agrochemical, circumventing the need for a new chemical that

would otherwise have required many years of testing.[65]

E-cigarettescause many of the same harmful effects as normal cigarettes, according

to a new study on mice.[66]

5 February The first generation of starsis now thought to have emerged 560 million

years after the Big Bang, according to scientists working on the European Planck satellite.

This is 140 million years later than the previous estimate of 420 million years.[67]

6 February Iranian nanotechnologistsdiscovered key to measure species in liquids.

In this study, the aim was to withdraw and measure vitamin B12from liquid models.[68]

9 February Researchers have extracted isopropanolfuel from genetically engineered

bacteria and solar-powered catalysts, achieving the same efficiency as

photosynthesis.[69]

10 FebruaryNASA releases a "smiley" image of galaxy cluster(SDSS J1038+4849) and

gravitational lensing(an Einstein ring) taken by the Hubble Space Telescope.[58]

NASA scientists present the notion that cometsare like "deep fried ice cream", since

research studies suggest comet surfaces are formed of a mixture of organic

compoundsand dense crystlline ice, while comet interiors contain colder and less

dense ice.[70]

Iranian and Finnish researchers made a magnetic nanosorbent that adsorbs 60-100%

of nitrateand nitritein the sample of soil and water.[71]

11 February
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NASA's Deep Space Climate Observatory(DSCOVR) is launched by a SpaceXFalcon

9rocket.[72]It will measure solar windsand provide crucial early warnings during solar

flares.

ESA's Intermediate eXperimental Vehicle(IXV) demonstrates a new atmospheric

reentrytechnology, returning from space to Earth similar to the Space Shuttlebut

without wings.[73]

A study in The New England Journal of Medicinereports that mortality due to

cigarette smokingin the United States is substantially greater than previously

thought.[74][75]

Iranian experimenters from Sahand University of Technologyand Islamic Azad

Universityexamined the effect of applying nanoparticles on rise oil extraction from

supplies.[76]

12 February Researchers have calculated that between 4.8 and 12.7 million metric

tons of plasticentered the oceanin 2010 from people living within 50 km of the

coastline.[77]

13 February Scientists (including Geoffrey Marcy, Seth Shostak, Frank Drake, Elon

Muskand David Brin) at a convention of the American Association for the Advancement

of Science, discuss Active SETIand whether transmitting a message to possible

intelligent extraterrestrialsin the Cosmosis a good idea;[78][79]one result was a statement,

signed by many, that a "worldwide scientific, political and humanitarian discussion must

occur before any message is sent".[80]

20 February: AnAnopheles

stephensimosquito, a vector of

malaria- mosquito controlis an

effective way of reducing its

incidence.

16 February

New research by King's College London suggests the risk of psychosisis three timeshigher for users of potent "skunk-like" cannabisthan for non-users.[81]

Mars Oneselects its final 100 astronaut candidates.[82]
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Iranian scientists planned a new technique to cure of Wilson's disease. The study

gave a modern nano-arrangement with more healing skill in cell culture form. The

nanostructure consists of a bio well-matched polymericnanocarrier that facilitates the

penetration into the cell without making of toxicitywith high effectiveness.[83]

Iranian nanotechnologistssynthesized the latest-scheme nano-pill of bio-adaptable

and bio-degradable chain-molecularwhich is able to ebb toxicity of anti-cancer drugs.

This modern medicine is considered for treating breast cancer.[84]

18 February Limpetteeth might be the strongest natural material known to man, a

new study has found.[85]

19 February

A regulator of gene activity known as HARE5 (human-accelerated regulatory

enhancer) is found to make human brains bigger.[86][87]

Iranian scientists achieved in devising of a biosensor to determine dopaminelevel,

which has high detection border and go down clinical diagnosisexpenses due to its

high correctness and rate.[88]

20 February Drug-resistant malariahas been detected at the Myanmar-India border

and now poses an "enormous threat" to global health, scientists have said.[89]

26 FebruaryThe U.S. Federal Communications Commission(FCC) rules in favor of net neutrality

by adopting Title II (common carrier)of the Communications Act of 1934and Section

706of the Telecommunications act of 1996to the Internet.[90][91]The FCC Chairman,

Tom Wheeler, commented, "This is no more a plan to regulate the Internet than the First

Amendmentis a plan to regulate free speech. They both stand for the same

concept."[92]

Physicists present an alternative cosmologicalview to extend the Big Bangmodel,suggesting the Universehad no beginning or singularityand the age of the Universeis

infinite.[93][94]

27 February

A new study examining the role of oceanic cycles in heat transfer concludes that the

global warming "pause" is only temporary and that temperatures will accelerate in the

near future.[95][96][97]

The number of wild giant pandashas increased by nearly 17% over the last decade,

according to a new survey conducted by the Chinese government.[98]
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March

2 March: Lightimaged as both a

particleand a wave.

1 March SanDisk announces the first 200GB capacity microSDcard, a 56% increase

on its previous record of 128GB just a year earlier.[99]

2 March Scientists have captured the first ever image of lightas both a particle and a

wave.[100][101]

3 March

The Food and Drug Administration(FDA) states that neither the benefits nor the

safety of testosteronehave been established for low testosterone levels due to aging

and has required that testosterone pharmaceutical labels include warning informationabout the possibility of an increased risk of heart attacks and stroke.[102][103]

NASA reports that, for the first time, complex DNAand RNAorganic compoundsof

life, including uracil, cytosineand thymine, have been formed in the laboratory under

outer spaceconditions, using starting chemicals, such as pyrimidine, found in

meteorites. Pyrimidine, like polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons(PAHs), the most carbon-

rich chemical found in the Universe, may have been formed in red giantsor in

interstellar dustand gas clouds, according to the scientists.[104]

4 March A 2.8 million-year-old jawbone may be the oldest human fossil in existence,

according to two papers published simultaneously in Science. Researchers now suspect

that Homo(the genus that includes modern humans) dates back at least 400,000 years

earlier than previously thought.[105][106]

5 March

Evidence for a vast, ancient ocean that once covered most of the northernhemisphere on Marsis reported by NASA.[107]

Astronomers have discovered the fastest known star, which is being ejected from the
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galaxy by a supernova explosion. Its hypervelocityof 1,200 km/s (2.7 million mph) is

high enough to escape the gravitational pull of the Milky Way.[108][109][110]

The number of people affected by river flooding could nearly triple by 2030,

according to a new analysis.[111]

12 March: Auroraeon Ganymede,largest moonof planet Jupiter

auroral belt shifting may indicate a

subsurface saline ocean.

6 March

A pioneering therapy using bone marrowstem cellsto treat lung cancerpatients is

announced in the UK.[112][113]

Archaeologists report finding two lost cities deep in the Hondurasjungle, thought tobe untouched by humans for at least 600 years.[114]

The Dawnspacecraft begins to orbit Ceres, becoming the first spacecraft to visit a

dwarf planet.[115]

7 March Iranian nanotechnologistscreated a modern sort of electrical insulatorwith

elevated dielectric constant, this achievement is used in electronics, optoelectronics and

electrochemical factories.[116]

9 March

Solar Impulsebegins its round-the-world flight, aiming to become the first plane to

circumnavigate the globe using only energy from the Sun.[117]

A new class of drugs known as "senolytics" has been shown to improve multiple

aspects of aging in mice.[118]

11 March

The rocket engine of NASA's Space Launch System, the most powerful booster ever

built, has its first ground test, with officials claiming a "perfect" result.[119][120]

NASA's Cassini spacecraftprovides the first clear evidence of hydrothermal activity
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on Saturns moon Enceladus, which may resemble that seen in the deep oceans on

Earth and is likely the most habitable off-world environment ever found.[121]

Photos emerge of a newly formed island near Tongain the Pacific, created as a result

of volcanic activity.[122]

A breakthrough in carbon capturetechnology allows the process to be undertaken

with half as much energy as previous methods.[123]

12 March

A new method for treating Alzheimerswith ultrasoundhas been demonstrated in

mice, completely clearing the amyloid plaquesin 75% of the animals.[124]

Hubble's views of Ganymedes auroraesuggest the moon, Jupiter's largest, may

contain a vast subsurface saline ocean.[125]

19 March: Supernova remnant

ejecta producing planet-forming

material.

The U.S. Federal Communications Commissionreleases the specific details of the

net neutralityrules.[126][127]

17 March Lava tubesbig enough to house entire cities could be structurally stable onthe moon, according to a theoretical study presented at the Lunar and Planetary Science

Conference.[128]
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18 March

NASA reports the detection of an aurorathat is not fully understood and an

unexplained dust cloud in the atmosphereof the planet Mars.[129]

A 30-year land-based study of the Amazon, the most extensive ever conducted,

shows the rainforest is gradually losing its ability to absorb carbon from the

atmosphere, as trees die at faster and faster rates.[130][131]

19 March

The National Snow and Ice Data Center reports that Arctic sea icereached its lowest

ever maximum extent.[132]

Using data from SOFIA, it is discovered that planetsmay be formed from supernova

remnantejecta.[133]

Scientists report on a genetic modification that can spread much quicker than

conventional geneticswould allow, copying itself to other chromosomes with CRISPRs.

Possible applications include malaria-resistant mosquitos.[134]

Scientists, including an inventor of CRISPR, urge a worldwide moratorium on using

gene editing methods to genetically engineerthe human genomein a way that can be

inherited, writing "scientists should avoid even attempting, in lax jurisdictions, germline

genome modification for clinical application in humans" until the full implications "are

discussed among scientific and governmental organizations."[135][136][137]

20 March A total solar eclipseoccurs, visible over much of Europe.[138]

22 March DNA from the extinct woolly mammothis spliced into that of an elephant

and shown to be functional for the first time.[139]

24 March

NASA reports the first detection of nitrogenreleased after heating surface sediments

on the planet Mars. The nitrogen, in the form of nitric oxide, was detected by the SAM

instrument on the Curiosityroverand can be used by living organisms. The discovery

supports the notion that ancient Mars may have been habitable for life.[140]

The frog species Pristimantis mutabilisis described in the Zoological Journal of the

Linnean Society.[141]

A temperature of 17.5 C (63.5 F) is recorded in the Antarctic Peninsula, the highest

ever seen on the continent. The region is "one of the fastest warming spots onEarth."[142]

Iranian chemists modeled and resolved non-linear dynamic treatment and
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vulnerability of nanostructuresin the presence of external driving factors.[143]

25 March

A new technique has successfully entangled3,000 atoms using only a single photon,

the largest number of particles that have ever been mutually entangled

experimentally.[144]

10 April: Artist's

restoration of Titanis

walleri, an extincteight-

foot tall carnivorous

flightless birdalso known

as a "terror bird".

Iranian researchers reduce costly materials from diabetesdiagnosissensors. They

devised and created a non-enzyme biosensorat the laboratorial scale to notice

diabetes.[145]

26 March

The ice around the edge of Antarctica is melting faster than previously thought,

researchers have warned.[146]

A nanoparticle therapy has been shown to accelerate the healing of wounds by 50

percent.[147]

30 March

A 1,000-year-old treatment for eye infections containing onion, garlic and part of a

cow's stomach has been shown to completely wipe out staphylococcus aureus, theantibiotic-resistant superbug known as MRSA.[148]

Eating pesticide-laden foods is linked to remarkably low sperm count(49% lower),
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say Harvard scientists in a landmark new study connecting pesticide residues in fruits

and vegetables to reproductive health.[149][150]

Scientists have developed tiny 'nanoneedles' that successfully prompted parts of

mice bodies to generate new blood vessels. It is hoped this technique could ultimately

help damaged organs and nerves to repair themselves and help transplanted organs to

thrive.[151]

April

1 April New research reveals that, as the Arctic region warms and melts, polar bears

forced ashore will be unable to gain sufficient food on land, a new study concludes.[152]

Two-thirds of polar bears could be lost by 2050 and the species could be extinct by

2100.[153]

2 April Northwestern Medicine scientists identify a small RNA molecule called miR-

182 that can suppress cancer-causing genes in mice with glioblastoma mulitforme

(GBM), a deadly and incurable type of brain tumor.[154]

4 April A total lunar eclipseoccurs.

5 April The Large Hadron Colliderresumes operations after a two-year technology

upgrade and various maintenance delays.[155]

6 April Glaciersin Western Canada will lose 70 percent of their volume by 2100,

according to a study by the University of British Columbia.[156][157]

7 April Scientists from Iran research on a new method to let users to scan 3D photos

with only their smartphone. The result was published in a media titled Nanophotonic

coherent imagerin the February 2015 issue of Optics Express.[158]

8 April

DARPAannounces a new project that aims to create a computer program able tocontinuously scan its environment, evolving and adapting autonomously for the next

100 years.[159]

Complex organic molecules have been detected in a young star system for the first

time.[160]

Iranian researchers make magnetic recyclable photo-catalystto refine dirty water.[161]
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14 April: Plutoand moon Charon-

first color image from the New

Horizonsspacecraft mission

(Ralph camera; 9 April

2015).[162][163]

9 April Iranian researchers apply ultrasound waves to create Fullerene. This approach

is in agreeing with green chemistrybasics and it is biocompatible.[164]

10 April An almost completely intact skeleton of a terror birdis found in Argentina.

Analysis suggests these predators had good low-frequency hearing and deep voices.[165]

13 April The U.S. Federal Communications Commissionpublishes the final rule on its

new "Net Neutrality" regulations.[166]

14 April

Stone tools found at Lomekwi 3are dated to 3.3 million years ago, which, if

confirmed, would represent the oldest known stone tools.[167]

NASA releases the first color image of Pluto, a dwarf planet, and its moon Charon,

taken by the New Horizonsspacecraft.[162][163](image)

Scientists report, based on results from the Rosettaand Philaespacecraft, that the

nucleusof comet67P/ChuryumovGerasimenkohas no magnetic field, which

suggests that magnetism may not have played a role in the early formation of

planetesimals.[168][169]

A search for possible heat signaturesof advanced extraterrestrialcivilisations

reveals it has found "nothing obvious" in 100,000 galaxies.[170]

Iranian scientists assess the dynamic effect in connecting two carbon nanotubes.[171]

15 April

Following groundbreaking studies on mice, American scientists claim to have found

a potential cause of Alzheimer's diseasein the behaviour of immune cells, which it may

be possible to target with drug treatments.[172][173]
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Researchers uncover evidence of a cannibalistic ritual that occurred in a British cave

roughly 14,700 years ago.[174]

16 April

A major advance in artificial photosynthesisis achieved with a system able to

capture CO2using solar energy and then use it to produce valuable chemical

products.[175]

Modification of histonesin the DNA of nematodes, fruit flies, and possibly humans

can affect aging, researchers claim.[176]

Scientists say the first detailed kinematic study of octopusarm coordination in

crawling show that the animals have a special system control tactic to fix their odd

form.[177]

Iranian researchers have produced a type of nanocatalyst which improves the

performance of fuel cells.[178]

17 April Bouvier's red colobus, a species of monkeylast seen in the 1970s and

thought to have been extinct, is rediscovered in the Republic of Congo.[179]

20 April Japan announces plans to send an unmanned lunar rover to the Moon's

surface in 2018.[180]

21 April

The Japanese L0 Seriesmaglevbecomes the first train to operate at a speed of 600

kilometres per hour (370 mph).[181]

Researchers demonstrate WiFiFO (WiFi Free space Optic), a technology capable of

increasing the bandwidth of WiFisystems tenfold, using optical data transmission via

LED lights.[182]

22 April: It is confirmed that

Chinese scientists have

genetically modified humanembryos.

22 April
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Astronomers have made the first-ever direct detection of the spectrum of visible light

reflected off an exoplanet.[183]

Researchers in Chinapublish resultsof basic researchusing CRISPRto edit genesin

non-viable human embryos.[184][185]

23 April

Two huge magma chambers have been imaged in 3D below Yellowstone National

Park.[186]

For the first time, signals relating to the constant ringing noise of tinnitushave been

mapped across the brain of a patient undergoing surgery.[187]

An international team of scientists has sequenced the complete genome of the

woolly mammoth.[188]

Researchers at the University of Toronto in Canada have developed a new algorithm

for showing protein structures in 3D, based on 2D images, which is 100,000 times

faster than current methods.[189]

A new gene-editing technique is reported that could prevent mitochondrial diseases,

without the need for three-parent IVF.[190]

27 April Archaeologists discover fossil remnants of an ancient human species, dating

from roughly 430,000 years ago, in two sites in Italy.[191]

28 April

A study from Arizona State Universityreveals the action of an experimental blood

pressuredrug in unprecedented detail, potentially aiding the development of new and

better drugs.[192]

British and American psychologists claimed persecuting in schooldays result to at

least mental health difficulties in adulthood.[193]

29 April: The World Health

Organization (WHO) declares that

rubellahas been eradicated from

the Americas.
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29 April

Scientists report finding a scansoriopterygiddinosaur, named Yi qi("strange wing"),

that may have flown without feathers.[194][195]

The World Health Organization (WHO) declares that rubellahas been eradicated from

the Americas.[196][197]

Two critical steps towards a practical quantum computerare achieved by IBM

scientists, who demonstrate the ability to detect and measure both kinds of quantum

errorssimultaneously, as well as building a new, square quantum bit circuit design that

is the only physical architecture that could successfully scale to larger dimensions.[198]

30 April

NASA's MESSENGERspacecraft concludes its four-year orbital mission over Mercury

by crashing into the planet at a velocity of approximately 14,080 km/h (8,750 mph),impacting at 54.4 N, 149.9 W, near the crater Janek.[199][200]

Tesla Motorsreveals a new large-scale batterytechnology for homes and

businesses, which will provide a means of storing energy from localised renewables

and a reliable backup system during power outages.[201][202]

Progeriaresearchers have shown how the disorganisation of DNA contributes to the

cell disorder and is linked to aspects of aging.[203]

May

3 May Astronomers report detection of a most distant galaxy, EGS-zs8-1, with an

estimated distance of 13.1 billion light-years.[204][205]

5 May

Researchers develop a centimetre-accurate GPS-based positioning system that could

revolutionise geolocation on VR headsets, cellphones, drones and other

technologies.[206]

Vehicle manufacturer Daimlerannounces that its Freightliner Inspiration Truck has

become the world's first autonomous truckto be granted a license for road use in the

state of Nevada.[207]

Archaeornithura meemannae, a new species of prehistoric bird that represents the

oldest known member of the modern bird lineage, is discovered.[208]
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15 May: The Opah is confirmed as

the first known warm-blooded fish.

6 MayAtmospheric CO2remained above 400 parts per million (ppm) throughout March

2015, the first time it has been at this level for an entire month, according to NOAA. The

current concentration of greenhouse gases is the highest it has been for millions of

years.[209][210]

Scientists announce a 2020 unmannedmission, named "Hope", to the planet Marsby

the United Arab Emirates, to study the Martian atmosphereand climate.[211][212][213]

A 3-D technology known as tomosynthesisis shown to detect 40 percent more breast

cancersthan mammography, while lowering the radiation dose.[214]

Scientists announce discovery of Lokiarchaeota, which is a transitional form between

Archaeaand Eukaryotes.[215]

12 May

The Australian Government's Bureau of Meteorologyconfirms that the tropical

Pacificis in the early stages of an El Niothat is "likely to persist in the comingmonths."[216]

New evidence has been uncovered that global warming will damage wheat yields,

resulting in a 15 percent loss when average temperatures increase by 2 degrees

Celsius and a 40 percent decline when average temperatures rise by 4 degrees.[217]

13 May For the first time, the phase brightness variations in exoplanets have been

measured to see the day-night cycle of exoplanetary weather dynamics.[218]

14 May Researchers confirm that strong warming is taking place in the upper

troposphere, a phenomenon long predicted in global warming theory and climate
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models.[219]

15 May

Larsen B and C, a pair of ice shelves in the Antarctic, are reportedly at risk of collapse

in the near future, potentially adding several centimetres to global sea levels.[220]

Researchers have taken a step towards large-scale fabrication of graphene, using

chemical vapor deposition to produce composites containing 2-inch-by-2-inch sheets of

the material.[221]

The opahis confirmed as the first known "warm-blooded" fish, able to regulate the

temperature of its entire body.[222]

21 May: NASA reports that WISE

J224607.57-052635.0is the most

luminous galaxyin the Universe.

(artist's impression)

18 May Scientists have reactivated neuroplasticityin older mice, restoring their brains

to a more youthful state.[223]

19 May Playing natural sounds such as flowing water in offices can boost worker

moods and improve cognitive abilities, in addition to providing speech privacy, according

to a new study.[224]

20 May NASA reports the Keplerspace observatoryobserved KSN 2011b, a Type Ia

supernovain the process of exploding: before, during and after. Details of the pre-nova

moments may help scientists better understand dark energy.[225]

21 May

NASA reports the most luminousgalaxyyet discovered is galaxy WISE J224607.57-

052635.0. Smaller than the Milky Waygalaxy, this dusty galaxy releases 10,000 times

more energy. Nearly 100 percent of the light emitted from galaxy WISE J224607.57-

052635.0 is infrared radiation.[226][227](image)

Scientists have observed a sudden increase of ice loss in a previously stable region

of Antarctica. The ice loss is so large that it causes small changes in the gravity field of

the Earth.[228]

22 May Researchers have developed algorithms that enable robots to learn motor
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tasks through trial and error using a process that more closely approximates the way

humans learn, marking a major milestone in the field of artificial intelligence.[229]

3 June: Reactivation of the Large

Hadron Collider (LHC).

25 May A new technique to create a single-molecule diode has been developed by

scientists, and, in doing so, they have developed molecular diodes that perform 50 times

better than all prior designs.[230]

27 May Glacier volume in the Everestregion of the Himalayascould be reduced

between 70% and 99% by 2100, unless greenhouse gas emissions are curbed, according

to a new study by the European Geosciences Union.[231]

28 May A new species of ancient hominid Australopithecus deyiremeda is

uncovered in Ethiopia, with jaw bones and teeth dating to between 3.3m and 3.5m years

old.[232]

29 May

Researchers have developed a new shape-memory material that stays strong even

after tens of millions of transformations.[233][234]

A new version of the Cheetah robothas been demonstrated with the ability to jump

over obstacles while running.[235]

30 May A new treatment for lung cancerusing a drug called nivolumabhas been

shown to more than double life expectancyin some patients.[236]

June

1 June A new study has linked rapid Arctic ice loss to extreme weather changes in

Europe and the US.[237]
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4 June: New temperature data

suggests that global warming has

not slowed.

2 June

NASA reports that the ALICE spectrographon the Rosettaspace probestudying

comet67P/ChuryumovGerasimenko(67P) determined that electrons(within 1 km

(0.62 mi) above the comet nucleus) produced from photoionizationof watermolecules

by solar radiation, and not photonsfrom the Sunas thought earlier, are responsible for

the degradation of water and carbon dioxidemolecules released from the comet

nucleus into its coma.[238][239]

Researchers have discovered a key protein required to maintain muscle mass and

muscle strength during aging.[240]

For the first time, researchers have created a lab-grown limbof a rat.[241][242]

California-based Tri Alpha Energy has shown a 10-fold improvement in its ability to

contain the hot particles needed for fusion.[243]

3 June

The Large Hadron Collideris reactivated after a two-year pause, during which

upgrades and repairs were taking place. The machine is now able to experiment with

higher energies, increasing from 8 to 13 trillion electron volts (TeV).[244][245]

4 June

Using new global surface temperature data, scientists at NOAAhave shown that the

rate of global warmingin the last 15 years has not slowed, eliminating the

"hiatus".[246][247]

For the first time, a computer intelligence without direct human help has produced a

model of regeneration.[248]

Warming ocean temperatures and decreasing oxygen levels will significantly shift

marine habitats in the future, according to a study by the University of Washington.[249]

Researchers have achieved a significant breakthrough in combating antibiotic

resistanceusing phages.[250]

8 June: Alga crateron Mars-
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detection of impact glassdeposit -

possible site for preserved ancient

life.[251]

8 June

NASA reports that impact glasshas been detected on the planet Mars- such material

may contain preserved signs of ancient life.[251](related image)

May 2015 was the wettest month on record for the contiguous U.S. according to

NOAA.[252]

Engineers at Stanford University have developed a state-by-state plan to convert the

U.S. to 100% clean, renewable energy by 2050.[253]

9 June Researchers have discovered what appear to be the remnants of red blood

cells and connective tissue in 75 million-year-old dinosaur fossils.[254]

10 June A woman in Belgium is the first in the world to give birth to a baby using

transplanted ovariantissue frozen when she was still a child, doctors say.[255]

14 June News reports announce that the Philaelander, part of the Rosetta space

mission, on the comet67P/ChuryumovGerasimenko, has woken up from hibernation

and is communicating with Earth.[256][257][258]

15 June

Researchers have sequenced and assembled the first full genomeof a living

organism using technology the size of smartphone.[259]

A study published in the British Medical Journal finds that consuming up to 100g of

chocolateevery day is linked to lowered heart disease and stroke risk.[260]

16 June: The eastern cougaris

declared extinct.[261]

16 June The eastern cougaris declared extinct by the U.S. Fish and Wildlife

Service.[261]

17 June

Astronomers report evidence, for the first time, of the existence of the very earlystars

that may have provided the chemical elementsneeded for the later formation of planets
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and lifeas we know it. These very old population III starsare postulated to have been

formed after the Big Bang, when the Universewas about 800 million years old, and may

have been detected in galaxyCosmos Redshift 7 (CR7), about 12.9 billion light-years

from Earth.[262][263]

The world's thinnest light source is created using graphene.[264]

18 June By reactivating a single gene, colorectal cancercells in mice stop growing

and re-establish normal intestinal function within four days, according to a study

published in the journal Cell.[265]

19 June A major study confirms that Earth is currently witnessing the start of a mass

extinctionevent the likes of which have not been seen for at least 65 million years. It is

being precipitated by human actions over the past 500 years.[266][267]

20 June A titanium 3D-printed prosthetic jaw is successfully implanted in a male

patient by surgeons in Melbourne, Australia.[268]

23 June The Sentinel-2AEarth observation satellite is launched.

24 June

Astronomers report the discovery of a brand new type of planet, resembling a giant

comet. GJ 436bis a "warm Neptune" located 33 light years from Earth and features a

huge cloud of gas trailing away from its parent red dwarf star.[269][270]

Researchers identify a protein on tiny particles, GPC1+ crExos, released by pancreatic

cancercells, which may help in detecting the illness at its earliest stage.[271][272]

26 June: All large impact craters

on Earthhave been identified.[273]

25 June

A new compound, MM41, is shown to reduce pancreatic cancertumours by 80

percent in mice.[274]

Google demonstrates a new AIchatbotthat is able to "remember facts, understandcontexts and perform common sense reasoning, all with fewer hand-crafted

rules."[275][276]
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26 June All of the biggest impact craterson Earth have now been identified, with

none left to be found at 6 km (3.7 mi) or greater width, according to a study by

geophysicists.[273]

27 June SpaceX CRS-7, a cargo resupply mission to the International Space Station,

explodes shortly after launch.

29 June The dwarf planetPlutopasses between a distant star and the Earth

producing a shadow on the Earth near New Zealandthat allows SOFIA, an airborne

observatory, to study the atmosphere of Pluto.[277]

30 June A new model created by mathematicians and physicists suggests a "Big Rip"

end to the universe.[278]

July

9 July: Researchers led by IBM

shrink transistors in computerchips to the 7nm scale.

2 July

Scientists report that active pits, related to sinkholecollapses and possibly

associated with outbursts, have been found on the comet67P/Churyumov

Gerasimenkoby the Rosettaspace probe.[279][280]

The first comprehensive analysis of the mammothgenome is completed, revealing a

number of traits that enabled the animals to survive in the Arctic cold.[281]

8 July

Astronomers report the discovery of an extremely rare five-star system.[282]

Scientists announce a project, as part of the Global Genome Initiative, to sample and

freeze DNA from half of the world's plant species within two years.[283][284]

9 July

The FDAtoughens warnings of increased heart attackand strokerisk associatedwith pain relieverscontaining ibuprofen, like Advil, Aleve, Motrinand related

nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs(NSAID). Tylenol, containing acetaminophen, is
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not an NSAID and is not affected by the new warnings. However, Aspirinis an NSAID

but is not affected by the new warnings.[285][286][287]

IBMannounces a breakthrough in the manufacture of 7 nmcomputer chips that will

enable the trend of Moore's Lawto continue for the next few years.[288][289]

14 July: Pluto, dwarf planet, asviewed by the New Horizons

spacecraftjust before closest

flyby.

13 July Researchers at the Large Hadron Colliderreport observing two exotic

particles belonging to a new class, pentaquarks.[290][291][292]

14 July

NASA's New Horizonsspacecraft performs a close flyby of Pluto, becoming the firstspacecraft in history to visit the distant world.[293][294][295]It will explore the area for five

months, before entering the Kuiper beltand eventually leaving the Solar System.

The latest State of the Climatereport confirms that 2014 was the hottest year on

record globally.[296]

16 July

Scientists report the discovery of the Weyl fermionafter an 85-year search. This

masslessquasiparticlecould help in the development of future electronics such as

quantum computing.[297]

A new study adds to the growing evidence that polar bearsare unable to adapt to a

warming Arctic.[298]

17 July Nanowires are used by Dutch researchers to boost solar fuel cell efficiency

tenfold, while using 10,000 times less precious material.[299]

20 July

Stephen Hawking, British physicist, helps launch a well-funded effort, called

Breakthrough Initiatives, to search for extraterrestrial lifeand attempt to answer the
http://-/?-http://-/?-http://-/?-http://-/?-http://-/?-http://-/?-http://-/?-http://-/?-http://-/?-http://-/?-http://-/?-http://-/?-http://-/?-http://-/?-http://-/?-https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extraterrestrial_lifehttps://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Breakthrough_Initiativeshttps://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stephen_Hawkinghttps://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Global_warming_in_the_Arctichttps://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polar_bearshttps://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_computinghttps://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quasiparticlehttps://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massless_particlehttps://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weyl_fermionhttps://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_of_the_Climatehttps://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_Systemhttps://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuiper_belthttps://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plutohttps://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Horizonshttps://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pentaquarkhttps://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Large_Hadron_Colliderhttps://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spacecrafthttps://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Horizonshttps://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dwarf_planethttps://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plutohttps://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Nh-pluto-in-true-color_2x_JPEG.jpghttps://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moore%27s_lawhttps://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/7_nmhttps://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/IBMhttps://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aspirin


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question: Are we alone?[300]

Through private and international partnerships, the cost of colonising the Mooncould

be reduced by 90 percent, according to a joint study released by the National Space

Societyand the Space Frontier Foundationand reviewed by an independent team of

experts.[301]

21 July

The latest global analysis of temperature data from NOAAshows that the first half of

2015 was the hottest such period on record, at 0.85 C (1.53 F) above the 20th century

average, surpassing the previous record set in 2010 by 0.09 C (0.16 F). The Earth also

experienced its hottest ever June.[302][303]

Men who become fathers experience weight gain and an increase in body mass index

according to a new, large-scale study that tracked more than 10,000 men over a 20-yearperiod. Men who didn't become dads actually lost weight over the same time

period.[304]

A new computer program is the first to recognise sketchesmore accurately than a

human.[305]

A potential new class of antibioticsbased on modified sugarmolecules is

reported.[306]

23 July: 3D Xpoint, a new memory

technology that is 1,000 times

faster than NAND.

22 July

The results of a trial involving 1,322 patients shows further evidence that

solanezumabcan slow Alzheimer's disease.[307][308]

US firm Second Sight announces the first age-related macular degenerationpatient

has received its Argus II bionic eye, at Manchester Royal Eye Hospitalin the UK, as part

of a groundbreaking study.[309][310]

A promising new treatment using eye dropsto treat cataractsis reported by the

University of California, San Diego.[311]
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23 July

NASA announces the discovery of Kepler-452b, a confirmed exoplanetthat is near-

Earth-size and found orbiting the habitable zoneof a Sun-like star.[312]

A provocative new paper by climate scientists including James Hansenwarns that

future sea level risesmay have been dramatically underestimated, and that even 2 C of

global warming is "highly dangerous".[313]

Intel and Micron unveil 3D XPoint, a new memory technologythat is 1,000 times

faster than NAND and 10 times denser than conventional DRAM.[314][315]

24 July The 133-million-year-old fossil of Tetrapodophis amplec

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