20150312 lake pond management nnts
TRANSCRIPT
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Pond and Lake Management
Katie Pekarek, Nebraska ExtensionMike Archer, NE Dept. of Environmental QualityJeff Blaser, Nebraska Game and Parks
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Lake Ecosystems
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Short-term vs. Long-term
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Origin of Lakes
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Water Movement Hydrologic Cycle
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Lake Types Seepage Groundwater Drainage/Spring Lakes Drainage Impoundments Oxbow Sandpit
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Seepage Lake Natural Lake Water Source
Groundwater Precipitation Limited Runoff
No Stream Outlet/Inlet
http://www.wisconsinlakes.org/index.php/the-science-of-lakes/21-lake-types
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Natural Lake Water Source
Groundwater Precipitation Limited Runoff
Has Stream Outlet
http://www.wisconsinlakes.org/index.php/the-science-of-lakes/21-lake-types
Groundwater Drainage Lake
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Drainage Lake Natural Lake Water Source
Streams Groundwater Precipitation Runoff
Has Stream Outlet http://www.wisconsinlakes.org/index.php/the-science-of-lakes/21-lake-types
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o Manmadeo Created by damming
a streamo Water Source
o Streamso Groundwatero Precipitationo Runoff
o Has Stream Outlethttp://www.wisconsinlakes.org/index.php/the-science-of-lakes/21-lake-types
Impoundment
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Oxbow Lake
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Sandpit Lakes Manmade Water Source
Predominantly Groundwater
Minimal Runoff Nearby rivers or
streams
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Pond / Lake Classifications Backyard or Ornamental Pond
Measured in gallons Less than 1/8th acre
Ponds Less than 15 acres (natural or man made)
Lakes Greater than 15 acres and natural
Reservoirs Greater than 15 acres and manmade
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What are your lake’s characteristics?
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Intended Use
Boating
Fishing
Aesthetics
Swimming
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Lake Watersheds
“Watershed” = area contributing water to pond
Surface runoff, spring, or stream-fed
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Pond Measurements Careful estimates of pond area and volume
are critical measurements for management of aquatic plants and algae.
Area Transects GPS units Google Earth
Volume – Area X depth = acre feet
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Water BudgetGroundwater
Inflow
Stream Inflow
Stream Outflow
Transpiration
Evaporation
Groundwater Outflow
Surface Runoff
Precipitation
+
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Lake Depth
Deep Lakes Stratification
Shallow Lakes Continuous
Cycling
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Lake Oxygen Winter
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Lake Oxygen - Summer
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Lake Turnover
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Habitat and the Food Web
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Common Pond Problems
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Desirable Aquatic Plant Communities
Vegetation dominated by native species
A diverse mix of species present
Plants with moderate density that allows access to invertebrates, forage fish
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Pond Ecology
Zones of a Typical Pond
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Pond Construction
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POND CONSTRUCTION
Dugout excavating a pit in wet area – not in a
wetland
Embankment building a dam to impound runoff water
Many potential problems avoided with proper considerations
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POND CONSTRUCTION (cont.)
Size of Watershed minimum watershed ratio of 20:1 in SE Nebr. 1 surface acre, avg. depth 5’ = 100 acre watershed Avoid large watersheds or ratios – major flooding issues Minimum 30 acre watershed
Topography smallest dam, volume of soil, and adequate deep and shallow water areas
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Land Use quality of fish community = quality of watershedWater Sourcecompensate for evaporation and seepageAvoid streams and major watersheds Well calculate the need (about 325,000 gal/ac-ft) Soil Type Clay, loams, sandy clay/loans the best – soil profile (NRCS)DamImpervious, moist soil compacted in layersCutoff or clay core trench
POND CONSTRUCTION (cont.)
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POND CONSTRUCTION (cont.) Pond Size 1 to 5 acres ideal
Pond Depth and Slopes 25% at least 10 feet 50% at least 8 feet 25%
less < 5 feet 3:1 Slope to 5 feet depth with bench areas Adequate depth to prevent excessive aquatic
vegetation
Pond Bottom Design (page 14) Irregular shoreline and depths More habitat (40%) means more fish and fishing
opportunities
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POND CONSTRUCTION (cont.)Water Control Structures (page 16) Outlet structure or at least a trickle tube Emergency spillway Livestock watering (page 23)
Vegetation Establishment Seed dam, spillway, waterways, other disturbed areas
ASAP Establish cover crop on pond basin Aquatic Plants
Natural and Artificial Habitat (page 39 and handout) Prior to filling or periodically
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Fish Stocking & Management
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Pond StockingPond StockingRecommended Stocking Combination (page 26)Largemouth bass, bluegill, channel catfish – keep it simpleSupplemental catfish stockings Other species Stocking Rates Recommendations (page 34)Stocking Policy - Application for Fish - List of Hatcheries (2 handouts)Other sources of fish
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FISH MANAGEMENTAbundance of predators and prey (page 48)Good, Balanced Pond 250 pounds of bluegill per surface acre 50 pounds of largemouth bass per surface acre
About 50% between 8 and 12 inches About 50% larger than 12 inches
40 pounds of channel catfish per surface acreDecide what to manage for (general or big bass or big bluegill) Assess fish populations (angling page 52)Choose management option, PWMA ( page 54)If unable to catch fish or need advice, consult NGPC (magazine)
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Aquatic Vegetation
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Aquatic Vegetation Important Component of Aquatic EnvironmentProvides food, nesting, nursery, coverOxygenates water Stabilizes shoreline and bottom sediment
Four Major Types of Aquatic Plants Algae, floating, submersed, and emergent (Page 62, handout)
Can be a problem (over 50% pond surface affected)Fishing becomes difficultUpsets balance between bass and bluegillExcessive plant die-off's affect dissolved oxygenEnd of growing seasonCloudy weather/muddy water decreases sunlight Decomposition depletes oxygen – fish kills
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Aquatic Vegetation (cont.)Preventive MeasuresAdequate water depthLand use practices, buffer strips, restrict livestock access/wasteReduces excessive nutrients in water and sediment Use fertilizers with no or low phosphorus (lessen algae blooms)
Control MeasuresPhysical or mechanical removal
Discard plants away from pond (also fragments) Removal reduces associated nutrients
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Aquatic Vegetation (cont.)Chemical ControlSpot treatment (shoreline areas, create fishing/boating lanes)If large area, only do 1/3 to 1/4, wait 2 weeks Fish die-off if too much killed (oxygen depletion) Many are restricted use – certification requiredRead and follow directions on label, treat before excessive Biological Control (grass carp)Not a cure all – prefer certain plants, inefficient, long livedLimited control of algae, duckweed, coontail, pond lily, milfoilOverstocked, eliminate beneficial plants, algae blooms result AerationOxygenates deep areas, prevents upwelling of phosphorus Can reduce algae blooms and prevent fish kills resulting from excessive vegetation die-offs (natural and man made)
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Permits
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PermitsCheck with local NRCS about:the site being in a wetland, the need of a water storage permit (>15 acre feet of water)the site in part of state where pond construction may be restricted the possibility of Threatened or Endangered species presentthe possibility of construction cost share, conducting a soil profile and determining if water source will be sufficient
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Permits (cont.)Check with U.S. Army Corps of Engineers about a 404 permit for addition of fish structure
Check with NGPC about:the need of a fishing permit at the siteacquiring a PWMA if decide to remove bass < 15 inches Go to NGPC website to access NPM book and Pond Guide Series
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Water Quality Standards
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Water Quality Standards• Water Clarity• Bacteria• Contaminants• Algae• Fish Kills
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Water Clarity• Sediment
• Internal • Bank sloughing• Lack of depth• Rough Fish
• External• Runoff carrying sediments
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Water Clarity• Water Clarity
• Settling Basin – Small detention cell• Depth – Mechanical dredge• Shoreline Erosion
• Rip-rap• Vegetation• Seawall• Reconstruct bank slope to
(2-1) – (3-1)CONTACT NDEQ AND USACE BEFORE DOING
ANY OF THE ABOVE!!
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Bacteria• Escherichia coli (E. coli)
• Sources• Waste products of any warm-blooded animal• Septic systems• Waterfowl• Livestock waste runoff
• Health Concerns• Gastroenteritis• Dysentery • Hepatitis • Cholera• Typhoid Fever
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Contaminants• Pesticides
• Atrazine• Acetochlor• Metolachlor
• Nutrients • Nitrogen• Phosphorus
• Metals• Lead• Mercury• Calcium• Magnesium• Aluminum• Arsenic• Copper• Iron• Numerous others
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ContaminantsPesticides• Atrazine
• Most commonly detected pesticide contaminating drinking water
• Aatrex, Alazine, Primatol• Endocrine Disruptor
• Preterm pregnancy• Sexual development
• Acetochlor• Replacement for Atrazine• Acenit, Guardian, Harness, Surpass• Development disruption of fish and amphibians
• Metolachlor• Becoming much less common• Bicep, Dual, Pennant, Pimagram• Moderately toxic to fish
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ContaminantsMetals• Lead
• Lead shot• Fishing weights• Industrial waste• Naturally occurring
• Mercury• Coal fired power plants• Health effects (Methylmercury)
• Deteriorates central nervous system• Impairs hearing, speech, vision and gate
• Bioaccumulation• Aluminum
• Common treatment for eutrophic lakes• Possible health concerns with elevated levels of Al.
• Parkinson’s Disease, ALS, Alzheimer's• Mobilization of Al due to low pH can become toxic to fish
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• Nitrogen• Sources
• Rain• Runoff – Residential and Agricultural lands
• Fertilizer • Animal Waste
• Waterfowl• Septic Systems and Sewage Treatment Facilities• Illegal Dumping
• Ammonia
• Phosphorus• Sources
• Runoff – Residential and Agricultural lands• Fertilizer
• Soil Erosion• Detergents• Septic Systems
ContaminantsNutrients
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Floating Emergent Submerged
www.illinoiswildflowers.info
www.aquaplant.tamu.edu
Aquatic Vegetation
www.lakerestoration.com
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Aquatic VegetationFloating
en.wikipedia.com
Watermeal
Duckweed
www.lakerestoration.com
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Aquatic VegetationEmergent
Cattail
Arrowhead
Api.ning.com
Bulrush
Aquaplants.tamu.edu
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Aquatic VegetationSubmerged
Illinoiswildflowers.info
Coontail American Pondweed
Aquaplants.tamu.edu
Water Lily
Aquaplant.tamu.edu
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Aquatic VegetationInvasive/Noxious
Purple Loosestrife
Marbleheadconservancy.org
Eurasian Watermilfoil
Curly-leaf Pondweed
Neinvasives.com
Neinvasives.com
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Aquatic VegetationInvasive/Noxious• State Noxious Weeds
• Saltcedar• Phragmites• Purple Loosestrife
• Invasive in Nebraska Status Unknown
• Parrot Feather• Hydrilla• Water Hyacinth
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Aquatic Vegetation Control
• Physical or Mechanical Removal• Chemical Control
• Restricted Use Pesticides• Applied by a licensed
applicator• Bank Slope
• 2:1 – 3:1
www.illinoiswildflowers.info
www.lakerestoration.com
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Aquatic Vegetation Algae
• Algae• Filamentous• Planktonic
• Blue-Green Algae
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Aquatic Vegetation Algae• Elevated Nutrients
• Eutrophication• Extensive macrophytic growth• Algal blooms• Blue Green Algae
• Toxin producing• Microcystins• Anatoxin-a• BMAA• DABA
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Aquatic Vegetation Algae• Health Effects
• Microcystin• Humans
• Liver Damage• Skin irritant
• Pets and Livestock• Ingestion is likely fatal
• BMAA & DBAA• Suspected Effects
• ALS • Parkinson's Disease• Alzheimer’s Disease• Nervous System
• Anatoxin – a• Suspected Effects
• Nervous System
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AlgaeAquatic Vegetation Algae• Prevention
• Reduce the amount of nutrients entering the lake• No phosphorus fertilizer• Eliminate waterfowl
• Harass do not harm • Check with USFWS, UNL extension,
NGPC• Eliminate livestock access and any
associated runoff• Pick up pet waste• Construct berms and natural grass barriers• Wetland - treatment at inlet to the lake• Inspect septic system
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Aquatic Vegetation Algae• Aquatic Herbicides
• Use sparingly!! • Treat 1/4 to 1/3 of the problem at a time• Restricted Use Herbicide application needs to
be conducted by a licensed applicator. • Alum Treatment
• Application of Alum will violate Nebraska Water Quality Standards.
• All Alum applications require a variance before application.
• Contact NDEQ very early on in the process. • Lake Sediment Dredging
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Nuisance Animals
Beaver Burrowing near lake’s dam can weaken structure Trees and branches can damage and/or plug drainpipes
Trapping is the most effective means of controlling beaver populations
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Muskrat Tunneling in dam can cause the bank structure to leak and/or
fail Wire screen along dam Trapping
Nuisance Animals
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Nuisance Animals
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Developing a Water Quality Monitoring Plan• Do you need to a monitoring plan?
• Full body contact recreation• Fish Kills• Excessive Algal Growth• Pets, livestock, etc. using the pond
• Katie Pekarek (402) 560-3110• Jeff Blaser (402) 471-5435• Mike Archer (402) 471-4224
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Developing a Water Quality Monitoring Plan• Monitor monthly
• Water Temp.• Dissolved Oxygen• pH• Water Clarity• Chlorophyll a • Total Phosphorus & Soluble Reactive Phosphorus• Total Nitrogen & Ammonia• Atrazine• Mercury• Lead• Aluminum
• Sample when concern arises• Microcystin• E.coli
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Questions