The Stories We Tell: Improving Literacy Skills

and Knowledge about Cross-Border Tribal

Connections to Canada 2015 WSCSS Lake Chelan Leadership

Conference Presentation by

Tina StorerEducation and Curriculum Specialist

Center for Canadian-American Studies Western Washington University

K-12 STUDY CANADA - PNW National Resource Center on Canada (in consortium with the Canadian Studies Center at the UW Jackson School of International Studies)

and Dr. Jioanna Carjuzaa

Associate Professor, Multicultural Education, Curriculum and Instruction and Executive Director - Center for Bilingual and Multicultural Education

Montana State University

Source: National Geographic (1972) - https://images.search.yahoo.com/images/view;_ylt=AwrTceCW_OxUBcwATCMnnIlQ;_ylu=X3oDMTB0aWRtNmFyBHNlYwNzYwRjb2xvA2dxMQR2dGlkA1lIUzAwMV8x?p=first+nations+across+north+america+map&back=https%3A%2F%2Fsearch.yahoo.com%2Fyhs%2Fsearch%3Fp%3Dfirst%2Bnations%2Bacross%2Bnorth%2Bamerica%2Bmap%26ei%3DUTF-8%26hsimp%3Dyhs-001%26hspart%3Dmozilla&w=732&h=842&imgurl=www.firstnationsseeker.ca%2FNAMapB.jpg&size=320KB&name=NAMapB.jpg&rcurl=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.firstnationsseeker.ca%2FPreviousNAmaps.html&rurl=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.firstnationsseeker.ca%2FPreviousNAmaps.html&type=&no=6&tt=119&oid=26f0562b321a36deeb8b9ec74b92417d&tit=This+wall+map+came+as+an+insert+in+National+Geographic%26%2339%3Bs+magazine+and+...&sigr=11kmiphfl&sigi=114mv4kiq&sign=10a6hgeua&sigt=103d1h5lg&sigb=13ibajnle&fr=yhs-mozilla-001&hspart=mozilla&hsimp=yhs-001

Cross-Border Tribal Connections to Canada Cultural areas of North American Indigenous peoples

at the time of European contact

"Nordamerikanische Kulturareale en" by User:Nikater - Own work by Nikater, submitted to the public domain. Licensed under Public Domain via Wikimedia Commons – http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Nordamerikanische_Kulturareale_en.png#mediaviewer/File:Nordamerikanische_Kulturareale_en.png

Language families in Northern America at the time of European contact

"Langs N.Amer". Licensed under CC BY 2.0 via Wikimedia Commons – http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Langs_N.Amer.png#mediaviewer/File:Langs_N.Amer.png

Cross-Border Tribal Connections to Canada:A Few Points to Consider Adapted from: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Nations

• North American indigenous peoples have cultures spanning thousands of years. Some of their oral traditions accurately describe historical events, such as the Cascadia Earthquake of 1700 and the 18th century Tseax Cone eruption. Written records began with the arrival of European explorers and colonists during the Age of Discovery, beginning in the late 15th century. European accounts by trappers, traders, explorers, and missionaries give important evidence of early contact culture. In addition, archeological and anthropological research, as well as linguistics, have helped scholars piece together understanding of ancient cultures and historic peoples. Current borders did not exist and often now divide many traditional homelands.

Cross-Border Tribal Connections to Canada:A Few Points to Consider

• Although not without conflict or slavery, Euro-Canadians' early interactions with indigenous populations were less combative compared to the often violent battles between colonists and native peoples in the United States.

• Combined with later economic development, this relatively non-combative history has allowed First Nations peoples to have an influence on the national culture in Canada, while preserving their own identities.

Fur traders in Canada trading with First Nations, 1777

[Also see handout: “Early Exploration and Aboriginal Connections” by T. Storer and R. Widenor.]

Tecumseh (/tɛˈkʌmsə/; March 1768 – October 5, 1813) was a Native American leader of the Shawnee and a large tribal confederacy (known as Tecumseh's Confederacy) which opposed the United States during Tecumseh's

War and the War of 1812. Tecumseh has become an iconic folk hero in American, Aboriginal and Canadian history.Source: http://www.indigenouspeople.net/tecumseh.htm

Cross-Border Tribal Connections to Canada:A Few Points to Consider

• “First Nations” refers to the various Aboriginal peoples in Canada who are neither Inuit nor Métis. First Nations, Inuit and Métis each have separate status as indigenous groups in Canada.

[Also see handout: “Aboriginal Identity and the Classroom” by K. Crey.]

1) 2) 3)

3) Métis Red Flag (Northern USA, Minnesota) and Manitoba, Canada [NB: Blue version used in Alberta, Saskatchewan and NWT)"Metis Red" by Original uploader was Enjoyhats at en.wikipedia – Licensed under Public Domain via Wikimedia Commons - http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Metis_Red.svg#mediaviewer/File:Metis_Red.svg

2) "Flag of Nunavut" by James Leigh - Sodipodi's Clipart Gallery. Licensed under Public Domain via Wikimedia Commons - http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Flag_of_Nunavut.svg#mediaviewer/File:Flag_of_Nunavut.svg

1) Assembly of First Nations (AFN) logo http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/7/7a/Assembly_of_First_Nations_%28emblem%29.png

Cross-Border Tribal Connections to Canada:A Few Points to Consider

• Within Canada, "First Nations" (most often used as plural) has come into general use—replacing the deprecated term "Indians"—for the indigenous peoples of the Americas.

• Individuals using the term outside Canada include supporters of the Cascadian independence movement as well as American tribes within the Pacific Northwest (though the term “Indians” is still frequently used in the United States).

• A more recent trend is for members of various nations to refer to themselves by their tribal or national identity only, e.g., "I'm Haida," or "We're Kwantlens," in recognition of the distinctiveness of First Nations ethnicities.

[Also see handout: “Aboriginal Identity and Terminology” by Dr. L. Kesler]

Cross-Border Tribal Connections to Canada:A Few Points to Consider

• There are currently over 630 recognized First Nations governments or bands spread across Canada, roughly half of which are in the provinces of Ontario and British Columbia.

• The total population is more than 850,000 people.

• Complex issues surround mapping and place names. Both have significant political implications for tribes.

This map illustrates the First Nation Statement of Intent boundaries on the coast of B.C. Such images provide an interesting insight into the interface between western mapping ideas on one hand, and the complexity of aboriginal land use on the other.

Source: Created by Ecotrust Canada. http://nativemaps.org/?q=taxonomy/term/90

Cross-Border Tribal Connections to Canada:A Few Points to Consider

• The Pacific Northwest National Resource Center on Canada (a Western Washington University and University of Washington consortium) offers access to many free resources so that you can build connections to Canada in your classroom.

Also see “Connecting to Aboriginal Canada” handout and visit http://www.k12studycanada.org/links_resources_links.html to supplement From Time Immemorial (FTI) recommended resources.

200+ RESOURCES! A K-12 RESOURCE TOUR OF CANADA

Selected Resources (in progress) Compiled by

Tina Storer, Education and Curriculum Specialist Center for Canadian-American Studies at Western Washington University

A Pacific Northwest National Resource Center on Canada tina.storer@wwu.edu / 360-650-7370 / www.k12studycanada.org

TABLE OF CONTENTS INTRODUCTORY NOTE AND MAP…………………………………………………………. NRCs ON CANADA – RESOURCES AND SERVICES (20)…………………………… CANADA & U.S. GOVERNMENT PUBLICATIONS / WEBSITE INFO (15+) … THOUGHT-PROVOKING ARTICLES (6+) ………………………………………….………. TEACHER REFERENCE BOOKS/CLASSROOM RESOURCES (15)………………. CURRICULA (Lesson / Activity Plans and Teachers Guides) (7+) ………….. STUDENT BOOKS, BOOKS, BOOKS! (95+)……………………………………………… Workbooks / Atlases / Textbooks (20)…….…..... 10-13 Picture Books / Folk Tales (15+) ……..….…........ 13-16 Youth Fiction (Short Stories & Novels)(40+)…. 16-23 Youth Non-Fiction (20+) .................................. 24-26 MULTIMEDIA MATERIALS (30) …….…….…………………….……….……………….…

Films/Videos (10)…………………………….…….……. 27-28 Music CDS (10)……………….…………………….…….. 29-30 Student Learning Tools (10)........................... 31-32 KEY WEBSITES…..……….……………….….…………………………………………………….

2 3 4-5 6 6-9 9-10 10-26 27-32 33-34

K-12 RESOURCE TOUR OF THE SALISH SEA A Companion Project Associated with the 2014 Salish Sea Ecosystem Conference

Downloadable from the homepage of

http://www.k12studycanada.org

Selected Resources Compiled by Tina Storer, Education and Curriculum Specialist, and Joshua Tataran, Student Outreach Assistant,

Center for Canadian-American Studies at Western Washington University A Pacific Northwest National Resource Center on Canada

tina.storer@wwu.edu / 360-650-7370 / www.k12studycanada.org

in association with the

April 30 - May 2, 2014 Washington State Convention & Trade Center Seattle, Washington http://www.wwu.edu/salishseaconference

PACIFIC NORTHWEST NATIONAL RESOURCE CENTER ON CANADA

Contact Information

Tina StorerEducation and Curriculum Specialist

Center for Canadian-American Studies

Western Washington University

Canada House, 516 High Street

Bellingham, WA 98225-9110

Tel: (360) 650-7370

Email: tina.storer@wwu.edu

Jioanna Carjuzaa Associate Professor, Multicultural Education, Curriculum and Instruction

Executive Director of the Center for Bilingual and Multicultural Education

Montana State University

119 Reid Hall

Bozeman, MT 59717-2880

Tel: (406) 994-4941

Email: carjuzaa@montana.edu

Thank you for your interest and attention.