2015 nuke power · 2020. 3. 12. · 2015 nuke power contention 1: nuclear power allows for...
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2015 Nuke Power
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2015 Nuke Power ***TopicAnalysis***..............................................................................................................2
***AFF***..............................................................................................................................5
***AFFCards***..................................................................................................................11
***NEG***...........................................................................................................................20
***NegCards***..................................................................................................................23
***Topic Analysis***
Resolved: Countries ought to prohibit the production of nuclear power. File Author: Jesse Hedin
Edited by: Kyle Cheesewright
Thistopicasksdebaterstoanalyzeatimelyquestionofthepertinence,potentialbenefitsandpotentialdangersofnuclearpoweranditsuseacrosstheworld.Thistopicisespeciallyimportantgiventheproliferationofnuclearpowertocountriesviewedas“unstable”or“rogue”likeIranandNorthKorea.ThefearofnuclearpowerhasincreaseddramaticallyoverthepastseveralyearsduetomeltdownsofdifferentreactorslikethatoftheFukushimaDaiichireactorinJapan.Inthiscontext,outofthe17reactorsplannedtobecomeoperationalfrom2007to2009only5havebecomeoperational.Thus,theoncebrightfuturefornuclearpowerasanalternativetofossilfuelsandtheirstatusasthesafestandmostpowerfulformofcleanenergyhaslargelycomeintoquestion.Theparticularsinthedebateovernuclearism,aswellastheenvironmentalneedsthatledtothenecessityofcleanandpowerfulenergycanbefoundinthefurtherreadingssectionofthisfile.
Affirmativedebatersonthistopicwillbeabletoaccessgroundseveralways.First,thedangersthathavebeenproventobeveryrealbytherecentreactormeltdowninJapanwillbeusedbyAFFdebaterstoillustratetheoutdatedandunsafetechnologyofcurrentnuclearpowerplants.Second,affdebaterswillbeabletoaccesslinkstointernationallawanddifferenttreatiesthatwouldmandateproliferationandassistanceinthedevelopmentofnewreactorsforlessdevelopedcountries,sinceseveralcountriesaswellastheUS-Russiantreatieshaveadvocatedforamoreaccessiblenuclearpowerwhichhasspurredfearsofrogueweaponization.Additionally,affirmativecaseswillbeabletoisolatesomeveryreal“harms”ofproliferationthattakesplaceinaworldwherenuclearpowerbecomesmoreaccessible.
Negativedebatersonthistopicwillbeabletodebatefromtwosolidareasofargumentativeground.First,theveryrealthreatofclimatechangeandtheinfeasibilityofotherformsofcleanenergyhasmadenuclearpoweraseriousnecessity.Whiletheseimpactsmaybeonalongertimeframethanmanyotherstheystillhavea100%probabilityoftheendoflifeonearthifleftunchecked.Second,iftheworldweretototallydenuclearize,strayfissilematerialandsafetyhazardsofdecommissioningnuclearplantswouldpotentiallyrunrampantorallowfornon-stateactorstoobtaindangerousfissilematerials.NuclearterrorismhasalwaysbeenasmallthreataftertheSovietUniondecommissionedmanynuclearweaponsandreactors,losingtrackoflargeamountsofweaponsgradematerialsintheprocess.However,inanincreasinglynuclearworld,thepointofnoreturnisquicklyapproaching,prohibitioncouldpotentiallyhavealreadypassedthepointoffeasibility.
Additionally,thereissomedebatetobehadonbothsidesofthistopicstemmingfromthespecificationof“nuclearpower”assomereactorsandweaponscouldpotentiallyfallinandoutofthatcategoryallowingforavarietyofwaystoapproachthetopicforbothAFFandNEG.
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2015 Nuke Power Finally,interestingcriticalgroundexistsacrossthistopic.Manythinkershavecriticizedthesecuritizationofnuclearpowerandtheexceptionalismofworldpowersinthewaythattheycandecidewhatcountriesare“legitimate”enoughtoholdtheawesomepowerofnuclearenergy.Alongthesesamelines,debatersinterestedincritiquingorientalismandconceptsofnuclearhegemonywillfindampleresourcescriticizingthenuclearempiressetupbyworldpowersliketheUS,China,andRussia.Finally,thequestionofthedegreetowhichnucleartechnologyintermingleswithenvironmentalconcernsandhumanrights/developmentofcountries’abilitytogeneratepowerattheheartofthistopicopensuplinkagestoawidevarietyofcriticalthinkers.
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2015 Nuke Power
***FurtherReading***
1. NuclearPowerIsNottheAnswerbyHelenCaldicott2. TheProsandConsofNuclearPowerbyEwanMcLeish3. NuclearRenaissance:TechnologiesandPoliciesfortheFutureofNuclearPowerby
WilliamJ.Nuttall4. TheFundamentalsofNuclearPowerGeneration:Questions&AnswersbyM.W.
Hubbell5. AtomicAwakening:ANewLookattheHistoryandFutureofNuclearPowerbyJames
A.Mahaffey6. NuclearEnergy:WhatEveryoneNeedstoKnowbyCharlesD.Ferguson7. MediaDiscourseandPublicOpiniononNuclearPower:AConstructionistApproach
WilliamA.GamsonandAndreModiglianiAmericanJournalofSociologyVol.95,No.1(Jul.,1989),pp.1-37http://www.jstor.org/stable/2780405?seq=1#page_scan_tab_contents
8. PoliticsandNuclearPower:EnergyPolicyinWesternEuropeByMichaelT.Hatch
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2015 Nuke Power
***AFF*** Iaffirm:
Resolved:Countriesoughttoprohibittheproductionofnuclearpower.
Becausethisresolutionusestheword“ought”questionsofmoralitywithinnuclearpowerarefirstandforemost,thevalueforthisdebateshouldbemorality.
Zimmermanexplains,thestatusquonuclearpolicyalwaysexcludesthenon-nuclearfromtheconversationleavingthempowerless.
Zimmerman95[AndrewD.,“TowardaMoreDemocraticEthicofTechnologicalGovernance,Science,Technology,andHumanValues,”vol.20,no.1,Winter,pp.86-107]
Theproblemofhinderedorevenarrestedmoraldevelopmentisexacerbatedbyauthoritarianinstitutionssuchasthelargetechnologicalsystemsthatdominatemuchofourpubliclifeandworktoinhibitautonomousexpression.14AsCooperobserved,"[t]hecrucialfeatureoftheseinstitutions,asitrelatestotheidealofmoralautonomy,isthelackofdownwardaccountability.Thoselowerinthehierarchyaretobethebeneficiariesofdecisions;theyarenotexpectedtopartakeinthedecisionmaking"(1993,124).
And,thestandardweshoulduseinthisdebatetomeasuremoralityismaximizingequalityofwellbeing.
AccordingtoMaiese:
Withoutconsiderationforequalityinhumanwellbeing,thoseoutofpowerbecomedehumanized.Dehumanizationisaprerequisitetoviolence–itmakesconflict,humanrightsviolationsandgenocideinevitable–it’sempiricallyproven.
Maiese03[Michelle,GraduateStudentofPhilosophyattheUniversityofColorado,Boulder;ResearchStaffattheConflictResearchConsortium;“Dehumanization,”
http://www.beyondintractability.org/essay/dehumanization/]Whiledeindividuationandtheformationofenemyimagesareverycommon,theyformadangerousprocessthatbecomesespeciallydamagingwhenitreachesthelevelofdehumanization.Oncecertaingroupsarestigmatizedasevil,morallyinferior,andnotfullyhuman,thepersecutionofthosegroupsbecomesmorepsychologicallyacceptable.Restraintsagainstaggressionandviolencebegintodisappear.Notsurprisingly,dehumanizationincreasesthelikelihoodofviolenceandmaycauseaconflicttoescalateoutofcontrol.Onceaviolencebreakoverhasoccurred,itmayseemevenmoreacceptableforpeopletodothingsthattheywouldhaveregardedasmorallyunthinkablebefore.Partiesmaycometobelieve
thatdestructionoftheothersideisnecessary,andpursueanoverwhelmingvictorythatwillcauseone'sopponenttosimplydisappear.Thissortofinto-the-
seaframingcancauselastingdamagetorelationshipsbetweentheconflictingparties,makingitmoredifficulttosolvetheirunderlyingproblemsandleadingtothelossofmoreinnocentlives.Indeed,dehumanizationoftenpavesthewayforhumanrightsviolations,warcrimes,andgenocide.Forexample,inWWII,thedehumanizationoftheJewsultimatelyledtothedestructionofmillionsofpeople.[9]Similaratrocities
haveoccurredinRwanda,Cambodia,andtheformerYugoslavia.
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2015 Nuke Power Contention1:Nuclearpowerallowsforproliferationandroguenuclearthreats
Proliferationisinevitablewithnuclearpower.Thiscouldultimatelyleadtofullscalenuclearconflict.
Digges08(Charles.AuthoratTheEnvironmentalFoundationBellona,“NuclearenergynotanalternativeforfightonClimateChange.”10.01.2008.)
<http://www.bellona.org/position_papers/nonuke_bellonaposition>
ThenuclearrelationshipbetweenRussiaandIranisaprescientexampleofcorporateorgovernmentalgreedrunningroughshodovernonproliferationconcerns.Bybuildinga$1billionreactorinIran’sportofBushehr,RussiaopenedaPandora’sBoxofnucleartechnologyforIran,whichhasdevelopeduraniumenrichmenttoalevelthatputsit,byIAEAestimates,withintwoto10yearsofbuildinganuclearweapon.Foritspart,Franceisunderwritingtheconstructionofanuclearpowerplantin
Libya,andactivelyencouragesnucleardevelopmentintheMiddleEast.Therelationshipbetweenthebasicinfrastructureofthefuelcycleandtheeventualdevelopmentofnuclearweaponstechnologyisawell-wornpath.Quitesimply,anynuclearfuelcyclefacilitysuchasauraniumenrichmentfacilityorareprocessingfacilitycanbeused,ifbuiltinsufficientsizes,toproducenuclearweapons.WeretheworldwidenuclearfuelcycletoexpandtothedimensionsneededtoevenbegincuttingCO2emissionsandmeetenergyneeds,thedevelopmentofnuclearweapons–theworld’ssinglegeopoliticaldoomsdaydevices-wouldbepossiblevirtuallyeverywhere.Thecorporateinterestsofspreadingnucleartechnologytherebyputthemostfearedtechnologiesindirectproximitytomanynationswhohaveestablishedtiestoterroristorganizations.Cheapenergythenbecomesinestimablelossoflifeandreconstructioncostswhenviewedinlightoftheevermorelikely
possibilityofanuclearterroristattack,oreventheheightenedchancesofafullblownnuclearwar.WiththeglobalconcernsaboutnuclearproliferationinplacessuchasNorthKoreaandIran,developmentofnuclearpowergloballyisuntenablegiventheexistenceofperfectlyacceptable,renewableandnon-weaponsusableenergytechnologies.Andwhilecertainveryspecificdisarmamentagreements–liketheCooperativeThreatReductionactbetweenRussiaandtheUnitedStateshavestemmedthisspiralbetweenthetwoColdWarfoes,
larger-scaletreaties,liketheNuclearNon-ProliferationTreaty(NPT)areunderconstantchallenge.Writtenwiththeaimofpressingitsnuclear-armedsignatories
towarddisarmament,whileholdingitsnon-nucleararmednuclearenergyproducingnationstotheagreementnottobuildnuclearweapons,theNuclearNon-ProliferationTreatyhasbeenparticularlyineffective.
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2015 Nuke Power Contention2:NuclearPoweristoomuchofaburdenandimpossibleformanycountries
Droughtwillpreventnuclearpowerfromworking,waterresourcesarealreadytooscarcetowaste.
AP,08.
(“DroughtCouldShutDownNuclearPlants”MITCHWEISS,Jan23,http://news.aol.com/story/_a/drought-could-shut-down-nuclear-plants/20080123164209990001?ncid=NWS00010000000001)
LAKENORMAN,N.C.(Jan.23)-NuclearreactorsacrosstheSoutheastcouldbeforcedtothrottlebackortemporarilyshutdownlaterthisyearbecausedroughtisdryinguptheriversandlakesthatsupplypowerplantswiththeawesomeamountsofcoolingwatertheyneedtooperate.Utilityofficialssaysuchshutdownsprobablywouldn'tresultinblackouts.ButtheycouldleadtoshockinglyhigherelectricbillsformillionsofSoutherners,becausetheregion'sutilitiesmaybeforcedtobuyexpensivereplacementpowerfromotherenergycompanies.Already,therehasbeenonebrief,drought-relatedshutdown,atareactorinAlabamaoverthesummer."Wateristhenuclearindustry'sAchilles'heel,"saidJimWarren,executivedirectorofN.C.WasteAwarenessandReductionNetwork,anenvironmentalgroupcriticalof
nuclearpower."Youneedalotofwatertooperatenuclearplants."Headded:"Thisisbecomingacrisis."AnAssociatedPressanalysisofthenation's104nuclearreactorsfoundthat24areinareasexperiencingthemostseverelevelsofdrought.Allbuttwoarebuiltontheshoresoflakesandriversandrelyonsubmergedintakepipestodrawbillionsofgallonsofwaterforuseincoolingandcondensingsteamafterithasturnedtheplants'turbines.
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2015 Nuke Power Contention3:Nuclearpowerplantscan’tevenhelptheenvironment,infacttheyharmit.
NuclearpowerputsmoreCO2intotheatmospherethanotherenergysourcestoday
<Women’sInternationalLeagueofPeaceandFreedom(WILPF),October2007;WILPFispartoftheinternationalwomen’speaceorganizationestablishedin1915to'bringtogetherwomenofdifferentpoliticalbeliefsandphilosophieswhoareunitedintheirdeterminationtostudy,makeknownandhelpabolishthecausesandthelegitimizationofwar'.ThereareWILPFgroupsin42countriesincludingtheU.S.;http://www.wilpf.org.au/PDFs/Nuclear_Awareness_WILPF_2007.pdf>
Largeamountsofelectricity,petrol/diesel,andwaterareconsumedintheminingandprocessingofuraniumtogeneratenuclearfuel.Essentiallyanuclearreactorisaveryexpensivewaytoboilwater.Theactualnuclearreactormaynotproduceanygreenhousegaseslikecarbondioxide(CO2),buttherearesignificantamountsofCO2producedintheminingandtransportoftheoretothereactor.Largequantitiesofwaterarealsoconsumedinmining,andinsomecasesthesecanexceedtheamountsusedforcoalmining,e.g.OlympicDam
(RoxbyDowns)using729,000,000litersofwateradayfromtheArtesianBasin.Thiswaterbecomesradioactiveandtoxic.Theproblemofwastedisposalfromminingandprocessingaswellasfromthereactorisverylargeandsofarunsolved.AfterthecurrentexpansionofBHPBilliton’sOlympicDam(RoxbyDowns),itisexpectedthat1tonneofradioactivetailingswillbeproducedeverysecond,and10
milliontonnesoftailingareproducedannually.Itisstoredattheminebuttherearenolong-termtreatmentandmanagementplansforhowtodealwiththiscontaminatedminingwaste.Therearenosolutionsfordealingwithspentfuelrodsandotherhigh-levelradioactivewastegeneratedfromthenuclearcycle.
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2015 Nuke Power Contention4:Nuclearwastewillirradiateandkillfuturegenerations
Nuclearwastesiteswillinevitablycreatehealthproblemsforfuturegenerations.
Brook98[Daniel,“EnvironmentalGenocide:NativeAmericansandToxicWaste,”AmericanJournalofEconomicsandSociology,Vol.57,No.1,Jan.,pp.105-113,
http://www.jstor.org/stable/pdfplus/3487423.pdf]
Unfortunately,itisasadbuttruefactthat"virtuallyeverylandfillleaks,andeveryincineratoremitshundredsoftoxicchemicalsintotheair,landandwater"(Angel1991,3).TheU.S.EnvironmentalProtectionAgencyconcedesthat
"[e]venifthe...protectivesystemsworkaccordingtoplan,thelandfillswilleventuallyleakpoisonsintotheenvironment"(ibid.).Therefore,evenifthesetoxicwastesitesaresafeforthepresentgeneration-aratherdubiouspropositionatbest-theywillposeanincreasinglygreaterhealthandsafetyriskforallfuturegenerations.Nativepeople(andothers)willeventuallypaythecostsofthesetoxicpollutantswiththeirlives,"coststowhich[corporate]executivesareconvenientlyimmune"(Parker1983,59).Inthisway,privatecorporationsareabletoexternalizetheircostsontothecommons,therebysubsidizingtheirearningsattheexpenseofhealth,safety,andtheenvironment.
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2015 Nuke Power Contention5:Alloftheproblemswithnuclearpowerwillonlygetworse,moreplantsarecoming.
Althoughcurrentnuclearplantsareexpandingtomeetcurrentneedsnewreactorsneedtobebuilttomeetfutureenergyneeds
Fertel2k4(Marvin,SeniorVPandchiefNuclearofficeratNuclearenergyInstitute,March4,2004,
http://www.nei.org/newsandevents/speechesandtestimony/2004/energysubcmtefertelextended)
Asourcountrypreparesfortheconstructionofnewnuclearpowerplants,theU.S.industryhasincreasedtheproductivityandefficiencyofitsexisting103plants.TheindustrycontinuestoupratecapacityatU.S.plants—theU.S.NuclearRegulatoryCommissionhasauthorizedmorethan2,000megawatts(MW)of
powerupratesoverthelastthreeyears,andanother2,000MWareexpectedoverthenextseveralyears.Anuprateincreasestheoutputofthenuclearreactorandmustbeapprovedbythe
NRCtoensurethattheplantcanoperatesafelyatthehigherproductionlevel.Companieswillinvestinthesepowerupratesasconditionsintheirlocalpowermarketsjustify.Inaddition,energycompaniesarepursuingrenewaloftheiroperatinglicenses.Thisoptionallowstoday’soperatingplantstoextendtheirlivesfor20additionalyears—from40to60years.Justinthepast12months,theNRChasapprovedrenewedlicensesfor13reactors,bringingthetotalnumberofreactorsextendingtheirfederaloperatinglicensesto23.Anadditional33reactorseitherhavealreadyfiledtheirrenewalapplications,orindicatedformallytoNRCthattheyintendtodoso.That
representsoverone-halfofU.S.reactors.Weexpectvirtuallyallournuclearplantswillrenewtheirlicenses—simplybecauseitmakesgoodeconomicsensetodoso.Withlicenserenewal,ourfirstplantswilloperateuntilthe2030sandournewestplantswillrunpast2050.Asanindustry,we’veimplementedsystematicprogramsacrosstheindustrytomanagethesystemsandcomponentsintheseplantsfortheirentireexpectedlifetime.Andwe’remakingthecapitalinvestmentsnecessarytoallow60yearsofoperationatsustainedhighlevelsofsafetyandreliability.Increasingelectricityproductionatnuclearpowerplantsisakeycomponentofthepresident’svoluntaryprogramtoreducethegreenhousegasintensityoftheU.S.economy.InDecember2002,NEIrespondedtoPresidentBush’schallengetothebusinesscommunitytodevelopvoluntaryinitiativesthat
wouldreducethegreenhousegas(GHG)intensityoftheU.S.economy.NEIindicatedthattheU.S.nuclearenergyindustrycouldincreaseitsgeneratingcapabilitybytheequivalentof10,000MW.NEI’sanalysisshowedthatthiswouldachieveapproximately20percentofthepresident’sgoal.Theadditional10,000MWwouldcomefromthreesources:PowerUprates—5,000to6,500MWofcapacityadditionsbetween2002and2012.ImprovedCapacityFactors—theequivalentof3,000to5,000MWofadditionalcapacityin2002-2012.PlantRestarts—refurbishingandrestartingTennesseeValleyAuthority’sBrownsFerryUnit1would
add1,250MW.Thenuclearenergyindustryhasrecordedsubstantialprogresstowarditsgoal.TheNRChasapproved2,198MWofupratesinthepastseveralyears.Inaddition,basedoninformationfromnuclearplantoperators,theNRCexpectsapplicationsforanadditional1,886MWofupratesinthe2004-2008period.5Inaddition,theTennesseeValleyAuthority(TVA)ismovingforwardwithrefurbishmentofUnit1oftheBrownsFerrynuclearpowerplant.TheTVABoardinMay2002approvedtherefurbishmentandrestart,a$1.8-billionprojectthatisexpectedtoreturnthereactortocommercialoperationin2007.BrownsFerryUnit1isnotanewconstructionreactor,butitscomprehensiverefurbishmentandrestart,whencomplete,willrepresentasignificantaccomplishmentfortheindustry.With5,334MWofnewcapacityinprospect(4,084megawattsofupratesand1,250MWatBrownsFerryUnit1),thenuclearenergyindustrywillbeapproximatelyhalfwaytowardmeetingitsgoalofexpandingcapacityby10,000megawattsby2012.Thisrepresentssubstantialprogress—thelargestprogressofanysingleindustry—towardachievementofthepresident’sgoaltoreducetheGHGintensityoftheU.S.economyby18percentby
2012.Obviously,therearelimitsonhowmuchadditionalelectricityoutputcanbeproducedattheexisting103nuclearpowerplants.Meetingthenation’sgrowingdemandforelectricity—whichwillrequireasmuchas400,000MWby2025,dependingonassumptionsaboutelectricitydemandgrowth6—willrequireconstructionofseveralnewnuclearpowerplantsintheyearsahead.
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2015 Nuke Power
***AFF Cards***
Plantscan’tbebuiltfastenoughtostopwarming
ChristianScienceMonitor2007[MarkClayton,staff,September28,accessed7/17/08http://www.csmonitor.com/2007/0928/p01s05-usgn.html]
Therisksmightbeworththecostifnuclearpowercanhaveasubstantialimpactinslowingglobalwarming.Butevensomeindustryexpertsdoubtthat'spossible.Toreducecarbondioxideemissionsby1billiontonsannually,thelevelsetbysomescientistsasagoalfornuclearpower,theworldwouldneedtobuild21new1,000-megawattnuclearplantsperyear–aboutfiveofthoseannuallyintheUS–forthenext50years,saysaKeystoneCenterreportendorsedbytheNEI.TheUSindustryreachedthatlevelinthe1980s.Butevenunderitsmostoptimisticassessment,theEnergyInformationAdministrationrecentlyprojectedthatonlyabout53nuclearpowerplantswouldbebuiltby2056.Atthatrate,thiswouldnotevenreplacetheexistingnuclearcapacityexpectedtoberetiredduringthattime,theKeystonereportsaid.
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2015 Nuke Power Nuclearenergywouldnotsolveclimatechangewithoutmajorconsequence.
Greenpeace,2008(Endthenuclearage,GreenpeaceInternational,Greenpeace.org,http://www.greenpeace.org/international/campaigns/nuclear#)
Weneedanenergysystemthatcanfightclimatechange,basedonrenewableenergyandenergyefficiency.Nuclearpoweralreadydeliverslessenergygloballythanrenewableenergy,andthesharewillcontinuetodecreaseinthecomingyears.Despitewhatthenuclearindustrytellsus,buildingenoughnuclearpowerstationstomakeameaningfulreductioningreenhousegasemissionswouldcosttrillionsofdollars,createtensofthousandsoftonsoflethalhigh-levelradioactivewaste,contributetofurtherproliferationofnuclearweaponsmaterials,andresultinaChernobyl-scaleaccidentonceeverydecade.Perhapsmostsignificantly,itwillsquandertheresourcesnecessarytoimplementmeaningfulclimatechangesolutions.
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2015 Nuke Power Nuclearpowerwouldbemorecostlyandcrushtheeconomy
Rifkin,2006(Jeremy,founderandpresidentoftheFoundationofEconomicTrendsandtheauthorof“TheHydrogenEconomy:TheCreationoftheWorldWideEnergyWebandtheRedistributionofPoweronEarth”,“NuclearEnergy:Stillabadidea”,LosAngelesTime,September29,http://www.commondreams.org/views06/0929-33.htm)
First,nuclearpowerisunaffordable.Withaminimumpricetagof$2billioneach,new-generationnuclearpowerplantsare50%moreexpensivethanputtingcoal-firedpowerplantsonline,andtheyarefarmoreexpensivethannewgas-firedpowerplants.Thecostofdoublingnuclearpower'sshareofU.S.electricitygeneration—whichcurrentlyproduces20%ofourelectricity—couldexceedhalfatrilliondollars.Inacountryfacingrecordconsumerandgovernmentdebt,whereisthemoneygoingtocomefrom?Consumerswouldpaythepriceintermsofhighertaxestosupportgovernmentsubsidiesandhigherelectricitybills.Second,60yearsintothenuclearera,ourscientistsstilldon'tknowhowtosafelytransport,disposeoforstorenuclearwaste.Spentnuclearrodsarepilingupallovertheworld.IntheUnitedStates,thefederalgovernmentspentmorethan$8billionand20yearsbuildingwhatwassupposedtobeanairtight,undergroundburialtombdugdeepintoYuccaMountaininNevadatoholdradioactivematerial.Thevaultwasdesignedtobeleak-freefor10,000years.Unfortunately,theEnvironmentalProtectionAgencyconcedesthattheundergroundstoragefacilitywillleak.AccordingtoastudyconductedbytheInternationalAtomicEnergyAgencyin2001,knownuraniumresourcescouldfailtomeetdemand,possiblyasearlyas2026.Ofcourse,newdepositscouldbediscovered,anditispossiblethatnewtechnologicalbreakthroughscouldreduceuraniumrequirements,butthatremainspurelyspeculative.
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2015 Nuke Power NuclearpowerwouldbeaneasywaytospreadterrorismfurtherintheMiddleEast.
Rifkin,2006(Jeremy,founderandpresidentoftheFoundationofEconomicTrendsandtheauthorof“TheHydrogenEconomy:TheCreationoftheWorldWideEnergyWebandtheRedistributionofPoweronEarth”,“NuclearEnergy:Stillabadidea”,LosAngelesTime,September29,http://www.commondreams.org/views06/0929-33.htm)
Fourth,buildinghundredsofnuclearpowerplantsinaneraofspreadingIslamicterrorismseemsinsane.OntheonehandtheUnitedStates,theEuropeanUnionandmuchoftheworldisfrightenedbythemerepossibilitythatjustonecountry—Iran—mightuseenricheduraniumfromitsnuclearpowerplantsforanuclearbomb.Ontheotherhand,manyofthesamegovernmentsareeagertospreadnuclearpowerplantsaroundtheworld,placingthemineverynookandcrannyoftheplanet.Thismeansuraniumandspentnuclearwasteintransiteverywhereandpilingupinmakeshiftfacilities,oftenclosetoheavilypopulatedurbanareas.Nuclearpowerplantsaretheultimatesofttargetforterroristattacks.OnNov.8,2005,theAustraliangovernmentarrested18suspectedIslamicterroristswhowereallegedlyplottingtoblowupAustralia'sonlynuclearpowerplant.TheU.S.NuclearRegulatoryCommissionfoundthatmorethanhalfofthenuclearpowerplantsinthiscountryfailedtopreventasimulatedattackontheirfacilities.Weshouldallbeveryworried.
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2015 Nuke Power Nuclear power isn’t a long term solution- only enough fuel for 4 years. Caldicott, 5. (Helen,theAustralian,April15.“NuclearPoweristheProblem,NotaSolution”http://www.commondreams.org/views05/0415-23.htm,founderandpresidentoftheNuclearPolicyResearchInstitute)
At present there are 442 nuclear reactors in operation around the world. If, as the nuclear industry suggests, nuclear power were to replace fossil fuels on a large scale, it would be necessary to build 2000 large, 1000-megawatt reactors. Considering that no new nuclear plant has been ordered in the US since 1978, this proposal is less than practical. Furthermore, even if we decided today to replace all fossil-fuel-generated electricity with nuclear power, there would only be enough economically viable uranium to fuel the reactors for three to four years.
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2015 Nuke Power Wastestoragenearsitspeakwithinadecade-newnuclearplantswillspeedthethestorageprocesscausingriskofover-filling.
<MicroSoftNewsBroadcastingCompany(MSNBC);Wed.,March.7,2007;“ReidvowstoblocknuclearwastebillEnergyDept.warnsofsecondnuclearwastedumpifYuccanotexpanded”;http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/17498643/>
WASHINGTON-TheEnergyDepartmentunveiledlegislationTuesdaytospurconstructionofanationalnuclearwastedumpinNevadaandincreaseitscapacity.SenateMajorityLeaderHarryReid,D-Nev.,immediatelyvowedtoblockthebill.ThatcouldspellmoreproblemsforthetroubledYuccaMountainnuclearwastedump,alreadyyearsbehindschedule.TheEnergyDepartmentofficialwhoheadstheprojectwarnedthatwithoutnewfundingthat'spartofthebill,a2017goalforopeningthedump90milesnorthwestofLasVegascouldnotbemet."Ifwedon'thavethatwearecertainlynotgoingtobeabletomaintainthe2017date,"saidEdwardF."Ward"Sproat,directoroftheEnergyDepartment'sOfficeofCivilianRadioactiveWasteManagement.Thebilldoesn'tspecifyhowmuchmorethan77,000tonsofnuclearwasteshouldbeallowedinYuccaMountain,thoughfederalenvironmentalimpactstudieshaveestimatedthedumpcouldsafelyholdatleast132,000tons.There'salreadymorethan50,000tonsofnuclearwastepilingupatnuclearpowerplantsin31stateswithnowheretogo,somethingthat'sthreateningtaxpayerswithmountingliabilitycostssincethefederalgovernmentwascontractuallyobligatedtobeginstoringnuclearutilities'wastestartingin1998.Reid'ssolutionistoleavethenuclearwasteatthesiteswhereitalreadyis,putitindrycaskstorageunitsandallowtheEnergyDepartmenttotakeownershipofitonsitetoeliminatetheproblemofliabilitytoutilities.HeandSen.JohnEnsign,R-Nev.,introducedtheirownlegislationTuesdaytomakethosechanges.InrecentyearsReidhasalsosucceededincuttingPresidentBush'sbudgetrequestforYucca.Theproject's2007budget,at$405million,isnearly$150millionlessthantheadministrationwanted,whichSproatsaidisforcingprojectmanagerstoputvariousinitiativesonhold,includingworkonaraillinetotransportthewaste.TheEnergyDepartment'sbillwouldensurethatannualrevenuesinaspecialnuclearwastefundpaidforbyutilitieswouldbededicatedtoYuccaMountainoutsidetheoverallfederalbudgetingprocess,sothatYuccawouldn'thavetocompetewithotherprogramsforfunding.ThiswouldguaranteeYuccaMountaindedicatedfundingofatleast$750millionperyear.
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2015 Nuke Power Poor safety standards fail to be fixed in modern reactors and often continue to leak radioactive water and more.
Madsen,2008(Wayne,WayneMadsenisaWashington,D.C.-basedinvestigativejournalist,author,andsyndicatedcolumnist.HisarticleshaveappearedinTheVillageVoiceandWired.“WayneMadsen:NuclearPowernoteco-friendlyenoughtoresurrect”,McClatchy-TribuneNewsService,7-17,http://www.theolympian.com/nationworld/story/509801.html)
The poor nuclear safety record of America's nuclear power plant operators, especially during the laissez-faire regulatory holiday of the Bush administration, has not stopped GOP presumptive presidential candidate John McCain from waving the nuclear flag. In 2004, the Palo Verde nuclear plant, 50 miles west of Phoenix, saw two of three units shut down due to radiation leaks from aging equipment. The NRC saw fit to approve continued operation of the faltering plant. In addition, radioactive water was found to have leaked into ground water around Palo Verde. Similar leaks into the water supply have been discovered at the Braidwood nuclear power plant near Chicago. The Union of Concerned Scientists' call for a major investigation of such leaks was ignored.
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2015 Nuke Power NuclearEnergycausesradiationhealthproblems
Caldicott2006[Dr.HelenCaldicott,July2006,devotedthelast35yearstoaninternationalcampaigntoeducatethepublicaboutthemedicalhazardsofthenuclearageNuclearPowerIsNottheAnswer,http://www.helencaldicott.com/chapter3.pdf]
Few,ifany,estimatesofthecostsofnuclearenergytakeintoaccountthehealthcoststothehumanrace.Evenwhennuclearpowerplantsareoperatingnormally,thesecostsarenotinsignificant.Miners,workers,andresidentsinthevicinityoftheminingandmillingfunctions,andworkersinvolvedintheenrichmentprocessesnecessarytocreatenuclearfuelareatriskforexposuretounhealthyamountsofradiationandhaveincreasedincidencesofcancerandrelateddiseasesasaresult.Routineandaccidentalradioactivereleasesatnuclearpowerplantsaswellastheinevitableleakageofradioactivewastewillcontaminatewaterandfoodchainsandexposehumansandanimalsnowandforgenerationstocome.AccidentssuchasThreeMileIslandandChernobylcondemnthousandsifnotmillionstopaythecostofnuclearpowerwiththeirownhealth.Understandingthenatureofradiationiscriticaltounderstandingthehealthimpactsofnuclearenergy.
Radiationcanresultincancersanddeath.
WorldNuclearAssociation2002(“RadiationandLife”,http://www.world-nuclear.org/education/ral.htm)
Ithasbeenknownformanyyearsthatlargedosesofionisingradiation,verymuchlargerthanbackgroundlevels,cancauseameasurableincreaseincancersandleukemias('canceroftheblood')aftersomeyearsdelay.Itmustalsobeassumed,becauseofexperimentsonplantsandanimals,thationisingradiationcanalsocausegeneticmutationsthataffectfuturegenerations,althoughtherehasbeennoevidenceofradiation-inducedmutationinhumans.Atveryhighlevels,radiationcancausesicknessanddeathwithinweeksofexposure-seeTable.Thedegreeofdamagecausedbyradiationdependsonmanyfactors-dose,doserate,typeofradiation,thepartofthebodyexposed,ageandhealth,forexample.Embryosincludingthehumanfetusareparticularlysensitivetoradiationdamage.Butwhatarethechancesofdevelopingcancerfromlowdosesofradiation?Theprevailingassumptionisthatanydoseofradiation,nomatterhowsmall,involvesapossibilityofrisktohumanhealth.
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2015 Nuke Power NuclearReactorsunsafe-Theregulatorsareineffective
Gronlund,Lochbaum,&Lyman`7(Lisbeth,David,Edwin,LisbethGronlundisco-directorandseniorscientistoftheUCSGlobalSecurity
Program.DavidLochbaumisdirectorofthenuclearsafetyprojectintheUCSGlobalSecurityProgram.EdwinLymanisaseniorstaffscientistintheUCSGlobal
SecurityProgram.,NuclearpowerinawarmingworldAssessingtheRisks,AddressingtheChallenges,UnionofConcernedScientist,December2007) Safetyproblemsremaindespitealackofseriousaccidents.A serious nuclear power accident has not occurredin the United States since 1979, when the Three Mile Island reactor in Pennsylvania experienced a partial core meltdown. However, theabsenceofseriousaccidentsdoesnotnecessarilyindicatethatsafetymeasuresandoversightareadequate.Since1979,therehavebeen35instancesinwhichindividualreactorshaveshutdown to restore safety standards, andtheownerhastakenayearormoretoaddressdozensorevenhundredsofequipmentimpairmentsthathadaccumulatedoveraperiodofyears.Themostrecentsuchshutdownoccurredin2002.Theseyear-plusclosuresindicatethattheNRChasbeendoingapoorjobofregulatingthesafetyofpowerreactors.Aneffectiveregulatorwouldbeneitherunawarenorpassivelytolerantofsafetyproblemssoextensivethatayearormoreisneededtofixthem.
Nuclearpowerisinherentlyunsafe-TheNRC’spoorregulationmakesitworstfornewreactors
Gronlund,Lochbaum,&Lyman`7(Lisbeth,David,Edwin,LisbethGronlundisco-directorandseniorscientistoftheUCSGlobalSecurityProgram.David
LochbaumisdirectorofthenuclearsafetyprojectintheUCSGlobalSecurityProgram.EdwinLymanisaseniorstaffscientistintheUCSGlobalSecurityProgram.,NuclearpowerinawarmingworldAssessingtheRisks,AddressingtheChallenges,UnionofConcernedScientist,December2007)
Nuclearpowerplantshaveexperiencedscoresofmoreminoraccidentsandnear-misses.TheseincludeanaccidentinJapaninDecember1995,whentheMonjureactorleakedsodiumcoolant,settingoffaseriousfire.Sodiumburnsfiercelywhenincontactwithairandreactsviolentlywhenaddedtowater,makingitdifficulttocontrol.Arecentexampleofanear-missisthe2002discoverythattheDavis-BessereactorinOhiohadasizableholeinitshead:onlyathinskinofstainlesssteelkeptradioactivematerialsfromspreadingwithintheplant.ContinuedoperationforafewmoremonthswouldhaveledtoaThreeMileIsland-stylecoremeltdown,orworse(seeBox1).12Infact,theNuclearRegulatoryCommission(NRC)hasreportedfourdozen“abnormaloccurrences”toCongresssince1986,andnotifiedtheInternationalAtomicEnergyAgencyof18nuclear“events”sincereportingbeganin1992.13Whilenotechnologycanbeperfectlysafe,nuclearpowerisaninherentlyriskytechnology,andminimizingitsrisksrequiresstringentsafetystandardsandpractices.TheUnitedStateshasrelativelystrongsafetystandardsfornuclearpower.However,serioussafetyproblemscontinuetoarisebecausetheNRCdoesnotadequatelyenforcethosestandards.Ofcourse,accidentsarenottheonlymeasureofsafety,and
theabsenceofaccidentsdoesnotnecessarilyindicatethattherearenosafetyproblems.ThenumberofU.S.reactorsshutdownforayearorlongertoaddressnumeroussafetyproblemsprovidesstrongevidenceofpoorsafetypracticesandinadequateNRCenforcement.Aweak“safetyculture”withintheNRCitselfpreventseffectiveoversight.Theagencyalsoreliesonflawedapproachestoassessingrisksandinspectingnuclearfacilities,anditsstandardsforpreventingandmitigatingsevereaccidentsaretoolow.TheNRChasrecentlytakenstepstolimitpublicparticipationinthereactorlicensingprocess,eventhoughpastparticipationhasledtoimprovedsafety.Moreover,ratherthanraisingthebarfornewreactordesigns,theNRCisrelyingonexistingstandards,andfederallimitsontheliabilityofnuclearplantownersreduceincentivestoimprovethesafetyoffuturereactors.TheNRCalsosuffersfromaninadequatebudget.TheseshortcomingsindicatethattheNRCneedstogreatlystrengthenitsapproachtonuclearpowersafety.
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2015 Nuke Power
***NEG***
INegate:
Resolved:Countriesoughttoprohibittheproductionofnuclearpower.
Becausethisresolutionbringsintoquestionwhethergovernmentsofcountriesshouldusenuclearpowerornot,thevalueforthisdebateshouldbegovernmentalobligations
Governments’obligationsaretoprovidethemostgoodtothegreatestnumberoftheircitizenspossible.
Goodin,Robert.FellowofphilosophyatAustralianNationalUniversity,1990(TheUtilitarianResponse)
Whateveritsshortcomingsasapersonalmoralcode,thereismuchtobesaidforutilitarianismasa‘publicphilosophy’.Utilitarianismofsomeformoranotherisincumbentuponpublicpolicy-makersbecauseofthepeculiartaskstheyfaceandbecauseofthepeculiarinstrumentsavailabletothemforpursuingthosetasks.Giventhosesubstantiallyinalterablefactsabouttheenterpriseinwhichtheyareengaged,publicpolicy-makershavelittlechoicebuttobatch-processcases,actingthroughrules,principles,andpolicies,whicharebroadlygeneralinformandsubstantiallyuniforminapplication.Whenlookingforgeneral,uniformpublicrules,principles,andpolicies,thepremiumisupondoingtherightthingon
averageandinstandardcases.Inthatcontext,utilitarianismseemstobeahighlyattractiveproposition.
And,thestandardweshoulduseinthisdebatetomeasuregovernmentalobligationismaximizingequalityofwellbeing.
AccordingtoMaiese:
Withoutconsiderationforequalityinhumanwellbeing,thoseoutofpowerbecomedehumanized.Dehumanizationisaprerequisitetoviolence–itmakesconflict,humanrightsviolationsandgenocideinevitable–it’sempiricallyproven.
Maiese03[Michelle,GraduateStudentofPhilosophyattheUniversityofColorado,Boulder;ResearchStaffattheConflictResearchConsortium;“Dehumanization,”
http://www.beyondintractability.org/essay/dehumanization/]Whiledeindividuationandtheformationofenemyimagesareverycommon,theyformadangerousprocessthatbecomesespeciallydamagingwhenitreachesthelevelofdehumanization.Oncecertaingroupsarestigmatizedasevil,morallyinferior,andnotfullyhuman,thepersecutionofthosegroupsbecomesmorepsychologicallyacceptable.Restraintsagainstaggressionandviolencebegintodisappear.Notsurprisingly,dehumanizationincreasesthelikelihoodofviolenceandmaycauseaconflicttoescalateoutofcontrol.Onceaviolencebreakoverhasoccurred,itmayseemevenmoreacceptableforpeopletodothingsthattheywouldhaveregardedasmorallyunthinkablebefore.Partiesmaycometobelieve
thatdestructionoftheothersideisnecessary,andpursueanoverwhelmingvictorythatwillcauseone'sopponenttosimplydisappear.Thissortofinto-the-
seaframingcancauselastingdamagetorelationshipsbetweentheconflictingparties,makingitmoredifficulttosolvetheirunderlyingproblemsandleadingtothelossofmoreinnocentlives.Indeed,dehumanizationoftenpavesthewayforhumanrightsviolations,warcrimes,andgenocide.Forexample,inWWII,thedehumanizationoftheJewsultimatelyledtothedestructionofmillionsofpeople.[9]Similaratrocities
haveoccurredinRwanda,Cambodia,andtheformerYugoslavia.
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2015 Nuke Power Contention1:Prohibitingnuclearpowerisworsefortheenvironment
Nuclearenergysolvesproliferationandclimatebetterthansolarandwind
Dikshit2008[Sandeep.(HinduFrontPageNationalNewspaper)<http://www.thehindu.com/2008/06/10/stories/2008061058260100.htm>June10]
PrimeMinisterManmohanSinghsaidonMondayIndiawasleftwithnooptionbuttotapallpossiblesourcesofenergy,includingnuclear,duetothesteadyincreaseinpowerconsumption
predictedforthecomingyears.Whilearguingforrelianceonnuclearenergy,Dr.Singhalsocalledforgreatercontrolsonproliferationofnuclearenergyandmaterial.“Ourenergyneedswillcontinuetoriseintheforeseeablefuture.Wedonothavetheluxuryoflimitingouroptionsofenergysources.Wethereforewishtocreateaninternationalenvironmentinwhichnucleartechnologyisusednotfordestructivepurposesbutforhelpingusmeetournationaldevelopmentgoalsandourenergysecurity,”hesaidinauguratingaconferenceonnucleardisarmamenthere.“Thethreatofclimatechangeandglobalwarmingitselfraisesarangeofsecurityconcerns,especiallyforusinthedevelopingworld,”thePrimeMinistersaidwithoutelaborating.Accordingtoadiscourseoncleanenergyoptions,nuclearenergyiscitedasthebestpossibleoption.Energyfromwindandsolarmeansisseenasintermittentwhilenuclearenergycopeswithpeakdemandandcangeneratehighvolumes.Dr.SinghrecalledRajivGandhi’splanfornucleardisarmamentenunciatedin1988tostressthecivilianimportanceofnuclearenergy.“RajivGandhibelievedthatdisarmament,inparticularnucleardisarmament,wasessentialtousherinasafeandnon-violentworld.Hehadadeepinsightintothenatureofevolutionoftechnology,itspotentialforadvancinghumanwelfareasalsoforunleashingdestruction.Inthiscontext,hewasacutelyawareofthepoweroftheatom.Hewishedthatitshouldneveragainbeusedfordestructivepurposes.”India,Dr.Singhnoted,hadwitnessedrapideconomicgrowthinthelastfewyearsandwouldrecordhighergrowthratesinthefuture.
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2015 Nuke Power Contention2:Prohibitionofnuclearpoweronlyallowsformoreproliferation–regulationiskey
Avibrantnuclearreactorprogramiskeytomaintainconsentrightsoverfissilematerialwhichmaintainmorecontroloverinternationaltradeinnuclearsupplies
Bengelsdorf,etal.2007[Harold,currentlyaPrincipalwiththeconsultingfirmofBengelsdorf,McGoldrick,andAssociates,“TheU.S.DomesticCivilNuclearInfrastructure
andUSNonproliferationPolicy,”May2007,availableathttp://www.nuclearcompetitiveness.org/images/COUNCIL_WHITE_PAPER_Final.pdf]
Itis,therefore,essentialthattheUnitedStateshavevibrantnuclearreactor,uraniumenrichment,andspentfuelstorageanddisposal
industriesthatcannotonlymeettheneedsofU.S.utilitiesbutwillalsoenabletheUnitedStatestopromoteeffectivesafeguardsandothernonproliferationcontrolsthroughclosepeacefulnuclearcooperationothercountries.TheU.S.shouldestablishahighprioritygoaltorebuildanindigenousnuclearindustryandsupportitsgrowthindomesticandinternationalmarkets.U.S.nuclearexportscanbeusedtoinfluenceotherstates’nuclearprogramsthroughthenonproliferationcommitmentsthattheU.S.requires.TheU.S.hasso-calledconsentrightsovertheenrichment,reprocessingandalterationinformorcontentofthenuclearmaterialsthatithasprovidedtoothercountries,aswellastothenuclearmaterialsthatareproducedfromthenuclearmaterialsandequipmentthattheU.S.hassupplied.Thepercentageofnuclearmaterials,includingseparated
plutonium,thataresubjecttoU.S.consentrightswilldiminishovertimeasnewsuppliersofnuclearmaterialsandfacilitiestakealargershareoftheinternationalnuclearmarket.UnlesstheU.S.isabletocompeteeffectivelyintheinternationalmarketasasupplierofnuclearfuels,equipmentandtechnology,thequantityofthenuclearmaterialsaroundtheglobethattheU.S.hascontroloverwilldiminishsignificantlyinthefuture.ThismaynotimmediatelyweakentheeffectivenessofthenonproliferationregimesinceallthemajorsuppliershaveadoptedtheexportguidelinesoftheNuclearSupplierGroup.However,onlytheU.S.,AustraliaandCanadahaveconsentrightsoverenrichmentandreprocessingofthe
nuclearmaterialssubjecttotheiragreements.Consequently,ifthereisamajordeclineintheU.S.shareoftheinternationalnuclearmarket,theU.S.maynotbeaseffectiveasithasbeeninhelpingtoensurearigoroussystemofexportcontrols.
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2015 Nuke Power
***Neg Cards***
Nuclearpowerisalreadytheplan.
TheNews&Observer2006[WadeRawlins,staff,January29,“Surgeinnuclearpowerlikely,”http://www.newsobserver.com/1156/story/394089.html]
Aconfluenceofeventshasspurredtherenewedinterestinnuclearenergy.Powercompaniesfacetougherpollutionlimitsoncoal-andgas-fueledpowerplants,andtheyworryabouttheprospectofnewlimitsongreenhousegasessuchascarbondioxide.Thenlastyear,federalincentivesfornuclearpowermadeconstructionappearmorefeasible.Suchattentiontonuclearpowercomesafteraquarter-centurylull,theresultofthe1979accidentatThreeMileIslandinPennsylvania.Theaccidentraisedpublicfearanddistrust,andcausedutilitiestocancelexistingordersfornewreactors.Criticssayfearsofradiationleaksandaccidentscontinueto
bejustified.Inaddition,theindustryfacesunresolvedquestionsaboutthelong-termdisposaloftheradioactivewastethatnuclearpowerplantsproduce.Butsuchconcernsaredampenedbygrowingalarmoverglobalwarming.Scientistsknowhumanactivitiessuchasburningofcoalandgasarecontributingtorisinglevelsof
carbondioxideandothergreenhousegasesintheatmosphere.Theythinkthebuildupofgreenhousegases,whichtrapheat,arecontributingtoglobalwarmingbutarestilldebatinghowquicklytemperatureswillincreaseandhowmuch.AsProgressofficialslookatwhatkindofregulationswouldprobablyapplytoanewpowerplantbuilttostartrunningabout2015,anuclear
plant'slackofairemissionsholdsappeal.Thecompanywillmakeafinaldecisioninabouttwoyears."Thehigherthelikelihoodofcarbonregulations,thelesslikelyyouaretobuildacoalplantandthemorelikelyyouaretobuildanuclearplant,"saidBillJohnson,presidentandchiefoperatingofficerofProgressEnergy,whichhasitsheadquartersinRaleigh."Weareplanningasiftherewillbeacarbon-constrainedfuture."
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2015 Nuke Power Nuclearpowerisneeded—it’stheonlypowerthatcanmeetemissionsrequirements
ChrisArnold,July7,2007,NPRreporter,http://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=11694160
TheUnitedStateshas104nuclearreactorsgeneratingelectricity—themostofanycountryintheworld—buttheyareaging.Afteran
accidentatThreeMileIslandandtheChernobyldisaster,thecountrylostitsstomachfornuclearpower.Utilitiescanceled96newnuclearprojects,andanewreactorhasn'tbeenbuiltinthe
U.S.since.EnergySecretarySamuelBodmantoldtheAmericanNuclearSocietyatarecentconferenceinBostonthattheUnitedStateshasreachedacriticalpointfornuclearpower."Atpresent,nuclearpoweristheonlymaturetechnologythatcansupplylargeamountsofemissions-freebaseloadpowertohelpusmeettheexpectedgrowthindemand,"Bodmansaid."…Wehavenotlicensedanewnuclearpowerplantinthiscountryinover30years.Thatsimplymustchange."Tougheremissionslawsalsowouldmeanmorepowerfromrenewablesources:solar,windandbiomass.Butexpertssaythosecan'tmatchnuclearoutput.So,whileitmightnotbewhatsomeenvironmentalistswerehopingforwhilepushingfortougherglobalwarminglaws,morenuclearpowerplantscouldbeonthehorizon.
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2015 Nuke Power Tonsofcountrieswantnuclearpowerasameanstocombatclimatechange
Scoblic2008[J.Peter,executiveeditorofNewRepublic,“NuclearSpring”,NewRepublicVol.238,Issue7.4/23/2008ebscohost]
TheMiddleEastisalreadyintolerablyhot,yetglobalwarmingseemstobeonthemindsofmanycountriesintheregion.Egypt,SaudiArabia,Oman,Yemen,Syria,Libya,Jordan,and,ofcourse,Iranareallpursuing,planning,orexploringtheirfirstnuclearpowerreactors.
Justlastweek,theUnitedArabEmiratesannouncedthatitwouldgoaheadwithaciviliannuclearprogram,makingitthefirstGulfstatetodoso.OtherstatesnowconsideringtheirnuclearoptionsrangefromVenezuelatoBelarustoIndonesia.Injustifyingtheirprogramstotheworld,"they'vealljumpedonthe'nucleariscleanandgreen'bandwagon,"accordingtoSharonSquassonioftheCarnegieEndowmentforInternational
Peace.Forexample,Taiwan'spresident-elect,MaYing-jeou,hascalledforexpandingtheisland'snuclearcapacitytohelpcombatclimatechange.Thailandannouncedlastsummerthatitwouldbuilditsfirstreactorandhopestoultimatelyproduce25percentofthecountry'selectricityfromnuclearpower."Withoutnuclear,youcouldn'treducegreenhousegases,"saidEnergyMinisterPiyasvastiAmranand.Someofthisgreeneryseemssincere.SouthAfrica,forexample,whichgaveupitsnuclearweaponsprogramin
theearly1990s,hasstrictanti-pollutionregulationsthathavedrivenupthecostofcoal,makingitsnuclearexpansionsensible.Indeed,althoughthecontinentuseslittleenergy,Africaasawholehastakenanintenseinterestinnuclearpowerbecauseofitsfearofglobal-warming-induceddesertification.
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2015 Nuke Power BackslidingontheobligationtoprovidenuclearpowercollapsestheNPT
Butler2008[Declan,BeforejoiningNaturein1993,Declanwrotefreelance,andworkedfortheFrenchbiotechnologymagazineBiofutur.HegraduatedinbiologyfromQueen'sUniversity,Belfast,andhasaPhDinmarinebiologyfromtheUniversityofLeeds.HewasmadeaChevalierofFrance'sNationalOrderofMeritin2003forforservicetoscienceandsociety,January9,Nature451,114-115,http://www.nature.com/news/2008/080109/full/451114a.html]
TheoriginalaimoftheNPT,whichcameintoforcein1970,wastorestricttheweaponstothefivecountriesthatalreadyopenlypossessedthem,allofwhichagreedtotakestepstodisarm.Aspartofthe'grandbargain',otherstatesagreednottodevelopnuclearweapons,butwereguaranteedan'inalienableright'tousenuclearenergyforpeacefulpurposes,dubbedatomsforpeace.Overthepastdecade,thenuclear-weaponsstates'reluctancetoembracetheirsideoftheNPTbargainhasstallednon-proliferationeffortsandcountriessuchasIndiaandPakistanhavetestedweapons.Hugeprogresswasmadeatreviewconferencesin1995and2000,includingapackagedealof13stepstofurthertheNPT'stwingoalsofnon-proliferationanddisarmamentbytheexistingnuclear-weaponsstates,suchasacommitmenttoaComprehensiveNuclear-Test-BanTreaty
(CTBT)andaFissileMaterialCut-OffTreatytooutlawtheproductionofnewweaponsmaterial.Thereactiontothe11Septemberterroristattacksin2001stoppedprogress,andthe2005reviewconferenceendedwithalmostnoagreement.“The13stepshavebeenrolledbackorforgottenabout,”saysJeanduPreez,anarmsexpertattheMontereyInstituteofInternationalStudiesinCalifornia.
Indeed,non-proliferationeffortshaveifanythinggonebackwards.TheUnitedStatesandChina,signatoriestotheCTBT,havefailedtoratifyit,andsopreventedthetreatyenteringintoforce.AndtheUS2002NuclearPostureReview,whilemakingcutstothecountry'sweaponsinfrastructure,flewinthefaceofitsNPTcommitmentsbyincreasingtheroleofnuclearweaponsinitssecuritydoctrineandexpandingthescenariosinwhichtheymightbeusedtoincludeattacksoncountrieswithbiologicalorchemicalweapons.
ItisimportantthattheNPTnotbeunderminedasitprotectstheworldfromnuclearproliferation
AgenceFrance-Presse2008(“UNchiefurgesmoreeffortstocurbnuclearproliferation”,AFP,July1st,
http://afp.google.com/article/ALeqM5hr1MMk3QSwJYUNMBtsZpiFfBG-rA)UNchiefBanKi-mooncalledforstepped-upeffortstowardcurbingthespreadofnuclearweaponsashemarkedthe40thanniversaryofthesigningoftheNuclearNon-ProliferationTreaty(NPT).DescribingtheUN-backedpactasthemosteffectivemultilateralinstrumenttolimitnuclearproliferation,BansaidTuesdayinastatement:"Wemustreinforceandstrengthenittomeetthechallengesoftheday.""Yet,tensofthousandsofnuclearweaponsremaindeployedandstockpiled,andsignificantdeeper,irreversibleandverifiablecutsareneeded,"theUNsecretary
generalsaid."Nuclearproliferation--whetherbystatesornon-stateactors--threatenseveryone,andthereforerequiresglobalcooperationinaddressingnon-compliance,inresolvingconcernsovernuclearprogramsandinensuringthemostreliablecontrolsovernuclearmaterials,"addedBan,whoiscurrentlyonanAsian
tour.InWashington,USPresidentGeorgeW.BushurgedtheinternationalcommunitytopreventNPTnon-compliance."NPTpartiesmusttakestrongactiontoconfrontnoncompliancewiththetreatyinordertopreserveandstrengthenitsnonproliferationundertakings,"BushsaidinastatementastheworldweighspotentialNorthKoreanandIraniannuclearthreats.Bushdidnotmentionthosecountriesbynamebutsaid"wecannotallownationstoviolatetheircommitmentsandunderminetheNPT'sfundamentalroleinadvancinginternationalsecurity."
OpenedforsignatureonJuly1,1968andputintoeffectonMarch5,1970,theNPTisthemostuniversalarmscontroltreatyinforce.Today189ofthe192UNmemberstateshavesignedit.Itsstatedgoalistostopthenucleararmsraceandseeknucleardisarmament.Fivecountriesthathadtestednuclearweaponsbeforethetreaty'scompletion--Britain,China,France,RussiaandtheUnitedStates--wererecognizedasnuclear-weaponstatesandobligatedtopursue"effectivemeasures"towardnucleardisarmament.Allothersweredesignatednon-nuclear-weaponstatesandprohibitedfromacquiringnucleararmsatall.ButIndia,Pakistan,IsraelandNorthKoreahavemanagedtobuildtheirownnuclearweaponsoutsidetheNPTframework.TheNPT,drawnupduringtheColdWarera,isnowinurgentneedofanoverhaulifitistomeetpresent-daychallengessuchastheproliferationcrisesinNorthKorea,IranandmostrecentlySyria,expertshavesaid.NorthKoreadevelopedacovertnuclearweaponsprogram,whichitisonlynowinthelongandslowprocessofdismantling.IranisaccusedofpursuingaweaponsprogramundertheguiseofpeacefulnuclearpowerandSyriahasrecentlycomeunderfireforallegedlybuildingacovertnuclearfacility.
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2015 Nuke Power Revitalizingdomesticnuclearinfrastructurekeytononproliferation
AmericanNuclearSociety2001[TheAmericanNuclearSociety,foundedin1954,isanot-for-profitscientificandeducationalsocietyofover11,000scientists,engineers,andeducatorsfromuniversities,governmentandprivatelaboratories,andindustry,November,NonproliferationBackgroundforPositionStatement55,accessed7/17/08http://www.ans.org/pi/ps/docs/ps55-bi.pdf]
AstrongdomesticnuclearinfrastructurewillgreatlyenhancethecontinuedabilityoftheUnitedStatestoworkeffectivelywithothercountriesinmeetingtheproliferationchallengesoftodayandtomorrow.However,theerosionthatistakingplaceinthedomesticnuclearinfrastructureisseriouslythreateningtheabilityoftheUnitedStatestocontinuetoinfluenceconstructivelyinternationalnucleardevelopments(10,11).Furthermore,theinfluenceoftheUnitedStatesininstitutionalmattersrelatedtononproliferationwoulddecreasedramaticallyiftheUnitedStatesweretobeperceivedasdisassociatedfromthebeneficialapplicationofnucleartechnology–includingtheeffectiveuseofnuclearpower.Conversely,avigorousindustrial,research,andeducationalinfrastructurewillpositiontheUnitedStatestoexerciseeffectiveinfluenceandleadershipininternationalnuclearaffairsandtechnology.
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2015 Nuke Power GenerationIVreactorscanbebuilttodayandsolvethestatusquoharmsofnuclearpower
Hunt2006[Margaret,Editor,“NuclearPower,”June,AdvancedMaterials&Processes]
GenerationIVnuclearpowerplantsarebeingresearchedinaworldwideprograminitiatedbytheUnitedStatesin2000.Thesereactorsaredesignedtobehighlyeconomical,andwillminimizewastewhileprovidingenhancedsafety.Inaddition,theywillutilizeafuelcycledesignedtopreventtheproliferationofnucleartechnology.AspointedoutbytheFACspeakers,somedesignsforGenerationIVnuclearreactorscouldbebuiltofmaterialsthatexisttoday.However,severalotherGenerationIVdesignsrequirethedevelopmentofnewceramicsandnewalloys.
OneexampleofaGenerationIVreactorthatcouldbebuilttodayistheSodiumFastReactor(SFR).AccordingtooneFACpresentation,nomajorR&Dobstaclesblockdevelopment.
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2015 Nuke Power DevelopmentofadvancedreactorsandtechnologieskeytoUSnonproliferationefforts
Bengelsdorf,etal.2007[Harold,currentlyaPrincipalwiththeconsultingfirmofBengelsdorf,McGoldrick,andAssociates,“TheU.S.DomesticCivilNuclearInfrastructureandUSNonproliferationPolicy,”May2007,availableathttp://www.nuclearcompetitiveness.org/images/COUNCIL_WHITE_PAPER_Final.pdf]
IftheUnitedStateshopestocontinuetoexercisestrongandspecificinfluenceinternationallyinnonproliferationmattersinthefuture,itcanbestachievethisobjectivebyremaininganactiveplayerininternationalnuclearaffairsbyprovidingadvancednuclearpowersystems,uraniumenrichmentservicesandnuclearfueltoothercountries;andbymaintainingitsabilitytodevelopandapplyadvancednucleartechnologies.ArevivalofnuclearpowerintheUnitedStateswithnewnuclearpowerplantordersshouldgreatlyhelpenhanceU.S.powerandinfluenceininternationalnuclearaffairs,butwemustalsoseektoonceagainbeamajorsupplierofnuclearpowertechnologyandequipmentworld-wide.Conversely,iftheU.S.nuclearpowerprogramstartstodiminishsignificantlythroughtheretirementofoldnuclearpowerplantswithoutnewreplacements,thenitsvoiceincivilnuclearmattersandnonproliferationwilldeclineinternationally,eventhoughtheU.S.mayremainasuperpoweronthepoliticallevel.
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2015 Nuke Power Itisfundamentallyimpossibletoreachclimatechangepreventiongoalswithoutnuclearenergy
Colvin4(Joe,presidentandchiefexecutiveofficeroftheNuclearEnergyInstitute.“NuclearEnergy:TheGlobalChoiceforthe21stCentury”2004)
Nuclearpowerhasarelativelysmallenvironmentalimpactcomparedtootherenergysources.One of the main advantages is that nuclearpowerplantsemitnoharmfulgasesintotheatmosphere.Nuclearpowerplantsproduceelectricitythatotherwisewouldbesuppliedbyoil-,gas-orcoal-firedgeneratingcapacity,andthusavoidtheemissionsassociatedwiththatfossil-fueledcapacity.Nuclear plants consequently have value in terms of compliance with various clean-air initiatives.Ineffect,emissionspreventedthroughtheuseofnuclearenergyareequivalentinvaluetothosereducedaselectricityisproducedbyothersources.SeveralnationalsignatoriestotheUnitedNationsFrameworkConventiononClimateChangehavediscoveredtheimpossibilityofmeetingtheirtargetswithoutnuclearenergy.Finland noted the contribution of nuclear in its decision to build a new reactor. Japan and Korea have included expansion of nuclear capacity in their plans for compliance. U.S.nuclearpowerplantspreventedmorethan750milliontonsofcarbondioxidein2003,whichisequivalenttoeliminatingtheCO2emissionsfromnine out of 10 passenger cars in the United States—orabout134millionvehicles.Nuclearpowerplantsworldwideprevented2.57billiontonsofCO2lastyear. Based on U.S. vehicle emissions data,thisisequivalenttoremovingtheCO2emissionsfrom450millionpassengercars—aboutthesamenumberofpassengercarsontheplanet.LeadingU.S.scientistsconfirmthattheexpansionofnuclearenergyisacriticalfactorincontrollingtheincreaseofgreenhousegases.ArecentstudybytheMassachusettsInstituteofTechnologyandHarvardUniversityconcludedthat“thenuclearoptionshouldberetained,preciselybecauseitisanimportantcarbon-freesourceofpowerthatcanpotentiallymakeasignificantcontributiontothefutureelectricitysupply.”
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2015 Nuke Power Nuclearpowerwillsolveenergycrises
Creamer,08(Steve,chairmanandchiefexecutiveofficerofEnergySolutionsInc,NuclearPowerWillSolveEnergyCrisis,June03,2008,http://www.tennessean.com/apps/pbcs.dll/article?AID=/20080613/OPINION01/806130395/1008)
TheUnitedStatesisinanenergycrisis.Inordertosolvethiscrisisandachieveenergysecurity,wemustfindwaystodiversifyourenergysupplyandreduceourdependenceonforeignoil.Nuclearpowerisoneoftheenergysourcesthatmustbeutilized,alongwithsolar,wind,biofuelsandotherrenewables,toachieveenergysecurityfortheUnitedStates.Nuclearenergyisaclean,safe,reliableandnon-carbon-emittingsourceofenergy.Itmustplayagrowingroleinmeetingourenergydemand.EnergySolutions'missionistohelptheUnitedStatesachieveenergyindependence,reducecarbonemissionsandprotecttheenvironment.Wecanaccomplishthisbyhelpingcleanupthenuclear-wastelegacyofthepastandbymanagingcurrentnuclear-wasteissues.Thiswillpavethewayfornuclearpowertoplayagreaterroleinmeetingourgrowingenergydemands.
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2015 Nuke Power WithoutUSnonproliferationleadershipnuclearholocaustisassured
Krieger2004[David,NuclearAgePeaceFoundationPresident,“ChartingaNewCourseforUSNuclearPolicy,May13,accessed7/17/08http://www.wagingpeace.org/articles/2004/05/14_krieger_charting-course-policy.htm]
Amongthecountriesthatcurrentlypossessnuclearweapons(China,France,India,Israel,Pakistan,Russia,UnitedKingdom,UnitedStatesandpossiblyNorthKorea),theUSisthemostpowerful,economicallyandmilitarily.Ifthereistobemovementtowardmakingtheworldsaferfromnucleardevastation,theUSmustleadtheway.TheUShasthepowertoinfluenceeachoftheseothercountriesinawaythatnoothercountryorinternationalorganizationcoulddo.USleadershiphasthepotentialtobringthethreatoffuturenuclearholocaustsundercontrol,andwithoutthisleadershipthelikelihoodoffuturenuclearcatastrophesseemsvirtuallyassured.
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2015 Nuke Power GenerationIVreactorsstrengthentheNPTandpeacefulnuclearenergy
P.Delaune,2006[TheInternationalNuclearNonproliferationScienceandTechnologyForum,Tokyo,http://www.jaea.go.jp/04/np/documents/fr06_delaune02_E.pdf]
FrancestressesthepoliticalimportanceofnotgivinganyimpressionthattheGNEPinitiativecouldinanywaydeprivestatespartiestotheNPTofanyrightspursuanttotheTreaty.Onthecontrary,thisinitiativeshouldunderlinethatitisaimedathelpingcountriestodevelopnuclearenergyforpeacefulpurposes(asstatedinarticleIVoftheNPT).
Advancednuclearreactorspreventproliferationwithaclosedfuelcycle
NERAC2002[U.S.DOENuclearEnergyResearchAdvisoryCommitteeandtheGenerationIVInternationalForum,December2002,ATechnologyRoadmapforGenerationIVNuclearEnergySystems,http://gif.inel.gov/roadmap/pdfs/gen_iv_roadmap.pdf]
Today,mostcountriesusetheonce-throughfuelcycle,whereasothersclosethefuelcyclebyrecycling.Recycling(usingeithersingleormultiplepasses)recoversuraniumandplutoniumfromthespentfuelandusesittomakenewfuel,therebyproducingmorepowerandreducingtheneedforenrichmentanduraniummining.Recyclinginamannerthatdoesnotproduceseparatedplutoniumcanfurtheravoidproliferationrisks.However,recyclinghasproventobeuneconomicaltoday,givenplentifulsuppliesofuraniumatlowandstableprices.Thiswilleventuallychange,andclosingthefuelcyclewillbefavoredwhenthecostofmaintaininganopencycleexceedsthatofaclosedcycle.Withrecycling,otherbenefitsarerealized:thehigh-levelradioactiveresiduesoccupyamuch-reducedvolume,canbemadelesstoxic,andcanbeprocessedintoamoresuitableformfordisposal.Inaddition,reactorscanbedesignedtotransmutetroublesomelong-livedheavyelements.Achievingthesebenefits,however,willrequiresignificantR&Donfuelcycletechnology.Overall,thesafetyandenvironmentalrecordofnuclearpowerisexcellent.Despitethis,publicconfidenceinthesafetyofnuclearpowerneedstobeincreased.NewsystemsshouldaddressthisneedwithclearandtransparentsafetyapproachesthatarisefromR&Donadvancedsystems.Fissilematerialswithinciviliannuclearpowerprogramsarewell-safeguardedbyaneffectiveinternationalsystem.Current-generationplantshaverobustdesignsandaddedprecautionsagainstactsofterrorism.Nevertheless,itisdesirableforfuturenuclearfuelcyclesandnuclearmaterialssafeguardstodesignfromthestartanevenhigherdegreeofresistancetonuclearmaterialdiversionorundeclaredproduction.Further,questionshavearisenaboutthevulnerabilityofnuclearplantstoterroristattack.Inresponse,futurenuclearenergysystemswillprovideimprovedphysicalprotectionagainstthethreatsofterrorism.
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2015 Nuke Power Unlikeoil,uraniumisastablefuelsupplywherefluctuationshavelittleimpactonthemarketprice
WorldNuclearAssociation08(“TheEconomicsofNuclearPower”)<http://www.world-nuclear.org/info/inf02.htm>July,2008
Uraniumhastheadvantageofbeingahighlyconcentratedsourceofenergywhichiseasilyandcheaplytransportable.Thequantitiesneededareverymuchlessthanforcoaloroil.Onekilogramofnaturaluraniumwillyieldabout20,000timesasmuchenergyasthesameamountofcoal.Itisthereforeintrinsicallyaveryportableandtradablecommodity.Thefuel'scontributiontotheoverallcostoftheelectricityproducedisrelativelysmall,soevenalargefuelpriceescalationwillhaverelativelylittleeffect.Forinstance,typicallyadoublingoftheuraniummarketpricewouldincreasethefuelcostforalightwaterreactorby26%andtheelectricitycostabout7%(whereasdoublingthegaspricewouldtypicallyadd70%tothepriceofelectricityfromthatsource).
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2015 Nuke Power Nuclearenergyiskeytoglobalenergy
Colvin4(Joe,presidentandchiefexecutiveofficeroftheNuclearEnergyInstitute.“NuclearEnergy:TheGlobalChoiceforthe21stCentury”2004)
Today’snuclearenergyindustryisindeedaworldwideenterprise.Consequently,itisessentialtoeliminateunnecessaryrestrictionsonfreetradeinfuelsandequipment.Forexample,itisnolongernecessarytolevyimporttariffsonreactorvesselheadsorsteamgenerators,sincetherearenoU.S.domesticsuppliersforthesemajorcomponents.Suchtariffsserveonlytoincreasethecostofnuclearpowerplantoperations.Theimportanceofnuclearenergy’scontributionhasgarneredrecognitioninseveralcurrentstudiesoftheworld’senergyfuture.Canadaisstudyingitsfutureenergyneedsatthefederalandprovinciallevel.Francecompletedanationaldiscussiononenergyissues,andtheFrenchparliamentcontinuedtodebatethecountry’sfutureenergypolicyduringthefirstpartofthisyear.TheUnitedKingdompublishedanenergywhitepaperin2003examiningthenation’senergyfuture.IntheUnitedStates,theBushadministrationissueditsnationalenergypolicyin2001.However,CongresshasnotyetfinalizedcomprehensiveenergylegislationthatprovidesaroadmapforAmerica’sfutureenergyneeds.Inthesecountries,nuclearpowerfactoredexplicitlyineachgovernment’senergypolicydecisions.Inadditiontosupportingtheextensionofitsexistingreactors,theFrenchgovernmentisproceedingwiththeconstructionofanext-generationEuropeanpressurizedwaterreactor(EPR).TheU.K.governmentwhitepaperbackedonlythecontinuedoperationofitsexistingreactors.InCanada,theOntarioprovincialgovernmenthasincludedtaxincentivesfortheconstructionofnewnuclearpowerplants.Manyexpertsareconvincedthatnuclearenergycanplayanevengreaterroleinmeetingtheworld’sgrowingenergyneedsinyearstocome.
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2015 Nuke Power Nuclearpoweriskeytoincreasegrowthanddecreasewarming;thisisthegreatestthreattotheplanet
PatrickMoore6/7/2008(CochairmanofCleanandSafeEnergyCoalition;http://www2.tbo.com/content/2008/jun/27/na-greenpeace-founder-goes-nuclear/)
The2008presidentialcampaignhasbroughttothemainstreamaphrasethatenvironmentalistshaveinvokedforyears:"green-collarjobs."Theideaofindustriesdevotedtoenvironmentalsustainabilitypromisessomethingforeveryone-economicgrowthandacleanerworld.Today,Florida,alongwithmanyotherstates,iscompetingtobuild"greencollar"industries-solar,wind,biomass,andthelike.Alloftheseindustriesoffersomethingintermsofjobgrowthandenvironmentalresponsibility.Theyareallanessentialpartofourenergymixgoingforward.Withoutexception,though,it'shardtocompetewiththeone-twopunchofnuclearenergy-near-termeconomicgrowthandlong-termenvironmentalsustainability.Problemis,severaldecadesofhazyfactsaboutnuclearenergyhavemadeitdifficulttohaveafrankconversationaboutitsbenefits.Intheearly1970s,IwasafounderofGreenpeace.Backthen,likemanyotherenvironmentalists,Ibelievedthatnuclearenergywassynonymouswiththeproliferationofnuclearweapons.Wewerewrong;ourfearsweremisplaced.Today,weseethatthegreatestthreattotheearthisnotthechillofnuclearwinter;it'souraddictiontofossilfuelsandtheairpollutionandgreenhousegasemissionstheycause.Ifwearetoseriouslyattackthisproblem,wehavetocomeupwithinnovativeandreliablewaystomeetourenergyneeds.Mostsolutionstoourfossilfuelprobleminvolvecuttingintoeconomicgrowth.Butthatisnotaviableapproach,especiallywithoureconomyalreadyfacingenormouschallenges.Nuclearenergycanhelpsolvebothourlong-termenvironmentalchallengesasanationandthenear-termeconomicneedsofFlorida'sfamilies.Ifthecountrybuildstheapproximately35newnuclearpowerplantscurrentlyplannedorunderreview,wecouldaddupto600,000jobstoournation'seconomy,accordingtoareportissuedearlierthismonthbytheCleanandSafeEnergyCoalition.Eachofthe104reactorsoperatingtodaygeneratesanestimated$430millionayearintotaleconomicimpactfortheirlocalcommunities,andnearly$40millionintotallaborincome.Floridahasseenthebenefitsofnuclearenergyupclose.FourteenpercentoftheelectricitythatFloridiansuseeverydaycomesfromfivenuclearreactors,whichemitnocontrolledpollutantsandemployabout3,000workerscombined.Thankstotheenergyproducedcleanlyatthoseplants,Floridaavoidedtheemissionof39,000tonsofnitrogenoxidesin2006alone-equaltotaking2millionpassengercarsoffFloridahighwaysforafullyear.YetFloridacouldstilldobetter;itrankedthirdamongstatesforhighestcarbonemissionsin2007.Nowisthetimetotakeaction.Ittakeseightto10yearstogetnewplantslicensedandbuilt.Opponentsofnuclearenergyknowthis,andplayonit.ButdelaystonuclearplantconstructionrepresentataxonFlorida'sconsumers,ataxonFlorida'sworkers,andataxonFlorida'senvironment.Wehavetostartbuildingnewplantsnow,andwecanstartwiththefourplantsbeingproposedinthestatebyFloridaPower&LightandProgressEnergy.WeshouldalsoaddcapacitytoFlorida'sexistingnuclearplants,amovethatcouldproduceeightpercentmoreelectricityandavoidthousandsofmoretonsofharmfulemissions.Thirtyyearsago,Iwasconvincedthatthenationcouldlivewithoutnuclearenergy.Now,thesciencehasconvincedmethatthenationcan'tlivewithoutit.That'struebecauseofwhatnuclearenergycandoforourenvironment,andit'sespeciallytruebecauseofwhatnuclearenergycandoforoureconomy.
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2015 Nuke Power
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2015 Nuke Power Newnuclearplantsgreatlyexpandtheavailabilityofcleanwatertothedevelopingworld
Colvin4(Joe,presidentandchiefexecutiveofficeroftheNuclearEnergyInstitute.“NuclearEnergy:TheGlobalChoiceforthe21stCentury”2004)
Thenextgenerationofnuclearplantscouldprovideotherenvironmentalbenefitsinadditiontoproducingreliableelectricitywithoutemittinggreenhousegases.Forexample,newplantsmaybededicatedtohydrogen production or to the desalination ofdrinkingwater,vastlyexpandingtheavailabilityofcleanwatertothedevelopingworld.
Advancedreactorsarekeytowaterdesalination
InternationalAtomicEnergyIndustry02(“ProspectsforNuclearDesalination.”IAEIOctober30,2002.)http://www.iaea.org/NewsCenter/News/2002/10-24-427595.shtml
Designersoftomorrow'snuclearpowerplantsaremorecloselyeyeingthedevelopingworld,bycraftingreactorsthatcanserveadualpurpose--toproduceelectricityandeconomicallyturnseawaterintofreshdrinkingwater.Thetwinproductionsystemisknownas"nucleardesalination".Economicsholdsthekeytothefutureofnucleardesalination,expertssay,withadvancedreactordesignsnowpromisingreducedcostsinturningseawaterintofreshwater.Fordevelopingcountriesfacingwatercrises,itisamajordrawingcard.Ataninternationalconferenceonnucleardesalination,heldinMorocco,16-18October2002,specialistsfrommorethan35countriesassessedglobaldevelopments,includingtheprospectsfornuclearplants.ParticipantsheardthatadvancedHigh-TemperatureGas-CooledReactordesignswereacompetitive,safeandcleaneralternativetoconventionalfossil-fueledplants.Aswellasgeneratingelectricity,whencoupledwithadesalinationfacilitythereactorscouldproducefreshwaterforaboutadollarfortwocubicmeters.