2015 Nepal earthquake

The 2015 Nepal earthquake (also known as theGorkhaearthquake),*[7]*[8] which killed more than 7,000 peo-ple and injured more than twice as many,*[lower-roman1] occurred at 11:56 NST on 25 April, with a momentmagnitude (Mw) of 7.8Mw*[1] or 8.1Ms*[2] and a maxi-mumMercalli Intensity of IX (Violent). Its epicenter wasthe village of Barpak, Gorkha district, and its hypocenterwas at a depth of approximately 15 km (9.3 mi).*[1]It was the most powerful disaster to strike Nepal since the1934 Nepal-Bihar earthquake.*[9]*[10]*[11] Some casu-alties were also reported in the adjoining areas of India,China, and Bangladesh.*[12]The earthquake triggered an avalanche onMount Everest,killing at least 19,*[13] making it the deadliest day onthe mountain in history.*[14] It triggered another hugeavalanche in Langtang valley, where 250 were reportedmissing.*[15]*[16]Hundreds of thousands of people were made home-less with entire villages flattened,*[15]*[17]*[18] acrossmany districts of the country. Centuries-old buildingswere destroyed at UNESCO World Heritage sites in theKathmandu Valley, including some at the KathmanduDurbar Square, the Patan Durbar Square and theBhaktapur Durbar Square. Geophysicists and other ex-perts had warned for decades that Nepal was vulnerableto a deadly earthquake, particularly because of its geol-ogy, urbanization, and architecture.*[19]*[20]Continued aftershocks occurred throughout Nepal within15-20 minute intervals, with one shock reaching a magni-tude of 6.7 on 26 April at 12:54:08 NST.*[4] The countryalso had a continued risk of landslides.*[21]

1 Earthquake

The earthquake occurred on 25 April 2015 at 11:56 a.m.NST (06:11:26 UTC) at a depth of approximately 15km (9.3 mi) (which is considered shallow and thereforemore damaging than quakes that originate deeper in theground),*[22] with its epicenter approximately 34 km(21 mi) east-southeast of Lamjung, Nepal, lasting ap-proximately twenty seconds.*[23] The earthquake wasinitially reported as 7.5 Mw by the United States Geo-logical Survey (USGS) before it was quickly upgradedto 7.9 Mw and finally downgraded to 7.8 Mw. TheChina Earthquake Networks Center (CENC) reportedthe earthquake's magnitude to be 8.1 Ms. The India Me-teorological Department (IMD) said two powerful quakes

Map of the earthquake and its aftershocks

were registered in Nepal at 06:11 UTC and 06:45 UTC.The first quake measured 7.9 Mw and its epicenter wasidentified at a distance of 80 km to the northwest ofKathmandu, the capital of Nepal. Bharatpur was thenearest major city to the main earthquake, 53 km (33 mi)from the epicenter. The second earthquake was some-what less powerful at 6.6 Mw. It occurred 65 km (40 mi)east of Kathmandu and its seismic focus lay at a depth of10 km (6.2 mi) below the earth's surface. Over thirty-fiveaftershocks of magnitude 4.5 Mw or greater occurred inthe day following the initial earthquake, including the oneof magnitude 6.6 Mw.*[24]According to the USGS, the temblor was caused by a sud-den thrust, or release of built-up stress, along the majorfault line where the Indian Plate, carrying India, is slowlydiving underneath the Eurasian Plate, carrying much ofEurope and Asia.*[22] Kathmandu, situated on a blockof crust approximately 120 km (75 miles) wide and 60km (37 miles) long, reportedly shifted 3 m (10 ft) to thesouth in just 30 seconds.*[25]The risk of a large earthquake was well known before-hand. In 2013, in an interview with seismologist VinodKumar Gaur, The Hindu quoted him as saying,Calcula-tions show that there is sufficient accumulated energy [inthe MFT], now to produce an 8 magnitude earthquake.I cannot say when. It may not happen tomorrow, butit could possibly happen sometime this century, or waitlonger to produce a much larger one.*[26] Accordingto Brian Tucker, founder of a nonprofit organisation de-voted to reducing casualties from natural disasters, somegovernment officials had expressed confidence that suchan earthquake would not occur again. Tucker recounted aconversation he had had with a government official in the1990s who said, We don't have to worry about earth-

1

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2 1 EARTHQUAKE

quakes anymore, because we already had an earthquake";the previous earthquake to which he referred occurred in1934.*[27]

1.1 Geology

M6+ Himalayan region earthquakes, 19002014

Nepal lies towards the southern limit of the diffusecollisional boundary where the Indian Plate underthruststhe Eurasian Plate,*[28] occupying the central sector ofthe Himalayan arc, nearly one-third of the 2,400 km(1,500 mi) long Himalayas. Geologically, the Nepal Hi-malayas are sub-divided into five tectonic zones fromnorth to south, east to west and almost parallel tosub-parallel.*[29] These five distinct morpho-geotectoniczones are: (1) Terai Plain, (2) Sub Himalaya (SivalikRange), (3) Lesser Himalaya (Mahabharat Range andmid valleys), (4) Higher Himalaya, and (5) Inner Hi-malaya (Tibetan Tethys).*[30] Each of these zones isclearly identified by their morphological, geological, andtectonic features.*[30]The convergence rate between the plates in central Nepalis about 45 mm (1.8 in) per year. The location, mag-nitude, and focal mechanism of the earthquake suggestthat it was caused by a slip along the Main FrontalThrust.*[1]*[31]The earthquake's effects were amplified in Kathmanduas it sits on the Kathmandu Basin, which contains up to600 m (2,000 ft) of sedimentary rocks, representing theinfilling of a lake.*[32]Based on a study published in 2014, of the Main FrontalThrust, on average a great earthquake occurs every 750 140 and 870 350 years in the east Nepal region.*[33] Astudy from 2015 found a 700-year delay between earth-quakes in the region. The study also suggests that becauseof tectonic stress buildup, the earthquake from 1934 inNepal and the 2015 quake are connected, following a his-toric earthquake pattern.*[34]

Nepal earthquake ShakeMap

1.2 Intensity

According to Did You Feel It?" (DYFI?) responseson the USGS website, the intensity in Kathmandu wasIX (Violent).*[1] Tremors were felt in the neighbor-ing Indian states of Bihar, Uttar Pradesh, Assam, WestBengal, Sikkim, Uttarakhand, Odisha, Andhra Pradesh,Gujarat,*[35] in the Indian capital region around NewDelhi*[36] and as far south as Karnataka.*[37] Manybuildings were brought down in Bihar. Minor cracksin the walls of houses were reported in Odisha. Mi-nor quakes were registered as far as Kochi in the south-ern state of Kerala. The intensity in Patna was V(Moderate).*[38] The intensity was IV (Light) in Dhaka,Bangladesh.*[1] The earthquake was also experiencedacross southwestern China, ranging from the Tibet Au-tonomous Region to Chengdu, which is 1,900 km (1,200mi) away from the epicenter.*[39] Tremors were felt inPakistan*[40] and Bhutan.*[1]

1.3 Aftershocks

Main article: List of aftershocks after the 2015 Nepalearthquake

A major aftershock of magnitude 6.7 Mw occurredon 26 April 2015 in the same region at 12:55 NST(07:09 UTC), with an epicenter located about 17 km (11mi) south of Kodari, Nepal.*[40]*[41] The aftershockcaused fresh avalanches on Mount Everest and was felt inmany places in northern India including Kolkata, Siliguri,Jalpaiguri andAssam.*[42] The aftershock caused a land-

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2.2 Damage 3

slide on the Koshi Highway which blocked the section ofthe road between Bhedetar and Mulghat.*[43]A model of GeoGateway, based on a United States Ge-ological Survey mechanism of a near-horizontal fault aswell as location of aftershocks showed that the fault wasan 11 dip striking at 295, 50 km (31 mi) wide, 150km (93 mi) long, and had a dip slip of 3 m (9.8 ft).*[44]The USGS says the aftershock on Sunday registered at ashallow depth of 10 km (6.2 mi).*[42]Assuming that this earthquake was the largest event inthis seismic episode, Nepal could expect more than 30aftershocks greater than magnitude 5 over the followingmonth.*[45] As of 1 May 2015, 120 aftershocks had oc-curred with different epicenters and magnitudes above 4Mw.*[46]*[47]

2 Aftermath

2.1 Casualties

Nepal

The earthquake killed more than 7,500*[70] and injuredmore than twice as many, as of 1 May 2015,*[lower-roman 1] *[48] Nepal's Prime Minister, Sushil Koirala,has said*[10] that the number could reach 10,000.*[71]The rural death toll may have been lower than it couldhave been as villagers were outdoors working when thequake hit.*[72]The Himalayan Times reported that as many as 20,000foreign nationals may have been visiting Nepal at the timeof the earthquake, although reports of foreign deaths wererelatively low.*[73] Hundreds of people are still consid-ered missing and more than 450,000 are displaced.*[49]

India

A total of 78 deaths were reported in India - 58 in Bi-har, 16 in Uttar Pradesh, 3 in West Bengal and 1 in Ra-jasthan.*[74]

People's Republic of China

25 dead

Bangladesh

4 dead

Bhutan

No dead but earthquake felt.

2.1.1 Avalanches on Mount Everest

Main article: 2015 Mount Everest avalanches

This earthquake caused many avalanches onMount Ever-est. At least 19 climbers, including Google executive DanFredinburg,*[75] died, with others injured or missing.

2.1.2 Landslides in the Langtang Valley

In the Langtang valley located in Langtang NationalPark around 250 people were reported missing after anavalanche hit the village of Ghodatabela*[76] and thevillage of Langtang. The avalanche was estimated to havebeen two to three kilometres wide. Ghodatabela was anarea popular on the Langtang trekking route.*[77] Thevillage of Langtang has been destroyed by the avalanche.Around 300 were estimated to have died in smaller set-tlements on the outskirts of Langtang that were buriedduring the earthquake, such as Chyamki, Thangsyap, andMundu. Twelve locals and two foreigners were believedto have survived. Smaller landslides occurred in theTrishuli River Valley with reports of significant damageat Mailung, Simle, and Archale.*[16]*[78]*[79]*[80] On4 May it was announced that 52 bodies had been foundin the Langtang area, of which seven were of foreign-ers.*[81]

2.2 Damage

The Dharahara tower

Before the earthquake

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4 2 AFTERMATH

After the earthquake

Hundreds of thousands of houses were destroyed acrossmany districts of the country, with entire villages flat-tened, especially those near the epicentre.*[15]*[17]*[18]The Tribhuvan International Airport serving Kathmanduwas closed immediately after the quake, but was re-opened later in the day for relief operations and, later, forsome commercial flights.*[82] It subsequently shut downoperations sporadically due to aftershocks,*[83] and on 3May was closed temporarily to the largest planes for fearof runway damage.*[84] Many workers were not at theirposts, either from becoming earthquake casualties or be-cause they were dealing with its after effects.*[85] Flightsresumed from Pokhara, to the west of the epicentre, on27 April.*[86]

Kathmandu Durbar Square before the earthquake

Building damage as a result of the earthquake

Reports from Christian websites reported that somechurch buildings fell onto the heads of congregationswhile they were praying leaving at least 500 Christians

dead. Several of the 400 churches in the Kathmandu val-ley were wiped out.*[87]*[88]Kathmandu Durbar Square, a UNESCO World HeritageSite, collapsed,*[23] as did the Dharahara tower, built in1832; the collapse of the latter structure killed at least180 people,*[89]*[90]*[91]*[92] Manakamana Templein Gorkha was also destroyed. The northern side ofJanaki Mandir was reported to have been damaged.*[93]Several temples, including Kasthamandap, Panchtaletemple, the nine-storey Basantapur Durbar, the Dasa Av-tar temple and two dewals located behind the Shiva Par-vati temple were demolished by the quake. Some othermonuments, including the Kumari Temple and the TalejuBhawani Temple partially collapsed.*[12]*[94]The top of the Jay Bageshwori Temple in Gaushala andsome parts of the Pashupatinath Temple, Swyambhunath,Boudhanath Stupa, Ratna Mandir, inside Rani Pokhari,and Durbar High School have been destroyed.*[95]In Patan, the Char Narayan Mandir, the statue of YogNarendra Malla, a pati inside Patan Durbar Square, theTaleju Temple, the Hari Shanker, UmaMaheshwor Tem-ple and the Machhindranath Temple in Bungmati weredestroyed. In Tripureshwor, the KalMochanGhat, a tem-ple inspired by Mughal architecture, was completely de-stroyed and the nearby Tripura Sundari also suffered sig-nificant damage. In Bhaktapur, several monuments, in-cluding the Fasi Deva temple, the Chardham temple andthe 17th century Vatsala Durga Temple, were fully or par-tially destroyed.*[95]Outside the Valley, the Manakamana Temple in Gorkha,the Gorkha Durbar, the Palanchowk Bhagwati, inKavrepalanchowk District, the Rani Mahal in Palpa Dis-trict, the Janaki Mandir in Janakpur, the Churiyamaiin Makwanpur District, the Dolakha Bhimsensthan inDolakha District, and the Nuwakot Durbar were par-tially destroyed. Historian Prushottam Lochan Shresthastated, We have lost most of the monuments that hadbeen designated as World Heritage Sites in Kathmandu,Bhaktapur and Lalitpur District, Nepal. They cannot berestored to their original states.*[95]

2.3 Economic effects

Road damage in Nepal

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3.1 Role of the internet, social media and mainstream media 5

Concern was expressed that harvests could be reducedor lost this season as people affected by the earthquakewould have only a short time to plant crops before theonset of the Monsoon rains.*[96]Nepal, with a total Gross Domestic Product ofUSD$19.921 billion (according to a 2012 estimate),*[97]is one of Asia's poorest countries, and has little ability tofund a major reconstruction effort on its own.*[98] Evenbefore the quake, the Asian Development Bank estimatedthat it would need to spend about four times more thanit currently does annually on infrastructure through 2020to attract investment.*[98] The U.S. Geological Surveyinitially estimated economic losses from the temblor at9 percent to 50 percent of gross domestic product, witha best guess of 35 percent. Its too hard for now totell the extent of the damage and the effect on NepalsGDP, according to Hun Kim, an Asian DevelopmentBank (ADB) official. The ADB said on the 28th that itwould provide a USD$3 million grant to Nepal for im-mediate relief efforts, and up to USD$200 million for thefirst phase of rehabilitation.*[98]Rajiv Biswas, an economist at a Colorado, USA, basedconsultancy said, that rebuilding the economy will needinternational effort over the next few years as it could eas-ily exceed US $5 billion, or about 20 percent of Nepal'sgross domestic product.*[98]*[99]

3 Rescue and relief

Nepal Army and Turkish Disaster Relief aid workers workingtogether

About 90 percent of soldiers from the Nepalese Armywere sent to the stricken area in the aftermath of theearthquake under Operation Sankat Mochan, with volun-teers mobilized from other parts of the country.*[100]Rainfall and aftershocks were factors complicating therescue efforts, with potential secondary effects like addi-tional landslides and further building collapses being con-cerns. Impassable roads and damaged communicationsinfrastructure posed substantial challenges to rescue ef-forts.*[101] Survivors were found up to a week after theearthquake.*[102]*[103]*[104]As of 1 May 2015, international aid agencies like

Mdecins Sans Frontires (Doctors Without Borders)and the Red Cross were able to start medically evacu-ating the critically wounded by helicopter from outly-ing areas, initially cut-off from the capital city, Kath-mandu,*[17] and treating others in mobile and makeshiftfacilities.*[105]*[106] There was concern about epi-demics due to the shortage of clean water, the makeshiftnature of living conditions and the lack of toilets.*[107]

3.1 Role of the internet, social media andmainstream media

Volunteering public from around the world, put detailsof collapsed houses, stranded, shelterless and starvingpeople, messages and contact details of people willingto help and people who needed help,*[108] onto onlinemaps,*[109]*[110] for other volunteers to verify theseclaims on the ground, wherever they could. First respon-ders, from Nepali citizens to the Red Cross, the Nepalarmy and the United Nations used this data. Droneswere also used to collate the destruction.*[111] All thiswas made possible from experience gained, and lessonslearned from the Haiti and Indonesia earthquakes, withdata in place in anticipation of this eventuality.*[112]On 3 May, the hashtag #GoHomeIndianMedia was trend-ing worldwide on Twitter condemning news covered bythe Indian media as insensitive and inhumane to victimsof the tragedy. People of Nepal acknowledged the aidand effort put by the Indian armed forces, yet, at the sametime, accused Indian news networks of carrying outapublic relations exerciseon behalf of the Indian govern-ment, for patronising aid given as exclusive, and for hog-ging space on relief planes where aid material or rescueor medical personnel could have been sent instead.*[113]Indian users responded with hashtags #sorrynepal and#DontComeBackIndianMedia.*[114]

4 International aid

UNICEF appealed for donations, as close to 1.7 millionchildren had been driven out into the open, and were indesperate need of drinking water, psychological counsel,temporary shelters, sanitation and protection from dis-ease outbreak. It distributed water, tents, hygiene kits,water purification tablets and buckets.*[115]India was the first to respond within hours, beingNepal's immediate neighbour,*[116] with OperationMaitri which provided rescue and relief by its armedforces. It also evacuated its own and other countries'stranded nationals.On 26 April 2015, international aid agencies and govern-ments mobilized men and aid for the earthquake. Theyfaced challenges getting assistance to Nepal and ferry-ing them especially, to remote areas as the country had

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6 6 REFERENCES

few helicopters.*[117]*[118] Relief effort was also ham-pered as the Nepalese government insisted on routing aidonly through the Prime Minister's Disaster Relief Fundand its National Emergency Operation Center. Nepal'sfinance minister said, the relief fund had not receivedpledged donations in cash. After concerns were raised, itwas then clarified that pre-existing non-profits or NGOs,could continue receiving aid directly and bypass the of-ficial fund, which applied only to accounts created af-ter the quake.*[119]*[117] Aid mismatch, aid diversion,mistrust over control of distribution of funds and sup-plies,*[120]*[121]*[122]*[123] congestion and customsdelay at Kathmandu's airport and border check posts,made it worse.*[124]*[125] On May 3, 2015 restrictionson heavy aircraft flying in supplies were issued after newcracks were noticed on the runway*[126]*[127]*[128] atthe Tribhuvan airport (TIA), Nepal's only wide-body jetairport.The list below gives a break-up of pledged donations, byeach nation, along with aid in kind, delivered immedi-ately.*[129]

5 See also Economy of Nepal

Geology of Nepal

Geology of the Himalaya

List of avalanches

List of earthquakes in India

List of earthquakes in China

List of earthquakes in South Asia

List of people who died climbing Mount Everest

List of World Heritage Sites in Nepal

Indian Plate

Tectonics

Thrust tectonics

6 References[1] M7.8 29 km ESE of Lamjung, Nepal. United States

Geological Survey. 25 April 2015. Retrieved 28 April2015.

[2] 2015 4 25 8.1inChinese". China Earthquake Networks Center. 25 April2015. Retrieved 28 April 2015.

[3] M6.6 - 49km E of Lamjung, Nepal.

[4] M6.7 - 17km S of Kodari, Nepal. usgs.gov.

[5] Nepal PM faces ire of quake victims. The Hindu. 29April 2015. Retrieved 29 April 2015.

[6] The Assam Tribune Online

[7] Gorkha Earthquake is followed by 125 numbers ofEarthquakes. Nepal Seismological Centre. 25 April2015. Retrieved 3 May 2015.

[8] Chidanand Rajghatta (26 April 2015). Is this the 'BigHimalayan Quake' we feared?". The Times of India. Re-trieved 26 April 2015.

[9] What 1934 Told Nepal to Expect About the Next BigQuake.

[10]Timeline: Nepal 2015 to 1934, the worst quake disastersin the last 80 years. Retrieved 28 April 2015.

[11] Nepal earthquake: Eerie reminder of 1934 tragedy.

[12] Earthquake in Nepal 2015. The Natural Disasters.

[13] nytimes.com 2015-04-27 katmandu-nepal-fear-loss-and-devastation, nytimes.com; accessed 28 April 2015.

[14] First survivors of Mount Everest avalanche reach Kath-mandu. Fox News. The Associated Press. 26 April2015. Retrieved 26 April 2015.

[15] Shrestha, Sahina (1 May 2015). Langtang is gone.Nepali Times. Retrieved 2 May 2015.

[16] Up to 250 missing after avalanche hits Nepal trekkingroute. Mail Online. Retrieved 28 April 2015.

[17] McCarthy, Julie (30 April 2015).He Carried His MomOn His Back For 5 Hours En Route To Medical Care.Montana Public Radio. Retrieved 2 May 2015.

[18] Kaini, Sudip (29 April 2015).Great Earthquake wipesout Barpak. The Kathmandu Post. Retrieved 2 May2015.

[19] Experts had warned for decades that Nepal was vulner-able to a killer quake. Washington Post. Retrieved 29April 2015.

[20] Colin Stark (26 April 2015). Nepal earthquake: 'Atragedy waiting to happen' - CNN.com. CNN. Retrieved29 April 2015.

[21]Earth Quake-hit Nepal at high risk of landslides in com-ing weeks. Free Press Journal.

[22] Howard, Brian Clark (25 April 2015). Nepal Earth-quake Strikes One of Earth's Most Quake-Prone Areas.National Geographic. Retrieved 27 April 2015.

[23]Powerful earthquake hits Nepal. Al Jazeera. Retrieved25 April 2015.

[24]1Day, Magnitude 2.5+Worldwide. Retrieved 25April2015.

[25] Joel Achenbach (27 April 2015). Kathmandu shiftsthree metres in 30 seconds. Sydney Morning Herald(Washington Post). Retrieved 28 April 2015.

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[36] Tremors felt in Delhi, Metro services briefly disrupted.

[37] In pics: 5,500 killed, more than 1/4th of Nepal's popu-lation affected after horrific earthquake.

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[46] 98 large scale aftershocks in 72 hours.

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[58] terremoto Nepal. Emergenza24. Retrieved 27 April2015.

[59] The fourth American confirmed to have died was VinhB Truong, who had been enjoying a hiking holiday whenthe tragedy happened; death toll soars past 5,000. DailyMail. 27 April 2015. Retrieved 27 April 2015.

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[162] Comunicado #4 La Cruz Roja llama a la solidaridad delos colombianos para ayudar a los damnificados del Ter-remoto en Nepal. cruzrojacolombiana.org. Retrieved29 April 2015.

[163] Colombia est lista para brindar ayuda humanitaria aNepal: UNGRD. rcnradio.com. Retrieved 29 April2015.

[164] Czech Republic will help Nepal (in Czech)". Govern-ment of the Czech Republic. 27 April 2015. Retrieved 27April 2015.

[165] Czech medical team to help earthquake victims inNepal. The Prague Post. 28 April 2015. Retrieved 29April 2015.

[166] Czech authorities establish contact with all Czechs inNepal. Radio Prague. 29 April 2015. Retrieved 29April 2015.

[167] Denmark sends aid to Nepal after earthquake. TheLocal. 26 April 2015. Retrieved 26 April 2015.

[168] Eesti ja Soome pstemeeskond ei lenda Nepali[Es-tonian and Finnish rescue team won't fly to Nepal] (in Es-tonian). Postimees. 2015-04-28. Retrieved 2015-04-28.

[169] Eesti pstemeeskonna juht: lootus peab alati silima,muidu me ei lheks sinna. Uudised (in Estonian). 27April 2015. Retrieved 27 April 2015.

[170] Lakson, Piret (2015-04-29). Eesti pstemeeskonnajuht tdes, et varustuse pakkimisel tehti vigu[Estonianrescue team leader admitted that mistakes were made inpackaging of equipment] (in Estonian). Postimees. Re-trieved 2015-04-29.

[171] The Finnish Red Cross kicks off campaigns for earth-quake victims in Nepal. YLE. 26 April 2015. Retrieved26 April 2015.

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11

[172] Red Cross logistical unit gets green light for Nepal trip. YLE. 30 April 2015. Retrieved 30 April 2015.

[173] Suomi lahjoittaa kaksi miljoonaa euroa Nepaliin[Fin-land donates 2 million to Nepal]. Helsingin Sanomat (inFinnish). 28 April 2015. Retrieved 30 April 2015.

[174] Npal - Tremblement de terre (25 avril 2015)". FranceDiplomatie (in French). 25 April 2015. Retrieved 26April 2015.

[175] Npal - Tremblement de terre - Dclaration de LaurentFabius. France Diplomatie (in French). 26 April 2015.Retrieved 26 April 2015.

[176]Turkey's AFAD and international aid organizations rushto Nepal after devastating earthquake. Daily Sabah AsiaPacific. 25 April 2015. Retrieved 25 April 2015.

[177] Germany, France sending rescue teams, emergency re-lief to quake-hit Nepal. 680 News. 26 April 2015. Re-trieved 26 April 2015.

[178] Erdbeben in Nepal: THW entsendet Voraus- undSEEWA-Team. thw.de (in German). Retrieved 28 April2015.

[179] CE expresses deepest sympathies for Nepal earthquakevictims. info.gov.hk. 26 April 2015. Retrieved 26 April2015.

[180] HKSARG to provide relief and financial assistance forquake victims in Nepal. info.gov.hk. 26 April 2015.Retrieved 28 April 2015.

[181] India sends 10 NDRF Teams for Relief and Rescue Op-eration in Nepal. Bihar Prabha.

[182] Nepal Earthquake: Major Aftershock Hits Kathmanduas Toll Climbs. NBC News.

[183]Nepal earthquake: Relief, rescue operations as they hap-pened on Monday. Zee News.

[184] Nepal quake: India launches 'Operation Maitri', airliftsmany. Hindustan Times.

[185] Live: Kathmandu airport reopens for rescue ops, Nepalquake death toll rises to 2263. FirstPost.

[186] Operation Maitri: India launches massive relief and res-cue efforts in Nepal. DNA India.

[187]Nepal quake: Indian Railway provides one lakh 'rail neer'bottles as relief. DNA India.

[188] Operation Maitri in full swing. The Telegraph.

[189] Operation Maitri in Full Swing to Pull Nepal Out ofRubble. The New Indian Express.

[190]Nepal earthquake: Rescue, relief work as they happenedon Tuesday. Zee News.

[191] "#IndiaWithNepal 8 Tonnes of Baby food and skimmedmilk, 6 Tonnes ofMedicines, 2 Tonnes of biscuits in othermaterial. Vikas Swarup, official spokesperson, Ministryof External Affairs, on Twitter.

[192] "#IndiaWithNepal More materials for rescue and reliefefforts today: 2 Engineering Task Forces, 100 Person-nel, 55 tonnes of drinking water. Vikas Swarup, officialspokesperson, Ministry of External Affairs, on Twitter.

[193] Live: India's help was like extending blank cheque, saysNepal; earthquake death toll at 5,057. FirstPost.com.

[194]India evacuates 170 foreigners fromNepal. DNA India.

[195]India evacuates 170 foreign nationals from Nepal. TheTimes of India.

[196] "#OperationMaitri 345 tonnes of relief material, dry food,water & essential medicines, from the State Govts of Bi-har & UP arrived in Nepal. Vikas Swarup, OfficialSpokesperson, Ministry of External Affairs, India, on Twit-ter.

[197] "#OperationMaitri The facts till date.. Vikas Swarup,Official Spokesperson, Ministry of External Affairs, India,on Twitter.

[198] Indonesia Kirim Tim SAR dan Medis ke Nepal.

[199] Indonesia kirim bantuan 6 ton ke Nepal.

[200] " / ( in" Persian ).Retrieved 26 April 2015.

[201]Iran RedCrescent ready to send relief to Nepal. IslamicRepublic News Agency. Retrieved 26 April 2015.

[202] 40 tons humanitarian relief supplies ready to dispatch toNepal. Retrieved 26 April 2015.

[203] Search and rescue team to depart shortly from Israel toregion; will include doctors. Jerusalem Post. 25 April2015. Retrieved 25 April 2015.

[204] Rescuers on 2 El Al jets heading for Nepal Sunday.Arutz Sheva. 25 April 2015. Retrieved 25 April 2015.

[205] IAF plane brings babies born in quake-struck Nepal toIsrael. Jerusalem Post. 27 April 2015. Retrieved 27April 2015.

[206] Leaders, charities offer condolences, help after Nepalquake. The IFP.ca. 25 April 2015. Retrieved 25 April2014.

[207] Japan Starts Emergency Assistance to Nepal over theGreat Earthquake. Poverist. 25 April 2015. Retrieved25 April 2014.

[208]Emergency Grant Aid to Nepal for the Earthquake Dam-age. Poverist. 29 April 2015. Retrieved 29 April 2014.

[209] Azura Abas (26 April 2015). Malaysia ready to helpNepal, says Anifah. New Straits Times. Retrieved 25April 2015.

[210] Malaysia to send doctors, rescuers to Nepal: PM Najib. Channel News Asia. 26 April 2015. Retrieved 25 April2015.

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