2017 - ?????????????? ????????? ??????????dl.sangu.edu.ge/pdf/qapvols/qap_v6.pdf · qartvelta...

saqarTvelos sapatriarqos

wmida andria pirvelwodebulis saxelobis

qarTuli universiteti

St. Andrew the First-Called Georgian University of Patriarchate of Georgia

qarTvelologiis aqtualuri

problemebi

Actual Problems of Kartvelology

APK

VI

2017

UDC (უაკ) 908(479.22)

ქ-275

yovelwliur samecniero JurnalSi: qarTvelologiis aqtualuri problemebi ibeWdeba saqarTvelos sapatriar-qos wmida andria pirvelwodebulis saxelobis qarTuli

universitetis qarTvelologiis centris mier organizebu-

li saerTaSoriso konferenciis masalebi; aseve, recenzi-rebuli (enaTmecnieruli, literaturaTmcodneobiTi, fol-kloruli, istoriografiuli, kulturologiuri, eTnolo-giuri...) gamokvlevebi.

saredaqcio kolegia:

svetlana adamia /swavluli mdivani/, gia alibegaSvili, amiran arabuli, nomadi barTaia, merab beriZe, Teimuraz gvancelaZe, karina vamlingi, sergo vardosaniZe, Tamar lomaZe /inglisuri teqstis redaqtori/, guram lorTqi-faniZe, hirokate maeda, roin metreveli, lado minaS-vili, maia miresaSvili, said muliani, aleqsi Jordania, me-rab robaqiZe, manana tabiZe /redaqtori/, tariel futka-raZe /mTavari redaqtori/, roin yavreliSvili, bela Savxe-liSvili, revaz Serozia, fevzi Celebi, levan jiqia.

redaqciis misamarTi: 0162, Tbilisi, ilia WavWavaZis #53a, qarTuli universitetiis

qarTvelologiis centri, oTaxi №110

el-fosta: [email protected]

krebulis el-versia ix.: www.sangu.ge

© qarTuli universiteti ISSN 1987-930X

UDC (უაკ) 908(479.22)

ქ-275

The materials of the international conference organized by the Kartvel-ology Centre at the St. Andrew the First Called Georgian University of Patriarchate of Georgia are published in the annual scientific journal: "Actual Problems of Kartvelology".

Editorial Board

Svetlana Adamia (scientific secretary), Gia Alibegashvili, Amiran Arabuli, Nomadi Bartaia, Merab Beridze, Pevzi Chelebi, Teimuraz Gvantseladze, Roin Khavrelishvili, Tamar Lomadze (editor of the English text), Guram Lortkipanidze, Hirokate Maeda, Roin Metreveli, lado Minashvili, Maia Miresashvili, Said Muliani, Merab Robakidze, Bela Shavkhelishvili, Lela Shatirishvili, Revaz Sherozia, Manana Tabidze (responsible editor), Tariel Putkaradze (editor-in-chief), Karina

Vamling, Sergo Vardosanidze, Aleksi Zhordania, levan Jikia.

Address of the editorial office:

Ilia Chavchavadze N53a, Tbilisi 0162, St. Andrew the First-Called

Georgian University, Kartvelology Centre, Room №110

E-mail: [email protected]: www.sangu.ge

© Georgian University ISSN 1987-930X

Sinaarsi marika TedoraZe, tariel futkaraZe, diskusia megruli metyvelebis statusis Sesaxeb XX saukunis 20-30-ian wlebSi /Tanamedrove konteqstiT/............................... 5

Marika Tedoradze, Tariel putkaradze, Discussion About the Status of the Megrelian Speech in the 20-30-ies of the 20-th century /In the scope of the modern context/ .......................................................................... 56

sofio kekua, afxazeTis onomastika istoriuli dokumentebis mixedviT ........................................................................ 58

Sopio Kekua, Abkhazian Onomastic According to Historical Documents ......... 70

vladimer kikilaSvili, mcocavi eqspansia kavkasiis regionSirusuli imperiuli politikis magaliTze ............. 73

Vladimir Kikilashvili, Language as a Means of Creeping Aggression (Russian Policy in the Caucasus Region)........................................................ 81

giorgi sosiaSvili, osebis ena da kultura saqarTveloSi (warsuli da dRevandeloba, zogadi mimoxilva).................. 83

Giorgi Sosiashvili, The Ossetian Language and Culture in Georgia (the Past and the Present, General Review)................................................... 109

manana tabiZe, araavtoqToni mosaxleobis enebi saqarTveloSi................................................................................. 110

Manana Tabidze, Languages of Nonnative People in Georgia ................... 125

bela SavxeliSvili, Tanamedrove diskusiebi TuSebis sametyvelo kodebis statusis Sesaxeb ............................... 126

Bela Shavkhelishvili, Contemporary Discussions on the Status of the Tush Speech Codes ................................................................................. 148

gamoxmaureba

didi wigni did moRvaweTa Sesaxeb (sergo vardosaniZe, saqarTvelos marTlmadidebeli samociqulo eklesiis aswlovani matiane (1917-2017 w.w.), Tbilisi, 2017 weli) ......149

Great Book of the Great Public Figures (Sergo Vardosanidze, Anniversary Chronicles of the Georgian Orthodox .................................149

oTar maTeSvilis inglisur-qarTuli idiomebis leqsikoni ..................................................................................... 153

Dictionary of English-Georgian Idioms by O. Mateshvili .......................153


5

marika TedoraZe, tariel futkaraZe

diskusia megruli metyvelebis statusis Sesaxeb

XX saukunis 20-30-ian wlebSi /Tanamedrove konteqstiT/

Sesavali

1921 wlis Teberval-martSi sabWoTa ruseTis mier sa-

qarTvelos demokratiuli respublikis okupacia-aneqsiis

Semdeg odnav gansxvavebuli sqemiT gagrZelda mefis ruse-

Tis dros SemuSavebuli enobrivi politika qarTveli

eris enobriv-eTnikuri danawevrebis mimarTulebiT; ker-Zod:

mefis ruseTi cdilobda, qarTvelTa erTi nawilisaTvis

(megrelebis, svanebis, lazebisaTvis...) RvTismsaxurebisa da

ganaTlebis enad mravalsaukunovani qarTulis nacvlad

jer kuTxuri dialeqti SeeTavazebina, Semdeg ki rusuli

ena daemkvidrebina. bolSevikebs RvTismsaxurebis ena ar

ainteresebdaT, Tumca igive politika gaagrZeles ganaTle-

bis sferoSi. am mizniT Seecadnen, qarTuli SeecvalaT,

erTi mxriv, rusuliT (revoluciis eniT), meore mxriv ki

- adgilobrivi dialeqtebiT. qarTvelTa enobriv-eTnikuri

danawevrebis miznidan gamomdinare, bolSevikebmac dialeq-

tebi "ganuviTarebel enebad" - "umwerlobo enebad" gamo-

acxades (rasac zogi dResac imeorebs). am mimarTulebiT

1922 wlidanve samegreloSi gaaqtiurda ramdenime jgufi,

romelTac Tavdapirvelad i. stalinis mxardaWera hqondaT.

maT daupirispirdnen saqarTvelos (metwilad samegrelos)

Rirseuli Svilebi. dapirispireba presaSi daiwyo. diskusia

mimdinareobda 1922-1932 wlebSi; gamoikveTa ori ZiriTadi

midgoma:

- samegreloSi dawyebiT safexurze swavleba da

gazeTebi yofiliyo megrulad (svaneTSi – svanurad,

lazeTSi – lazurad); - samegrelos (svaneTis, lazeTis) qarTul skolebSi megruli (svanuri, lazuri) metyveleba gamoyenebuliyo

mfg ქართველოლოგიის აქტუალური პრობლემები

6

damxmare saSualebad, gazeTebi ki gamocemuliyo istoriul dedaenaze - qarTul enaze.

aTwliani farTomasStabiani diskusia dasrulda 1932-33

wlebSi arn. Ciqobavas mier Camoyalibebuli daskvniT, ro-

melic erT arsebiT sakiTxSi i. stalins daupirispirda.

naSromSi detalurad gavaanalizebT "megrulenovani" (aseve,

"svanurenovani") skolebis mizanSeuwonlobis Sesaxeb 1933 wlis mTavrobis Sesabamisi struqturis sagangebo komisiis

daskvnis momzadebis processa da arn. Ciqobavas argumen-

tebs; SevecdebiT am procesis meqanizmis Sefasebas winais-

toriisa da Tanamedrove konteqstis gaTvaliswinebiT (ru-

seTis imperiis mier SemuSavebuli sqema-strategia dResac

aqtualuria: icvlebian mxolod moqmedi pirebi).

qarTvelTa enobrivi istoria mokled (uxsovari dro-idan bolSevikuri okupaciis periodamde).

didi albaTobiT, qarTvelTa enobrivi istoria moicavs,

sul mcire, 35 saukunes. savaraudod, qarTuli samwignob-

ro ena Seiqmna 23 saukunis win - qujisa da farnavazis

periodSi – saerToqarTveluri enis safuZvelze: qar-

TvelTa samwignobro ena daefuZna ara qarTl-kaxur dia-

leqts, aramed Tanamedrove qarTvelTa yvela enobrivi qve-

sistemisaTvis amosaval enobriv variants1.

bolo 16 saukunis dokumenturi monacemebis mixedviT

danamdvilebiT SegviZlia vTqvaT:

qarTuli samwignobro enis CamomZerwav mwignobarTa di-

di nawili iyo istoriuli egrisidan (amJamindeli sameg-relo, guria, afxazeTi, svaneTi, aWara, livana, lazeTi,

klarjeTi, imereTi); swored amiT unda aixsnas Semdegi

faqti: samegrelosa Tu svaneTis, kaxeTisa Tu qarTlis

Svilebs arasodes ucdiaT, samwignobro kultura SeeqmnaT

mSobliuri dialeqtis mixedviT, ramdenadac yvelam kargad

icoda, rom mravalsaukunovani samwignobro qarTuli ena

1 t. futkaraZe, saTave da perspeqtiva qarTuli samwignobro eni-sa, 2006. The Origin of the Georgian Literary Language and its Prospects, Tbilisi, 2006; http://www.scribd.com/doc/11390384/The-Origin-of-the-Georgian-Literary-Language-and-its-Prospects;


7

winaprebis mier Seqmnli saerTo dedaena iyo. saukuneebis

manZilze, sxva qarTvelebis msgavsad, samegrelos mosaxle-

obac Zerwavda qarTul samwignobro enas; am eniT iRe-bda ganaTlebas da aRasrulebda RvTismsaxurebas2.

kavkasiis iaraRiT dapyrobis Semdeg ruseTis imperiis

moxeleebma intensiurad daiwyes adgilobrivTa asimilacii-

sa da "gaTiSe da ibatones" gegmis ganxorcieleba; kerZod,

XIX saukunis bolo meoTxedidan gaaqtiurdnen qarTvelTa

asimilaciisa da enobriv-eTnikuri danawevrebis mimarTule-

biT. am gzaze pirveli nabiji iyo saqarTvelos saxelmwifo

kancelariaSi, eklesiasa da saero ganaTlebis sistemaSi

qarTuli enis gamoyenebis SezRudva. me-19 saukunis 60-iani

wlebidan ki rusi moxeleebi cdiloben qarTuli enis

srulad gamodevnas saqarTvelos or kuTxidan - svaneTidan

da samegrelodan. am mizniT rusuli anbanis safuZvelze

generalma uslarma Seqmna "svanuri anbani", xolo peter-

burgelma profesorma al. grenma - megruli anbani. amave

periodSi, levickis iniciativiT, xonis seminariis maswav-

leblebma: ivan petrovma da Tada aSordiam Seqmnes meore

megruli anbani, Seadgines megruli sakiTxavi teqstebi.

rusi moxeleebis saboloo mizani iyo qarTvelTa enobrivi

istoriis, saeklesio tradiciisa da mecnieruli logikis

ignorirebiT qarTuli enis Canacvleba rusuli eniT3.

2 vrclad ix.: t. futkaraZe, qarTvelebi (istoriuli sacxovrisi, samwignobro ena, dialeqtebi, 2005, gv. 624; ingl. versia: gv.

395-394; Turq. versia: gv. 395-492; The Georgians The Kartvels (Historical Home, Mother Tongue Dialects); English version pg. 395-492; Turkish version pg. 331-394; gamomcemloba "quTaisis saxelmwifo universite-ti"; Publishing house "Akaki Tsereteli State University" ;http://www.scribd.com/doc/2158690/The-Georgians-the-Kartvels; http://www.scribd.com/doc/2158759/Kartveller-Gurculer; t. futkaraZe, qarTvelologiis Sesavali, Tb., 2014. 3 ix., mag., graf nikita paninis (1770 w.), general tormasovis (1810 w.), Stabskapitan Saxovskisa (1834 w.) da sxvaTa gegmebis Sesabamisad moqmedi kavkasiis saswavlo olqis mzrunveli kirile ianovski 1881 wels aqveynebs cirkulars, romlis mixedviTac sa-qarTvelos teritoriaze dawyebiTi klasebidanve unda SemoRebu-

liyo rusulenovani swavleba.


8

1886 wlis seqtemberSi levickim kategoriulad moiT-

xova samegrelos skolebis megrul enaze gadayvana. es iyo

pirveli mcdeloba, swavlebisa da RvTismsaxurebis sfero-

Si megruli metyvelebis damkvidrebiT srulad gada-

efaraT qarTuli enis istoriuli funqcia saqarTvelos am kuTxeSi. rusi moxeleebis "argumenti" aseTi iyo: meg-rel-svanTaTvis qarTuli dedaena ar aris; megrelebis de-

daenaa umwerlobo megruli ena, svanebisa ki - umwerlobo

svanuri ena; Sesabamisad, maT keTilSobilur miznad gamo-

acxades, am "mcire xalxebisaTvis" SeeqmnaT samwignobro

kultura4.

am process Tedo Jordania da Tedo saxokia ase aR-weren:

T. Jordania: "ara naklebi Rvawli mimiZRvis me, ro-gorc mebrZols ianovskis proeqtisas. aman xom qarTuli

ena samegrelos skolebidan amoagdo. Semdeg amisa xeli

mihyo dasamxobad qarTvelT eklesiisa, e.i. saeklesio enisa,

samegreloSi... viRac naZiralebs qarTuli locvebi

megrulad gadaaTargmnia da egzarxosis dasturi iTxova. aq isev me davuxvdi... ramdeni usiamovneba amaze me momadga.

piradad me amaze aras vityvi, xolo ianovskisagan dawyebu-

li saqme samudamod CaifuSa... imereTSi gadasvlis Semdeg

me aRvadgine qarTuli enis ufleba svaneTis skolebSi (sa-

dac qarTuli ena gadagdebuli iyo 1903 wlidan)"5.

T. saxokia: "yvelas mogexsenebaT, rom megruli enis sa-

kiTxi rusebis Semosvlamde ar arsebobda. es sakiTxi

gaCnda mas aqeT, rac rusebma saqarTveloSi fexi

4 sakiTxis istoriisa da samecniero literaturis mimoxilvisaT-vis ix.: t. futkaraZe, e. dadiani, r. Serozia, "evropuli qar-tia regionuli an umciresobis enis Sesaxeb" da saqarTvelo",

quTaisi, 2010; T. Putkaradze, E.Dadiani, R. Serozia "European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages" and Georgia", Kutaisi, 2010; http://www.scribd.com/doc/35702700/Tariel-Putkaradze-Eka-Dadiani-Revaz-Seroozia-2010 5 Tedo Jordania, qarTuli enisaTvis brZola 1882-1910 wlebSi da vin daicva qarTuli ena samegrelos samrevlo SkolebSi? (an-tikritika pasuxad b. i. fancxavas da mis kampanias); quTaisi, 1913. gv. 15-17. stamba "Zmoba"


9

moikides. roca saqarTvelos sxvadasxva samTavroebi gauq-mda da Cveni samSoblos sxvadasxva nawilebi gaerTianda,

rusis mTavrobam igrZno am gaerTianebis saSiSroeba da ga-

dawyda xelovnurad Seeqmna daqucmaceba Cvenis qveynisa.

1870-ian wlebSi ieriSi mitanil iqna samegrelos skolebze.

aq saministro skolebidan qarTuli ena gamodevnil iyo, rogorc aradedaena da pirdapir rusulis saSualebiT aswavlidnen sagnebs... ase midioda samegrelos garusebis saqme 1890 wlamde. am xnidan iwyeba ufro "dasabuTebiT"

uaryofa qarTuli enisa, rogorc samSoblo enisa... am xni-

dan scenaze gamodis kavkasiis saswavlo olqis mzrunveli

ianovski (tomiT poloneli) da misi marjvena xeli levicki

(isic poloneli)... levickim xonis seminariis maswavlebel

petrovs megrelTaTvis calke anbanic Seadgenina, ra Tqma

unda, rusuli asoebiT da imave seminariis muSakis da Sem-

degSi "cnobili" Tada aSordias saSualebiT megruli xal-

xuri zRaprebi Tu leqsebic Caawerina; es saxelmZRvanelo

unda gamxdariyo samegrelos skolebSi. T. aSordias kargi

adgili misces, materialurad uzrunvelyves, Tan daavales,

zugdidis mazraSi qarTuli ena, Tuki sadme arsebobda

aseTi, skolebidan gamoedevna da xeli Seewyo rusuli

enis ganmtkicebisaTvis. aSordias Tavis mxriv agentebic

gauCndnen da gaaCaRa saqme; samegrelos skola gadaiqca bavSvebis daClungebisa da gadagvarebis erTgvar qarxnad.

erTi Tofis dacliT mTavrobam ori kurdRlis mokvla

moaxerxa: samegrelos saministro skolebidan qarTuli ga-

modevna da garusebis gzaze Seayena samegrelos mkvidrni...

gansakuTrebiT samegrelosaTvis Seiqmna mZime dekanoz vos-

torgovis farfaSi. igi Tamamad iZaxda: megrelebi sxvani

arian, qarTvelebTan saerTo araferi aqvT da amitom qar-

Tuli ena maTs skolebSi ar unda iswavlebodes, mis magiv-

rad rusuli, saxelmwifo ena, aswavleTo... 1905 w. revo-

luciam cotaTi Seanela Cveni rusifikatorebis gulmodgi-

neba. revoluciis Semdeg, reaqciis dawyebisTanave, bnele-

Tis Zalni isev amuSavdnen. 1918 w. foTSi maswavlebel

stefane gaguas iniciativiT ukve TviT megrelebi gamovid-

nen levicki-vostorgovis mier dawyebuli saqmis ganmgrZob-


10

ni, rogorc moxaliseni. magram yvelas balRTa laRobad

migvaCnda maTi nacodvili da seriozulobaSi ar Camogvir-

Tmevia, sanam 1925 wels, roca yvelaze nakleb movelodiT

aseTi avantiuris gaRviZebas, zugdidSi daiwyo avtonomiis

niadagis mzadeba. mafaluelTa jgufma moskovSi Txovna gag-

zavna: "gvixseniT saqarTvelos suverenitetisagan, samegre-

los "proletariatis sacodaobas nuRa uyurebT da uSua-

lod SeuerTeT ruseTis proletariatso"...6

qarTveli eris enobriv-eTnikur danawevrebas XIX sau-

kunis bolo meoTxedsa da XX saukunis dasawyisSi aqtiu-

rad aRudgnen win gamorCeuli qarTvelebi: ilia WavWavaZe,

grigol dadiani 7 , iakob gogebaSvili, sergei mesxi, besarion niJaraZe, ambrosi xelaia, ivane margiani, petre Waraia da sxvebi, romelTac SeZles, mosalodneli safrTxe mietanaT farTo sazogadoebamde. samegrelo-svane-

Tis qarTvelobam srulad gaacnobiera, rom ruseTis impe-

riis moxeleebi kulturul istorias uucxovebdnen da

mravalsaukunovani samwignobro enis Semqmnel sazogadoebas

dedaenad ucxadebdnen umwerlobo kuTxur metyvelebas8.

6Tedo saxokia, Tqven visRa misdevT?! Tb., 1927; dokumenti ix.

https://www.scribd.com/document/24443368/Putkaradze-Saqartvelos-Mokle-Istoria. 7 episkoposi grigol dadiani: "megruli qarTuli enis dialeqtia da ara damoukidebeli ena... megreli qarTul enas aRiqvams ro-gorc Tavis Zireul sakuTrebas..." vrclad ix.: guria-samegrelos episkoposis, uwmindesi grigolis gankargulebis safuZvelze Seq-mnili komisiis dadgenileba megrul kiloze locvaTa Targmanis mizanSewonilobis Sesaxeb (1895), /rusulidan Targmnes T. gvan-celaZem da m. tabiZem/, qarTveluri memkvidreoba, XIV, quTaisi, 2010, gv. 204-235; ix., agreTve: T. gvancelaZe, m. naWyebia, m. ta-niZe, guria-samegrelos episkoposi grigol dadiani, saiubileo samecniero konferenciis masalaTa krebuli: "saqarTvelos teqni-kuri universitetis Teologiis kaTedra 5 wlisaa" Tb., 2006; grigol dadianis Sesaxeb ix. aseve:

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pJ2e0ZvmFw8. 8sakiTxis istoriisa da msjelobisaTvis ix.: t. futkaraZe, RvTis-msaxurebis ena "yovelTa qarTvelTa" erTianobis ganmsazRvreli erT-erTi mTavari faqtori (samwignobro enisa da dialeqtTa mimarTebis sakiTxisaTvis" , qarTveluri memkvidreoba, V, quTaisi, 2001, gv. 227-241; T. gvancelaZe, m. tabiZe, r. Serozia, r. Wan-turia, RvTismsaxurebisa da sasuliero ganaTlebis ena, rogorc


11

saqarTvelos pirveli demokratiuli respublikis peri-

odSi (1918-1920) isev iyo mcdeloba, daarsebuli-

yo„”megrulenovani" skolebi; kerZod, aqtiurobda qalaq foTis "qalTa gimnaziis pedagogiuri sabWos" Tavmjdomaris

- stefane gaguas ramdenimekaciani jgufi (maT hqondaT or-

ganizacia: "mafalu”)9, romelic foTsa da zugdidSi moqme-

debda10. st. gaguas jgufis iniciativas negatiurad Sexvda

saqarTvelos demokratiul xelisufleba, Tumca arsebiTi

yuradRebac ar miuqcevia.

i. stalinisa da l. berias gansxvavebuli poziciebi megrulis statusTan dakavSirebiT.

qarTvelTa dedaenis istoriis gayalbebiT qarTveli

eris enobriv-eTnikuri danawevrebis rusuli gegma aqtiu-

rad ganaaxles bolSevikebma; kerZod, 1913 wels gamoqvey-

rusuli imperiuli politikis ganxorcielebis saSualeba saqar-TveloSi, qarTveluri memkvidreoba, V, quTaisi, 2001, gv. 89-116; m. tabiZe, enobrivi politikis sakiTxebi qarTul sinamdvileSi, qarTveluri memkvidreoba, V, quTaisi, 2002, gv. 155-165; t. futkaraZe, qarTvelebi, zogadqarTuli samwignobro ena da qar-TvelTa dialeqtebi (istoriuli mimoxilva), qarTveluri mem-kvidreoba, VI, quTaisi, 2002, gv. 187-203; T. gvancelaZe, ena da kilo qarTvelologiaSi, Tb., 2006; t. futkaraZe, e. dadiani, qarTveluri enobrivi sivrce, qarTveluri memkvidreoba, XI, qu-Taisi, 2007, gv. 155-165; t. futkaraZe, qarTvelologiis aqtua-luri problemebi da qarTvelologiis centris amocanebi, qar-Tvelologiis aqtualuri problemebi, I, Tb., 2012, gv. 9-38 9 Tedo saxokia: "revoluciis Semdeg, reaqciis dawyebisTanave, bneleTis Zalni isev amuSavdnen. 1918 w. foTSi maswavlebel stefane gaguas iniciativiT ukve TviT megrelebi gamovidnen levicki-vostorgovis mier dawyebuli saqmis ganmgrZobni, ro-gorc moxaliseni (T. saxokia, "Tqven raRas misdevT?!" http://www.georoyal.ge/?MTID=5&TID=44&id=2111). Sdr.: "mafaluiz-mi" iyo "mecadineoba imisaTvis, rom SeenarCunebina megruli ena da megruli TviTmyofadi yofiTi kultura" (vaxtang gvaramia, giorgi ciciSvili, "megruli sakiTxi", Tb., 2009, gv. 101); 10 Sdr.: v. gvaramiasa da g. ciciSvilis azriT, "st. gaguas mier wamowyebuli "mafalus" iniciativa gulisxmobda samegrelos regionis kulturuli monapovaris warmoCenas da amiT saerTo erovnuli (qarTuli - t.f.) kulturis gamdidrebas" (vaxtang gvaramia, giorgi ciciSvili, dasaxelebuli wigni, gv. 80-86).


12

nda i. stalinis wigni: marqsizmi da nacionaluri sakiTxi,

romelSic vkiTxulobT (vimowmebT 1951 wlis gamocemidan):

”kavkasiaSi arian mTeli rigi xalxebi, romelTac

primitiuli kultura, gansakuTrebuli ena aqvT, magram mSobliur literaturas moklebulni arian... ra vuyoT aseT xalxebs: megrelebs, afxazebs, aWarlebs, svanebs, lekebs da sxv., romlebic sxvadasxva enaze laparakoben, magram TavianTi literatura ki ara aqvT? (gv. 138-139)...“nacionaluri sakiTxi kavkasiaSi SeiZleba gadaiWras mxolod im mimarTulebiT, rom dagvianebuli erebi da xalxebi umaRlesi kulturis saerTo kalapotSi movaqcioT” (gv. 142).

rogorc vxedavT, yovelgvari istoriuli logikis sawi-

naaRmdegod, mefis ruseTis moxeleebis kvalad, i. stalini

umwerlobo enis mqone dagvianebul erebad Tu xalxebad acxadebs: megrelebs, afxazebs, aWarlebs, svanebs, lekebs da

sxv. i. stalinis warmodgenili koncefcia didad ar gan-

sxvavdeba ianovsk-vostorgovis midgomisagan. aqve aRvniSnavT,

rom mefis ruseTis moxeleebi eyrdnobodnen peterburgeli

profesoris - q. patkanianis "samecniero" xedvebs; am uka-

nasknelis mowafe iyo niko mari, romelmac ruseTis akade-

miis akademikosad arCevis Semdeg, faqtobrivad, gaagrZela

q. patkanianis gza11; kerZod, gasuli saukunis 20-ian wleb-

Si n. mari aqtiurad rom iyo Cabmuli megrulis statusis

dadgenis procesSi, Cans isak Jvanias Semdegi teqstebida-

nac: "maSin komisiam S. eliavas daZalebiT megruli enac

ar cno, Tumca, akademikos maris ganmartebis Semdeg, rom

arsebobs megruli ena da ara - kilo, amx. eliavam Secva-

la Tavisi azri"12.

i. stalinis "Teoriis" Sesabamisad, 1923 wlis ivlisSi

Catarda saqarTvelos ck meore sesia, romelmac miiRo

"deklaracia enis Sesaxeb". deklaraciaSi vkiTxulobT:

"Cveni uryevi principia, rom yvelaferi, rogorc marTva-

11 n. maris winaaRmdegobrivi midgomebis Sesaxeb vrclad ix. t. futkaraZe, i. vaSakiZe, qarTvelologiis orgvari dagegmva; Tb., 2011. 12 citatas vimowmebT wignidan: vaxtang gvaramia, giorgi ciciSvi-li, dasaxelebuli wigni, gv. 183.


13

gamgeoba, ise swavleba da sxva xdebodes xalxisaTvis gasa-

geb da mSobliur enaze"13. aqve naTqvamia:

"eTnikuri siWrelis da CamorCenilobis pirobebSi dgas

CamorCenili erebis (xazi Cvenia - avt.) kulturul-ekono-mikuri donis amaRlebis... tomebSi nacionaluri gancalke-

vebis naSTebis aRmofxvris mZime amocana. amierkavkasiis

cocxali salaparako enebi (xazi Cvenia - avt.) unda gada-iqcnen maTi kulturuli ganviTarebis da maT mier muSur-

glexuri revoluciis monapovarTa SeTvisebis mZlav iara-

Rad". amave dokumentiT amierkavkasiis ck-is prezidiums wi-

nadadeba mieca, mokle xanSi gamoeca kanoni, romelic daa-

regulirebda rogorc federaciis saxelmwifo organoebSi,

aseve, adgilobrivi mmarTvelobis organoebSi "samSoblo

enis" (anu dedaenis) gamoyenebis wesebs. aSkaraa, rom dasaxelebuli deklaracia Seqmnilia i.

stalinis ideebis safuZvelze. maleve, i. stalinis mier

deklarirebuli gegmis ganxorcieleba, savaraudod, filipe

maxaraZis xelmZRanelobiT daiwyo bolSevikTa ramdenime

jgufma, romelTa nawilma samegrelos avtonomiac

moiTxova. maT daupirispirda bolSevikTa erTi nawili al.

gegeWkorisa14 da lavrenti berias xelmZRvanelobiT15; ker-

Zod, samegrelos avtonomiasa da saqmiswarmoebaSi megruli

"enis" (aseve, sxva separatistuli gamoxdomebis) moTxovnis

dasabalanseblad, al. gegeWkorisa da lavrenti berias aq-

tiurobiT, amierkavkasiis cak-ma 1924 wlis 27 Tebervals

miiRo gansxvavebuli Sinaarsis dekreti: "respublikis sa-

xelmwifo dawesebulebebSi saxelmwifo enis, mosaxleobis

umravlesobis da nacionaluri enis gamoyenebis Sesaxeb". am

dekretis bazaze sruliad saqarTvelos cak-ma 1924 wlis

4 aprils miiRo deklaracia, romliTac gamoiricxa megru-

li enis saqmiswarmoebis enad gamocxadeba.

13gazeTi komunisti, 1923 w. 3 ivlisi. 14al. gegeWkori gardaicvala 1928 wels. 15 al. gegeWkorisa da l. berias werilebi 2018 wels gamoqvey-ndeba wignSi: t. futkaraZe, "qarTvelologiis Tanamedrove ga-mowvevebi."


14

amis miuxedavad, 1925 wlis 5-9 aprils, saqarTvelos

sabWoebis III yrilobaze, zugdidis samazro komitetis

mdivani b. SogiraZe yrilobas megrulad miesalma (misi gamosvla saliteraturo qarTuliT gadmosca vinme Todri-

am). igive SogiraZe diskusiis dros rusul enaze gamovida

(da ara - qarTulad!)16. amave yrilobaze sityviT gamosul-

ma amierkavkasiis ck-is wevrma bimurza afrasiZem yrilo-bas mimarTa svanuri metyvelebis balsqvemour dialeqtze.

1925 wels svanurad sityviT warmomTqmeli bimurza afra-

siZe aris saqarTvelos respublikis uzenaesi sabWos wevris,

bimurza afrasiZis (dadeSqelianis) babua. b-ni b. afrasiZe-

dadeSqelianis cnobiT, babuamisi brwyinvaled flobda de-

daenas - qarTul enas

faqtia, erTi mxriv, istoriuli realobisa da, meore

mxriv, sabWoTa imperiis interesebis ("gaTiSe da ibatone")

Sesabamisad, 1922-24 wlebidan bolSevikTa adgilobriv

wreebSic megrulTan mimarTebiT gamoikveTa orgvari pozi-cia; kerZod:

1. saqarTvelos erT-erTi kuTxis - samegrelos (istoriu-

li egrisis, odiSis) mosaxleobis istoriuli gzis Sesaba-

misad, samegreloSi saqmiswarmoebis, ganaTlebisa da presis

enad qarTuli enis SenarCuneba (l. beria, al. gegeWko-

ri...);

2. "nacionalur sakiTxSi" i. stalinis xedvis Sesabamisad,

megruli metyvelebis damkvidreba dawyebiTi ganaTlebis

enad, saqmiswarmoebis enad da presis enad.

dabejiTebiT SegviZlia vTqvaT, rom meore midgomis

momxreni ar warmoadgendnen samegrelos, maTi ideebi ar efuZneboda samegrelos qarTvelobis interesebsa da sur-

vilebs. isini iyvnen ara separatistebi, aramed sabWoTa

imperiis enobrivi politikis brma mimdevrebi, romle-bic ver acnobierebdnen, rom am gzaze dadgomiT uars am-

bobdnen maTive winaprebis mier Seqmnl mravalsaukunovan

16 vaxtang gvaramia, giorgi ciciSvili, dasaxelebuli wigni, gv. 152


15

samwignobro kulturaze. am jgufs pirobiTad vuwodebT

stalinel kolaboracionistebs. stalineli kolaboracionistebi, Tavis mxriv, or Ziri-

Tad jgufad iyofodnen:

a) pirebi, romlebic iTxovdnen samegrelos SeerTebas ru-

seTTan, an nacionaluri avtonomiis gamocxadebas 1922-

1936 wlebSi arsebuli "amierkavkasiis socialisturi fe-

deraciuli respublikis" farglebSi; aseve, samegreloSi

megruli metyvelebis damkvidrebas dawyebiTi ganaTlebis enad, saqmiswarmoebis enad da presis enad (bukonia-beselias jgufi, gr. axalaias jgufi da beglar

berias jgufi17. lavrenti beria 1925 wels am jgufis li-

derad asaxelebs miSo dadians. es jgufi "CxouSieli av-tonomistebis" saxeliT aris cnobili18;

b) pirebi, romlebic iTxovdnen samegrelos gamocxadebas

"amierkavkasiis socialisturi federaciuli respublikis"

administraciul olqad da megruli metyvelebis

damkvidrebas dawyebiTi ganaTlebis enad, saqmiswarmoebis enad da presis enad (isak Jvanias jgufi).

Cveni gamokvlevis konteqstSi arsebiTia is, rom orive

jgufi iTxovda umwerlobo megruli metyvelebis qcevas samwerlobo enad da qarTulis nacvlad (Tu paralelu-

rad) mis damkvidrebas dawyebiTi ganaTlebis enad,

saqmiswarmoebis enad da presis enad 19 . cxadia, kremlis

17 beglar beria, galdava, nikoleiSvili, Sonia, cimentia... dasaxe-lebuli pirebi 1923 wels partiidan garicxes avtonomiis moT-xovnis gamo (saqarTvelos prezidentis arqivi, f. 14, aR. 1, s. 493, furceli 17; dokuments vimowmebT wignidan: vaxtang gvara-mia, giorgi ciciSvili, "megruli sakiTxi", Tb., 2009 gv. 146-148 18 ix.: vaxtang gvaramiasa da giorgi ciciSvilis wigni, gv. 135-144: Tavi VII - "CxouSieli" avtonomistebi da maTi moTxovnebi. 19 es moTxovna dResac ismis xolme: zogi dResac Tvlis, rom samegreloSi qarTuli bevrs ar esmis, amitom swavla-ganaTlebi-saTvis aucilebelia megrulenovani skolebi; megrulenovani sko-lebisa da samegrelos administraciuli olqis moTxovnis kanon-zomierebis mtkicebas isaxavs miznad Cven mier araerTxel citi-rebuli wigni: vaxtang gvaramia, giorgi ciciSvili, "megruli sa-kiTxi", Tb., 2009 (ix., mag. Tavi V, "ra awuxebs samegrelos gle-xobas", gv. 102-114). am avtorebmac ar ician, rom msoflios


16

mier orive jgufi xelovnurad iyo Seqmnili. maT Soris

arsebuli mcire sxvaoba saerTo scenaris nawilad unda

miviCnioT; scenari ki aseTi iyo: ufro radikaluri moT-xovnis fonze qarTvelobis Segueba SedarebiT kompromi-

sul variantze. "scenaristebis" Canafiqri iTvaliswinebda

imasac, rom megruli enis (da samegrelos avtonomiis) sa-

kiTxi iseT doneze yofiliyo aqtualizebuli, rom jansaRi

azris gamosaTqmelad adgili aRar darCeniliyo. rogorc

qvemoT vnaxavT, gasuli saukunis 20-ian wlebSi dasaxele-

bul orive jgufs erT konteqstSi ganixilavdnen rogorc

qarTveli moRvaweni (T. saxokia, k. gamsaxurdia...), ise

bolSevik xelisufalTa erTi nawilic (aleqsandre gegeWko-

ri, lavrenti beria...).

mokled stalinel kolaboracionistTa orive jgufis

Sesaxeb. "CxouSieli avtonomistebi"

1925 wels cibak bukoniam, solomon beseliam da kidev

18 pirma "samegrelos mSromeli xalxis" saxeliT mimarTes

"sruliad ruseTis starostas, mama mixeil ivanes Ze kali-

nins"; dokumentSi ori ZiriTadi moTxovna iyo:

1. samegrelos avtonomiis uSualo daqvemdebareba moskovze

saqarTvelos suverenitetis gareSe, rom "samudamod gan-

mtkicdes samegrelos da ruseTis mSromelTa kavSiri". av-

tonomiis saxelis ori varianti iyo SemuSavebuli: an:

laz-kolxida, an: margalistani.

TiTqmis yvela enas aqvs iseTi dialeqtebi, romelTa mflobelebs ar esmiT samwignobro ena, Tuki es ena ar Seiswavles. qarTuli samwignobro enac bevri sxva kuTxis qar-TvelisaTvis iqneba gaugebari, Tuki ganaTlebas ar miiRebs - ar iswavlis istoriul samwignobro enas da mxolod kuTxuri ki-los farglebSi darCeba misi enobrivi msoflaRqma. vfiqrobT, amgvari moTxovna dResac saxifaToa qarTveli eris enobriv-eTni-kuri erTianobisaTvis, ramdenadac megruli metyvelebis gadaqce-va saqmiswarmoebisa da mwignobrobis enad am kilos mflobelT gauucxovebs mravalsaukunovan istoriul dedaenas - qarTul enas da enobriv-kulturulad daanawevrebs qarTvel ers.


17

bukonia-beselias argumenti: samegrelo ruseTs SeuerTda

1804 wlis traqtatiT da aleqsandre meoris 1867 wlis

4 ianvris brZanebiT;

2. samegrelos "samSoblo enaze" - "megreli tomis", megre-

li xalxis enaze - megrul enaze - gazeTebis gamocemis aR-

dgena "leninizmis xazis mkacri dacviT", romel xazsac

ewinaRmdegebian "qarTveli uklonistebi" da "samegrelos

mSromeli xalxis saTaveSi uklonistebis mier dayenebuli

megreli amxanagebi".

bukonia-beselias azriT, megreli xalxi calke eria, megruli ki aris damoukidebeli ena20.

1925 wlis 13 seqtembers gamoqveynebul werilSi: "meg-

reli avtonomistebis Sesaxeb"21 lavrenti beria am jgufis winamZRolad asaxelebs mixeil (miSo) dadians, romelsac

dauweria naSromi: "filosofia da ubrZnesi ena"; am gamo-

uqveynebel naSromSi gatarebulia azri, rom megruli ena

msoflios margalitia, megruli Zvelsityvaoba pirveldaw-

yebiTi enaa aziisa da afrikis xalxebisaTvis, rom megrele-

bi pirveli xalxia dedamiwaze..."22

rac Seexeba gr. axalaias jgufs: 1925 wlis 20 marts grigol axalaias, aliko kvaracxe-

lias, bagrat xufenias, marzi xubutiasa da ilia janjalias

xelmoweriT werili gaegzavna ssr kavSiris saxalxo komi-

sarTa sabWos Tavmjdomares; xelmomwerTa azriT, kacobrio-

bis uxsovari droidan megreli xalxi qarTveli (qarTve-

luri) tomisagan gamoirCeva rogorc CveulebiT, ise sala-

parako eniT; megreli xalxi iCagreba imitom, rom megruli

eniT ar miewodeba komunizmis ideebi da iTxoven belade-

bis wignebis Targmnas megrul enaze. avtorebi emijnebian

qarTvel ers da miiCneven, rom xelisufleba maT, rogorc

20 moTxovnebs vimowmebT lavrenti berias werilidan: "megrel av-tonomistebis Sesaxeb", gazeTi komunisti, 1925, 13 seqtemberi. l. beria am dros iyo saqarTvelos Cekas saidumlo operatiuli ganyofilebis ufrosi. 21l. beriasa da msgavsi Sexedulebebis mqone sxva avtorTa Tval-sazrisebis kritikisaTvis ix. vaxtang gvaramia, giorgi ciciSvili, "megruli sakiTxi", Tb., 2009, gv. 22-27. 22 iqve, gv. 136-137.


18

damoukidebel ers, ise unda moeqces23. avtorebi kategori-

ulad iTxovdnen megruli enis qcevas saqmiswarmoebisa da

swavlebis enad. am jgufis mier gamoicemoda gazeTi: "no-

Te" (redaqtori grigol axalaia)24.

l. beria dadiani-bukonia-beselia-axalaias jgufSi aerTianebs isak Jvaniasac, Tumca, faqtia, rom bukonia-be-seliasagan gansxvavebiT, isak Jvania iTxovda samegrelos

administraciul olqs. am cdomilebis miuxedavad, vfiq-

robT: cnobili sazogado moRvaweebis kvalad, l. beria mi-

So dadians, gr. axaliasa Tu isak Jvanias erT rangSi imi-

tom ganixilavda, rom samive maTgani cdilobda, megruli

metyveleba eqcia samwignobro enad da saqmiswarmoebis enad, rac, erTi mxriv, qarTveli eris enobriv-eTnikuri daSlis Seuqcevad safuZvels Seqmnida, meore mxriv ki, sa-

megrelos mosaxleobas daukargavda winaprebis mier Seq-

mnil, sul mcire, 16-saukunovan samwignobro kulturas.

logikuria, amave jgufSi ganvixiloT bolSeviki tarasi

Sengeliac, romelmac 1933 wels msgavsi moTxovnebiT mi-

marTa skkp (b) ck-s mdivans, amx. i. stalins, ssr kavSiris

ck-is Tavmjdomares, amx. kalinins da ssrk saxkomsabWos

Tavmjdomares, amx. molotovs; kerZod, igi samegrelos saxe-

liT iTxovda aWaris avtonomiis msgavs avtonomiur olqs

saqarTvelos SemadgenlobaSi da megruli enisa da lite-

raturis Seqmnas25.

23kritikisaTvis ix. vaxtang gvaramia, giorgi ciciSvili, dasaxe-

lebuli wigni, gv. 149-151. 24 "noTe" daixura 1925 wels. sainteresoa: am saxeliT 1990 wels "saqarTvelos saxalxo frontis" zugdidis regionalurma organizaciam zugdidSi gamosca orkvireuli gazeTi; redaqtori: jambul arqania. amave saxeliT gazeTi gamoicemoda 1997-1998 wlebSi (saintereso iqneba am gazeTebis Sinaarsis analizi). 25 saarqivo dokumentis Targmani rusul teqstTan erTad gamoq-veyndeba wignSi, romelic avtorTa jgufis mier mzaddeba gamosa-cemad. dokumentis gansxvavebuli interpretaciisaTvis ix. vaxtang gvaramia, giorgi ciciSvili, dasaxelebuli wigni, gv. 117


19

isak Jvanias jgufi isak Jvania, i. stalinis Tvalsazrisze dayrdnobiT,

bolSevikuri reJimis damyarebisTanave cdilobda samegre-

los administraciuli olqis Seqmnas, megruli skolebis

daarsebasa da megruli gazeTebis gamocemas. am Tvalsazri-

siT, sainteresoa 1925 wlis 24 agvistos zugdidis samaz-

ro komitetis prezidiumis wevrebisa (i. Jvania da sxvebi)

da centris warmomadgenlebis (maTikaSvili, giorgaZe, ego-

rovi) erToblivi dadgenileba:

1. samegrelo "gaformdes", rogorc saqarTvelos ssr Se-

madgenlobaSi Semavali kulturul-teritoriuli erTeuli.

2. neba daerTos partkomis organos saxiT yoveldRiuri

gazeTisa da sxv. politikur-literaturuli da sasoflo-

sameurneo xasiaTis broSurebis gamocemas.

3. pirveli safexuris skolebSi SemoRebul iqnas megruli

eniT swavleba.

4. yvela dawesebulebaSi saqmiswarmoeba SemoRebul iqnas

megrul „enaze"26.

dasaxelebuli moTxovnebi gaimeora saqarTvelos komparti-

is centraluri komitetis (wevrebi: kaxiani, okujava, elia-

va, gegeWkori, orjonikiZe, maTikaSvili, suxiSvili, ivanov-

kavkazski) 1925 wlis 3 seqtembris dadgenilebam "megruli

sakiTxis Sesaxeb"; dadgenileba iTvaliswinebda: 1. samegrelos im raionebSi/soflebSi, sadac mosaxleobam

ar icis qarTuli ena, "aucileblad CaiTvalos urTierTo-

ba megrul enaze";

2. raionis sasamarTloSi, sadac ar esmiT qarTuli ena,

daSvebul iqnas sasamarTlo laparaki da sasamarTlo gana-

Cenisa da dadgenilebis gacema megrul enaze;

3. SesaZleblad CaiTvalos glexebis gazeTis da saagitacio

xasiaTis furclebis gamocema megrul enaze;

4. SesaZleblad CaiTvalos samegrelos pirveli safexuris

skolebSi megrul enaze swavleba27.

26 saqarTvelos prezidentis arqivi, f. 14, aR. 6, 226 furc. 53/3. msjelobisaTvis ix., aseve: vaxtang gvaramia, giorgi ciciSvi-li, dasaxelebuli wigni, gv. 108.


20

amgvar gadawyvetilebas win aRudgnen aleqsandre gegeWkori da lavrenti beria, romelTac egorov-maTikaS-vil-kaxian-Jvanias moTxovnebi faqtobrivad gaaigives miSo

dadianisa da gr. axalaias jgufebis moTxovnebTan; kerZod,

1925 wlis 8 seqtembris gazeT "komunistSi" maT winaaR-

mdeg gailaSqra aleqsandre (saSa) gegeWkorma weriliT:

"ianovski-vostorgovis Rirseul memkvidreebs". kolaboracionistebis orive moTxovnas (samegrelos avto-nomia da megruli enis statusi) al. gegeWkorma aseTi ar-

gumentebiT upasuxa:

1. samegrelos arasodes ucxovria saqarTvelosgan mowyve-

tiT; samegrelo aris saqarTvelos istoriuli da ganuyo-

feli nawili, iseTive, rogorc qarTl-kaxeTi, mTa, guria,

imereTi.

2. megrelebi warmoadgens qarTveli eris iseTive Stos,

rogoricaa: imerlebi, gurulebi, fSav-xevsurni... megreli

ar aris calke erovneba, rogorc amas acxadebda ianovsk-

vostorgov-aSordia; garda amisa, megreli dasabamiTve Se-

moqmedia qarTuli saliteraturo enisa (al. gegeWkori

imowmebs anton Wyondidelisa da Tedo Jordanias istori-ul saxelebs; aseve, samegrelodan gamosuli partiuli da

upartio inteligenciis pozicias, romelic dafiqsirda

1924 wels - avt.). qarTuli ena aris megrelTa "samSoblo

ena"; Sesabamisad, megruls ver vuwodebT damoukidebel

27 saarqivo dokumentis gansxvavebuli interpretaciisaTvis ix.: vaxtang gvaramia, giorgi ciciSvili, dasaxelebuli wigni, gv. 90-92 (saarqivo dokumenti: fondi 14, aR. 2, s. 359, furc. 29). Ceni azriT, umwerlobo xalxis enas namdvilad esaWiroeba aseTi mxardaWera; Sdr., dRes daaxloebiT aseTi aqtivobebia gaTvaliswinebuli "regionul an umciresobaTa enebis evropuli qartiiTac"; Tumca, aqve xazgasmiT aRvniSnavT: megrelebi, svanebi, lazebi arian mravalsaukunovani samwignobro tradiciis mqone qarTvelebi; Sesabamisad, megrulis Sesaxeb ze-moxsenebuli dadgenilebebic da amJamindeli moZraobac megruli-sadmi regionuli enis statusis miniWebis Sesaxeb, erT mizans emsaxureba: qarTvelTa nawils gauucxovos istoriuli dedaena da qarTvelebi daanawevros enobriv-eTnikurad (msje-lobisaTvis ix. qvemoT).


21

enas, radgan megrulSi ZiriTadad igive qarTuli sityve-

bia; metic, megrulis "uklebliv yvela Ziris sityvebi

mTlad eTanabreba qarTuli sityvebis Zirebs imdenad, rom qarTuli literaturuli enis Sesaswavlad aucilebelia megruli dialeqtikis gacnoba... megruli marTla dialeqtia, mxolod dialeqti, qarTuli enis erT-erTi StoTagania"... "araviTar damoukidebel megrul kulturaze ar SeiZleba laparaki. samegrelos kultura mTlianad qarTulia, qarTul safuZvelzea moqarguli, qarTuli fesvebiTaa moarsebe"28.

lavrenti beriam al. gegeWkoris msgavsi argumentebiT

gaakritika samegrelos avtonomiis moTxovna 1925 wlis 13

seqtembris gazeT "komunistSi (№210) dabeWdil werilSi:

"megrel avtonomistebis Sesaxeb", romelSic miSo dadianis

antiqarTuli jgufis wevrad gamoacxada zugdideli bol-

Sevikebis erT-erTi Zveli lideri isak Jvania; es ukanaskne-

li am dros iyo zugdidis mazris komunistTa xelmZRvane-

li.

isak Jvania rbilad, magram mainc sajarod daupirispirda l. berias; kerZod, 1925 wlis 15 seqtem-

28 al. gegeWkoris werilis gaumarTleblad subieqturi analizi-saTvis ix., vaxtang gvaramia, giorgi ciciSvili, dasaxelebuli wigni, gv. 5; kerZod, avtorebi weren, rom gegeWkoris es sityve-bi simarTlea, magram "am simarTlesTan erTad man (gegeWkorma) araferi sTqva, rom istoriis bedukuRmarTobis gamo samegrelos mosaxleobis mniSvnelovani nawili realurad mxolod megruli eniT funqcionirebda; radgan samegrelo-afxazeTSi mosaxle meg-relTa erT nawils ar esmoda sxva ena, garda Tavisi mSobliuri megruli enisa, saWiro iyo im Taviseburebis gaTvaliswineba. amasTanave, megrel mosaxleobas uxsovari droidan hqonda Sesis-xlxorcebuli salaparako megruli ena, romelic damaxinjebuli qarTuli ki ar iyo, rogorc es zogierT sabWoTa Cinovniks ga-mohyavda, aramed qarTuli enis paralelur, Zma enas warmoadgen-da". vaxtang gvaramiam da giorgi ciciSvilma, iseve rogorc qar-TvelTa enobrivi samyaros istoriis armcodne sxva pirebma, ar ician, rom megruli metyveleba aris qarTvelTa dedaenis kuTxu-ri saxesxvaoba, maTive terminologiuri perifrazi rom gamoviye-noT, qarTuli enisagan miRebuli "Svili saxesxvaoba" da ara - "Zma saxesxvaoba".


22

bers gamoqveynda isak Jvanias pasuxi saTauriT: "samegre-

los avtonomistebis Sesaxeb".

gazeT "komunistis" sxva publikaciebi cxadyofs, rom

saqarTvelos bolSevikuri xelisufleba imxanad lavrenti

berias Tvalsazrisze idga; kerZod, al. gegeWkorisa da l.

berias statiebs mohyva qarTvelTa erovnul-enobriv erTianobasa da separatizmis mxilebaze orientirebuli sxva werilebic, romelTa avtorebi iyvnen: d. TofuriZe, sof. xobSi dabadebuli uxucesi social-demokrati ("sameg-

relo da aSordistebi"; gazeTi "komunisti", 15.09.1925); m.

kvaracxelia ("upasuxismgeblo gamosvlis Sesaxeb"; gazeTi

"komunisti", 16.09.1925); zugdidis samazro komitetis agi-

tacia-propagandis yofili gamge b. SogiraZe ("axali aRmo-

Cena"; gazeTi "komunisti", 17.09.1925)29 da sxv.

stalineli kolaboracionistebisagan gansxvavebiT, saqarTvelos bolSevikuri xelisuflebis gegeWkor-berias frTis kursi, agrZelebda ra tradiciul kalapots, misaRebi iyo farTo sazogadoebisaTvis; amas cxadyofs imave periodSi Catarebuli ori masStaburi Sexvedrac da maSin moRvawe pirTa memuarebic; kerZod:

- 1925 wlis 22 seqtembers axal senakSi Catarda "mas-

wavlebelTa da inteligenciis warmomadgenelTa" kreba,

romelsac 60 warmomadgeneli eswreboda. warmomadgenelTa

yrilobam daadgina, rom samegrelos avtonomiis moTxovna

aris saqarTvelos danawevrebis mcdeloba (rezolucia dai-

beWda 24 seqtembers gazeT "komunistSi"; es faqti cxad-

yofs, rom krebas mxars uWerda bolSevikuri xelisufle-

bis ufro Zlieri frTa).

- 1925 wlis 23 seqtembers TbilisSi, SoTa rusTave-

lis saxelobis TeatrSi Catarda samegrelodan wamosuli

29 es is SogiraZea, romelic am werilis gamoqveynebamde ramdeni-me TviT adre yrilobaze megrulad gamovida (ix. zemoT). es faqtic cxadyofs, rom saqarTvelos bolSevikuri xelisuflebis politika metad labiluri iyo "megruli Temis" sakiTxSi; arse-buli gaoreba male gadaizarda isak Jvaniasa da lavrenti beri-as samkvdro-sasicocxlo dapirispirebaSi, romelsac axangrZliveb-da i. Jvaniasadmi i. stalinis Tanadgoma. Cans, 1933 wlidan l. beriam i. stalini gadaarwmuna. ix. qvemoT).


23

sazogado moRvaweebis, mwerlebisa da sxva cnobili adamia-

nebis Sekreba, sadac Tavisi cnobili sityviT gamovida Te-

do saxokia 30 . sayuradReboa prezidiumis Semadgenloba:

cnobili erovnuli moRvawe giorgi Jordania (Tedo Jor-

danias Svili), Tedo saxokia (prezidiumis Tavmjdomare),

akaki faRava (prezidiumis wevri), diomide TofuriZe (pre-

zidiumis wevri), barTlome pataraia (prezidiumis wevri),

andro Todua (prezidiumis wevri) da al. gegeWkori,

prezidiumis sapatio wevri. cnobili adamianebis Sekrebam Tavis rezoluciaSi nega-

tiurad Seafasa rogorc samegrelos avtonomiis, ise meg-

rulad swavlebis dawyebis moTxovna31. mas Semdeg 85 weli

gavida, magram megrulad swavlebis sakiTxi isev gaaqtiur-

da; swored am konteqstSia gansaxilveli v. gvaramiasa da

g. ciciSvilis winaaRmdegobrivi pozicia: isini, erTi mxriv,

gmoben ianovski-levicki-aSordia-vostorgovis qmedebebs, mag-

ram, meore mxriv, cdiloben, dadebiTad warmoaCinon isak

Jvanias "saqmianobis arsi" da amarTleben 1931 wels daw-yebiT safexurze megrulad swavlebis SemoRebas; kerZod,

weren: "1886 wlis seqtemberSi levickis kategoriulad

mouTxovia samegrelos skolebis megrul enaze gadayvana.

amiT TiTqos qarTulis armcodne megreli bavSvebis pir-

veldawyebiTi swavlebis problema ixsneboda, magram, sinam-

dvileSi misi mTavari daniSnuleba iyo samegrelos sko-

lebSi qarTuli literaturuli enis gamoricxva... levic-

kim sxva mzakvrobac gadawyvita: man T. aSordias saRvTo

werilis qarTulidan megrulad Targmna daavala da sameg-

relos eklesiebidan qarTulis gandevna daisaxa miznad" 32 .

Sdr. imave wignSi vkiTxulobT33:

30 werilad gamoqveynda ramdenjerme; ix. http://www.georoyal.ge/?MTID=5&TID=44&id=2111 31 krebis masalebi daibeWda 25 setembris gazeTebSi: "komunisti", "muSa". sagangebo masala gamoqveynda aseve, 27 seqtembris gazeT "muSis" damatebaSi saTauriT: "tartarozi". 32 vaxtang gvaramia, giorgi ciciSvili, dasaxelebuli wigni, gv.52. 33 iqve, gv. 331


24

"i. Jvania ibrZoda samegrelos mosaxleobis specifikuri

megruli eniT, saerTo regionalur erTian xelmZRvanelo-

bas daqvemdebarebuli centris da saerTo regionaluri

administraciuli olqis kompleqsuri da ufro efeqtiani

RonisZiebebiT mogvarebisaTvis".

1925 wels TbilisSi Catarebul krebaze sityviT gamo-

vida cnobili mwerali konstantine gamsaxurdiac; megrul-

Tan dakavSirebiT sainteresoa misi Sefaseba: "aSordia-le-

vickis agentebs - am gamoTayvanebul xalxs - undaT, rom

Cven uarvyoT rusTavelis, CaxruxaZis, guramiSvilis ena da

mis nacvlad SemoviRoT aSordias mier SeTiTxnili megru-

li marTlwera. Cven erTxel da samudamod unda movspoT

saqarTvelosagan samegrelos CamoSorebisa da saqarTvelos

daqucmacebis yoveli cda".

xazgasmiT aRvniSnavT: konstantine gamsaxurdias msgavsad, yvela gamosvlaSi

megrulad swavlebis moTxovna gaigivebuli iyo qarTveli

eris danawevrebisa da saqarTvelos daqucmacebis mcdelo-

basTan; rac aisaxa krebis rezoluciaSic34.

Tavisis gatanas cdilobdnen isak Jvanias moskoveli

mxardamWerebic.

1925 wlis bolos mkafiod gamoikveTa kremlis intere-

sebi; romelic mokled ase SeiZleba CamovayaliboT:

34 Sdr.: vaxtang gvaramiasa da giorgi ciciSvilis azriT (iqve, gv. 28-32), "isak Jvania icavda samegrelos interesebs". ix., aseve: gv. 95: "yvelaze RvarZliani kritika samegrelos interesebis damcvelebma ganicades saqarTvelos kompartiis VI yrilobaze. aq l. berias da m. kaxianis azris mimdevrebma raRa ar moigones da ra ar daabrales i. Jvaniasa da g. gabunias"; ix., aseve: "i. Jvanias da misi Tanamoazre-TanamebrZolebis mTavari sazrunavi iyo qarTulis armcodne megreli glexebis, maTi SviliSvilebis enobrivi barieris, meurneobriv-kulturuli problemebis dro-uli mogvareba" (gv. 228)... aSkaraa: vaxtang gvaramia da giorgi ciciSvili "samegrelos interesebis" damcvelebad Tvlian pirebs, romlebic, rbilad rom vTqvaT, samegrelos qarTvelobas uucxo-veben winaparTa mier Seqmnil did samwignobro kulturas (ni-Sandoblivi faqti: dasaxelebuli wigni gamocemulia Cveni Tana-medrove prorusi politikosis - aleqsandre WaWias monawileo-biT).


25

- rusuli enis rolis gazrda adgilobrivi nacionaluri

enebis Seviwroebis xarjze;

- specialuri "saerTaSoriso" terminologiis damkvidreba,

romelic xels Seuwyobda bolSevikuri propagandis gav-

rcelebas;

- erovnuli identobebis darRvevis mizniT sagangebo ling-

visturi ideologemebis SemuSaveba.

saqarTveloSi kremlis politikis gansaxorcieleblad

filipe maxaraZem 1925 wlis 8 dekembers Seq-

mna„”saxelmwifo samecniero sabWo”, romelsac evaleboda saxalxo ganaTlebis sferos dagegmva. konkretulad sameg-

reloSi dagegmili aqtivobebis Sesamowmeblad 1928 wels

moskovidan Camovida sabWoTa kavSiris komunisturi parti-

is centraluri komitetis instruqtori pSenicini, romel-

mac Semoiara samegrelos soflebi da daaskvna: "megrel

glexebs unda mivceT skola, sasamarTlo da popularuli broSura mSobliur enaze".

1929 wlis 25 marts "saqarTvelos komunisturi parti-

is centraluri komitetis mdivanma m. kaxianma kremlis mi-

TiTebiT miiRo dadgenileba megruli enis

privilegiebis aRsadgenad skolaSi, sasamarTlo saqmis warmoebisa da gamoZiebis saqmeSi. am dadgenilebis mixed-viT, im adgilebSi, sadac mosaxleobis umetesma nawilma

qarTuli ena ar icoda (!), saqmis warmoeba da sasamar-

Tlos warmoeba megrul enaze unda Sesrulebuliyo... (i.

Jvania, 1931, gv. 147). niSandoblivia: dadgenilebis I da II

punqtebSi erTmaneTs upirispirdeba qarTuli da megruli;

mag. IV punqtSi miTiTebulia, rom dadgenilebebi, gankar-

gulebebi unda gamoqveyndes rogorc qarTulad, ise meg-

rulad... rusuli imperiuli manqana XVIII saukuneSi daw-

yebul svlas ganagrZobda; "mavris" rolis Semsrulebelni

ki sxvebi iyvnen (bolSevikebi: ioseb stalini, filipe maxa-

raZe, isak Jvania...)35.

35 i. Jvania namdvilad ar gamoxatavda samegrelos mosaxleobis pozicias. vrclad ix. t. futkaraZe, e. dadiani, r. Serozia, ev-ropuli qartia regionuli an umciresobis enebis Sesaxeb da sa-qarTvelo, quTaisi, 2010, gv. 29-48.


26

Cans, lavrenti berias winaaRmdegobis gamo, arc 1929

wlis dadgenilebas mohyolia realuri Sedegi; amitom

1929 wlis 12 seqtembers soWSi i. stalins Sexvda i. Jva-

nia, romelic wers:

"amx. stalins vTxove, rom mas Tavisi miTiTebebi moeca

Semdeg sakiTxebze:

1. megrul olqTan, an saolqo aRmaskomTan dakavSirebiT,

2. megrul enaze gazeTis da sxva glexuri literaturis

gamocemis Sesaxeb,

3. samegrelos pirveli safexuris skolebSi megruli eniT

swavlebis SemoRebis Sesaxeb.

yvela samive sakiTxze amx. stalinma dadebiTi miTiTeba

gasca"36.

am Sexvedris Semdeg i. Jvaniasa da mis Tanamzraxvelebs

xel-fexi gaexsnaT:

saqarTvelos kompartiis centralurma komitetma 1929

wlis 21 dekembers miiRo dadgenileba megrul enaze gle-

xuri gazeTis gamocemis Sesaxeb, romelic daamtkica 1930

wlis 12 ianvars amierkavkasiis samxareo komitetma. Sede-

gad, 1930 wlis 1 martidan daiwyo megruli Jurnal-gaze-

Tebis beWdva37.

es dadgenileba negatiurad Sefasda maSindel farTo sazogadoebaSi. sanimuSod moviyvan mRvdel nikita TalakvaZis Sefasebas:

”aseTi dadgenilebaa dRevandel gazeT ”komunistSi”

(25/XII) moTavsebuli! is Sesdgeba eqvsi muxlisagan. xels

http://www.putkaradze.ge/cigni%20dasrulebuli/links/shesavali.htm 36 vimowmebT wignidan: vaxtang gvaramia, giorgi ciciSvili, "meg-ruli sakiTxi", 2009, Tb., gv. 262. 37Sdr. vaxtang gvaramia, giorgi ciciSvili, dasaxelebuli wigni, gv. 264: "gazeTis redaqtorad dainiSna i. Jvania. gazeTs mieca saqarTvelos kompartiis cekas organos statusi da ukve 1 marts zugdidSi gamoica "yazaxiSi gazeTis" pirveli nomeri. ma-Sasadame samarTalma puri Wama"; avtorebi aqve imowmeben "yazaxi-Si gazeTis" erT citatas, sadac qarTuli gaTanabrebulia sxva enebTan: "megruli weriT Cven vexmarebiT skolis gareT darCe-nil axalgazrdebs, qarTulis ar mcodne glex axalgazrdebs. Cvenma organizaciebma wuTiTac ar unda Seasuston yuradReba qarTulis da sxva enebis mimarT, maTi Seswavlis mimarT" ("ya-zaxiSi gazeTi", 1932, 2 marti).


27

awers mas - cakis Tavmjdomaris (mixa cxakaia - megreli)

magier qalaqis aRmaskomis Tavmjdomare v. bolqvaZe, saq. sax.

komisarTa sabWos Tavmjdomare f. maxaraZe da cakis mdivani

s. Todria! eg samnive gurulebia!.. esec simptomatiuria.

Cven Tavis adgilze gvqonda aRniSnuli, rom samegrelo av-

tonomias Txoulobso!.. Cven viciT ”aSordia-„mafalus” mim-

devarTa midrekileba patara saqarTveloSi aseTi didi se-

paratizmis - ganxeTqilebis, gaTiSvis Camosagdebad! wineT

dek. vostorgovis zurgs ukan imalebodnen eg vaJbatonebi,

maSin qarTuli enis da masTan erTad megruli kilokavis

gandevnas skolidan, eklesiidan Tu dawesebulebebidan

scdilobden rusuli enis gasabatoneblad! exla ki„”megru-

li ena” daupirdapires - ”qarTuls”,„”rogorc samSoblo

ena” (mux. 2.) aramSobliurs - qarTuls (?!). etyoba, aSor-

dia-mafaluelebma imzom Tavi Seabezres xelisuflebas,

rom mizans miaRwies da saqarTvelos uzenaes dawesebule-

bebs aseTi uxamsi da gamxrwneli dadgenileba gamoatanies!

aq aravin ifiqros, viTomc ubralo saqme iyos es dadgeni-

leba!.. is ar Semoifargleba martooden zugdidis mazris

zogierTi adgilebiT, sadac TiTqos ”mosaxleobis umetesma

nawilma qarTuli ena ar icis”!.. ara, es gangrena bolos

da bolos mTeli samegrelos organizms gamoxravs, gamofi-

tavs! yiramala daayenebs iq qarTul kulturas da miss

progresiul msvlelobas! uxsovari droidan qarTuli eniT

sargeblobdnen megrelebi yvelgan da yvelaferSi! qarTuli

ena miaCnda maT ”mSobliur enad”! qarTul enaze locu-

lobdnen, swerdnen da mwignobrobdnen megrelebi da raRa

exla - meoce saukuneSi, ”Tavisufal saqarTveloSi” unda

moxdes eg sabediswero nabiji! wineT zugdidi-samurzayano

saqarTvelos sxva nawilebze mowyvetili iyo, daSorebuli

miuvali gzebiT, aTasgvari ukuRmarTi politikuri viTare-

bebiT! (gv. 554-555)”.

l. beria cdilobda, daebrkolebina samegrelos olqis

Seqmna da megruli skolebis gaxsna38.

38 logikuria davuSvaT, rom bolSevikuri reJimis damkvidrebis pirvel etapze l. beria ufrTxoda qarTveli inteligenciis cnobili warmomadgenlebis gaRizianebas da amitomac dauWira


28

i. stalinisagan mxardaWerili isak Jvania ki cdilobs,

sabolood daamarcxos lavrenti beria. am mizniT i. Jvania

1931 wlis 20 noembers saqarTvelos kompartiis

centraluri komitetis mdivnis, amx. l. berias saxelze wers oficialuri werils, romelSic ayalibebs Tavis xed-vas samegrelosa da megrulis Sesaxeb; i. Jvanias moTxovne-

bi ase gamoiyureba:

"1. gaformdes megruli olqi im raionebisagan, romleb-Sic mSromeli mosaxleobis umravlesobas ar esmis qarTu-

li ena.

2. neba daerTos miTiTebuli raionebis dawyebiT skolebSi

swavlebas mSobliur, e.i. megrul enaze"; iqve CamoTvli-lia Semdegi raionebi: zugdidi, walenjixa, Cxorowyu, xobi,

senaki; xolo nawilobriv - martvili, abaSa da foTi39.

saqarTvelos faqtobrivma mmarTvelma l. beriam ar Seq-

mna samegrelos avtonomiuri olqi, magram win ar aRudga

ra sabWoTa imperiis pirveli piris, i. stalinis nebas, i. Jvanias gunds saSualeba misca 1932 wlis dasawyisSi

gaexsna pirveldawyebiTi megruli skolebi. niSandobli-via saqarTvelos kompartiis ck-is biuros 1932 wlis 16

martis dadgenilebaSi arsebuli aseTi punqtic (sadac meg-

ruli gaTanabrebulia berZnul Tu afxazur enebTan): "wi-

nadadeba mieces saxelgams, uzrunvelyos, gansaxkomis mier

damtkicebuli gegmis Tanaxmad, saxelmZRvaneloebisa da sas-

wavlo nivTebis gamocema 1-l seqtembramde, maT Soris -

mxari qarTvelTa enobrivi erTianobis SenarCunebas da winaaR-mdegoba gauwia samegrelos avtonomiis Seqmnas. 39 saarqivo dokumenti: prezidentis arqivi, fondi 14, aR. 6, s 266, furc. 103. vimowmebT wignidan: vaxtang gvaramia, giorgi ciciSvili, "megruli sakiTxi" (redaqtori oTar janeliZe; recen-zentebi: daviT sandoZe, guram kutalaZe), Tb., 2009, gv. 90-92. arqivSi daculia, aseve, saqarTvelos kompartiis ck-is 1931

wlis 28 noembris saidumlo gzavnili (№82/87/s), romelic gvam-cnobs: "saqarTvelos kompartiis ck-is biuros wevrebsa da wev-robis kandidatebs: amxanag berias davalebiT gasacnobad gegzav-nebaT megruli sakiTxis Semdegi masalebi"


29

gamocema afxazur, osur, megrul, berZnul da sxva eneb-

ze"40.

l. berias am droebiT daTmobas mohyva, didi albaTobiT, misganve dagegmili ramdenime sapasuxo qmedeba:

- 1932 wlis gazafxulze samegrelodan organizebulad

wamovida mSromelTa werilebi, romelTac fatobrivad er-

Tnairi Sinaarsi hqondaT. maTi avtorebi mizanSeuwonlad

Tvlidnen megruli skolebisa da gazeTebis daarsebas (ix. qvemoT);

- megruli skolebis funqcionirebis Sesamowmeblad, ganaT-

lebis saxalxo komisariatis saxeliT, samegreloSi

gaigzavna cnobili enaTmecnieri arnold Ciqobava; - sxvadasxva avtorisgan organizebulad daiwyo 1932 wels

didi tiraJiT dabeWdili i. Jvanias wignis: "rogor ibrZo-

da samegrelos mSromeli glexoba sabWoebis xelisuflebi-

saTvis" mkacri kritika41;

- 1933 wlis gazafxulze saqarTvelos mTavrobam enaTmec-

nier vukol beriZis monawileobiT kidev erTi komisia amu-

Sava samegreloSi da 1933 wlis 25 maiss cnobili mecnie-

rebisa (arn. Ciqobava, g. axvlediani, v. beriZe, v. Tofu-

ria...) da samegrelos politikuri elitis monawileobiT

Caatara kolegiis sxdoma, romelsac daaswres cxinvalSi

gadayvanili isak Jvaniac (gamosvlis teqstebi ix. qvemoT). - 1933 wlis bolos daixura megruli skolebic da megru-

li gazeTebic.

vfiqrobT, CamoTvlil nabijTagan lavrenti berias ga-

marjvebaSi gadamwyveti roli iTamaSa arn. Ciqobavam, ro-

melmac, n. maris (da stalinis!) sapirispirod42, daasabuTa,

40 vaxtang gvaramia, giorgi ciciSvili, "megruli sakiTxi", Tb., 2009, gv. 294. 41 isak Jvanias wignis kritikosebis Sesaxeb infrmaciisaTvis ix. vaxtang gvaramia, giorgi ciciSvili, "megruli sakiTxi", Tb., 2009, gv. 374-384. 42 migvaCnia, rom 1932 wels i. stalinisa da Tavisi karieris ze-nitSi myofi n. maris principuli debulebebis sawinaaRmdegod wasvla iyo arn. Ciqobavas didi gabeduleba; aqve aRvniSnavT, rom arn. Ciqobava win ver aRudga Crdilo kavkasieli xalxebis


30

rom megruli ar aris calke ena; megruli aris

umwerlobo zanuri enis dialeqti da rom ”qarTuli

ena megreli da svani bavSvebis normaluri ganviTarebisaTvis iseTive bunebrivi da pedagogiurad mizanSewonili iaraRia, rogorc xevsuri da guruli bavSvebisaTvis". am istoriis Sesaxeb ufro vrclad visa-ubrebT.

arn. Ciqobavasa da sxva enaTmecnierTa roli 1933 wels megruli skolebis daxurvis istoriaSi.

saqarTvelos erovnul arqivSi daculia 1932 wlis ga-

zafxulze samegrelos raionebis komunist aqtivistTa da

mSromelTa werilebi, romelTa avtorebic mizanSeuwonlad

Tvlidnen samegrelos avtonomiur olqs, megrul skolebsa

da megrul gazeTebs. amgvari qmedeba rom centridanaa or-

ganizebuli, amas cxadyofs koleqtiuri werilebis

"Sabloni": imxanad bevrs ar hqonda sabeWdi manqana, amitom, Cans,

soflebs/raionebs dauriges erTi da igive teqsti, romel-

Sic gamotovebuli iyo soflis saxeli da xelmomwerTa

gvarebi. "Sablonis" gamotovebul adgilebSi iwereboda Se-

sabamisi soflebisa Tu raionebis saxeli da am raione-

bis/soflebis im warmomadgenelTa (ZiriTadad, partiul aq-

tivistTa da deputatTa) gvarebi, romlebic xels awer-

dnen am dokuments. xelisuflebis (l. berias!) davalebiT

es Sabloni Seivso da xelmoweril iqna bevr sofelSi;

swored am werilebiT gaCnda aucilebloba, xelis-uflebas samegreloSi gaegzavna specialuri kompeten-turi komisia.

enobriv-eTnikuri danawevrebis mimarTulebiT moqmed sabWoTa im-

periis gegmas.


31

Sablonis teqsti ase gamoiyureba:

oqmi №

.......... part. komkavSiris gaerTianebuli krebisa 1932 wlis” „” martidan da eswrebodnen partiis wevrebi” ”“,

kandidati ” ”“, komkavSiris wevr-kandidati ” ” , mdivnob-

da: amx. ..........

m o i s m i n e s:

informaciuli moxseneba kom. ujredis mdivnisa, amx. .............

samegrelos sakiTxis Sesaxeb.

d a a d g i n e s:

1. part. komkavSiris gaerTianebulma krebam moismina in-

formaciuli moxseneba kom. ujredis mdivani amx. ......... sa-

megrelos sakiTxis Sesaxeb. part. komkavSiris gaerTianebu-

li kreba aRniSnavs, rom zugdidis raionis zogierTi xel-

mZRvaneli amxanagebi amxanag i. Jvanias meTaurobiT didi xania cdiloben, rom samegrelo gamoacxadon avtonomiur olqad (aq da qvemoTac xazi Cvenia - t.f., m.T.). am mizniT isini mimarTaven yovelgvar Ronesa da sa-

Sualebas. zog SemTxvevaSi Tavs acxadeben samegrelos warmomadgenlebad da laparakoben mTeli samegrelos saxeliT. .......... part. komkavSiris gaerTianebuli kreba ka-tegoriul protests acxadebs zugdidis raionis zogierT

xelmZRvanel amxanagebis mier uflebebis ukanonod miTvise-

bis gamo da gadaWriT acxadebs, rom amx. i. Jvanias da mis Tanamoazreebs araviTari ufleba ara aqvT ilaparakon ....... mSromeli mosaxleobis saxeliT. Tu mas aseTi mindobiloba aRmoaCnda, igi usaTuod yalbia da

usafuZvlo.

2. ......... part. komkavSiris gaerTianebuli kreba kategori-

ulad acxadebs, rom samegrelos avtonomiur olqad gamoc-

xadeba an yofili zugdidis mazris olqad gamocxadeba, an

zugdidis yofili mazris raionebis erT raionad gaerTia-

neba .......... soflis zugdidTan SeerTeba ar aris ..........


32

soflis mSromeli mosaxleobis survili, aramed igi sur-

vilia mxolod zugdidis raionis zogierT xelmZRvanel am-

xanagebis da amitom part. komkavSiris gaerTianebuli kreba kategoriul protests acxadebs samegrelos avtonomiur olqad gamocxadebis cdis winaaRmdeg, an zugdidis yofili mazris olqad gamocxadebis cdis winaaRmdeg, agreTve zugdidis yofili mazris erT raionad gaerTianebis cdis winaaRmdeg da .......... zugdidis raionTan SeerTebis cdis winaaRmdeg. 3. ......... part. komkavSiris gaerTianebuli kreba iwonebs

saq. k. p. /b/ da saqarTvelos mTavrobis dadgenilebas

samegrelos raionebSi pirvel dawyebiT saswavleblebSi gamoyenebuli iqnes megruli ena, rogorc damxmare ena qarTuli enis swavlebiT. magram ar iziarebs samegrelos pirvel dawyebiT skolebSi megruli eniT dawyebis cdas. 4. .......... part. komkavSiris gaerTianebuli kreba mxurva-

led esalmeba saq. k.p. /b/ centraluri komitetis da sa-

qarTvelos umaRlesi mTavrobis megrul enaze gazeTis ga-

mocemis gamo, magram aRniSnavs, rom zugdidis raionis

xelmZRvaneloba, romelic faqtiurad xelmZRvanelobs meg-

rul gazeT„”yazaxiSi gazeTs”, amaxinjeben megrul enas

da ”yazaxiSi gazeTs” xdian qarTuli enis ucodinari

mSromeli megreli glexebisaTvis gaugebars. rom qarTuli ena, romelic Zalian monaTesavea megrul enasTan da qarTul enaSi auarebeli megruli sityvebia Sesuli da piriqiT, megrul sityvebSi auarebeli qarTuli sityvebia Sesuli, es garemoeba qarTul enas advilad SesaTviseblad xdis megrelisaTvis, amasTan erTad, part. komkavSiris kreba aRniSnavs, rom qarTul kulturasa da megrul kulturas, romlebic warmoadgenen erTi da igives, gaoreba-gaTiSva yovlad dauSvebelia. miuxedavad amisa, zugdidis raionis zogierTi xelmZRvaneli, maT So-ris, ”yazaxiSi gazeTis” redaqtori, miuxedavad Cveni ara-

erTi gancxadebisa, mainc amaxinjebs megrul enas. SeaqvT ra

megrul leqsikonSi megreli glexisaTvis sruliad gaugeba-

ri, maT mier axlad gamogonili sityvebi /yazkomi, dudmax-

venji, melamose, sxunu, da sxva uamravi aseTi sityvebi/.


33

eZeben agreTve samegrelos feodalizmisdroindel arqiveb-

Si daviwyebul sityvebs /marqvali, verwemi, orTa lma kan-

Cxu, obuWolaia, tabakis unCaSi da sxva uamravi aseTebi/.

imisaTvis rom daaSoron megruli ena qarTuli enisagan da amiT gauZnelon megrel bavSvs qarTuli enis Seswavla, cdiloben ra Seqmnan megruli literatura, megruli kultura, rac dRevandeli gaSlili socialisturi mSeneblobisa da kulturuli revoluciis xanaSi megrel mSromelTaTvis yovlad miuRebelia. meores mxriT, megruli enis qarTuli enisagan daSorebiT cdiloben daamtkicon megrel mSromelTaTvis miuRebeli samegrelos avtonomiuri olqis Camoyalibebis aucilebloba. walenjixis raioni iTvleba mTel samegreloSi yvelaze CamorCenil kuTxed,

miuxedavad amisa, am raionis mosaxleTa ojaxebSi ar aris

iseTi ojaxi, sadac erTi, ori an sami an kidev meti, da

mTel rig SemTxvevebSi, mTelma ojaxis wevrebma qarTuli

ena ar icodes. is foqusi da eSmakoba, romelsac Cadis zugdidis zogierTi xelmZRvaneli amxanagebi, im dros, rodesac maT evlinebaT centridan qarTveli xelmZRvaneli amxanagebi da umtkiceben maT, rom ujredis umniSvnelo nawilma icis qarTuli da amis dasamtkiceblad gangeb gamowveuli glexi, Tundac qarTulis mcodne iyos, mainc malavs da qarTulis ucodinrad aCvenebs Tavs, rac yovlad miuRebeli saqcielia. 5. saq. k.p./b/ meTeqvsmete yrilobis dadgenileba mazrebisa

da olqebis daraionebis Sesaxeb da am dadgenilebis cxov-

rebaSi gatarebam dauaxlova xelisufleba masas, didad ga-

aumjobesa konkretuli operatiuli xelmZRvaneloba da di-

dad Seuwyo xeli soflebis politikuri, kulturuli da

sameurneo zrdis swrafi tempiT warmarTvas. gansakuTre-

biT metismetad TvalsaCino daxmareba gauwia mTagoriani

zemo samegrelos, miTumetes Cveni raionis soflebs. sof-

lel mSromelTaTvis xelmisawvdomi gaxada xelisufleba

da maT igrZnes meti Sveba.

mSromeli glexi didad afasebs partiisa da xelisuflebis

am saukeTeso RonisZiebas. yovelive es uRviZebT mSromelT


34

did enTuziazms da socialisturi saxelmwifos yvela dak-

veTebs pirnaTlad asrulebs. sul sxva mazris arsebobis

dros siSorisa da cudi gzebis gamo Zalze cudi iyo

mazris xelisuflebis konkretuli operatiuli xelmZRvane-

loba. is daSorebuli iyo masas an naklebi yuradReba eq-

ceoda iseT daSorebul soflebs, rogoric iyo walenjixis

raioni. glexebisTvisac naklebi misawvdomi iyo mazris xe-

lisufleba. glexi erideboda xarjebs da drois dakargvas, amitom mTeli rigi glexis kanonieri moTxovnileba rCebo-

da daukmayofilebeli. erTma naxevarma welma ganvlo dara-

ionebis Semdeg da es gancxadeba glexebisaTvis naTlad

warmodgenili gaxda. part. komkavSiris gaerTianebuli kre-

ba igebs ra yvela zemoTxsenebul pirobebs, daraionebis

upiratesobas da sargeblianobas, raTa ar Caqres is enTu-

ziazmi, romelic gamoiwvia daraionebam. ......... part. komkav-

Siris gaerTianebuli kreba sTxovs saq. s. p. /b/ cekas, ra-

Ta ar gaauqmos walenjixis raioni da misces mas arsebo-

bis saSualeba, im SemTxvevaSi, Tu saqarTvelos saxelmwifo

biujetisaTvis namdvilad autanelia yofili zugdidis maz-

ris zemomTagorian nawilSi ori walenjixisa da Cxorowyus

raionis Senaxva. maSin part. komkavSiris gaerTianebuli

kreba sTxovs saq. k.p./b/ centralur komitets, raTa gaaer-Tianos walenjixisa da Cxorowyus raionebi erT raionad,

im adgilas, sadac amas airCeven orive raionebis mSromeli

mosaxleoba.

6. Tu vincobaa Cveni Txovna dakmayofilebuli ar iqneba,

im SemTxvevaSi ecnobos saq. k. p. /b/ cekas, raTa yovelive

zemoT Tqmulis gamosarkvevad, yoveli mizezis gareSe miavlinon avtoritetiani komisia, romelic gamoarkvevs da Seiswavlis .......... mTeli mSromeli mosaxleobis moTxovnilebas am sakiTxSi.... 7. eTxovos agreTve, walenjixis raionis partiul komitets,

raTa dasvas es sakiTxi raikomis sxdomaze da daicvas Cve-

ni kanonieri moTxovnilebani.

8. am dadgenilebis partiis centraluri komitetisaTvis

misarTmevad da Cveni soflis mdgomareobis da survilebis

centraluri komitetisaTvis sityvierad asaxsnelad arCeu-


35

li iqnes delegatad amx. ........... .......................... , romelsac

daevalos Cveni dadgenileba miarTvas saq. k. p. /b/ cekas

mdivans da sityvierad auxsnas Cveni soflis survilebi da

suliskveTeba.

zemoT aRniSnul dadgenilebas xels vawerT:

krebis Tav-re: ..........

m d i v a n i: ...........

partiis da komkavSiris wevr-kandidatebi43.

rogorc zemoT aRiniSna, samegrelodan TbilisSi am

tipis koleqtiuri werilebis gamogzavna iyo isak Jvaniaze

lavrenti berias Setevis pirveli etapi. meore etapad unda miviCnioT saqarTvelos saxalxo ganaTlebis komite-

tis saxeliT samegreloSi cnobili enaTmecnieris - arn.

Ciqobavas gagzavna; kerZod, Cvens xelT arsebuli informa-

ciis mixedviT, 1932 wlis aprilSi samegreloSi muSaobda

zugdidis raikomis mier Seqmnili komisia ("brigada"), rom-

lis SemadgenlobaSi iyvnen: zugdidis raionis ganaTlebis

ganyofilebis gamge, zugdidis raikomis warmomadgeneli da

gansaxkomis warmomadgeneli amx. arn. Ciqobava44.

1932 wlis 23-27 aprils sssr ganaTlebis saxalxo

komisaris saxelze momzadda komisiis (/"brigadis") 45

43 Sss arqivi, f. 14, aR. 6. №266, furc.220-223. 44 1898 wels dabadebuli arn. Ciqobava 1926 wlidan aris Tbi-lisis saxelmwifo universitetis leqtori. Tbilisis universi-tetis kursdamTavrebulTagan pirvelma daicva sadoqtoro di-sertacia (1929 w.). 1932-36 wlebSi iyo saxelmwifo terminolo-giuri komisiis swavluli mdivani. 1933 wels damtkicebul iqna universitetis profesorad. 1933 wels arn. Ciqobavas ini-ciativiT universitetSi daarsda kavkasiur enaTa kaTedra, ro-melsac xelmZRvanelobda 1960 wlamde. 1933-34 saswavlo wels arn. Ciqobavas TaosnobiT Tbilisis saxelmwifo universitetis filologiis fakultetTan Camoyalibda kavkasiur enaTa ganyofi-leba. 1936 wlidan gardacvalebamde xelmZRvanelobda Tavis mier daarsebul mTis iberiul-kavkasiur enaTa ganyofilebas enaTmec-nierebis insitutSi. 45 komisia brigadis saxeliTaa moxseniebuli ganaTlebis saxalxo komisariatis kolegiis sxdomis oqmSi.


36

moxsenebiTi baraTi. dokumentSi Camoyalibebulia Semdegi ZiriTadi daskvnebi46:

1. sabWoTa saqarTvelos mSromelTaTvis (mxedvelobaSi gvyavs qarTuli gvartomobis mosaxleoba) mecnierebisa da literaturis ena iyo da aris qarTuli ena, saqarTvelos saxelmwofo ena. socialisturi mSeneblobi-sa da kulturuli revoluciis ena.

2. ZiriTadi pedagogiuri sakiTxi, romelic amJamad

ismis, am xasiaTisa aris: warmoadgens Tu ara megrulad molaparake bavSvebisTvis qarTuli iseT iaraRs, romelic

mis bunebriv ganviTarebas zRudavs?

unda iTqvas, rom fsiqologia megrul metyvelebisa im-

denadve axlo sdgas qarTulTan, ramdenad axlo sdgas

qarTulTan romelime xevsuris fsiqologia. imdenadve meg-

rulad molaparake bavSvebisaTvis qarTuli ena normalur

iaraRs warmoadgens, rogorc vsTqvi warmoadgens imave xev-

surisaTvisa, svanisaTvis. qarTuli ena megreli da svani

bavSvebis normaluri ganviTarebisaTvis iseTive bunebrivi da pedagogiurad mizanSewonili iaraRia, rogorc xevsuri da guruli bavSvebisaTvis. ar SeiZleba daviviwyoT, rom saliteraturo qarTuli ena gansxvavdeba

(zogjer TvalsaCinodac) TviT qarTuli kuTxuri metyvele-

bisagan (mag. TuSuri, xevsuruli, gurulisagan). salitera-

turo qarTuls TviT qarTulad moubarnic swavloben.

3. istoriulad megrulis uflebebisaTvis iRvwoda

(anbanis Sedgena da sxva) TviTmpyrobeloba (igulisxmeba

mefis ruseTi! - t.f. m.T.), e.i. swored is Zala, rome-

lic qarTuli enis uflebebs xSavda: megrulis uflebe-bisaTvis zrunva qarTulis Seviwroebis saSualeba iyo.

kulturul-istoriulad sazogadoebriv-politikurad meg-

ruli enis uflebebis sakiTxis gaCena saqarTveloSi iseve

warmoudgenelia, rogorc warmoudgenelia ”daCagruli meg-

ruli”. amJamad megruli enis qarTuli saliteraturo eni-

saTvis dapirispireba saukeTeso SemTxvevaSi aris feodalu-

46 dokumenti gamoqveyndeba 2018 wels wignSi: t. futkaraZe, "qarTvelologiis Tanamedrove gamowvevebi".


37

ri saqarTvelos kuTxuri karCaketilobis da wewa-glejis

fsiqologiis recidivi.

4. qarTulad swavleba savsebiT SesaZlebelia pirveli jgu-

febidanve. pedagogiurad saWiroa da praqtikulad

aucilebeli swavlebis procesSi gamoviyenoT megruli, rogorc damxmare saSualeba qarTulad mocemuli masalis SeTvisebis gasaadvileblad” (uaxlesi istoriis

centraluri arqivi - f. 300, a.12, №26, f. 44-47); meore

dokumentSi ufro dazustebulia es sakiTxi:

megrulis sakiTxi aris praqtikuli sakiTxi. samegrelos

mosaxleoba aRmosavleT sanapiros gamoklebiT ojaxSi qar-

Tulad ar laparakobs (iqac ki, sadac yvelas esmis ojaxSi

qarTuli). bavSvebi skolaSi rom modis, man qarTuli Cveu-

lebrivad ar icis, amitom praqtikulad aucilebelia

megruli iqnes gamoyenebuli, rogorc damxmare saSualeba qarTulis SeTvisebisas da SesaTviseblad. ara Tu pirvel jgufSi, ufros jgufSiac maswavlebels mouxde-

ba megrulis waSvelieba; amisaTvis, ra Tqma unda, arc meg-

ruli saxelmZRvaneloa saWiro da arc megruli termino-

logia, romelTac ebRauWebian swored isini, visac surs

megrulis sakiTxi principuli-politikur sakiTxad aqcios

da megruli qarTulisagan gasamijn saSualebad gamoiyenos,

rasac, ra Tqma unda, araferi aqvs saerTo leninur poli-

tikasTan” (uaxlesi istoriis centraluri arqivi - f. 300,

a.12, №26, f. 1-6)”.

Cans, am moxsenebiTi baraTis Sinaarsi maleve cnobili

gaxda stalineli kolaboracionistebisaTvis; amas mohyva

tarasi Sengelias saCivari, romelic 1933 wlis aprilSi gaegzavna skkp (b) ck-s mdivans, amx. i. stalins, ssr kavSi-

ris ck-is Tavmjdomares, amx. kalinins da ssrk saxkomsabWos

Tavmjdomares, amx. molotovs. i. stalinis zemoT damowme-

bul koncefciaze dayrdnobiT, t. Sengelia samegrelos

mosaxleobis saxeliT iTxovda aWaris avtonomiis msgavs av-

tonomias samegrelosaTvis da megruli enisa da litera-


38

turis Seqmnas 47 . amave saCivarSi galanZRulia arn.

Ciqobava; kerZod, vkiTxulobT: "ganaTlebis saxalxo komitetma zugdidis raionSi miav-

lina ”megreli”“ Cinovniki, ”profesori” Ciqobava davale-

biT, rom am ”megrel vai mecniers” ”mecniereuli” Tvalsaz-

risiT Seejamebina dawyebiT skolebSi megrul enaze swav-

leba. am mecnierma zustad Seajama Sedegebi da dawe-

ra: ”marTalia megreli bavSvebi ukeT iTviseben masalas

mSobliur megrul enaze, vidre maTTvis gaugebari qarTul

enaze, magram imis gaTvaliswinebiT, rom SemdgomSi megru-

lidan qarTul enaze gadasvla gaZneldeba, amitom megru-

li skolebis pirvelive jgufebidanve amoRebuli unda iq-

nas megrul enaze swavleba; anu samomavlo ”perspeqtivi-

saTvis”, ukve dRes gavwiroT megruli ena”. aseT„”safuZ-

vlian” ”mecniereul” antileninur gamosvlas daeTanxma

zugdidis partiis raikomis axali xelmZRvaneloba da ga-

dawyvita momavali saswavlo wlidan samegrelos dawyebiT

skolebSi daekanonebinaT qarTul enaze swavleba. am "Wkvia-

nuri” gadawyvetilebiT zugdidis axali xelmZRvaneloba

ganaTlebis saxkomTan erTad cvlis skp(b) ck-s dadgenile-

bas kavkasiis nacionaluri komitetis da saerTod leni-

nur-stalinuri swavlebis nacionaluri sakiTxis Sesaxeb48.

47 saarqivo masala 2018 wels gamoqveyndeba wignSi: t. futkara-Ze, "qarTvelologiis Tanamedrove gamowvevebi." 48 werilis am monakveTis gansxvavebuli Targmanisa Tu komentare-bisaTvis ix.: vaxtang gvaramia, giorgi ciciSvili, "megruli sa-kiTxi", Tb., 2009, gv. 299-300; 192-294; Sdr., Targmani: "saqar-Tvelos gansaxkomma zugdidis raionSi moavlina "megreli" Cinov-niki "profesori" Ciqobava im mizniT, rom am vai "mecniers" "mecnieruli" TvalsazrisiT Seejamebina dawyebiT skolebSi meg-rul enaze bavSvebis swavleba. am "mecnierma" zustad Seajama Se-degebi da dawera: marTalia, megreli bavSvebi mSobliuri meg-ruli eniT ukeT iTviseben, vidre gaugebari qarTuli eniT. mag-ram mxedvelobaSi misaRebia. rom Semdeg megrulidan qarTulze gadasvla Zneli iqneba, amitom megrul skolebSi pirvelive jgu-febidan amoRebuli iqnas megruli ena... ase damajerebel "mecnie-rul" daskvnas daeTanxma zugdidis partiis raikomis axali xel-mZRvaneloba da gadawyvita momdevno saswavlo wlidan dawyebiT megrul skolebSi qarTul enaze swavlebis dakanoneba".


39

am danosis 49 daweridan 1 TveSi, 1933 wlis 25 maiss

sssr ganaTlebis saxalxo komisars arn. Ciqobavam waru-

dgina damatebiTi ganmartebiTi moxseneba 50 da 1933 wlis 25-27 maiss zugdidis raionSi momuSave axali komisiis -

vukol beriZis51 komisiis - daskvnac. axali komisiis Semad-

genloba ase gamoiyurebodaa: xobis raikomis mdivani, Cxo-

rowyus raionis ganaTlebis ganyofilebis gamge, galis ra-

ionis ganyofilebis gamge, enisa da samecniero terminolo-

giis komisiis Tavmjdomare vukol beriZe, xobis raionuli

ganyofilebis gamge. komisiis daskvna xelmowerilia 1933

wlis 27 maiss. am komisiis daskvnaSi gameorebulia arn.

Ciqobavas komisiis ZiriTadi punqti:

"megrul enaze swavlebis SemoReba Tundac 1-l

jgufSi arafriT ar SeiZleba gamarTlebul iqnas. swav-leba pirveli jgufidanve qarTul enaze unda mim-dinareobdes, xolo megruli ena gamoyenebuli unda iqnas, rogorc damxmare ara marto pirvel jgufSi,

rogorc vxedavT, gvaramia-ciciSvilis citirebaSi ramdenime fra-za xelovnuradaa damaxinjebuli; mag., fraza "megreli vai mecnieri" Secvlilia fraziT: "vai mecnieri". 49 msgavsi miznis mqone danosebi postsabWoTa periodSic ar aris iSviaTi movlena; mag., zustad aseTi bolSevikuri suliskveTebi-Ta daiwera koleqtiuri danosi saxelwodebiT: "qarTveluri ene-bi da dialeqtebi (erTi "samecniero polemikis" gamo)", romelic broSuradac gamoica (redaqtori mariam manjgalaZe; gamomcemloba "meridiani", Tb., 2007); ix., aseve, giorgi gogolaSvilis, Wabuka qirias, zaqaria furcxvaniZis, gia okujavas... paskvilebi (romle-bic Sorsaa akademizmisganac da adamianuri faseulobebisganac). 50 dokumenti gamoqveyndeba wignSi, romelic avtorTa jgufis mi-er mzaddeba gamosacemad. 51 vukol beriZem 1912 wels daamTavra peterburgis universite-tis aRmosavleTmcodneobis fakulteti. 1922-1932 wlebSi amier-kavkasiis komunistur universitetSi kiTxulobda qarTuli enisa da literaturis kurss. iyo saqarTvelos ganaTlebis saxalxo komisariatis saxeliT 1925 wlis dasawyisSi Seqmnili„”centra-luri samecniero-saterminologio komiteti” Tavmjdomare. 1932 wlidan moRvaweobda Tbilisis saxelmwifo universitetSi. misi uSualo monawileobiT damuSavda sxvadasxva dargis terminolo-giuri leqsikonebi.


40

sadac megruli ena ufro farTod gamoiyeneba, aramed zeda jgufebSiac"52.

samive daskvna ganixila saqarTvelos ganaTlebis saxal-

xo komisariatis kolegiam 1933 wlis 25 maisis53 sxdomaze.

sxdomas eswrebodnen: ganaTlebis saxalxo komisari amx. er-

mile (eriki) aleqsis Ze bedia /saq. kp(b) centraluri ko-

mitetis propagandisa da kulturis ganyofilebis gamge/,

gabriel goguaZe (kolegiis mdivani), zugdidis ganaTlebis

ganyofilebis gamge, amx. Salva faJava (brigadis wevri), ga-

naTlebis saxalxo komisariatis warmomadgeneli,

enaTmecnieri arn. Ciqobava (brigadis wevri),

enaTmecnierebi: vukol beriZe, varlam Tofuria, giorgi axvlediani; aseve: amx. gviCia (qarTuli jgufis maswavlebe-

li), beriZe, amx. anjafariZe (megruli jgufis maswavlebe-

li); ganaTlebis ganyofilebis gamgeebi xobis, Cxorowyus,

galis raionebidan da afxazeTidan: amx. pertaia, amx. zam-

Taraia (galis raioni), amx. danelia (xobis raioni), amx.

qacarava, amx. karpez beriZe, amx. isak Jvania... CvenTvis sa-

interesoa am sxdomaze gamosuli vukol beriZis, giorgi

axvledianisa da arn. Ciqobavas mosazrebebi megrulis sta-

tusis Sesaxeb:

vukol beriZe (gv. 29-30): arqivSi aris daculi (cno-bebi), saidanac rusi moxeleebi amtkiceben, rom megrulze

SesaZlebeli aris mwerloba dafuZndes, 1884 wels cirku-

liari aris gagzavnili ianovskis mier; maTi mizani iyo

ara megrulis damkvidreba, aramed qarTulis gandevna sko-

lebidan: "megrelebis CamoSoreba, rom qarTvelebis mTlia-

ni ojaxi dasustebuliyo"... rac Seexeba kiTxvas: aris Tu

ara megruli damoukidebeli ena? "aris midgoma

lingvistikuri da aris midgoma sazogadoebriv

politikuri (xazi Cvenia - t.f., m.T.)... udidesi mecnieri niko mari garkveviT laparakobs: "megruli lingvisturad

enaa, romelic saintereso masalas iZleva saerTo qarTu-

52 dokumenti gamoqveyndeba wignSi, romelic avtorTa jgufis mi-er mzaddeba gamosacemad. 53 27 maiss xelmowerili daskvna ganixiles 25 maiss? dasazuste-belia arqivis pirvel an meore dokumentis TariRi.


41

lis Sesaswavlad, magram sazogadoebriv kulturul-

istoriulad igi dialeqtia (xazi Cvenia - t.f. m.T.). sa-

zogadoebriv-kulturulad megrelTa mSobliuri samrewve-

lo kulturuli ena aris qarTuli..." (xazi Cvenia - t.f., m.T.).

giorgi axvlediani (gv. 41): "enis fsiqologia qar-Tulsa da megruls erTi da igive aqvT. es is aris, rom

azrovnebis iaraRi CvenTvis da megrelebisaTvis erTi da

igive aris ZiriTadad. maSasadame, azrovnebis iaraRi ar

maxinjdeba. mxolod aq aris leqsikis ambavi: aq ki damaxin-

jeba aris. maSasadame, kvadratSi ayvanili damaxinjebis, rad-

gan /enis/ struqtura erTi da igive yofila".

arn. Ciqobava (gv. 52): "qarTuli ena megreli bavSvis kulturuli ganviTarebisaTvis aris bunebrivi iaraRi".

sxdomas ajamebs kolegiis Tavmjdomare, ganaTlebis sa-

xalxo komisari ermile bedia (gv. 59): "nuTu iseTi brme-

bi varT, rom ar davinaxoT, rom samegrelos axalgazrdo-

bis aRzrda saSualo, umaRlesi unda moxdes qarTul ena-

ze. ra saWiroa niko maris Teoria megruli damoukidebe-

li enis Sesaxeb?!"54

1932-33 wlebSi SemuSavebuli warmodgenili Tvalsazri-

si arn Ciqobavam Semdgom periodSi ufro srulyo; kerZod,

gaiTvaliswina ra realuri istoria, stalinis

Tvalsazrisis sawinaaRmdegod, megrelTa, lazTa, svanTa

istoriul samwignobro enad (/dedaenad, erovnul enad)

gamoacxada qarTuli ena. Tumca, bolomde ver SeewinaaR-

mdega ra i. stalins, svanuri da zanuri (megrul-lazuri)

tomobriv enebad CaTvala, magram statusiT isini mainc ga-

uTanabra qarTvelTa sxva dialeqtebs 55 ; Sdr., am Temaze

54 kolegiaze sityviT gamomsvlelebis teqstebi srulad ix. wig-nSi, romelic avtorTa jgufis mier mzaddeba gamosacemad. 55 bolSevikuri diqtaturis periodSi SeuZlebeli iyo, vinme ra-dikalurad dapirispireboda i. stalins. petr Waraiasa da si-lovan xundaZisagan gansxvavebiT, arn. Ciqobavam (aseve, ak. SaniZem, g. axvledianma, v. Tofuriam) Sualeduri pozicia arCies: ar uaryves umwerlobo (tomobrivi) qarTveluri enebis stalinuri


42

sxvadasxva dros arn. Ciqobavas mier gamoTqmuli Tvalsaz-

risebi:

arn. Ciqobava, 1936 weli (Wanuris gramatikuli anali-zi, Tb., 1936, gv. 3): ”Wanuri da megruli orive kiloa

erTi enisa, romelic qarTvelur enaTa jgufis mesame

wevrs warmoadgens; calke enebad Wanursa da megruls ise-

ve ver miviCnevT, rogorc xevsurulsa da guruls; es uka-

nasknelni, rogorc cnobilia, qarTuli enis kiloebs war-

moadgenen; fonetikurad, morfologiurad da sintaqsurad,

leqsikiTac ki, Wanuri da megruli, rogorc qveviT davina-

xavT, ufro axlos dgas erTmaneTTan, vinem guruli da

xevsuruli; xevsuruli da guruli kiloebia qarTuli eni-

sa; Wanurica da megrulic kiloebia, oRond qarTuli eni-

sa ki ara, aramed calke enisa, romelic qarTulTan gaci-

lebiT ufro axlosa dgas, vinem svanuri. am enas p i r

o b i T zanurs vuwodebT”.

arn. Ciqobava, 1938 weli (Wanur-megrul-qarTuli Se-

darebiTi leqsikoni, Tb., 1938, gv. XII): "zanuri (Wanur-

megruli) miCneulia qarTulis (zustad rom vTqvaT, im enisa, romlis gagrZelebasac istoriuld cnobili qarTu-

li warmoadgens) diferenciaciis Sedegad (da ara difu-zuri bgerebis mqone raRac X-metyvelebis diferenciaciis

Sedegad); am qarTuls Camoyalibebuli saxiT ukve

gaaCnda yvela is foneba, rac masSi dRes mogvepoveba (r, h da s-s garda).

arn. Ciqobava, 1952 weli (”enaTmecnierebis Sesava-

li”): ”qarTuli saliteraturo ena yvela qarTveli tomis

mwignobrobis ena iyo istoriulad da aris amJamadac, qar-

Tleli da aWareli, kaxeli da imereli, TuSi da megreli,

xevsuri da afxazi, fSaveli da svani, ingilo da lazi...

am enaze swavlobs skolaSi, am enas iyenebs kulturuli

winsvlis iaraRad. asea es sabWoTa xelisuflebis dros;

ase iyo es mravali saukunis manZilze: arc afxazebs, arc

svanebs, arc megrelebsa da arc Wanebs (lazebs), sxva sam-

werlo ena ara hqoniaT. mefis mTavrobis cda (mecxramete

idea, magram uaryves megrulis, rogorc tomobrivi (umwerlobo) enis, arseboba.


43

saukunis meoTxmoce wlebSi) megrulad SemoeRo swavla sa-

megrelos skolebSi da miT qarTuli ena samegrelos sko-

lebidan ganedevna, marcxiT damTavrda: Tu deda-enas as-

wavlidnen qarTvel bavSvs skolaSi, es ena qarTuli iyo

yvela qarTveli tomisaTvis (arn. Ciqobava, 1952, 363).

arn. Ciqobava, 1958 weli (gazeTi ”komunisti”, 1958:

3): ”qarTuli saliteraturo ena Seqmnilia mTeli qar-

Tveli xalxis mier, igi kuTvnilebaa mTeli qarTvelobisa, - iqneba es qarTveli - xevsuri Tu svani, kaxeli Tu megreli, qarTleli Tu aWareli... TviT daquc-

macebul feodalur saqarTveloSic ki sxva samwerlo ena

ara hqoniaT arc megrelebsa da arc svanebs. qarTuli sa-

literaturo ena erTaderTi erovnuli enaa mTeli qar-TvelobisaTvis; ase iyo warsulSi da miT ufro asea axla,

roca sabWoTa saqarTveloSi socialistur qarTvel erSi

SeduRabebulia rogorc qarTvelobis ganuyreli organuli

nawili, megreli, Wani da svani iseve, rogorc qarTleli,

kaxeli, aWareli, TuSi... didma qarTvelma pedagogma i.

gogebaSvilma deda-ena uwoda im wigns, romelsac yoveli kuTxis qarTveli bavSvi, svani iseve, rogorc fSaveli, megreli iseve, rogorc aWareli, qarTleli da kaxeli... iRebs pirvelad xelSi, rom erTian nacionalur qarTul enas daeuflos, daeuflos im enas, romliTac iliam, akakim, vaJam Seqmnes qarTuli literatu-

ris SesaniSnavi nimuSebi, im enas, romelic ganviTarebis

axal safexurze avida sabWoTa drois saxelovani qarTveli

prozaikosebisa da poetebis Semoqmedebis wyalobiT".

arn. Ciqobava, 1969 weli (gazeTi ”samSoblo”; 1969: 4): "kuTxuri kilokavebis mTeli wyeba gvaqvs, saliteratu-

ro qarTuli ena ki erTia yvela kilokavze moubarTaTvis,

erTobliv yvela kuTxis qarTvelTaTvis. qarTleli iqneba

igi, aWareli, fSaveli Tu svani, xevsuri Tu megreli. es

erTi saliteraturo qarTuli ena qarTvelobis erovnuli

enaa, skolisa da sasamarTlos ena, Teatrisa da radioga-dacemaTa ena, igi sabWoTa saqarTvelos saxelmwifo enas

warmoadgens"...


44

sruli safuZveli gvaqvs yovelive zemoTqmuli ase SevajamoT:

i. stalinis (da niko maris) Tavdapirvel "sociolin-

gvistur" "Teziss", romlis mixedviTac sabWoTa imperiis

enobrivi politika igegmeboda 1913-1932 wlebSi (da rome-

lic enobriv-eTnikurad anawevrebda qarTvel ers), imTaviT-

ve SeewinaaRmdegnen qarTveli sazogado moRvaweebi (kon-

stantine gamsaxurdia, Tedo saxokia...), bolSevikTa erTi

nawili da qarTveli enaTmecnierebi: silovan xundaZe, ar-

nold Ciqobava, vukol beriZe, giorgi axvlediani, akaki Sa-

niZe, varlam Tofuria... Tumca, maT Sorisac SeiniSneboda

garkveuli sxvaoba; kerZod, aleqsandre gegeWkori da

silovan xundaZe ukompromisod daupirispirdnen i. stalinis midgomas, rac saboloo jamSi maTi sruli igno-rirebiT dasrulda (SemTxveviTi damTxveva: orive gardaic-

vala 1928 wels)56.

imxanad ufro pragmatuli aRmoCnda arn. Ciqobavas, g.

axvledianis, v. beriZis da sxva lingvistebis garkveul-

wilad kompromisuli Tvalsazrisi; kerZod, maT ar gai-ziares ioseb stalinis (da niko maris!) e.w. oTxi qarTve-

luri enis Teoria da xeli SeuSales samegrelosa da sva-

neTSi qarTuli enis, rogorc istoriuli dedaenis, Canac-

vlebas adgilobrivi kuTxuri metyvelebebiT. am mimarTu-

lebiT liderad Cans arn. Ciqobava. zogadad Tu vityviT,

i. stalinis represiuli reJimis pirobebSi i. stalinis

enobrivi politikis uaryofa enaTmecnieris mier

samoqalaqo gmirobis tolfasi iyo.

56 t. futkaraZe, silovan xundaZisa da akaki SaniZis polemika qarTveluri enobrivi erTeulebis kvalifikaciis Sesaxeb; akaki wereTlis saxelmwifo universitetisa da ioseb ocxelis saxelo-

bis №2 sajaro skolis erToblivi samecniero konferencia, mieZ-Rvna cnobil sazogado moRvawes, pirveli qarTuli gimnaziis

/ioseb ocxelis saxelobis №2 sajaro skolis/ erT-erTi damfuZ-neblis - silovan xundaZis dabadebidan 156-e wlisTavs. quTaisi, 16 aprili, 2016 w.; t. futkaraZe, e. dadiani, silovan xunda-Zis„”qarTul gramatikaSi” Setanili megrul-svanuri masalis Se-saxeb qarTveluri memkvidreoba, XX, 2016.


45

friad faseulia, aseve, megrulis statusis Sesaxeb ga-

moTqmuli vukol beriZisa da giorgi axvledianis

kompromisuli Tvalsazrisi: "sazogadoebriv kulturul-

istoriulad megruli dialeqtia, sazogadoebriv-kultu-

rulad megrelTa mSobliuri samrewvelo kulturuli ena aris qarTuli..." (v. beriZe); "enis fsiqologia qarTulsa

da megruls erTi da igive aqvT; es is aris, rom azrovne-

bis iaraRi CvenTvis da megrelebisaTvis erTi da igive

aris ZiriTadad (g. axvlediani).

raSi mdgomareobda arn. Ciqobavas, v. beriZis, g. axvledianis kompromisi?

1913 wels daweril wignSi: "marqsizmi da nacionaluri

sakiTxi" i. stalini werda, rom megrelTa dedaena aris

"dagvianebuli eris" umwerlobo ena (!).

Sdr. silovan xundaZis sapirispiro pozicia: "megru-li aris qarTuli enis dialeqti (maSin es Tvalsazrisi

bunebrivi iyo qarTveli moRvaweebisTvisac)"57.

Sdr. kompromisuli pozicia: megrelebis dedaena aris istoriuli qarTuli samwignobro ena, xolo megruli ar

aris damoukidebeli ena; igi aris umwerlobo zanuri enis

(da ara - qarTuli enis) dialeqti. es mosazreba

Camoayalibes arn. Ciqobavam da 1933 wlis ganaTlebis saxalxo komisariatis kolegiis sxdomis monawile sxva lingvistebma.

SemdgomSi arn. Ciqobava ufro vrclad msjelobs am mi-

marTulebiT; kerZod, arn. Ciqobavas azriT, megreli, saqar-

Tvelos sxva kuTxeebis qarTvelTa msgavsad, didi samwig-

nobro kulturis patronia (ar aris umwerlobo CamorCe-

nili eri); megrelis erovnuli ena aris qarTuli ena; sa-

kuTriv megruli ki aris qarTuli enisgan warmoqmnili

57 silovan xundaZe (”qarTuli gramatika”, 1917, gv. 20): ”qarTu-li enis kilokavebia - svanuri, megruli, lazuri, ingilouri, fSauri, TuSuri, xevsuruli da sxv. saqarTvelos yovelis gansa-kuTrebuli kuTxis enas Tavisi gansxvavebuli gamoTqma da for-mebi aqvs, magram yvela kuTxes erTmaneTis saubari kargaT esmis. mxolod svanuri da megruli ena (da am ukanasknelis maxlobeli dialeqti lazuri) deda-qarTulisagan gansakuTrebiT gansxvave-bul saxes warmoadgens”.


46

tomobrivi zanuri enis dialeqti58 . ”diferenciaciis pro-

cesSi zanuri (romlis erT-erT kilos megruli warmoad-

gens) imdenad daSorda qarTuls, rom qarTulis kilod

misi miCneva SeuZlebelia” (arn. Ciqobava, Wanuris gramati-

kuli analizi, 1936, gv. 6).

arc am naSromSi da arc sxvagan arn. Ciqobavas ar warmoudgenia procentuli zRvari, Tu qarTuli enis diferenciaciis romeli etapidan iqca zanuri "tomobriv enad". aseTi zRvris dadeba SeuZlebelicaa,

ramdenadac metyvelebis dialeqtad Tu enad kvalificire-

bas ganapirobebs ara fonetika-morfologia-leqsikaSi war-

moqmnili sxvaobebi, aramed mocemuli sazogadoebis

samwignobro enis istoria da enobriv-eTnikuri TviT-aRqma (sociolingvisturi kriteriumi); Sdr.: arn. Ciqoba-vac, vukol beriZec, giorgi axvledianic da ufro axali

Taobis mecnierebic 59 "sazogadoebriv-kulturulad" anu

sociolingvisturad megruls miiCneven qarTuli enis

dialeqtad60 ; Sesabamisad, qarTuli "erovnuli enis" para-

lelurad arn. Ciqobavas mier zanuris/svanuris "tomobriv

enad" gamocxadeba SeiZleba aixsnas mxolod i. stali-

nisadmi kompromisiT da ara - mecnieruli safuZvliT.

58 arn. Ciqobava. 1952, gv. 99-101: ”tomobrivi enebis nimuSad Cveni sinamdvilidan SeiZleba davasaxeloT qarTvel tomTa enebi: svanuri, zanuri (megrul-Wanuri)... tomobrivi enebia, agreTve daRestnis enebi: aRuluri, waxuruli, ruTuluri, andiuri, di-douri. 59 ix., qvemoT. 60 umwerlobo enisa da kilos (dialeqtis) statusis ganmsaz-Rvreli kriteriumebis Sesaxeb diskusiisaTvis ix.: t. futkaraZe, saerToerovnuli saliteraturo enisa da saSinao sametyvelo kodebis mimarTebis sakiTxi qarTuli saliteraturo enisa da dialeqtebis mixedviT, XX respublikuri dialeqtologiuri sa-mecniero sesiis masalebi, zugdidi, 2000; k. gabunia, qarTvelu-ri enebis sakuTriv lingvisturi da sociolingvisturi kriteri-

umebis gamijvnisaTvis, enaTmecnierebis sakiTxebi, №1, 2004; t. futkaraZe, enisa da kilos gasamijni kriteriumebi da qarTve-lur idiomTa kvalifikaciis politizebis retrospeqtiva, humani-tarul mecnierebaTa da samarTlis fakultetis Sromebi, t. VII, Tbilisi, gamomcemloba ”qarTuli universiteti”, 2016...


47

yovelive zemoTqmulidan gamomdinare aSkaraa, bolSe-vikebis periodSic megruli "enis" (da samegrelos avtono-

miis) sakiTxi wamoiWra ara samegreloSi, aramed - ruseTis

imperiis centrSi, amjerad ukve i. stalinis koncefciis

mixedviT. Sesabamisad, usafuZvloa e.w. megrul

"separatizmze" saubari; ufro logikuria, visaubroT kolaboracionist pirebsa Tu mcire jgufebze, romelTa antiqarTuli mimarTulebiT aqtiuroba provocirebuli iyo imperiuli centridan (aseTi subieqtebi yvela kuT-xeSi da yvela droSi SeiZleba arsebobdnen)61.

qarTvelTa enobriv-eTnikuri danawevrebis rusuli gegma dResac aqtualuria; mag., 2002 da 2010 wlebis ruseTis mosaxleobis aRwerebis dokumentebSi sxvadasxva

erovnebebadaa CaTvlili: qarTveli, megreli, svani, aWare-

li 62 ... sabWoTa inerciiTa Tu mizanmimarTulad, qarTve-lebi oTxi Tu sami enis mixedviT arian dayofili ucxo-

61 mefis ruseTis droindel procesze, aseve, st. gaguas, b. dadi-anisa da gr. axalaias jgufebis qmedebis Sesaxeb swori daskvna aqvT gakeTebuli v. gvaramiasa da g. ciciSvils: "1922 wels s. orjonikiZe ambobs: "politika iqmneba ara aq da ara - Cvens mier, aramed moskovSi; amis gaTvaliswinebiT gasagebi xdeba, rom "meg-ruli sakiTxic" principSi moskovis doneze wydeboda" (vaxtang gvaramia, giorgi ciciSvili, dasaxelebuli wigni, gv. 97); Tumca, igive avtorebi amarTleben isak Jvanias, metic, isak Jvanias "erovnuli" moRvaweobis dasabuTebas dasaxelebuli sqeltaniani wignic ki miuZRvnes. 62 t. futkaraZe, 2002 da 2010 wlebis saerTo-saxalxo aRwerebi ruseTSi da qarTvelTa identobis sakiTxebi; ivane javaxiSvilis istoriisa da eTnologiis institutis samecniero konferencia, Tb., 14-17 ivnisi, 2010; t. futkaraZe, Tanamedrove qarTvelTa enobriv-eTnikuri aRwera "msoflios enaTa reestris"

(inguarium.iling-ran.ru) mixedviT da arsebuli sinamdvile, saqarTve-lo da msoflio (warsuli da Tanamedroveoba), baTumi, 2009. wakiTxul iqna moxsenebad samecniero konferenciaze: ”saqarTve-lo da msoflio (warsuli da Tanamedroveoba)”, baTumi, 2008

w., 14-15 noemberi. http://www.scribd.com/doc/14098229/Putkaradze-Msoflios-EnaTa-Reestri-Da-Sakartvelo msjelobisaTvis ix. qvemoT.


48

el Tu qarTvel mecnierTa erTi nawilis mierac63; kerZod,

zogi amJamindeli ucxoeli Tu qarTveli eqspertis mier

qarTvelur qvesistemaTa nawili dResac iwodeba: "umwer-

lobo enad", "tomobriv enad", "ganviTarebad enad" Tu

"aRorZinebad enad"64. arada, dRes yvelam kargad icis, rom

eTnografiul literaturaSi "tomi" velur sazogadoebas

niSnavs; aseve, namdvilad saxarbielo statusi ar aris:

"umwerlobo ena", ”aRorZinebadi ena”, ”arasamwerlobo

ena”,„”tomobrivi ena”“... Sdr., mag., erTi citata a.onianis

erT-erTi bolo naSromidan: ”qarTulTan, megrulTan da lazurTan erTad svanuri

aris qarTvelur enaTa ojaxis erT-erTi wevri. qarTvelur

enebze, bevri sxva monaTesave enaTa jgufisagan gansxvavebiT,

ar warmoqmnila sxvadasxva erovnuli kultura (mecniereba,

xelovneba)... qarTuli iyo mTeli qarTveli xalxis

bunebrivi (da ara - Tavsmoxveuli) saerTo-saxalxo

erovnuli ena, mecnierebis, kulturis ena da erTaderTi

saliteraturo ena. es aris is didi tvirTi, rac

istoriam qarTvelur enaTagan mxolod qarTuls daakisra da ris gamoc is aris swored sruliad saqar-Tvelos saerTo-saxalxo erovnuli ena da qarTveli xalxis

erTianobis burji. danarCeni qarTveluri enebi ki, romle-

bic lingvisturi TvalsazrisiT Cveulebrivi enebia, fun-

qcionalurad (sazogadoebrivi funqciis mixedviT)

qarTuli enis dialeqtebs utoldebian. naTqvamidan Cans, rom svanuri (megrulisa da lazuris msgavsad)

umwerlobo enaa” (a. oniani, 1998, gv. 3-4).

Cveni komentari: lingvisturi TvalsazrisiT, bunebriv enad SeiZleba

kvalificirdes aRqmadi bgeriTi niSnebis yvela sistema, romlebic gamoiyeneba komunikaciis saSualebad. msoflioSi

63 Tanamedrove realobaSi. roca aRar aris i. stalinis reJimis msgavsi zewola, "gaugebaria" i. stalinis mecnierulad dausabuTebeli Tvalsazrisis gaziarebis motivi. 64 ix., mag.: http://www.ethnologue.com/show_country.asp?name=GE sadac qarTveluri qvesistemebis mimarT igive kvalifikaciebia am weri-lis gamoqveynebis periodSic (damowmebulia 02.12. 2017).


49

arsebuli enebis/kiloebis saxeldebis principebidan gamom-

dinare, metyvelebis enad Tu kilod kvalificireba xdeba

mxolod "sazogadoebrivi funqciis mixedviT".

Sdr., aseve:

akademiuri doqtori nazi miqelaZe: "tomobrivi enebi amJamadac arseboben, magaliTad, to-

mis enebia: Crdilo, centralur da samxreT amerikaSi

mcxovrebi indielebis ena (maia-ena, actekuri da irekozu-

li enebi da sxva). Cveni enebidan tomis enas warmoadgens:

megruli, Wanuri (anu lazuri) da svanuri. sxva tomobri-

vi enebia magaliTad: daRestnuri enebi: didouri, naxuru-

li, ruTuluri da sxva"65.

mravalsaukunovani qarTuli samwignobro kulturis

Semqmneli samegrelos mkvidrebis gamocxadeba umwignobro

tomebad, samegrelos mkvidri qarTvelebis (megrelebis)

kuTxuri metyvelebis - qarTuli enis kuTxuri saxesxvaobis

- gamocxadeba tomis enad (tomobriv enad) 66 rom didi

Secdomaa, vfiqrobT, yvela saRad moazrovne

adamianisaTvis naTelia. ix., aseve:

akademiuri doqtoris rusudan gersamias citata: "eleqtronuli bazebi umwerlobo qarTveluri

enebisTvis dRemde ar arsebobs. CvenTan cifrulma humani-tariam axlaxan aidga fexi, ukve Seqmnilia ramdenime kor-

pusi qarTuli enisTvis, qarTuli enis dialeqtebisTvis da

65 http://batumelebi.netgazeti.ge/news/5599 (damowebulia: 11.04.2018) 66 tomobrivi ena - tribal languag; Indigenous language - An indigenous language or autochthonous language is a language that is native to a region and spoken by indigenous people, often reduced to the status of a minority language.This language would be from a linguistically distinct community that has been settled in the area for many generations. Indigenous languages are not necessarily national languages, and the reverse is also true. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indigenous_language. племенной язык - Бесписьменный диалект, форма существования языка в первобытно-общинную эпоху, когда границы лингвистической и этнической группы совпадали https://www.psyoffice.ru/5-sociolinguistics-518.htm


50

Cveni kolegebi dResac agrZeleben muSaobas. Tumca sxva

qarTveluri enebisTvis jer amgvari bazebi ar Cans"67.

am SemTxvevaSic mokle komentariT SemovifarglebiT: saerTaSoriso samecniero velSi saqarTvelos (/samegre-

los) mkvidrisagan imis mtkiceba, rom megrelebs, lazebs

(Tundac saqarTveloSi mcxovreb lazebs!), svanebs dedaeneb-

ze mwignobroba ara aqvT, safrTxis qveS myofi "umwerlo-

bo enebis" gadarCenis sababiT evropuli grantis miRebis survils ufro hgavs.

winaaRmdegobrivia, Tumca garkveulwilad saintere-soa prof. kaxa gabunias Semdegi msjeloba:

"vfiqrobT, sruliad marTebulia mosazreba, romelic b.

jorbenaZis mier aris formulirebuli: "enaTmecnieruli (da-

vazustebT - sakuTriv lingvisturi) TvalsazrisiT megrul-Wanuri da svanuri qarTulis moZme enebia, magram eTnikur-

politikuri (aqac davazustebT - sociolingvisturi) 68

TvalsazrisiT, maT igive statusi aqvT, rac dialeqtebs

(jorbenaZe, 1989, gv. 36). sainteresoa es sakiTxi TviTindeti-

fikaciis TvalsazrisiT: enaa Tu dialeqti megrul-lazuri

da svanuri? - es iyo respondentebisTvis dasmuli erT-erTi kiTxva CaRrmavebuli interviuebis Cawerisas. Tumca, cxadia,

am saubris mizani ar yofila da verc iqneboda sakiTxis er-

Txel da samudamod gadaWra da saTanado argumentaciebis

moTxovna-warmodgena. saintereso iyo ubralo adamianebis

(romelTac enaTmecnierebasTan araferi akavSirebT) damokide-

buleba megrul-lazurTan da svanurTan, mis rolTan dakav-

SirebiT. respondentebisTvis megrul-lazuri da svanuri,

67 https://sputnik-georgia.com/people/20180323/239777724/qartuli-ena-rusudan-gersamia.html budapeStis konferencia: me-18 saerTaSoriso morfologiuri

Sexvedra (18th International Morphology Meeting). 68 b. jorbenaZis Tvalsazrisis dazustebebi ekuTvnis kaxa gabunias.


51

Cveulebriv, kuTxur-tomobrivi ena (xazi Cvenia - t.f., m.

T.) an qarTuli enis dialeqtia69. Tanamedrove realobaSi megrel-laz-svanTa dedaenis aR-

saniSnavad sakamaToa termini: "kuTxur-tomobrivi ena". am

avtorTanac xelovnuria "enaTmecnierebisa" da "sociolin-

gvistikis" gamijvna, radganac sociolingvistika enaTme-

cnierebis erT-erTi dargia! ufro arsebiTia is, rom msoflioSi arsebuli uklebliv

yvela civilizebuli xalxis enis statusi dadgenilia ara

e.w. lingvisturi, anu Sidastruqturuli (bgeraTSesatyvi-soba, enobrivi struqturebis msgavseba-gansxvaveba) 70 , aramed

swored sociolingvisturi kriteriumebiT (damwerlobis

qona-arqona, standartuloba, prestiJuloba, saxelmwifo enis

statusi; reestruli kriteriumi, TviTSefasebiTi kriteriu-

mi; aseve, idiomis kvalifikacia mocemuli eTnosis samwignob-

ro kulturis istoriis gaTvaliswinebiT); zogjer metyvele-

bis statusi gansazRvrulia eqstralingvisturi

midgomebiTac - religiuri an politikuri niSniT) 71 ;

69 k. gabunia, enobrivi situacia Tanamedrove saqarTveloSi International Journal of Multilingual Education (IJME saerTaSoriso Jurna-li, multilingvuri ganaTlebisTvis, № 3, 2014, გვ. 45-69 http://www.multilingualeducation.org/storage/uploads/articles_contents/141215024122. pdf http://www.multilingualeducation.org/ 70 bgeraTSesatyvisoba gamoiyeneba enaTa naTesaobis dasadgenad da ara - enaTa/kiloTa statusis gansasazRvravad. umwerlobo enisa da dialeqtis gammijnavi kriteriumebis Sesaxeb vrclad ix.: t. futkaraZe, enisa da kilos gasamijni kriteriumebi da qarTvelur idiomTa kvalifikaciis politizebis retrospeqtiva, saqarTvelos sapatriarqos wminda andria pir-velwodebuls saxelobis qarTuli universitetis humanitarul mecnierebaTa da samarTlis fakultetis Sromebi, VII, Tb., 2017 gv.115-134. 71 eqstralingvisturia "gagebinebis" kriteriumic, romelic SeiZle-ba gamoyenebul iqnes mxolod im SemTxvevaSi, Tuki monaTesave sa-zogadoebebs ar gaaCniaT arc winaprebisgan Seqmnili saerTo mwig-nobroba da arc koine; roca ar arsebobs erovnuli meobis Ca-momZerwavi, gamaerTianebeli enobriv-kulturuli sistema, magram velur tomebs aqvT mkafiod Camoyalibebuli tomobrivi identoba. aseT SemTxvevaSi maTi umwerlobo kontinuumebi damoukidebel enebad SeiZleba iqnen miCneuli.


52

Sesabamisad, 1933 wlis diskusiis monawile arn. Ciqobava, g. axvlediani, v. beriZe da diskusiaSi gvian CarTuli: a.

onianic da k. gabuniac megruls (/svanurs, lazurs)

qarTuli enis dialeqtad Tvlian. sakamaToa, aseve, prof. ramaz qurdaZis xelmZRva-

nelobiT gamoqveynebuli "xuTenovani leqsikonis" koncef-cia, romlis mixedviTac, qarTulTan mimarTebiT inglisu-

ris gverdiT damoukidebel "enebad" ganixileba: megruli,

lazuri, svanuri. "monaTesave enad" saxeldeba bevrs ara-

fers cvlis, ramdenadac r. qurdaZe xazgasmiT ambobs, rom

xuTenovani leqsikonis Seqmnis idea gauCnda "inglisur-

frangul-espanuri leqsikonis" naxvis Semdeg 72 : dasaxe-

lebuli indoevropuli enebi sxvadasxva erebis damoukidebeli enebia.

Sdr., erTi citata e.w. xuTenovani leqsikonidan:

"qarTul-megrul-lazur-svanur-inglisuri leqsikonis ga-

mocema umTavresad ori TvalsazrisiT aris aqtualuri: er-

Ti, is warmoaCens qarTveluri tomebis enobrivi erTianoba-

siaxlovis suraTs, meore mxriv, aq Cans aramonaTesave enebis

(kerZod, rusulis, berZnulisa da Turqulis) gavlenis kva-

li. orive fenomeni saintereso masalas iZleva Semdgomi

kvleva-ZiebisTvis. sakiTxisadmi amgvari midgoma warmoaCens

samxreTkavkasiuri monaTesave enebis: qarTulis, megrulis,

lazurisa da svanuris Tanamedrove enobriv mdgomareobas,

kerZod, leqsikur viTarebas. faqtobrivad, es kidev erTi

saintereso gzaa umwerlobo qarTveluri enebis (xazi Cve-

72 r. qurdaZe: "xuTenovani leqsikonis idea gaCnda ilia WavWava-Zis prospeqtze seirnobis dros, rodesac bukinistur maRaziaSi vnaxe inglisur-frangul-espanuri leqsikoni... es idea gavacani baton gunters..." ramaz qurdaZis gamosvlis sruli teqsti ix.:

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=chSKfvqWc1k (damowmebulia 1917 wlis 22 dekembers). ix. agreTve, m. TandaSvilis gamosvlis teq-

sti: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HBIdCz_f5B8 (exeba "damwerlobis armqone qarTveluri enebis" aRniSnul xuTenovan leqsikons. misi gamocema ganxorcielda samxreT kavkasiaSi Sveicariis TanamSrom-lobis ofisis finansuri mxardaWeriT https://edu.aris.ge/news/tsu-shi-xutenovani-qartul-megrul-lazur-svanur-inglisuri-leqsikonis-prezentacia-gaimarta.html (masalebi damowmebulia 1917 wlis 22 dekembrs)


53

nia - t.f., m.T) leqsikis ara marto Seswavlis, aramed mox-

marebis gaaqtiurebisaTvisac, rac garkveul SemTxvevebSi Ta-

vidan agvacilebs ama Tu im ZirZveli qarTveluri leqsemis

daviwyebasa da gauCinarebas"73.

komentaris nacvlad, am SemTxveaSi davimowmebT prof.

aleqsi Jordanias ritorikul kiTxvas: "ratom unda gamovacxadoT megrelebi, lazebi Tu sva-

nebi umwignobro sazogadoebebad? miT umetes, yvela megre-

li, svani Tu taoeli mravali saukunis manZilze qmnida

saerToerovnul saliteraturo enas?!74

Cveni msjeloba ase SeiZleba SevajamoT: dapyrobil teritoriebze "gaTiSe da ibatones" princi-

piT moqmedi mefis ruseTi cdilobda, qarTvelTa erTi na-

wilisaTvis (megrelebis, svanebis, lazebisaTvis...)

RvTismsaxurebisa da ganaTlebis enad, mravalsaukunovani qarTulis nacvlad, jer kuTxuri dialeqti SeeTavazebina,

Semdeg ki rusuli ena daemkvidrebina. cxadia, bolSevikebs

RvTismsaxurebis ena ar ainteresebdaT, Tumca qarTveli eris dasanawevreblad igive politika gaagrZeles ganaTle-

bisa da kulturis sferoSi. am mizniT Seecadnen, qarTu-

li ena SeecvalaT, erTi mxriv, rusuliT (revoluciis

eniT), meore mxriv ki - adgilobrivi dialeqtebiT: bolSe-

vikebma qarTveluri dialeqtebi "ganuviTarebel enebad" - "umwerlobo enebad", maTi mflobelebi ki ukulturo

"xalxebad" gamoacxades; paralelurad Seecadnen axali sa-

literaturo enebis SeqmniT mravalsaukunovani civiliza-

73 ramaz qurdaZe, dodo Sonia, lile Tandilava, lela niJaraZe, qarTul-megrul-lazur-svanur-inglisuri leqsikoni http://unicumfiles.vible.solutions/tmp/10903_20171128195045. pdf. ix. aseve: http://www.multilingualeducation.org/storage/uploads/articles_contents/160128041403. pdf: r. qurdaZe: "qarTveluri tomebisaTvis swavla-ganaTle-bisa da wirva-locvis ena qarTulia, romelsac 16-saukunovani istoria aqvs"... vfiqrobT, 16-saukunovani samwignobro tradiciis mqone sazogadoeba tomebad namdvilad ar unda kvalificirdes. 74 aleqsi Jordania, diglosiis zogierTi aspeqti arabulSi, qar-Tulsa da germanulSi, qarTvelologiis aqtualuri problemebi, t. I, 2012, gv. 172-189.


54

ciis mqone qarTvelebis am nawilis "kulturul xalxebad"

qcevas. am mizniT 1922 wlidanve samegreloSi gaaaqtiures

ramdenime jgufi, romelTac Tavdapirvelad i. stalinis

mxardaWera hqondaT. maT daupirispirdnen saqarTvelos

(/samegrelos) Rirseuli Svilebi. diskusia mimdinareobda

1922-1932 wlebSi; gamoikveTa ori ZiriTadi midgoma:

1. qarTvelTa enobriv-kulturuli danawevrebis gza: sa-megreloSi, lazeTsa da svaneTSi dawyebiT safexurze, qar-

Tuli enis nacvlad adgilobrivi "eniT" swavleba; adgilob-

rivi "eniT" gazeTebis gamocemac da saqmiswarmoebac... sabo-

loo jamSi, sakuTari istoriuli samwignobro kulturis

gaucxoeba qarTvelTa didi nawilisaTvis;

2. qarTvelTa istoriuli enobrivi erTianobis

SenarCunebis gza: tradiciis Sesabamisad, samegrelos (sva-neTis, lazeTis) skolebis dawyebiT safexurzec qarTuli

eniT swavleba da saWiroebis SemTxvevaSi adgilobrivi dia-

leqtebis gamoyeneba damxmare saSualebad; mTlianobaSi, is-

toriuli samwignobro kulturis dacviT qarTveli eris

erTianobis SenarCuneba.

aTwliani farTomasStabiani diskusia dasrulda 1932-33

wlebSi arn. Ciqobavasa da sxva enaTmecnierTa mier Camoya-

libebuli daskvniT, romlebic l. berias mxardaWeriT ar-

sebiT sakiTxSi i. stalins daupirispirdnen; kerZod, naS-

romSi, saarqivo masalebze dayrdnobiT, detaluradaa gaa-

nalizebuli "megrulenovani" (aseve, "svanurenovani") skole-

bis mizanSeuwonlobis Sesaxeb 1933 wlis saqarTvelos ko-

munisturi mTavrobis Sesabamisi struqturis sagangebo ko-

misiis daskvnis momzadebis procesic da arn. Ciqobavas

kompromisuli poziciis arsic.

statiaSi, aseve, dokumenturi masalis safuZvelzea war-

modgenili qarTveluri idiomebis statusis Sesaxeb dRes

mimdinare diskusia, romelic faqtobrivad, agrZelebs ga-

suli saukunis 30-iani wlebis diskusias; kerZod:

- ramdenadac saerTaSoriso fondebi dainteresebuli ari-

an safrTxis qveS myofi umwignobro enebis gadarCeniT, grantebis ioli gziT mopovebis msurvelebi, yovelgvari

logikis gareSe, dResac cdiloben, "ganuviTarebel enebad"


55

Tu "umwerlobo enebad" gamoacxadon qarTvelur zepir

idiomTa erTi nawili. isini xelisuflebas sTavazoben, um-

werlobo qarTvelur "enebzec" gavrceldes "regionuli an

umciresobis enebis Sesaxeb evropuli qartiis" debulebebi

(rac daakanonebs qarTvelTa enobriv-eTnikur danawevrebas).

- mecnierTa Tu eqspertTa meore nawili samarTlianad

Tvlis, rom qarTvelebs mravali saukunea gvaqvs erTi de-

daena - qarTuli ena, romelic, amave dros aris saqarTve-

los saxelmwifo ena. am enis kuTxur saxesxvaobebs warmo-

adgenen zepiri qarTveluri idiomebi. ramdenadac "regio-

nuli an umciresobis enebis Sesaxeb evropuli qartiis"

debulebebi ar vrceldeba saxelmwifo enis saxesxvaobebze,

saqarTvelos xelisuflebas aqvs konstituciuri valdebu-

leba, mosalodneli safrTxeebisagan daicvas rogorc qar-

Tuli samwignobro ena, aseve, qarTveluri dialeqtebi.


56

TARIEL PUTKARADZE, MARIKA TEDORADZE

Discussion About the Status of the Megrelian Speech in the 20-30-ies of the 20-th century

/In the scope of the modern context/ In the occupied teritories the Tsarist Russia, which was always acted with the principle “divide and conquer”, had been tried to offer the regional dialect to one group of Georgians (Megrelians, Svans and Lazes) as the language of the church and education, instead of the multi-century Georgian language. After the offering the regional dialect the next step by the Bolshevik Russia would probably be the offering of the Russian language.

The Bolsheviks did not care the language of the church, though they had developed the same policy in the educational and cultural domains in order to separate the Georgian nation.

With this aim, on the one hand , they tried to substitute the Georgian language with Russian (with the language of revolution). On the other hand, they tried to substitute it with the local dialects.

The Bolsheviks established the Kartvelian dialects as the “undeveloped languages” – “unwritten languages”. The holders of these languages were considered as “peoples” without culture;

At the same time, the Bolsheviks tried to create the new literary languages and this action can be qualified as their effort of remaking this group of Georgians (who had long century civilization) as the “cultural peoples”.

With this aim, since 1922 the Bolsheviks have activated the several groups in Samegrelo, who were supported by J. Stalin. The worthies individuals and heroes from Georgia (/Samegrelo} were against to them. The discussion had lasted from 1922 to 1932. Two main approaches were shaped:

1. The way of separating Georgians linguistically and culturally: in Samegrelo, Lazeti and Svaneti in the first years of education the language of education should be the local “language” instead of Georgian. The local “language” should also be the language of Press and administration… In sum, their goal was to remake


57

Megrelian’s (Svans’s) own historical literary culture like foreign for the major part of these Georgians.

2. The way of the preserving the historical linguistic unity of Georgians. Accordingly to the tradition, teaching in Georgian language at the beginning of the education at the primary schools of Samegrelo (Svaneti, Lazeti); in case of the necessity, using the local dialects as the auxiliary means. In sum to save the unity of the Georgian nation with the saving the historical literary culture.

The broad discussion had been lasted for 10 years and finalized in 1932-33 by the conclusion made by Arn. Chikobava and other linguists, who were opposed to J. Stalin with the support of L. Beria. Particularly, in our article on the basis of the archival data we analyze the inexpedient idea of the “Megrelian language” (also, “Svan language”) schools in details, also the process of making the conclusion by the particular committee of the Georgian Communistic government in 1933; we also analyze Arn Chikobava’s position of compromises. The present-day discussion about the status of the Kartvelian Idioms is also discussed in our article on the basis of the archival data; Actually, this discussion is the continuation of the discussion in 30-ies, particularly:

- Because of the special interest from the international funds to preserve the endangered unwritten languages, the individuals who would like to obtain the grants easily, are ready to establish these Kartvelian oral idioms as the “undeveloped languages” or “unwritten languages”. They offer the government to adjust the frame of “the Charter of the regional or minority language” to the unwritten Kartvelian “Languages” (this action will cause the linguistic and ethnic separation of Georgian). -The other groups of the scholars or experts fairly think, that we – Georgians have one mother tongue – Georgian during the so many centuries, which, at the same time is the National language of Georgia. The regional varieties of this language are oral Kartvelian idioms. As far as the statements of the “Charter of the Regional or Minority languages” could not be spread on the state language varieties, the government of Georgia have the constitutional obligations, to preserve the Georgian literary language and Kartvelian dialects from the possible danger.


58

sofio kekua

afxazeTis onomastika istoriuli dokumentebis mixedviT

qarTuli samarTlis Zeglebi mniSvnelovan cnobebs Sei-

cavs saqarTvelos Sesaxeb. X-XIX saukuneebSi Sedgenili iu-

ridiuli xasiaTis dokumentebi asaxaven sxvadasxva periodSi

qveynis SigniT arsebul mdgomareobas politikuri, kultu-

ruli, religiuri, Tu socialuri kuTxiT. am ZeglTa Soris

mniSvnelovani adgili uWiravs iuridiul sabuTebs. maTSi

asaxulia onomastikuri erTeulebic: pirsaxelebi, gvarsaxele-

bi da toponimebi, romelTa Soris warmodgenilia mravali

iseTi saxeli, amJamad rom srulebiT aRar dasturdeba, anda

seriozuli cvlilebebi aqvT gancdili. amgvari sabuTebis

monacemebi gvawvdis im informacias, rac sxva wyaroebidan an

sruliad ucnobia, an kidev saWiroebs damatebiT dadasture-

bas. magaliTad, Zveli sabuTebis mixedviT SesaZlebelia dad-

gindes ama Tu im gvaris Tavdapirveli sabinadro, misi mig-

raciis gza, anda am gvaris nawilis mier enisa da erovnebis

cvlis mizezi. aseve SesaZlebelia konkretul geografiul

punqtSi gavrcelebuli onomastikonis safuZvelze gairkves,

Tu vis ucxovria Tavdapirvelad mocemul adgilas da a.S.

warmovadgenT istoriuli iuridiuli sabuTebis ana-

lizis Sedegebs imis Sesaxeb, Tu ra onomastikuri mdgoma-

reoba iyo gvian Sua saukuneebSi Tanamedrove afxazeTis

teritoriaze.

sakvlevi masalis umravlesoba qronologiurad moi-

cavs XVI-XVIII saukuneebs, xolo masalis gavrcelebis ge-ografiuli sazRvrebi iwyeba mdinare enguridan da uwyve-

tad midis amJamindeli gulrifSis raionis Suagulamde,

amis iqiT ki saxeldeba mxolod biWvinTa da misi axlomde-

bare 3 sofeli; sabuTebSi srulebiT ar ixsenieba

kodor-fsous SuamdinareTis arcerTi sxva msxvili, Tu momcro geografiuli obieqti, cxumis garda, da maTSi mosaxle adamianTa pirsaxelebi da gvarebi. am Ta-viseburebis Cveneuli axsna amgvaria: afxazTa winaprebma


59

mxolod XVII-XVIII ss. mijnaze daiwyes kodoris marcxena mxares, anu axlandeli oCamCiris raionis miwaze dasaxleba (okujava, 2007: 187-172). bunebrivia, axlad

mosul upiratesad warmarT da/an mahmadian afxazebs afxazeTis sakaTolikosos, qarTuli eklesiis winaSe aranairi iuridiul-socialuri valdebulebebi ar hqondaT, rac ganapirobebs im faqts, rom istoriul saeklesio sabuTebSi ar ixsenieba afxazuri warmo-mavlobis pirsaxelebi, gvarsaxelebi da geografiuli nomenklatura. garda amisa, engur-kodoris SuamdinareTis mosaxleobis umravlesoba im dros jer kidev qarTuli iyo.

am daskvnas adasturebs saanalizo dokumentebSi ga-

movlenili onomastikuri masalac, romlis mixedviTac xSir

SemTxvevaSi qarTveluri warmoSobis pirsaxeli, gvarsaxeli,

Tu toponimi udevs safuZvlad amJamad ukve afxazuri

morfologiuri inventariT gaformirebul, an am enis fo-

notaqtikis wesebis safuZvelze saxecvlil afxazTa Soris

gavrcelebul pirsaxelebs, gvarebsa da toponimebs. saana-

lizod davasaxelebT ramdenime magaliTs:

dokumentebSi xSiri gamoyenebisaa lamazis aRmniSvne-

li megruli skuam//skvam//sqvam Zirisagan nawarmoebi pirsa-

xelebi: skuam-il-e-i//sqvam-il-e-i < *sqvam-il-a-i < *sqvam-

il-a-ჲ„galamazebuli (1621 w.) sof. xoiri; skum-iS-i-

a„”lamazisa” (1621 w) sof. gufi; skuam-iS-i-a > skum-iS-

ia; u-skuam-a - 1621 w. sof. xoiri (qsZ, III, 1970: 424; 433).

uCa„Savi, Savtuxa sityvisagan nawarmoebi pirsaxelebi:

uCia - sof. naJaneuli 1621 w.; uCardi-a Sonia„”Savi iya-

vi” 1621 w. soflebi: RaCu da gufi. marRia 1621 w. sof.

Wala < megr. marR-i””TvalWreli, avTvali; albinosi”. xu-xulia 1621 w. sof. xoiri. xuxul-i-a//xuxula-s eZaxian„”pa-

tara saxls, qoxs, xuxulas”. vaJ-i-koC-a„vaJkaca da

mxiarul-a„mxiaruli 1621 w. sof. xoiri. TuTaSxia 1621 weli sof. TiliTi. pirsaxelia igi, roca axlavs gvari

gulua - TuTaSxia gulua, magram gvarsaxelia is, roca

axlavs pirsaxeli qufaCa - TuTaSxia qufaCa. Tasia 1621 w. sof. TiliTi. igi megrulad aRniSnavs„”Tesvas”. aseve


60

gvxvdeba: daskud-a, mumawyind-a, misxunud-a, guriS-ia,

Toskvam-ia da sxv. (qsZ, III, 1970: 419, 425, 429, 432, 433). qarTveluri warmomavlobisaa gvarsaxelebi, romlebic

dasturdeba dokumentebSi: meforia gvari, romelic gamov-linda 1616-1621 ww. Sedgenil dokumentSi WalaSi (amJa-

mindeli Wlou) mcxovrebTa gvarsaxelad (qsZ, III, 1970: 467-468), formis mxriv aSkarad mimReobaa megruli forua

zmnisa (me-for-i-a < *me-for-e-a Sdr. bgeraTSesatyvisoba

samwign. qarT. far-: megr. for-)”saqmis mimfuCeCebeli”.

prof. T. gvancelaZem yuradReba miaqcia im faqts, rom

afxazTa Soris amJamad gavrcelebulia gvarsaxeli amfar,

romelic, misi azriT, afsuizebuli meforia gvarsaxelia: am qarTul gvars gaafxazurebis etapze mimatebia afxazuri

enis arsebiTi saxelebisaTvis da maT Soris gvarsaxelebi-

saTvis damaxasiaTebeli a- prefiqsi (Sdr. haSba//a-haSba...),

Camoscilebia qarTuli sufiqsi -ia, maxvilis zemoqmedebiT

fuZidan reducirebula anlautis xmovani, xolo o xmovani

f da r Tanxmovnebs Sors gardaqmnila a xmovnad. amgvari cvlilebebi afxazuri enisaTvis ucxo srulebiTac ar aris.

mecnieri asaxelebs amave tipis sxva gaafxazurebul gvarsa-

xelebsac. esenia: a-jnjal < jinjolia, a-mab// a-nab < meqvabia// miqvabia, a-marSan < marSania, a-blsr <

buliskiria // bulisqiria... (gvancelaZe, 2003: 41; gvance-laZe, 2011: 174-175).

gvari bigua saanalizo dokumentebSi dasturdeba

1621 w. sof. subvSi (qsZ, III, 1970: 427). igi unda iyos

amJamindeli bigvaa//bigvava variantebis uafiqso sayrdeni

fuZe bigua//biga: bigva-va < bigua. sityva bigva megrul-Si niSnavs„”mkvrivs, Cafskvnils, Casuqebuls” (qobalia,

2010: 62). gvari dRes dasturdeba afxazTa Sorisac. 1867

wels TurqeTSi gadasaxlebul muhajirTa siaSi dasaxelebu-

lia bigva da bigvaa variantebi (xorava, 2014: 152). isto-riul sabuTebSi aseve dasturdeba qarTuli gvarebi:

subuqia, xvingia, Rrublaia, ciskarava, konjaria, torojia da sxv. yvela maTgans eZebneba etimologia meg-ruli metyvelebis niadagze.


61

saeklesio istoriul dokumentebSi afxazeTis terio-

toriaze gamovlinda 23 toponimi. Wala saxeliT xseniebu-li sofeli mdebareobda amJ. oCamCiris raionis afxazur

sofel Wlous adgilas. b. xorava wers, rom Wala Tavad jaianebis kuTvnili sofeli iyo da roca am mxareSi afxa-

zebi damkvidrdnen, sofels afxazurad Wlou ewoda, Tum-

ca soflis erT-erT ubans dRemde SemorCa saxelad Wala-

aimara. sof. Wlou rusuli Чилоу formiT xSirad Cans sabuTebSi XIX s. 30-iani wlebidan (xorava, 2013: 100).

oikonimi Wlou Tavdapirveli Wala formis gaafxazurebul variantad miaCnia T. gvancelaZesac. rogorc mkvlevari aR-

niSnavs, 1621 wlis qarTul sabuTSi sofel WalaSi mxo-

lod qarTuli gvarebia dafiqsirebuli: gogordava,

Caglia, Wania, falia, qvacxa da sxv. XIX s. 40-ian wleb-Si ki sofels ukve rqmevia ara sakuTriv qarTuli, aramed

gaafxazurebuli saxeli (gvancelaZe, 2011: 502). bunebrivia,

am qarTuli gvarebiT dasaxlebul sofels saxelic qarTu-

li eqneboda. oikonimis istoria or variantad warmogvid-

genia: 1. qarT. Wala-ჲ > megr. dial. Wale-ჲ > Wale > afxaz.

Wala- (e xmovnis a-d gardaqmna da difTongizacia) > Wla- > Wlo-; 2. qarT. Wala-ჲ > Wala + afxaz. au„”grZeli” >

*Walau„”grZeli Wala” > *Wlau > Wlo. 1621 wels ixsenieba sofeli gufu (qsZ, III, 1970:

433). dRes igi cnobilia gufi saxelwodebiT da mdebare-obs oCamCiris raionSi. Cveni azriT, toponimisaTvis amosa-

vali unda iyos megruli guf-i // guf-u„”gube, dagubebu-

li adgili”, Sdr. gfua ”dagubeba” da gufili„”dagubebu-

li”. afxazur enaze soflis saxelia f [gvf], rasac am enaze axsna ar eZebneba, misi megrulidan momdinareoba ki

ase ixsneba: gu marcvali kanonzomierad iZleva afxazur

marcvals(lomTaTiZe, 1976: 168-169) - megr. guf-i//guf-u > afxaz. f.


62

toponimi ilori saeklesio sabuTebSi ixsenieba 1616-1639 wlebs Soris (qsZ, III, 1970: 501). mas moixsenieben

agreTve evropeli misionerebi da mogzaurebic. sofels

afxazurad elr ewodeba, magram am enaze axsna ar eZebne-ba. es saxeli rom afxazuri warmomavlobisa yofiliyo, ma-

Sin qarTulad unda arsebuliyo ara ilori varianti,

aramed *eliri forma, rac ar dasturdeba arc cocxal megrul metyvelebaSi da arc werilobiT, Tu kartografi-

ul masalaSi. T. gvancelaZis azriT, toponimis qarTuli

forma ilori unda ukavSirdebodes pirsaxel ilia-s:

ilia-uri„”ilias kuTvnili miwa” > ilor-i. afxazuri sit-yvaTsesxebis wesebis gaTvaliswineba gvikarnaxebs, rom afxa-

zuri variantis pirvelwyaro qarTulia da amgvar cvlile-

baTa gziTaa warmoqmnili: qarT. ilori > afxaz. *aჲlar >

elr, anda qarT. ilori > afxaz. *ჲelr > elr (gvancela-Ze, 2011: 246-247). prof. T. gvancelaZem yuradReba miap-

yro im faqtsac, rom XI saukuneSi sofelSi wmida gior-

gis eklesiis agebisa da am eklesiis gansakuTrebuli mniS-

vnelobis gamo mas imereTSi, axlandeli samtrediis raio-

nis teritoriaze, sadac afxazebs arasodes ucxovriaT, ga-

uCnda filiali (metoqi), romelsac aseve ilori ewoda, mere ki igive saxeli sofelsac daerqva (sofels axlac

hqvia ilori) (gvancelaZe, iqve). Cveni azriT, prof. T.

gvancelaZis es varaudi sakmaod damajerebelia, Tumca SeiZ-

leba sxvagvari axsnac: megrulSi ilori aris“”mori (igi-

vea rac lori); morebad dasaWreli; Zelisa; Zelicxoveli”;

iloria ”morisa, Zelisa; samore tye”; ilorua ”morebad xleCa, damorva” (iloru ixliCeba, imoreba)” (qobalia,

2010: 324). Cveni azriT, semantikaze dayrdnobiT toponim

ilor-isaTvis amosavali unda iyos apelativi ilori „mo-ri, namori“, xolo toponimis gaafxazurebis gzis Sesaxeb

savsebiT marTebulad migvaCnia prof. T. gvancelaZis mo-

sazreba. sofeli xoiri pirvelad dasturdeba 1525-1550

wlebs Soris Sedgenil dokumentSi (qsZ, II, 1965: 179).

adgilobriv megrelTa metyvelebaSi galisa da oCamCiris


63

raionebis sazRvarze mdebare sofel xoir-s dRes

oxuri//oxurei ewodeba. p. ingoroyva toponim xoir-s mo-

ixseniebs xori, anu xჳri formebiT da maT qarTuli war-moSobisad miiCnevs (ingoroyva, 1954: 176). xor- Zirisagan

nawarmoebi oxori//oxore, xorua megrulSi niSnavs„saxls, dasaxlebas, saxlobas(yifSiZe, 1994: 499; Waraia,1997: 181;

qobalia, 2010: 730). savaraudod, dasasaxleblad vargis

adgils SeiZleboda Serqmeoda xori//xoiri. sayuradRebo

gvgonia is garemoebac, rom megrulSi aris sityva oxuri-i, rac niSnavs xuros saxelosnos (qajaia, II, 2002: 471). ar gamovricxavT, rom am adgilas cxovrobdnen ganTqmuli xu-

roebi da aqedan miiRo sofelmac saxelwodeba, Tumca sa-

kiTxi damatebiT kvlevas moiTxovs. rac mTavaria, oikonimi

ar ixsneba afxazur enaze. uZvelesi xoiri variantis pir-veli moxseniebis droisaTvis, 1525-1550 wlebs Soris am

mxaris miwaze afxazuri mosaxleoba jer kidev ar binad-

robda, amitom udavo gvgonia, rom ufro gviandeli

oxurei saxeli momdinareobs megruli oxore-ჲ„dasasaxle-beli (adgili) variantisagan. sayuradReboa, rom msgavsi

JReradobis saxeli aqvs istoriul taoSi mdebare sofel

oxur-sac, sadac dRemdea SemorCenili qarTuli eklesiisa da cixis nangrevebi. am faqtebis gaTvaliswinebiT, toponi-

mis istoria ase gvesaxeba: megr. o-xor-e-ჲ > o-xur-e-ჲ >

afxaz. oreჲ. rac Seexeba xoiri variants, misi etimolo-gia da kavSiri oxurei saxelTan jer kidev gasarkvevia. mniSvnelovania T. gvancelaZis mier damowmebuli werilo-

biTi wyaro, romelic araorazrovnad gviCvenebs, rom so-

fel xoirSi XVII saukunis miwurulamde mxolod qarTve-lebi, kerZod, megrelebi cxovrobdnen: 1616-1639 wlebSi

Sedgenil biWvinTisadmi kaTolikos malaqias Sewirulebis

wignSi weria:„”...xoirs sofeli iyo da sasaxle ar iyo.

merme Cemis TeTriTa sasaxle adgili viyide

megrelebisagan da darbazi viyide da davadgmevine, jixuri davadgmevine da gardavaWedine...” (qsZ, III, 1970: 501; gvance-laZe, 2011: 243).


64

komonimi xauJeli pirvelad dasturdeba 1616-1639

wlebSi (qsZ, III, 1970: 431; 434; 500). xauJeli mdebareob-da amJamindeli oCamCiris raionis soflebs Txinasa da

otafs Soris. Cveni azriT, xauJeli igivea, rac xaJueli, romelic am ukanasknelisagan miiReba metaTezisis gziT:

xauJeli < xaJueli„”adgili, sadac momravlebuli iyo Ra-Jo, RaJomravali adgili; Wrela, RaJRaJa”, Sdr. frinvelis

saxeli xaJo„”RaJo”“ (qobalia, 2010: 718). sabas ganmarte-

biT, RaJo aris frinveli - jinჴva, jimჴva(orbeliani, II, 1993: 247). amrigad, SesaZloa, xauJeli rqmeoda im ad-gils, sadac binadrobdnen momcro zomis Wreli frinvele-

bi. sayuaradReboa, rom yofili sofel xauJelis siaxlo-

ves, kodoris qedze aris mTa da mdinare xojali, romleb-

sac, T. gvancelaZis zepiri cnobiT, afxazebi xojal saxe-

liT aRniSnaven da es varianti qarTuli xauJel-i for-

misgan afrikatizaciisa da au > o procesis gziT aris mi-Rebuli: xauJel-i > xojal. mkvlevari yuradRebas aqcevs im garemoebas, rom afxazur enaSi am sityvis adreve arsebo-

bis SemTxvevaSi unda gvqonoda ara xojal forma, aramed afxazuri enis fonetikur normaTa mixedviT gamarTuli

*ajal [xajal] varianti, romelic megrulSi mogvcemda

xvajali formas, rac ar dasturdeba. e.i. saanalizo oiko-nimic, mTisa da mdinaris saxelebic Seqmnilia swored meg-

rulad da merea nasesxebi afxazurSi. toponimis miRebis

gza ase gvesaxeba: RaJo > megr. xaJo > xaJuel-i >

xauJel-i > afxaz. xojal. 1616-1639 ww. da 1616-1621 ww. Sedgenil dokumen-

tebSi naxsenebia oikonimi RaliZga (qsZ, III, 1970: 476-477),

rac megrulad niSnavs„”Relis napirs”. hidronim RaliZga-s Tavdapirveli mniSvneloba mecnierTa mier sxvadasxvanairad

aris ganmartebuli. p. ingoroyvas azriT, ”saxelwodeba am

mdinarisa RaliZga sityvasityviT niSnavs Rele kidisa,

mdinare sazRvrisa” (ingoroyva, 1954: 128). Cveni azriT,

RaliZga megrulad aris RaliS Zga, anu ”Relis napiri” da ara„”Rele kidisa, mdinare sazRvrisa”. T. beraZisaTvis

RaliZga,„”...kide-mdinares niSnavs”. rogorc avtori aRniS-


65

navs,„”Tavis droze is raRac politikur erTeulebs So-

ris gamyofi iyo. xom ar warmoadgenda es mdinare saz-

Rvars cxumisa da odiSis saerisTavos Soris? am SemTxveva-

Si odiSis saerisTavos das. sazRvrad md. RaliZga unda

gvegulisxma”. XVII saukuneSi damowmebuli es toponimi

ukve sazRvris gamomxatveli aRar iyo (beraZe, 1967: 168).

p. cxadaia ufro marTebulad miiCnevs al. cagarlisa da i.

yifSiZis ganmartebas, rom RaliZga sityva-sityviT aris берег реки, anu mdinaris napiri da Tavdapirvelad ase erqva sofels (cxadaia, 2004: 42). avtori samarTlianad

miiCnevs, rom hidronimi Tavdapirvelad warmoadgenda oi-

konims, e. i. dasaxlebuli punqtis saxels da Semdeg meto-

nimiis Sedegad iqca im mdinaris saxelad, romelic mas Ca-

udioda. ufro zustad: iseT did mdinares, rogoricaa

RaliZga, Seefereba leqsema wyari (Sdr. sofeli wyaliZga,

romelSic igulisxmeba rioni) da ara Rele. aqedan gamom-

dinare, RaliZga unda darqmeoda RaliZgis erT-erTi Sena-kadis, Relis - napirs, xolo Semdgom unda qceuliyo aq

gaCenili dasaxlebis saxelad. metonimiis mesame etapze

soflis saxeli gadavida mdinareze. T. gvancelaZis mixed-

viT, mdinare RaliZgas„”...megrul dialeqtze RaliZga, xo-

lo afxazurad aalZga ewodeba. afxazuri forma wyaroeb-Si ar dasturdeba maSin, rodesac megruli varianti qar-

Tul wyaroebSi damowmebulia 1639 wlidan swored

RaliZgas saxiT da erqva am mdinaris napirze mdebare so-fels, sadac dadianebis sasaxlec mdgara. Semdeg saxeli

metonimiis gziT mdinarezec gadatanila”. misive TqmiT,

afxazuri aalZga miRebulia RaliZga-sagan Ra marcvlis

gardaqmniT aa bgerebad da i xmovnis reduqciiT. avtori

iqve aRniSnavs, rom Ra marcvlis amgvari qceva ucxo ar aris afxazurisaTvis, rasac adasturebs q. lomTaTiZis mi-

er dadgenili wesi, romlis mixedviTac, ori a (aa) xmova-

ni am enaSi warmoiqmneba Ra marcvlisganac. mecnieris az-riT, saxeli rom afxazuridan Sesuliyo megrulSi, am

ukanasknelSi unda arsebuliyo *alZga, rac arsad dastur-

deba. a xmovniT dawyebul fuZeebs ki afxazurSi meore a xmovani arasodes erTvis, maSasadame, T. gvancelaZis dak-


66

virvebiT, irkveva, rom mdinaris saxelSi afxazurma enam

ori a xmovani warmoqmna Ra marcvlis sanacvlod da es unda momxdariyo mxolod am teritoriaze afxazTa masob-

rivad dasaxlebis Semdgom, anu XVIII saukunis dasawyisi-

dan (gvancelaZe, 2011: 44). da bolos, RaliZga rom nam-dvilad soflis saxeli iyo, amaze miuTiTebs ”sacaiSlo

gamosavali davTris minawerebic” (1616-1621

ww.):“”...RaliZgas sasaxleSid moitandnen saaRapo-

sa...”;„”...erTman mTavarman sasaxlis RaliZgis eklesiaSi Ja-mi swiros”; ”amis gareT marTebs saRaliZgos kacebsa...” (qsZ,

III, 1970: 476). am konteqstebidan gamomdinare, RaliZga-Si

aSkarad igulisxmeba dasaxlebuli adgili da ara Relis

pirze mdebare sasaxle.

amrigad, istoriuli sabuTebis monacemebis mixedviT

dgindeba, rom:

1. dokumentebSi dadasturebuli uklebliv yvela

gamWvirvale anTroponimi qarTveluri warmoSobisaa. am pirsaxelTa mtareblebs ucxovriaT awindeli afxazeTis

miwaze mdebare qarTul soflebSi (gufu, TiliTi,

naJaneuli, oxurei, Wala (Wlou), xauJeli...). 2. XVI-XVIII saukuneebSi Sedgenil sabuTebSi dadasture-

buli geografiuli saxelebis umravlesoba enobrivad

ganekuTvneba samwignobro qarTul da megrul onomastikons. maTi nawili dRes ukve fonetikurad

aris adaptirebuli, an gadaazrianebulia afxazur enaze.

amgvaria: Wala (>afxaz. Wlou), gufu (>afxaz. f), TiliTi (>afxaz. TlT-abaa „TiliTis cixe“), ilori (>afxaz. elr), xoiri//oxurei (>afxaz. oreჲ), xauJeli (>afxaz. xojal), marmariskari (>afxaz. marmal-abaa „marmalis cixe“), RaliZga (>afxaz. aalZga), anarias Rele (>afxaz. anaria), muxuri, biWvinta, saCino. istoriul qarTul toponimTa nawili amJamad ukve ar arsebobs. esenia: subeiSi//sube//subei//subvi, naJaneuli//naJanevi//naJaneo// naJanauri, nakaRmeliu, RaCu, tyauru//tyavru. qarTve-lur toponimTa simravles ver mivawerT ganxiluli iu-


67

ridiuli dokumentebis damkveTTa da Semdgenlebis (ka-

TalikosTa, episkoposTa da sxva sasuliero pirTa)

TviTnebobasa da antiafxazur ganwyobas, vinaidan gamov-

lenil toponimTa amJamindeli afxazuri variantebis

qarTvelur warmomavlobas amtkicebs rogorc maTi morfologiur-semantikuri Taviseburebani, ise afxazuri enisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli sityvaTsesxebis wesebis gaTvaliswineba, rac gamoricxavs am saxelTa

afxazur warmomavlobas.

3. XVI-XVIII saukuneebSi engur-kodoris SuamdinareTSi jer kidev arsebobda erTiani qarTveluri toponimikuri sivrce, romelic ar iyo SemRvreuli mosul afxazTa enis fonetikuri da toponimikuri modelebiT, rasac adasturebs imave periodSi sxva we-rilobiT Tu kartografiul wyaroebSi asaxuli iseTi

oikonimebic, rogoricaa: bedia, wifuria, skurCa,

moqvi, dandra (dranda), fSia, skur-is Turqizebuli

iskuria varianti, kvitouli//pitauri, kamuleTi,

Txalari, marcxuli, zegani, margula // merkula, oqu-mi, fuwyuri, xeTi, gagida, oluSe, saTamaSa, wyur-gili-spurgili, tkvaja, papaTi, warCe, CxorToli, barRefi, nabakia, gogieli, Jirpiji, saTanjo da sxv. gaanalizebuli toponimebi qmnian zustad imave morfo-

logiur-struqturul modelebs, rac dRemdea damaxasia-

Tebeli samegrelos toponimiisaTvis da grZeldeba en-

gur-kodoris SuamdinareTis teritoriazec. imdroinde-

li da amJamindeli morfologiuri inventaric ar qmnis

araviTar sxvaobas. yovelive es adasturebs im faqts,

rom XVI-XVIII saukuneebis sabuTebi zustad asaxaven

qarTvelur sinamdviles.

4. saeklesio sabuTebSi dadasturebuli omonastikuri er-Teulebi unda CaiTvalos im substratul fenad, rome-

lic daxvda aq mosul afxazTa winaprebs, daileqa maT

enaSi da mciredi cvlilebiT moaRwia dRemde.

5. engursa da kodors Soris mdebare mxare samegrelos onomastikuri sivrcis uSualo organuli gagrZeleba iyo.


68

damowmebuli literatura:

beraZe, 1967: beraZe, T. odiSis politikuri geogra-

fiidan, saqarTvelos istoriuli geografiis krebuli,

IV, Tb., 1967; gvancelaZe, 2003: gvancelaZe, T. afxazuri da qarTu-

li enebis SemswavlelTaTvis. t. 1. Tb., 2003;

gvancelaZe, 2011: gvancelaZe, T. afxazuri ena.

struqtura, istoria, funqcionireba. Tb., 2011;

ingoroyva, 1954: ingoroyva, p. giorgi merCule, Tb., 1954;

lomTaTiZe, 1976: q. lomTaTiZe. afxazuri da abazu-

ri enebis istoriul-SedarebiTi analizi. I. fonolo-

giuri sistema da fonetikuri procesebi. Tb., 1976;

okujava, 2007: okujava, k. Tanamedrove afxazeTis te-

ritoria XVII saukuneSi. narkvevebi saqarTvelos is-

toriidan. afxazeTi. uZvelesi droidan dRemde“.

Tbilisi, 2007; orbeliani, II, 1993: orbeliani, s. s. leqsikoni qar-

Tuli, II. avtografuli nusxebis mixedviT moamzada,

gamokvlevaTa da ganmartebaTa leqsikis saZiebeli da-

urTo ilia abulaZem. Tb., 1993;

qajaia, II, 2002: qajaia, o. megrul-qarTuli leqsikoni, II, 2002; qsZ, II, 1965: qarTuli samarTlis Zeglebi, II, saero

sakanonmdeblo Zeglebi (X-XIX ss). teqstebi gamosca,

SeniSvnebi da saZieblebi daurTo prof. i. doliZem,

Tb., 1965; qsZ, III, 1970: qarTuli samarTlis Zeglebi, III, saek-

lesio sakanonmdeblo Zeglebi (XI-XIX ss). teqstebi

gamosca, SeniSvnebi da saZieblebi daurTo prof. i.

doliZem, Tb., 1970; qobalia, 2010: qobalia, a. megruli leqsikoni. Tb.,

2010;

yifSiZe, 1994: yifSiZe, i. rCeuli Txzulebani,

Tb.,1994;


69

Waraia, 1997: Waraia, p. megrul-qarTuli leqsikoni,

Tb., 1997;

xorava, 2013: Хорава Б. Мухаджирство абхазов 1867

года. Тбилиси, 2013; xorava, 2014: xorava, b. afxazTa 1867 wlis muhaji-

roba. Tb., 2014.


70

SOPIO KEKUA

Abkhazian Onomastic According to

Historical Documents

Georgian legal documents contain important information about Georgia. Judicial documents of X-XIX centuries reflect the political, cultural, religious or social inner state of the country in different periods of time. Among these documents legal ones are of great importance. They also reflect onomastic units, such as: first names, family names and toponyms; among them are the names which are either completely lost or underwent serious changes. The data registered in these documents give us the information which either cannot be found in other sources or need additional verification. For example, these documents might indicate to the origin of the name, its migration root, or the reason of changing the language or nationality by the part of this family name. It also gives us the possibility to verify who used to live on the given are, coming out from the analyses of the spread in that geographical area toponyms, etc.

The given report displays the results of the analyses of Legal documents and the onomastic situation on the territory of Abkhazia in late mid-centuries.

Majority of the material under study covers XV-XVIII centuries, as for the geographical boundaries of the research material, it starts from the river Enguri and goes on a continuous basis to the center of contemporary Gulripshi Region; beyond this are named only Bichvinta and three nearby villages. ; there is no information on other large or small geographical objects in the documents covering Kodori-Psou river basin, but Tskhumi; there is no mentioning of the names and family names of their inhabitants as well. Common explanation of this phenomenon is the following: the ancestors of the Abkhaz started to settle on the lands at the left bank of the river Codori, or modern Ochamchire region, only at the turn of XVII-XVIII centuries. Naturally newcomers who were pagans and/or

Muslims have no legal-social obligations before the Abkhaz Catholicon and Georgian Church, which determines the fact that there are no mentioning of names, family names and geographical names of the Abkhaz origin, in the given historical legal documents. Besides, majority


71

of the population of the Engur-Kodori basin in that particular period, were still Georgians.

This conclusion is verified by the onomastic materials revealed in these documents, according to which, often, first names, family names or toponyms of Georgian origin are already based on morphological inventories of Abkhaz origin or contain names, family names and toponyms changed according to the ponotactics of the Abkhaz language. Some of them are presented in the report.

First names: sḳuam-il-e-i // skvam-il-e-i < *skvam-il-a-i < *skvam-il-a-j „beautified“, sḳuam-iš-i-a > sḳum-iš-i-a „beauty“; uči-a, učardi-a

megr. uča „black”, dasḳud-a megr. „stayed“; mumaind-a megr. „I am

bored“; misxunud-a megr. „I prefer“; guriš-ia megr. „hearty“ tosḳvam-ia megr. „beautiful eyed“ etc.

Family names: meporia megr. „idle worker“, „the one who conceals“; bigua < bigva megr. “bulky, fat, stout” subukia megr. „very thin, light“; xvingia < xvingua megr. „eating disgustingly too much“, ṭoroǯia megr. ṭoronǯi „pigeon“; ğrublaia, cisḳarava, konǯaria etc.

Toponyms: ala (lou), gupu, ilori, xoiri, xauželi, ğaliჳga etc.

According to historical documents are established that:

1. All transparent anthroponyms registered in the documents are of Georgian origin. Bearers of these names used to live in, situated on the territory of modern Abkhazia, Georgian villages (gupu, tiliti,

nažaneuli, oxurei, ala (lou), xauželi...).

2. Majority of verified in XVI-XVIII centuries’ documents geographical names linguistically belong to literary Georgian or Megrelian onomasticon. Part of them today is phonetically adapted

or transformed by the Abkhaz language. They are: ala (>Abxaz

lou), Gupu (> Abxaz. ǝp), Tiliti (Abxaz. Tlt’t-abaa ‘fortress of

Tiliti), ilori (> Abxaz El’r), xoiri // Oxurei (>Abxaz. Orej), xauželi

(>Abxaz. xoǯal), Marmarisḳari (> Abxaz. Marmal-abaa ‘fortress of

Marmal), ğaliჳga (> Abxaz. Aalჳga), Anarias ğele (>Abxaz.

Anaria), Muxuri, Bivinta, Sačino. Part of the historical Georgian

toponyms do not exist anymore. They are: amxari, Subeiši // Sube //

Subei // Subvi, Nažaneuli // Nažnevi // Nažaneo // Nažanauri,

Naḳağmeliu, ğaču, ṭauru // ṭavru. The multiplicity of Georgian


72

toponyms cannot be ascribed to the desire or arbitrariness or anti-Abkhaz attitudes of the authors or customers of those documents (Catholicos, Bishops and other clergy), as the revealed Georgian

roots of the present day Abkhaz versions of toponyms are verified as in their morphological-semantic peculiarities, so are the characteristic for the Abkhaz language rules about the borrowed words; all these rules out the Abkhaz origin of these words.

3. In XVI-XVIII centuries in the basin of Enguri-Kodori rivers still existed the universal Georgian toponymic space, which was free from any phonetic and toponymic models of Abkhaz origin, which in its turn is verified by used in the latters and cartographical sources of the

same period –ioconyms, such as: Bedia, ipuria, Sḳurča, Mokvi,

Dandra (Dranda), Pšia, Sḳur-i, the version of Turkish iskuria,

ḳviṭouli // Pitauri, ḳamuleti, Txalari, Marcxuli, Zegani, Margula //

Merḳula, Okumi, Puuri, xeti, Gagida, Oluše, Satamaša,

urgili-Surgili, ṭḳvaǯa, aati, arče, čxortoli, Barğepi, Nabaḳia,

Gogieli, žirpiǯi, Satanǯo, etc. the analyzed toponyms create the same structural models as the ones that are still characteristic for the Samegrelo toponyms and covers the territory of Enguri-Kodori basin too. Comparison of the present and that period morphological inventory shows no difference as well. All these confirm that, compiled in XVI-XVIII centuries ecclesiastic documents with absolute accuracy display the Georgian reality.

4. Onomastic unites confirmed in ecclesiastic documents should be considered as the basic layer, which ancestors of Abkhaz encountered when coming to Georgia and which later precipitated in their language and reached us in a slightly transformed form.

5. The territory between Enguri and Kodori was the organic continuation of Samegrelo onomastic space.


73

vladimer kikilaSvili

mcocavi eqspansia kavkasiis regionSi rusuli imperiuli politikis magaliTze

enis, ekonomikuri wyobis, teritoriis, da erovnuli

xasiaTis erToba, romlis gamovlinebaa kultura - es aris

eris ZiriTadi maxasiaTeblebi. amaTgan mTavaria - ena. swo-

red enis moSliT knindeba eri. statia exeba kavkasiaSi

adgilobrivi enebis mimarT warmoebul zewolas maTi ga-

dagvarebis, xalxis mexsierebidan maTi amoSlis mizniT.

ruseTis enobrivi politika saTaveebs iRebs XIX sauku-

nis dasawyisidan. aq unda gavarCioT ori ZiriTadi aspeq-

ti: drouli da sivrciTi. orive aspeqti moicavs Tavis

SigniT ramdenime ZiriTad dones.

drouli aspeqtis pirveli done - es aris samxreT kav-

kasiis rusifikacia, kerZod saqarTveloSi rusuli ganaT-

lebis damkvidreba - pirveli saero „rusuli skola“ ix-

sneba swored TbilisSi.

Semdgomi etapi marTlmadideblobis aRdgenis komitetia,

romlis mizania qarTuli marTlmadidebluri eklesiis ga-

dayvana rusul RvTismsaxurebaze.

calke yuradRebis Rirsia qarTuli damwerlobis Sec-

vlis cdebi kiriliciT. aq ori etapi unda gamoiyos: pir-

veli - revoluciamdeli da meore - sabWouri. xazgasmiT

unda aRiniSnos, rom n. mari, romelic momxre iyo univer-

saluri anbanis sayovelTao danergvisa winaaRmdegi gamovi-

da qarTuli da somxuri enebisTvis am anbanis danergvisa.

analogiuri viTarebaa Crdilo kavkasiaSi, romelsac im

periodisTvis ara aqvs sakuTari damwerloba, Tu ar Cav-

TvliT meSvide-meTxuTmete saukuneebis damwerlobas Sesru-

lebuls qarTuli da pirveli xunZurenovani warwerebi

Sesrulebuli arabuli grafikiT (1485 weli), pirveli

xunZuri beWduri teqsti Sesrulebuli arabuli grafikiT

gamovida stambolSi 1884 wels, es iyo sasuliero Sinaar-

sis literatura, am droidan revoluciamde daibeWda 100

wigni.


74

rusuli grafikis danergvas moyva garkveuli winaaRmde-

goba, mas daupirispirda arabuli damwerloba.

sabWoTa periodSi rusifikaciis gamtareblebma gamoiye-

nes daSvebuli Secdoma da Crdilo-kavkasiel xalxebs Ses-

Tavazes laTinuri anbani. amis iniciatori iyo azerbaija-

nis centraluri komitetis Tavmjdomare s.a. aRamaRli-oR-

li, man Tavisi azri moaxsena lenins. dasaxuli RonisZie-

bis ganxilvis Semdeg uwoda maT ”kulturuli revoluciis

dasawyisad Turqebs Soris”.

im droisTvis imperiaSi Semaval xilxebs hqondaT ara-

bulgrafikiani damwerloba. axali, revoluciuri mTavro-

bis winaSi idga amocana es xalxebi moewyvitaT danarCeni

islamuri samyarosagan da maTi religisagan.

laTinur grafikaze gadasvlas aqvs udidesi mniSvnelo-

ba - ”es angrevs kedels evropulsa da musulmanur kul-

turas Soris, aaxloebs erTmaneTTan aRmosavleTsa da da-

savleTs” - ambobda centraluri komitetis biuros wevri

a. miqoiani damwerlobis laTinizaciisadmi miZRvnil konfe-

renciaze 1925 wels.

amas moyva aTwliani debatebi da winaaRmdegoba. sabo-

lood debatebiTa da represiebiT daRlili kavasielebi

daiTanxmes ”neitralur kirilicaze”.

calke aRniSvnis Rirsia is movlenebi, rac moyva kavka-

siur enaTa anbanebis laTinizacias. rogorc viciT p. us-

larma 1862 wels afxazuri enisTvis Seqmna anbani kirili-

cis safuZvelze ramdenime qarTuli da laTinuri grafemis

damatebiT. 1926 wels afxazuri ena airCies lingvisturi eqsperimentisTvis - n. marma gadawyvita, Seeqmna afxazuri analitikuri anbani - momavali erTiani msoflio anbanis

varianti, pirveli nabiji erTiani msoflio enis damkvidre-

bis gzaze. magram mari ver xedavda sxvaobas samecniero

transkrifciasa da praqtikul anbans Soris, amitom misi

idea ganwiruli iyo. verc n. iakovlevis mcdelobam gada-

arCina maris idea. marTalia man gamoiyvana formula anba-

nis maTematikuri agebisa, magram am cdamac fuWad Caiara,

mizezi albaT is iyo, rom mari ar iTvaliswinebda qarTu-

li anbanis idelurobasa da xelT ar hqonda cnobebi kav-


75

kasiel albanelTa enisTvis ideluri mraval bgeriani anba-

nis arsebobis Sesaxeb.

rusuli enis intensiuri gavrceleba kavkasiaSi daiwyo

XIV saukunis meore naxevarSi ruseTis mxridan yirimze

seriozuli pretenziebiT, ivane mrisxanesTan CerqezTa

mTavrebis vizitebiT, romlebic eZebdnen gzebs yirimis xa-

nis Tavdasxmebisagan dasaxsnelad. yirimis saxanoze Setevis

mzadebiT Segulianebuli kazakebi 4.000 kacis raodenobiT

TviTneburad toveben TavianT sacxovriss Cervlionni iars,

saxldebian md. sunJisa da arRunis SesarTavTan axlad da-

arsebul mcire dabebSi, romelTa saxelebia: Cervlionni,

SCedrinski, kurdiukovski, starogladkovski da novoglad-

kovski. 1555 wels kazakTa atamanebi eaxlnen ivane mrisxa-

nes da Sewyaleba iTxoves. mefem datuqsa, apatia da daum-

kvidra aRniSnuli miwebi. es TariRi SeiZleba CaiTvalos

kavkasiaSi rusuli enis SemoWris oficialur TariRad.

Tumca rusi glexebis mier TavianTi batonebis datove-

ba da md. donisa da CrdiloeTi miwebidan gadmosaxleba

ufro adrea dawyebuli, yovelwliurad giorgobis dResas-

waulze (wm. iuris dRes) uamravi glexi tovebda Tavis ba-

tons da CerqezTa miwebs afarebda Tavs. aq isini „Cerqez-

debodnen, eziarebodnen CerqezTa adaT-wesebs, maT samoss

da sakuTar Tavs „kazakebs“ uwodebdnen, rac CerqezTa

rusuli saxelidan - kosogidan momdinareobs (qarT. qaSke-

bi).

aRniSnul teritoriebze yirimeli TaTrebisagan Tavdac-

vis sababiT astraxanamde Cndeboda samxedro dasaxlebaTa

uzarmazari jaWvi - erTi dRis savalze gafantuli rusu-

li dasaxlebebiT, romlebsac gaaCnda qalaqebisTvis damaxa-

siTeli yvela niSani - fosta, skola, uprava... ”kubanis

olqis samaxsovro wignSi” 1874 w. mocemulia statitika

komlTa, macxovrebelTa - qali, mamakaci, sarwmunoeba, mde-

bareoba, manZili centridan, daarsebis TariRi... aqvea mo-

cemuli cnobebi rom gadmosaxleba sam talRad mimdinare-

obda. I. 1791-1804. II. 1808-1812. III. 1820-1870. swored am

droisTvis kubanis olqis ekaterinodaris mazris CerqezTa

355 dasaxlebuli punqtdan darCenilia 27 Zveli sofeli,


76

danarCeni ganadgurebulia, an dasaxlebulia rusebiT. ase-

Tive viTarebaa maikopisa da baTalfaSis mazrebSi.“”Tergis

olqis cnobaTa krebulsa” da ”kubanis olqis aRweraSi”

rusTa Semosvla lamis wuTobiTaa dafiqsirebuli:

pugaCovisa da razinis devna, Sewyalebuli damnaSaveebis

razmebis gagzavna cimbiris dasalaSqrad...

da ase iwyeba rusuli enis eqspansia kavkasisSi. gadad-

gmulia pirveli nabijebi yvela mTavari gzis mimarTulebiT,

romlebsac aziaSi mivyavarT: I. dasavleTidan Sav zRvasa

da samxreT-dasavleTi kavkasiis mTianeTi ferdobebidan so-

Cisa da samegrols gavliT TurqeTisken, meore ganStoeba -

quTaisi, Tbilisi - sparseTis mimarTuleba. II. centralur

kavkasiaSi darialis xeobiT Tbilisis gavliT, III. samxreT-

aRmosavleTi kavkasiis mTebis ferdobebis SemovliT kaspiis

zRvis sanapiro zolze Tanamedrove azerbaijanis gavliT

indoeTis okeanisken.

paradoqsulia is faqti, rom ruseTis gavlena iwyeba

jer Crdilo dasavleT kavkasiaSi, Semdeg Crdilo amosav-

leT kavkasiaSi da sazRvrebis es gadmoweva-damkvidreba

grZeldeba naxevari saukunis manZilze, Tumca yvelaze adre

ruseTi damkvidrda samxreT kavkasiaSi - saqarTveloSi -

1801 wels.

Crdilo kavkasiis dapyroba dasrulda 1854 wels, ro-

desac daRestnis saqarTveloSi Semavali kaspiis pira olqi

daiyo or - damorCilebul da urC nawilad.

1806 wels derbentis, 1836 wels ki samuris mazrac

ukve rusebis xelSia. dasrulda aRmosavleT kavkasiis ad-

ministraciuli mowyoba. kavkasiis komitetis Jurnali 1849

wlis 13 dekembers iwyebs mosaxleobis aRweras da gvaw-

vdis farTo monacemebs kavkasiaSi arsebuli demografiuli

situaciis Sesaxeb.

olqis administraciuli mowyobis dasrulebas moyva

rusuli enis ufro intensiuri gavrceleba.

unda aRiniSnos, rom rusuli enis gavrcelebis tempebi

dasavleT kavkasiaSi ufro swrafad mimdinareobs, vidre

aRmosavleT kavkasiaSi. aq garkveuli roli iTamaSa muhaji-

robam, romelmac mkveTrad Secvala kavkasiaSi ruseTis


77

mdgomareoba. e.d. felicinis mier XIX saukunis dasawyisSi

Sedgenil rukaze Crdilo kavkasiis cenrluri nawili war-

modgenilia rogorc „Tergisa da sunJis CeCenTa yofili

miwebi.

XIX saukunis samecniero literaturasa da statisti-

kur cnobarSi gvxvdeba mxolod fragmentuli cnobebi kav-

kasiaSi rusuli enis gavrcelebis Sesaxeb. yuradRebis

Rirsia is faqti, rom kavkasiis teritoriaze pirvelebi

Cndebian raskolnikebi (duxoborebi, malaknebi, gerebi,

xlistebi, saWurisebi...) xelisufleba ara Tu ewinaaRmdege-

boda maT gadmosalebas, aramed aZlevda pasportebs, riTac

adasturebda maT ruseTis Tanaswor uflebian moqalaqeo-

bas erTi mcire SezRudviT - maT hqondaT Tavisufali ga-

daadgiliebis ufleba mxolod kavkasiis teritorize.

didi roli iTamaSa rusuli enis damkvidrebaSi jaris

gadaadgilebam, sasazRvro dasaxlebebisa da sajariso Sena-

erTebis arsebobisTvis saWiro Tanmxlebi sameurneo dasax-

lebebis Seqmnam. aseTi dasaxlebebi mravladaa kaxeTSi, gan-

sakuTrebiT md. alaznisa da ivris pireTSi, Savi zRvis pi-

rasa da saerTod sajariso nawilebis garSemo. maTi saxe-

lebi ZiriTadad aris ulianovka, bogdanovka, an aleqseevka.

rusuli enis gavrceleba pirdapir kavSirSia ganaTlebas-

Tan. rogorc imdroindeli presa werda rom am saqmeSi

did rols TamaSoben eklesia da qalebi, romlebmac iTa-

ves popularuli ganaTlebis kerebis dafuZneba. pirveli

aseTi kera Cndeba ruseTTan SeerTebisTanave Tbilisis ke-

TilSobilTa saswavlebeli, romelic daarda 1802 wels.

vaJTa orklasianma saswavlebelma, sadac swavla SeiZleboda

mxolod rusul enaze. iarseba erT wels. 1804 wels ci-

cianovis mier daarsda axali keTilSobilTa saswavlebeli,

romelmac 20 welze met xans iarseba. XIX saukunis bo-

losTvis saganmanaTleblo saqmianoba kavkasiaSi miuaxlovda

ruseTis standartebs.

1894 wels daRestnis olqSi swavlobs 22.763 vaJi da

11.414 qali, sul -- 34.117 moswavle, maTgan adgilobrivi

mosaxleoba - 16.861, droebiTi mosaxleoba 9.433 da 6.789

sajariso mosaxleoba, maTgan 50 % rusebi arian. olqis


78

qalaqebSi 24 saswavlebelSi swavlobs 1.175 moswavle, sul

olqSi 661 saswavlo dawesebulebaa 3.805 vaJi da 895 qa-

li, sul 4.700 moswavle. am monacebiT irkveva, rom 862,8

sul mosaxleze modioda erTi skola. erTi vaJi moswavle

150 sul mosaxleze da erTi qali moswavle 637 sul

mosxleze.

Tavdapirvelad yvela rusul saswavlebelSi swavla mim-

dinareobda rusul enaze. sinagogebTan arsebul saswavleb-

lebSi - ivritze, meCeTTan arsebul skolebSi - arabulze..

rusul mosaxleobaSi yvelaze ganaTlebulebi iyvnen

raskolnikebi, romlebic religiur wignebs damoukideblad

kiTxulobdnen. kavkasiuri mosaxleobis mxolod 0, 03 %

swalobda rusul skolebSi (6 skola 159 moswavliT). aq-

vea aRniSnuli, rom rusuli skola siaxlea, romelic uc-

xo sulierebaSia SemoWrili ZaldatanebiT. Tumca yumuxsa

da axtiSi popularobas iZens movaWre da mewarme mosaxle-

obaSi raki sargebels xedaven rusuli enis codnaSi.

1898 wlisTvis kavkasiaSi damtkicda ruseTis qalaqebis-

Tvis dakanonebuli saganmanaTleblo standartebis mixed-

viT Seqmnili saswavlebeli - qalaqis - 42; mTis - 5; sa-

olqo: nalCikSi - 1; dawyebiTi - 4 (nazrani, grozno -

Tergis olqi), maikopSi (kubanis olqi), soxumi (quTaisis

gubernia), samewarmeo - 16, sazRvao - 3 (foTi anapa, ba-

qo).

qalTa monaweleobiT Seqmnili saswavleblebi: gimnaziebi

-14, progimnazia - 7, qalTa mariamis sax. saswavlebeli - 4,

wminda ninos saxelobis - 5, wminda aleqsandras saelobis

stavropolis qalTa saswavlebeli - 1, saeparqio saswavle-

beli - 2, kerZo saswavlebeli - 100-ze meti.

saswavlo olqebis daqvemdebarebaSi aris 1669, sxva uw-

yebebis daqvemdebarebaSi - 1.669, musulmanuri - 1990, eb-

rauli - 38, sul - 5.016 (es ricxvi orjer metia vidre

1878 wels).

moswavleTa ricxvi: vaJebi - 104.684, qalebi - 35.084.

erovnebaTa mixedviT: rusebi - 70.431, qarTvelebi - 26243,

somxebi - 24.298, TaTrebi - 4.619, mTielebi - 3.949, ebra-

elebi - 1585, sxva - 8.643.


79

religiuri TvalsazrisiT: marTlmadideblebi - 64,4 %,

somexi grigorianelebi - 16,1%, kaTolikeebi - 2,4 %, mu-

sulmanebi - 3,9 %, iudevelebi - 1,7 %, sxvani - 1,8 %.

statistika iZleva saSualebas gavadevnoT Tvali ganaT-

lebisa da Sesabamisdad rusuli enis gavrcelebas mTel

kavkasiis regionSi:

Crdilo kavkasia

yubanis olqi - 436 saswavlo dawesebuleba„

stavropolis gubernia - 238

Tergis olqi - 162

daRestnis olqi (miekuTvneba amier kavkasias) - 23

samxreT kavkasia

Tbilisis gubernia -262

quTaisis gubernia - 246

eliasvetpolis gubernia - 100

erevnis gubernia - 90

yarsis olqi - 26

baqos gubernia - 73

Savi zRvis gubernia - 52.

kavkasiis mxaris mmarTveloba da ganaTlebis saministro

ra Tqma unda iyo informirebuli kavkasiSi rusi msaxleo-

bis kontigentiTa (kazakebi, raskolnikebi) da maT mier

rusuli enis codnis doniTa da maT mier Semotanili di-

aleqturi da Jargonuli metyvelebiT. rac Seexeba stan-

dartuli rusulis codna xelmisawvdomi iyo saxelmwifo

saswavlo dawesebulebebSi, 1864 wels Tergis olqSi gaix-

sna xalxis mier Segrovili fuliT aSenebuli skolebi sa-

dac adgilobriv enasTan erTad iswavleboda rusuli enac,

Tanac rusulis codna savaldebulo iyo. rusi bavSvebis-

Tvis iyideboda saRvTo rjuli, mTielebisTvis ki - yurani.

1872 wels q. groznoSi ixsneba mTargmnelTa skola. 1996

wels puSkinis sax. saswavlebeli. 1904 wels realuri sas-

wavlebeli da qalTa gimnazia.

Tu 1848 wels gimnaziis yvela klasSi moswavleTaTTvis

aucilebeli iyo ori adgilobrivi enis swavla, 1853 wels

es enabi iswavleboda mxolod sam dawyebiT klasSi, zeda


80

klasebSi ki mxolod erTi. 70-an wlebSi ki rCeba mxolod

rusuli.

saxelmwifo sabWos 1867 wlis sxdomaze miRebul iqna

rusuli enis saaTebis gazrdis gadawyvetileba. gansakuTre-

bul interess iwvevs periodi oqtombris revoluciidan

1938 wlamde. es aris periodi nacionaluri anbanebis gra-

fikis Tanaarsebobisa - arabuli, laTinuri, rusuli. gan-

sakuTrebuli yuradRebis Rirsia Samilis omebis Semdgomi

periodis viTareba, romelsac petre uslari uwodebs ”kav-

kasielebis saboloo miwynarebis” periods. 1957 wlidan

CeCneT-inguSeTis avtonomiur respublikaSi swavlebis ena

xdeba mxolod rusuli, mogvianebiT ki misi fardoba ecema

5:1-Tan. sainteresoa, rom aseT SemTxvevaSi moswavlTa ga-

naTleba iyofa sam safexurad: dabali, dawyebiTi, saSualo.

Tavisi midrekilebisadmi momavali cxovrebis mimarT mos-

wavle irCevs misTvis saWiro aucilebel dones (Seadare

indoeTSi kastebisTvis dawesebul 14 dones, romelTa ga-

dalaxva akrZalulia).

enisadmi momxmarebluri damokidebuleba damaxasiaTebe-

lia dRevandeli dRisTvisac. enis mravalsafexuriani cod-

nisadmi damokidebuleba ganapirobebs rusuli enisadmi

daqveiTebul interessac. ase rom rusul enas am saukune-

Si xelaxla mouwevs kavkasiis regionSi Tavisi adgilis

damkvidreba. sul ramdenime xnis win ase vfiqrobdiT, sam-

wuxarod exla sul sxva viTareba gvaqvs, rac naTlad Cans

Tbilisis quCebsa da arqiteqturuli Zeglebis garSemo,

sadac interfronteli eqskursiamZRolebi amayad acxadeben

- eto naSa imperia !!!


81

VLADIMIR KIKILASHVILI

Language as a Means of Creeping Aggression (Russian Policy in the Caucasus Region)

Russian language policy began to form in the first years of the 19th century. Here we must make a distinction between the two main aspects there-of: temporal and spatial ones. Both aspects comprise a number of basic levels.

The first level of the temporal aspect is the Russification of the South Ca-ucasus, namely the introduction of the Russian education in Georgia – Tbilisi was the place where the very first secular “Russian school” was opened.

The next stage was the Committee for the Restoration of Orthodoxy, whose aim was the transfer of the Georgian Orthodox Church to the Russian language-based religious rites.

We must pay special attention to the attempts to substitute the Georgian script with the Cyrillic alphabet. Two stages must be singled out here: the first one taking place before the October revolution of 1917, and the second one – occurring during the Soviet era. It must be emphasized that Nicholas Marr, who advocated the idea of the global introduction of the universal alphabet, opposed the introduction of this alphabet for the Georgian and Armenian languages.

There was the similar situation in the North Caucasus, which by the time did not have its own alphabet with the exception of the script of 7th-15th centuries AD, executed in the Georgian graphical system and the first Avar-language inscriptions, made in Georgian and Arabic graphical systems (1485 AD). The first Avar printed text, executed in the Arabic graphical system, was published in 1884 in Istanbul. It was a piece of religious literature. In the period from this moment to the October revolution, there were printed 100 books in total.

The introduction of the Russian graphical system was met with certain opposition. It was confronted with the Arabic script.

In the Soviet era, the officials carrying out the Russification policy used the mistake made before and offered the Latin alphabet to the North Caucasian peoples. This was initiated by the Chairman of the Azerbaijani Central Committee S. A. Aghamali-oghli. He gave a report on his opinion to V. Lenin, who dubbed the idea as “the beginning of the cultural revolution among Turks”.


82

By the time, many peoples of the Russian Empire had the scripts based on the Arabic graphical system. The task of the new, revolutionary government was to break the links between these peoples and the rest of the Islamic world and their religion.

“The transfer to the Latin graphical system has a paramount importance – it tears down the wall between the European and the Muslim cultures, bringing the East and the West closer together”, said A. Mikoyan, a member of the Bureau of the Central Committee of the Bolshevik Party, during the conference dedicated to the Latinization of the script in 1925.

This move was followed by the decade-long debates and confrontation. Eventually, the Caucasians exhausted by the debates and reprisals were made to consent to the introduction of the “neutral Cyrillic alphabet”.

Here we must make a special mention of the events which ensued after the Latinization of the alphabets of the Caucasian languages. As we know, in 1862 P. Uslar developed for the Abkhaz language an alphabet based on the Cyrillic with the addition of several Georgian and Latin graphemes. In 1926, the Abkhaz language was selected for a linguistic experiment – N. Marr decided to develop the Abkhazian analytical alphabet as a version of the intended universal worldwide alphabet – the first step of the introduction of the universal worldwide language. Marr however could not see the difference between scholarly transcription and practical alphabet and this is why his idea was doomed to the failure. Neither the attempts made by N. Yakovlev could save Marr’s idea from the inevitable collapse. Although he devised a formula for the mathematical construction of alphabets, still his effort was also in vain. Perhaps, the cause of this was the fact that he did not take into account the ideal quality of the Georgian alphabet and the positive experience of the Caucasian Albanian alphabet in the field of the development of the ideal alphabet for multi-sound language.

We do not intend to discuss here the attempts to develop alphabets for the Abkhaz language, since this is the field of the specialists in the Abkhaz language who can better cope with the task and can better highlight another example of the Russification policies. We would like simply to state that Russia managed to succeed in its plans only in the North Caucasus. As for the propagation of the Orthodox Christianity in the Caucasus region, this effort of Russia was supported by the Institute for Bible Translation.


83

giorgi sosiaSvili

osebis ena da kultura saqarTveloSi (warsuli da dRevandeloba, zogadi mimoxilva)

qarTveli da osi xalxis urTierToba saukuneebs iT-

vlis. Sua saukuneebidan moyolebuli qarTuli saxelmwifos mesveurebs axlo mezobloba hqondaT CrdiloeT kavkasiis

mTian nawilSi damkvidrebul osebTan. cnobilia, rom imi-

erkavkasiis is nawili, sadac mermindeli osTa saxelmwifo

Camoyalibda, momTabare alanTa pirvelsacxovriss ar war-

moadgenda. skviT-sarmatuli warmoSobis dRevandeli osebi

iranuli modgmis xalxs ganekuTvnebian da isini adreul

SuasaukuneebSi imierkavkasiis velebze gadaadgildebodnen.

monRolTa Semosevebma osTa gaerTianebas mZime dar-

tyma miayena da isini sabolood CrdiloeT kavkasiis mTia-

neTSi damkvidrdnen.

monRolTa gamoCenamde alanTa tomebi ganfenili iy-

vnen vrcel teritoriaze. maTi sacxovrisis Semcirebis

Semdeg alan-osebis gadaadgilebis teritoriis nawili

sxvadasxva Crdilo kavkasiurma xalxma daikava. gamoTqmulia

mosazreba, rom skviT-sarmatuli modgmis tomebis Semosvla

CrdiloeT kavkasiaSi or nakadad ganxorcielda. Zv. w. VIII

saukunidan CrdiloeT kavkasiaSi Semodian skviTuri, xolo

Zv. w. III. saukuneSi sarmatuli tomebi. rogorc g. TogoS-

vili aRniSnavs, skviT-sarmatuli tomebi: ”Tavisebur daRs

asvamen adgilobriv mosaxleobis ganviTarebis process.” 75

amas mohyva axali welTaRricxvis I saukunidan donispireT-

Si, yubanispireTsa da centralur kavkasiaSi Suaaziidan

mosuli sarmatuli tomebis monaTesave alanebis Semosvla.

sabolood, Semosulma skviT-sarmatebma da alanebma adgi-

lobrivi, avtoqtoni mosaxleobis asimilacia moaxdines. im

mosaxleobis, romelic kolxur-yobanuri kulturis gavrce-

lebis arealSi cxovrobda da am kulturis erT-erTi Se-

moqmedi iyo. rogorc t. futkaraZe aRniSnavs: ”kolxur-yo-

75 g. TogoSvili, saqarTvelo-oseTis urTierTobis istoriidan, (uZvelesi droidan XIV saukunis damlevamde, Tb., 1958, gv. 37.


84

banuri arqeologiuri kulturis arealSi mcxovreb iberi-

ul-kavkasiuri enis mqone mosaxleobis sacxovrisSi Zv. w.

pirvel aTaswleulis Sua periodSi Semovidnen indoevro-

puli enis mqone skviTebi, romelTa erTi nawili kompaq-

turad damkvidrda erT-erT iberiul-kavkasiur enaze/dia-

leqtze molaparake ovsTa sacxovrisSi. droTa ganmavloba-

Si, mosulTa ena gabatonda damxdurTa enaze, Tumca, ov-

sTa ena substratul fenad SemorCa gabatonebul indoev-

ropul enaSi. ”..iberiul-kavkasiuri substratuli fena Ta-

namedrove osurSi Cans yru-mkveTri Tanxmovnebisa da did-

Zali leqsikis saxiT”. 76 t. futkaraZis da m. labaZis gan-

martebiT: ”Tamamad SeiZleba iTqvas, rom fonematuri

struqturis mixedviT osuri ena Zalian axlosaa iberiul-

kavkasiur enobriv erTeulebTan: rogorc uSualod mosaz-

Rvre enebTan (qarTuli, CeCnur-inguSuri, Cerqezuli), ise

aramosazRvreebTanac (daRestnis enebi) - dadgenilia, rom

osuri enis fonematur struqturaSi arsebobs e. w. kavka-

siuri xSulebi-yelxSuli (mkveTri) Tanxmovnebi: p, t, k, w,

W, y, t”.“ 77 avtorTa kvleva osurSi arsebul kavkasiur

xSulebTan dakavSirebiT midis daskvnamde: ”amJamindeli

osebi xangZlivi drois ganmavlobaSi warmoiqmnen damxvdu-

ri iberiul-kavkasiuri da momxvduri alanuri tomebis Se-

reviT”. 78 Tanamedrove alan-osebi rom kavkasiaSi mosuli,

araavtoqtoni eTnosia amas aRiarebs g. TogoSvili. igi

wers: ”osebi enis mxriT indoevropelebi arian, kulturis

mxriT ki tipiuri kavkasielebi”.79 mosuli skviT-sarmatuli

modgmis tomebis zewolis Sedegad ara marto kolxur-yo-

banuri kulturis Semqmneli iberiul-kavkasiuri enis erT-

erT dialeqtze molaparake xalxis (qarTul wyaroebSi Se-

morCenili termini ”ovsi”, ”ovsebi” swored am Zveli xal-

76 t. futkaraZe, qarTvelebi, Tb., 2005, gv. 144. 77 t. futkaraZe, m. labaZe, osur enaSi arsebuli „kavkasiuri xSulebis“ istoriisTvis, iv. javaxiSvilis saxelobis Tbilisis saxelmwifo universitetis qarTul-osur urTierTobaTa samecni-ero-kvleviTi centri, III saerTaSoriso samecniero konferenciis masalebi, Tb., 2017, gv. 146. 78 iqve, gv. 148. 79 g. TogoSvili, dasax. naSromi, gv. 107.


85

xis aRmniSvneli eTnonimi unda iyos) asimilicia moxda.

alanebma kavkasiuri warmoSobis sxva xalxebic Seaviwroves

da maTi teritoriebi miiTvises. amis sailustraciod Seg-

viZlia davasaxeloT dvalebi.80

dvalTa nawili saqarTvelos dablobSi Camosaxlda,

xolo nawili alanebs Seeria. dvalebiT dasaxlebul teri-

toriaze osuri ena gabatonda. vaxuSti batoniSvili

mkveTrad mijnavda dvalTa enas osuri enisagan: ”ena aqvT

Zveli, dvaluri da aw ubnoben osursa”.81 prof. r. Tof-

CiSvilis ganmartebiT, dvaleTi Tavdapirvelad dasavleT

da aRmosavleT qarTvelTa Tanacxovrebis adgili iyo. 82

dvalTa gaosebis procesi, rogorc r. TofCiSvili aRniS-

navs, erTdrouli aqti ar yofila. maTi eTnikuri asimi-

laciis procesi xangZlivi drois ganmavlobaSi (ramdenime

Taobis manZilze) mimdinareobda da is ZiriTadad ganxor-

cielda XVI_XVII saukuneebis mijnaze. 83 XVII saukunis I

naxevarSi jer kidev dvaleTSi qarTvelebi (qarTuli gvari-

sani) mkvidrobdnen.84 XVIII saukunis dvaleTis mosaxleobas

aRsaniSnavia, rom 1843 wels saqarTveloSi namyofi germaneli mogzauri august haqsthauzeni, romelmac osebis Sesaxeb sakmaod vrceli informacia dagvitova, msgavsebas xedavda, osi da germa-neli xalxis yofa-cxovrebaSi. g. gelaSvili, haqshauzeni osebis Sesaxeb, axali da uaxlesi istoriis sakiTxebi, #1(5), Tb., 2009, gv. 399. osTa saubris JReradobasa da manerebSi aseTive msgavse-bas xedavda germaneli mogzauri iohan georg kolic. g. gelaSvi-li, iohan kolis cnobebi osebis Sesaxeb, axali da uaxlesi itoriis sakiTxebi, 1 (9), Tb., 2011, gv. 297. osebis warmomavlo-bis Sesaxeb saintereso mosazreba gamoTqva XVIII saukunis II na-xevarSi saqarTveloSi Camosulma germanelma mogzaurma iohan an-ton giuldenStedtma. mecnieri osebs Zveli yivCaRebis, an uJe-bis STamomavlebad miiCnevda, xolo osur enas sparsulis mona-Tesaved Tvlida. g. sosiaSvili, germaneli mogzaurebi osebis Se-saxeb, Tb., 2007, gv. 66-67. 80 mitropiliti anania jafariZe, qarTvelTa denacionalizacia XVII-XX saukuneebSi, Tb., 1997, gv. 379. 81 vaxuSti batoniSvili, aRwera samefosa saqarTvelosa, qarTlis cxovreba, teqsti dadgenili yvela ZiriTadi xelnaweris mixed-viT s. yauxCiSvilis mier, Tb., 1973, t. IV, gv. 639. 82 r. TofCiSvili, dvaleTi da dvalebi, Tb., 2016, gv. 71. 83 r. TofCiSvili, dasax. naSromi, gv. 73; 84 r. TofCiSvili, saqarTveloSi osTa Camosaxlebisa da Sida qarTlis eTnoistoriis sakiTxebi, Tb., 1997, gv. 40.


86

ukve eTnikuri osebi warmoadgendnen. 85 Sua saukuneebSi

qarTuli saxelmwifos urTierToba, imierkavkasiaSi dam-

kvidrebul alanebTan samxedro-politikur xasiaTs atareb-

da. osebi xSirad gamodiodnen qarTuli samefo xelisuf-

lebis damxmare Zalad rogorc sagareo mtris, aseve, qvey-

nis SigniT arsebuli politikuri problemebis mosagvareb-

lad. samxedro mokavSireobam ori xalxis urTierTobaSi

ganmsazRvreli xasiaTi SeiZina da am kavSirebis mdgrado-

bis survilma da samomavlo politikurma strategiam sa-

fuZveli Seumzada dinastiur qorwinebebs. sakmarisia gavix-

senoT: giorgi I(1014-1027 w.w), bagrat IV(1027-1072 w.w)),

giorgi III(1156-1184 w.w), naTesauri kavSirebis damyareba

oseTis mmarTvel wreebTan.

saqarTvelos xelisuflebasTan Camoyalibebulma sam-

xedro-politikurma kavSirebma, CrdiloeT kavkasiaSi mcxov-

reb warmarT osebSi gza gauxsna qristianul sarwmunoebas

da am sarwmunoebis wiaRSi aRmocenebul qarTul kultu-

ras. samxedro-politikuri kavSirebis mdgradobis SenarCu-

nebis TvalsazrisiT, didi mniSvneloba eniWeboda alan-ose-

bis qarTul kulturul sivrceSi Semoyvanas, am Tvalsaz-

risiT farTo kalapoti Seqmna qristianulma sarwumunoe-

bam. mkvlevrebi Tvlian, rom osebSi qristianuli sarwmiu-

noeba andria mociqulma iqadaga. am azrisaa xarkovis arqi-

episkoposi makari. 86 d. lavrovi osebSi qristianuli sar-

wmunoebis gamavrceleblad wm. ninos miiCnevs.87 z. WiWinaZes

Tavis wignSi mohyavs gadmocema, romlis mixedviT oseTSi

andria mociqulma mRvdelmTavrad vinme mataTa daniSna,

sabolood ki osebi wm. ninom gaaqristiana. z. WiWinaZis

azriT, vaxtang gorgasalma V saukuneSi osebisTvis saepis-

koposo kaTedra daaarsa. 88 saistorio wyaroebis mixedviT

85 r. TofCiSvili, saqarTvelos istoriul-eTnografiuli mxaree-bi, Tb., 2017, gv. 170. 86 История христианства в России до равноапостольного князя Владимира, (второе издание), Спб., 1869, стр. 86, 87. Пфаф, Сборник сведений о кавказских горцах, Вып. IV, 1870, стр. 31. 87 Сборник материалов для описания местностей и племен Кавказа, Вып. III, 1883, стр. 200. 88 z. WiWinaZe, oseTis istoria, tf., 1913, gv. 44, 62-67.


87

osebis gaqristianeba 921-925 wlebSi moxda da es mniSvne-

lovani RonisZieba dakavSirebulia giorgi II afxazTa me-

fis saxelTan. qarTvel xelisufals CrdiloeT kavkasiaSi

qristianuli religiis gavrcelebaSi xels uwyobda kon-

stantinopolis patriarqi-nikoloz mistikosi. 89 qristianu-

li sarwmunoebis gavrcelebam qarTveli da osi xalxi ki-

dev ufro daaaxlova.

saqarTveloSi moRvawe osma dedoflebma didi wvli-

li Seitanes qarTuli kulturis ganviTarebaSi. bagrat IV

meuRle borena cnobilia, rogorc palestinis erT-erTi

monastris kappaTas amSenebeli. am saqmeSi mas Tavisi qa-

liSvili marTa (bizantiis imperatoris meuRle) uwevda

daxmarebas.90 borenas davalebiT svaneTSi lenjeris sazoga-

doebaSi macxovris eklesiis RvTismSoblis oqroWedil xat-

ze warwerac amoukveTiaT. rogorc Cans, igi Zalze ganaT-

lebuli da RvTismosavi adamiani iyo.91 aranakleb mniSvne-

lovania giorgi III meuRlis burduxan dedoflis kultu-

ruli moRvaweoba. burduxani moxseniebulia xobis monas-

tris RvTismSoblis xatis warweraSi. nikoloz kaTaliko-

sis werilis Tanaxmad, igi Zalze zrunavda ruisis taZar-

ze.92

qarTveli da osi xalxis urTierToba kidev ufro

axal simaRleze avida Tamaris mefobis(1184-1210w.w) dros.

saqarTveloSi gazrdili Tamaris meuRle daviT soslani

ara marto sworupovari mxedarTmTavari iyo, aramed ga-

naTlebuli moRvawe da qarTuli kulturis didi mcodnec.

iv. javaxiSvilis SefasebiT daviTi: ”mwignobrobasa da mec-

89 g. TogoSvili, dasax. naSromi, gv. 115. georgika, bizantieli mwerlebis cnobebi saqarTvelos Sesaxeb, berZnuli teqstebi qar-Tuli TargmaniTurT gamosca da ganmartebebi daurTo s. yaux-CiSvilma, t. IV, nakv. 2, Tb., 1952, gv. 213. 90 l. menabde, Zveli qarTuli mwerlobis kerebi, Tb., 1980, gv. 145. 91 e. TayaiSvili, arq. eqspedicia leCxum-svaneTSi, 1910 w. parizi, 1937 w. gv. 316. 92 g. TogoSvili, dasax. naSromi, gv. 227, T. Jordania, qronikebi, I, tf., 1892, gv. 268.


88

nierebaSic didad dawinaurebuli aRmoCnda.” 93 nuzalis

saydarSi, romelic araerTma mkvlevarma aRwera da Seiswav-

la, arsebobda qarTuli warwera, romelSic CamoTvlili

iyo osi bayaTaris winaprebi da misi orTabrZola qar-

Tvel mefesTan. z. WiWinaZe miiCnevda, rom es warwera da-

viT soslanis SeTxzuli iyo. 94 daviT soslani moxseniebu-

lia nuzalis freskul warwerebSi. 95 Sua saukuneebis gan-

mavlobaSi qristianuli kultura imier kavkasiaSi saqar-

Tvelodan vrceldeboda. oseTSi qarTuli kulturis ara-

erTi nimuSi gvxvdeba, maT Soris qarTvel mefeTagan Sewi-

ruli saeklesio zarebi. md. ardonis Senakad ceis xeobaSi

arsebobs reqomis salocavi, romlisTvisac giorgi XI zari

Seuwiravs. zari, amotvifruli warweris Tanaxmad, 1680

wliT TariRdeba.96 aseTive zari giorgi XI qurTaTis xeo-

baSi arsebul Zivgisis taZrisTvisac uboZebia. aRniSnuli

zari 1683 wliT TariRdeba. 97 oseTSi qristianuli sar-

wmunebis mZlavr gavrcelebas adasturebs sof. zaramagSi

aRmoCenili XIII saukunis fsalmuni, romelic XVII sauku-

nis dasawyisSi CautaniaT oseTSi.98

qristianuli sarwmunoebis da qarTuli kulturis

oseTSi gavrcelebaze saubris dros gverds ver avuvliT

oseTis sasuliero komisiis saqmianobas. komisiis Seqmnamde

oseTSi saganmanaTleblo saqmis ganviTarebaze didi wlili

Seitana qarTvelma sasuliero moRvawem, samSoblodan

93 iv. javaxiSvili, qarTveli eris istoria, w. II, Tb., 1948, gv. 261. ix. Уварова П, Кавказ. Путевые заметки, 1879, стр. 40-41; Пфаф, Материалы для истории Осетии, Сборник сведений о кавказских горцах, Вып. V, 1871, стр. 33-35; Джанашвили, М., Известия грузинских летописей и историков о Северном Кавказе и России, Сборник материалов для описания местностей и племен Кавказа, т. XXII, 1897, стр. 43-44. 94 z. WiWinaZe, oseTis istoria, gv. 207. Джанашвили, М., “Картлис Цховреба”, Сборник материалов для описания местностей и племен Кавказа, Вып. 35, 1905, стр. 181-182. 95 iv. lolaSvili, daviT soslanis akldamis saidumloeba, Tb., 1971, gv. 39. 96 g. TogoSvili, saqarTvelo-oseTis urTierToba, XV-XVIII s.s Tb., 1969, gv. 231. 97 iqve, gv. 231. 98 iqve, gv. 232.


89

CrdiloeT kavkasiaSi gadaxvewilma arqiepiskoposma ioanem.

1737 wels is astraxanSi Cavida da troickis monasterSi

moRvaweobda, xolo aqedan mcire xanSi yizlaSi gadavida,

saswavlebeli gaxsna da qristianobis qadagebas Seudga. 99

Tumca, yvelaze masStaburi saganmanaTleblo saqmianoba

oseTSi qarTvel sasuliero pirTa mier dakompleqtebulma

komisiam warmarTa. komisiis Seqmnis iniciatorebi iyvnen

moskovis znamenskis winamZRvari arqiepiskoposi nikolozi

da arqiepiskoposi ioseb samebeli. 100 aRniSnulma sasulie-

ro pirebma komisiis Seqmnis TxovniT imperators 1742

wels mimarTes. komisiis mizani osebSi Seryeuli qristia-

nuli sarwmunoebis aRdgena iyo. es gansakuTrebiT exeboda

yizlarTan axlos mcxovreb osebs, romlebic uwin mar-

Tlmadidebeli qristianebi iyvnen da qarTvel mefeebs

emorCilebodnen. maT qviTkiriT nagebi eklesiebic hqon-

daT. 101 cnobilia, rom 1739 wels ruseTsa da TurqeTs

Soris zavi daido, yabardo neitralur qveynad gamocxad-

da. ruseTi erideboda oseTSi raime saxis Ria kampania

ewarmoebina, amitom qarTveli sasuliero moRvaweebis misi-

onerul saqmianobas daTanxmda, riTac is Tavis politikas

SeniRbavda.102

qarTveli arqimandritebis nikolozisa da iosebis re-

komendaciiT 1744 wels, oseTis sasuliero komisia Semde-

gi SemadgenlobiT dakompleqtda: arqimandriti paxomi,

iRumenebi qristefore (daviT guramiSvilis Zma), nikolozi,

yazanis eparqiaSi myofi dekanozi giorgi davidovi, arqie-

li ivane semenovi, mnaTe giorgi borisovi. komisiis wevre-

bi qarTvelebi iyvnen.103 aRniSnulma komisiam, romelic qar-

Tveli sasuliero pirebis SemadgenlobiT muSaobas 1745

99 М. Илуридзе, Исторический очерк деятельности православного миссионерства на кавказе в ХVIII и XIX столетиях, Причины его успехов и неудач, Пастырь, 1888. #6, стр. 7. 100 g. TogoSvili, dasax, naSromi, gv. 235. 101 iqve, gv. 235. 102 iqve, gv. 236. S. xanTaZe, qarTveli moRvaweebi Crdilo kavka-siaSi XVIII saukuneSi, s. janaSias sax. saqarTvelos saxelmwifo muzeumis moambe, t. XIX, ---A, da XX—B. 1957, gv. 406. 103 g. TogoSvili, dasax. naSromi, gv. 237.


90

wlidan Seudga, 1771 wlamde iarseba. TurqeTTan omSi

ruseTis gamarjvebis Semdeg ruseTis xelisuflebam komisia

gadaaxalisa da qarTveli sasuliero pirebi rusi erovne-

bis sasuliero moRvaweebiT Caanacvla.104 qarTveli sasuli-

ero pirebis misionerulma moRvaweobam Zalze didi gavle-

na iqonia osi xalxis kulturul cxovrebaze. sasuliero

komisiis wevrebi zrunavdnen osi bavSvebis aRzrdaze, maT

ganaTlebaze. komisiis xelmZRvanelma paxomma 2 os bavSvs

sakuTari xarjebiT aswavla. sami osi bavSvi aRzarda iRu-

menma grigolma da sxv.105 sasuliero komisiis wevrebi di-

dad zrunavdnen osi xalxisTvis saganmanaTleblo kerebis

Seqmnis TvalsazrisiT. am mxriv, unda aRiniSnos arqinadri-

ti paxomis mier osi xalxisTvis skolis gaxsnis pirveli

mcdeloba, romelic uSedegod damTavrda. Tumca, 1764

wels mozdokSi skola mainc gaixsna, romlis daarsebis

idea qarTvel sasuliero pirebs ekuTvnodaT. skolis pir-

veli maswavalebeli iyo arqimandriti grigol romaniSvi-

li.106

ganuzomlad didia qarTveli sasuliero moRvaweebis

damsaxureba osi xalxisTvis anbanis Seqmnis saqmeSi. am

mxriv, didad iRvawa mozdokis episkoposma gaiozma (Tela-

vis seminariis yofili reqtori) romelic erekle II da

solomon II ndobiT aRWurvili moRvawe iyo.107

osebis gaqristianebis saqmeSi did rols asrulebda

qarTuli saRvTismetyvelo teqstebis osur enaze Targmna.

1747-1753 w.w. iRumenma grigolma ramdenime qarTuli wig-

ni qarTuli saeklesio grafikis (xucuris) gamoyenebiT

osur enaze gadaTargmna. 108 qarTuli saeklesio SriftiT

osuri wignebis gamocemis ufro adrindel faqts adastu-

rebs m. janaSvili. rogorc mkvlevari aRniSnavs, mas 1753

104 iqve, gv. 238. 105 iqve, gv. 239; Материалы по истории Осетии, т. V, Орджоникидзе, 1933, док. 4. 106 Материалы по истории Осетии, т. V, док. 15; 107 А. Цагарели, Грамоты и другие исторические документы XVIII столетия, относящиеся к Грузии, т. II, Спб., 1902, стр. 71-72. 108 dasax, naSromi, gv. 246.


91

wels dabeWdili osuri wigni unaxavs. 109 miuxedavad imisa,

rom osuri wignebis gamocemis safuZveli qarTuli grafi-

ka iyo, mcire xanSi ruseTma midgoma Secvala da sasulie-

ro komisiaSi myof rus ierarqebs ubrZana, rom osuri sa-

eklesio wignebi mxolod slavuri grafikis safuZvelze ga-

moecaT. 110 qarTuli saRvTismetyvelo wignebis Targmnis

saqmes nayofierad agrZelebda mozdokis episkoposi gaiozi.

1785 wels man os mRvdelTan pavle gencaurovTan erTad

saeklesio slavuri anbanis safuZvelze Seadgina osuri an-

bani da qarTulidan osur enaze Targmna wigni:„

Начальное учение человеком, хотящим учитися книг

Божественнаго писания. aRniSnuli wigni moskovis sinoda-lur stambaSi 1798 wels daibeWda.111 osTa saganmanaTleb-

lo saqmianobas didi amagi dasdo ioane ialRuziZem (gaba-

raevma) (1770-1830). ioane ialRuziZem qarTuli anbanis

safuZvelze Seqmna osuri anbani, romelic 1821 wels Tbi-

lisis stambaSi daibeWda. Tumca, misi gardacvalebis Sem-

deg osuri wignebis gamocema qarTuli grafikis safuZvel-

ze Sewyvetil iqna. ruseTis xelisuflebis davalebiT 1844

wels frangma akademikosma andreas Segrenma Zveli slavu-

ri anbanis safuZvelze osuri damwerloba Seqmna. 1923-

1938 w.w osur damwerlobas safuZvlad edo laTinuri an-

bani, Tumca, 1938 wlidan CrdiloeT oseTSi, xolo 1954

wlidan e. w. samxreT oseTSi sabolood rusuli grafika

109 Сборник материалов для описания местностей и племен Кавказа, т. XXII, 1897, стр. 64 110 g. TogoSvili, dasax. naSromi, gv. 246. 111 iqve, gv. 247. ialRuziSvilTa gvari qarTuli warmomavlobis iyo. 1432 wlis Tiris monastris sigelSi ixsenieba beJan ialRuzisSvili, rom-lis saRaped molaraTuxucesma xelma TavxelisZem Tiris monas-ters meRvrekisSi mcxovrebi glexi WonisSvili Sewira. g. sosiaS-vili, Tiris moanstris 1432 wlis sabuTi da TavxelisZeTa sag-vareulo, „analebi“, #11, 2015, gv. 159. mogvianebiT, ialRu-ziSvilebis, igive ialRuzisZeTa gaoseba moxda. qarTvelTa gaose-bis procesi gansakuTrebiT aqtiuri iyo XIX saukunis meore na-xevarsa da XX saukunis dasawyisSi. mitropoliti anania jafari-Ze, qarTvelTa denacionalizacia XVII-XX saukuneebSi, Tb., 2010, gv. 499-500.


92

damkvidrda.112 garda imisa, rom qarTveli sasuliero pire-

bi aqtiur misonerul moRvaweobas eweodnen os xalxSi,

samefo xelisuflebis mxardaWeriT isini cdilobdnen osi

axalgazrdebis Semoyvanas qarTul kulturul-saganmanaT-

leblo sivrceSi, amas adasturebs saqarTveloSi aRzrdili

araerTi osi sasuliero piris moRvaweoba. erT-erTi maT-

gani parTeni ikorTis taZris arqimadriti yofila. is ix-

senieba 1761 wliT daTariRebul ikorTis taZris erT-erT

xelnawerSi.113 qarTvel arqimandrit paxoms aRuzrdia qur-

TaTis xeobeli vinme baxta, romlis qristianuli saxeli

bagrati yofila. mas araerTi qarTuli wigni gadauweria,

maT Soris sulxan-saba orbelanis leqsikoni. 114 ikorTis

moansterSi moRvaweobda osi arqimandriti gamalieli. ro-

gorc ioane batoniSvili Tavis ”kalmasobaSi” gadmogvcems,

is anton kaTalikosis gazrdili iyo. osi gamalielis sa-

xels araerTi wignis gadawera ukavSirdeba.115 XVIII sauku-

nis II naxevarSi saqarTveloSi kulturul-saganmanaTleblo

saqmianobas eweodnen: giorgi jaTiSvili, osyofili vanis-

Svili jvanis Ze diakvani, XVIII saukunis bolos saqarTve-

loSi moRvaweobda aseve os yofili neofite, romelmac

anton kaTalikosisagan arqimandritoba miiRo.116

os moRvaweTagan gansakuTrebiT unda aRniSnos ioane

ialRuziZis cxovreba da Semoqmedeba, sof. zaldadan erek-

le II brZanebiT saqarTveloSi Camoyvanili ymawvili daviT

garejis monasterSi gamoCenili saeklesio moRvawis ioane

qarumiZis zedamxedvelobis qveS aRizarda, ioane ialRuzi-

112 v. iToniSvili, narkvevebi kavkasiis istoriidan, Tb., 2002, gv. 164; n. popiaSvili, eTnikuri umciresobebis enebis swavlebis Ta-viseburebebi sabWoTa da postsabWoTa saqarTveloSi (afxazuri da osuri enebis magaliTze), iv. javaxiSvilis saxelobis Tbili-sis saxelmwifo universitetis qarTul-osur urTierTobaTa sa-mecniero-kvleviTi centri, III saerTaSoriso samecniero konfe-renciis masalebi, Tb., 2017, gv. 113. 113 T. Jordania, qronikebi, t. II, tf., 1896, gv. 25. 114 g. TogoSvili, dasax. naSromi, gv. 249. xelnawerTa erovnuli centri, f. H, #300, furc. 259; al. Rlonti, narkvevebi, Tb., 1955, gv. 130-131. 115 ioane batoniSvili, kalmasoba, II, Tb., 1948, gv. 193; g. To-goSvili, dasax. naSromi, gv. 250. 116 iqve, gv, 251-252; ioane batoniSvili, kamasoba, II, gv. 194.


93

Zem qarTul-osur kulturul urTierTobas mZlavri biZgi

misca.

saqarTveloSi mcxovrebi osebis kulturas gansakuT-

rebuli suli STabera narSi dabadebuli kosta xeTagaTis

moRvaweobam. osi xalxis wiaRidan gamosulma didma poetma

mSobliuri xalxis literaturuli tradiciebi sruliad

sxva simaRleze aiyvana. am tradiciebis Semdgomi gamgrZe-

leblebi iyvnen: d. jioevi, g. besTauTi, r. asaevi, n. juso-

iTi da sxv.117

XIX saukunis II naxevarSi saimparatoro kari cdi-

lobda saqarTveloSi Camosaxlebuli osebisTvis rusuli

ganaTleba mieca, rac, cxadia, kavkasiaSi ruseTis politi-

kur interesebs emsaxureboda. amis sailustraciod SegviZ-

lia movixmoT„”qristianuli sarwmunoebis aRmdgenel sazo-

gadoebis” mier saqarTveloSi, sofel rokaSi osebisTvis

skolis gaxsnis faqti. os bavSvebs skolaSi rusi maswavle-

beli - scipini dauniSnes. cnobili xalxosani mwerali

sofrom mgalobliSvili, amis Sesaxeb werda: “rusi maswav-lebeli os bavSvebTan, romlebmac rusuli ena ar ician

da laparakoben mxolod osurad da qarTulad, yovlad

gaumarTlebelia“.118

ioane ialRuziZis Sesaxeb ix. g. TogoSvili, dasax. naSromi, gv. 252-256. a. SaniZe, erTi furceli qarTvelTa da osTa kultu-

ruli urTierTobidan, macne, 1964, # 1; Дз. .Гугкаев, О жизни и деятельности Ивана Ялгузидзе, Известия Юго-Осетинского научно-исследовательского института. Выпуск VII. Сталинир, 1955; Вып. VIII, 1957; g. axvlediani, ioane ialRuZis garSemo, Jurn. „fidiogi“, # 2, 1928. (osur enaze); i. ialRuziZe, poema „alRuziani“ da sxva masalebi, krebuli Seadgina da gamosca S. qurdaZem, cxinvali, 1988. amis Sesaxeb vrclad ix. a. mRebriSvili, cxinvalis literatu-ruli da kulturuli cxovrebis istoria, Tb., 2011, gv. 38; a. cotniaSvili, qarTul-osuri literaturuli urTierTobis isto-riidan, cxinvali, 1968, gv. 127-128; a. cotniaSvili, me-19 sauku-nis dasasrulisa da me-20 saukunis dasawyisis qarTuli periodi-ka qarTul-osuri urTierTobis Sesaxeb, cxinvali 1990, gv. 40. 117 a. mRebriSvili, dasax. naSromi, gv. 70-80 118 m. gaCeCilaZe, samaCablos osTa yofa-cxovreba, zne-Cveuleba, kultura, Tb., 1996, gv. 25-26.


94

XIX saukunis II naxevarSi „droebis“ korespondentis

g. liaxvelis informaciiT eklesiebTan arsebuli skolebi

gaixsna didi liaxvis xeobaSi, javaSi, koSkaSi, edisaSi.“119

aseTi skolebi rogorc a. mRebriSvili ganmartavs: ”Ziri-

Tadad mTis mosaxleobaSi qristianuli religiis danergva-

ganmtkicebas isaxavdnen miznad”.120 saqarTveloSi Camosaxle-

buli osebi, TandaTan Semodiodnen qarTul kulturul

sivrceSi, eziarebodnen qristianul wes-Cveulebebs, maTi

qristianizaciis TvalsazriT did rols asrulebda qarTu-

li ena, swored qarTuli enidan Sedioda da mkvidrdebo-

da os xalxSi qristianuli terminebio. amis naTel war-

modgenas qmnis osur enaSi Sesuli qristianul sarwmunoe-

basTan dakavSirebuli leqsika: Zuar - jvari, kuiri - kvira,

taranjelos - mTavarangelozi, morxo - marxva, barisCi, ba-

raeskae - paraskevi, mikalgabirTae - miqel-gabrieli, Ciris-

ti - qriste, mairam - mariami.121 osurSi qarTulidan aris

Sesuli aseve sityvebi: alardi - alaverdi, dekanoz - de-

kanozi, saniba - sameba, jeorguba - giorgoba.122

qristianuli terminologiis garda, qarTulidan

osur enaSi bevri iseTi leqsikuri erTeuli damkvidrda,

romelic dakavSirebulia sameurneo yofasTan, materialur

kulturasTan. aseTi sityvebia: kitri - jitri, boloki -

bulk, niori - nuri, bali - bal, focxi - pocxi, tiki -

diCi, kaba - kaba, winda - cinda, droSa - tirisa, kiri -

Cir, xerxi - xirx. 123 v. abaevis (am mosazrebas iziarebs g.

TogoSvilic) SexedulebiT, Tavis mxriv, mravalsaukunovani

urTierTobis Sedegad osuri enidanac damkvidrda qarTul

enaSi rigi leqsikuri erTeulebi: mag. Savi - sau; bevri -

(dig.) bevrae, qudu - xud, ludi - aeluton, doRi - dug,

119 gaz. „droeba“, # 128, 1876. 120 a. mRebriSvili, dasax. naSromi, gv. 393; saqarTveloSi Camosaxlebul osebSi swavla-ganaTlebis kerebze vrclad ix. t. sariSvili, skola da saxalxo ganaTleba revoluciamdel oseTSi, Tbilisi-staliniri, 1958, gv. 115; a. mRebriSvili, cxinvalis li-teraturuli da kulturuli cxovrebis istoria, gv. 391. 121 g. TogoSvili, dasax. naSromi, gv. 230; 122 iqve, gv. 165. 123 g. TogoSvili, dasax. naSromi, gv. 230; В. Абаев, Осетинский язык и фольклор, т. I, М., 1949, стр. 87.


95

ormo - uaerm, xidi - xid, qadagi - qadaeg, os mkvlevarTa

mixedviT osuri sityvis Ziri ”kad”“-i gamoiyeneba qarTul

sityvaSi ”sasi-qad-ulo”.124

miuxedavad imisa, rom qristianuli sarwmunoeba Crdi-

loeT kavkasiaSi damkvidrebul alanebSi jer kidev X sau-

kunidan mkvidrdeba, razec zemoT ukve mivuTiTebdiT,

osebSi warmarTul wes-Cveulebebs sakmaod gvianobamde

hqonda gadgmuli fesvebi. warmarTuli wesebi da ritua-

lebi osebSi qristianobam Caanacvla, Tumca winareqristia-

nuli elementebi mainc mZlavrad SemorCa. sasuliero ko-

misiis dauRalavi muSaobis miuxedavad, osebSi qristianu-

li sarwmunoebis gavrceleba did gamowvevad rCeboda.

XIX saukunis 20-ian wlebSi ruseTis saimperatoro kari

cdilobda osebi qristianul religiaze garkveuli gasam-

rjelos fasad moeqcia. germaneli mogzauri eduard aix-

124 В. Абаев, Осетинский язык и фольклор, т. I, стр. 86-87; g. TogoS-vili, saqarTvelo-oseTis urTierToba uZvelesi droidan XIV s. damlevamde, gv. 231. aRsaniSnavia, rom osebSi gavrcelebuli iyo vaCilas (Txis) kulti, romelic elia winaswarmetyvels ukavSirdeba. g. sosiaS-vili, Ziebani, Tb., 2007, gv. 6-7. gaz. „droebis“ korespondenti, g. liaxveli (CoCiSvili) aRniSnavda, rom osebi pativs scemdnen oTx wmindans: ilias (vaCCilas), Tevdore Torels (falvara), ni-kolozs (TuTire) da giorgis (vasjirjis). osebi vaCilas uklav-dnen Txas, TuTires xars, falvaras Rors da vasjirjis cxvars. „droeba,“ # 258, 1883, gv. 3. germaneli mogzauris august haqsthauzenis gadmocemiT, osebSi kata, ZaRli da viri jadosnur cxovelebad iTvleboda. g. gelaSvili, haqshauzeni osebis Sesaxeb, axali da uaxlesi istoriis sakiTxebi, # 1(5), Tb., 2009, gv. 369. osebs sxva warmarTuli kerpebic hqondaT, rogoric iyo: qurdebisa da mZarcvelebis RvTaeba „saubaragi“, aRniSnuli ker-pi alagiris mTebSi s. bizSi mdebareobda, osTa erT-erTi salo-cavi iyo aseve mkvlelTa mfarveli RvTaeba „farniji Zuari“. v. iToniSvili, dasax. naSromi, gv. 218. osebSi, rogorc germaneli mogzauri iakob rainegsi miuTiTebs, gavrcelebuli iyo animizmi, keTili da boroti sulebis Tayvaniscemac. iakob rainegsi, mog-zauroba saqarTveloSi, germanulidan Targmna, Sesavali da saZi-eblebi daurTo g. gelaSvilma, Tb., 2002, gv. 211. osTa erTi nawili islamsac aRiarebda. „droebis“ korespondenti g. liaxve-li, os mosaxlebaSi mahmadianobis gavrcelebas yabardoelebs mia-wers. „droeba“ #8, 1884; m. gaCeCilaZe, samaCablos osTa yofa-cxovreba, zne-Cveuleba, kultura, Tb., 1996, gv. 51.


96

valdi aRniSnavs, rom saxelmwifo xazinas yovelwliurad

osebis gasaqristianeblad 1500 maneTi exarjeboda. osebi

qristianobis miRebis sanacvlod iRebdnen fuls da ti-

los perangs.125

social-demokratiul (bolSevikur) partiaSi iqmnebo-

da miTi, Tu rogor iCagrebodnen saqarTvelos demokrati-

ul respublikaSi mcxovrebi eTnikuri umciresobani. amis

gamovlinebaa bolSevikTa erT-erTi lideris i. stalinis

mier 1921 wlis 10 Tebervals gazeT ”pravdaSi” gamoqveyne-

buli statia: ”partiis morig amocanebze nacionalur sa-

kiTxSi. Tezisebi rkp(b) X yrilobisaTvis, damtkicebuli

partiis centraluri komitetis mier”. sabWoTa xelisuf-

lebis momavali beladi werda: ”kerZo sakuTrebaze da

klasobriv uTanasworobaze dafuZnebul axal nacionalur

saxelmwifoebs ar SeuZliaT arseboba: a) Tu TavianT naci-

onalur umciresobebs ar daCagraven (poloneTi, romelic

Cagravs belorusebs, ebraelebs, litvelebs, ukrainelebs;

saqarTvelo romelic Cagravs osebs, afxazebs, somxebs;

125 eduard aixvaldi saqarTvelos Sesaxeb, germanulidan Targmna, Sesavali da saZieblebi daurTo g. gelaSvilma, Tb., 2005, gv. 34. qarTveli da osi xalxis mravalsaukunovan urTierTobaSi gan-sakuTrebiT mZime iyo 1918 weli. social-demokratiuli (bolSe-vikuri) partiis mier waqezebuli osTa kolaboracionistuli jgufis moZraoba jer kidev 1917 wlis dekemberSi daiwyo. 1917 wlis 15-17 dekembers, ”samxreT oseTis” delegatTa meore yri-lobam, romelic cxinvalSi gaimarTa, ”samxreT oseTis” erovnuli sabWo airCia. l. ToiZe, rogor Seiqmna ”samxreT oseTis” avto-nomiuri olqi, Tb., 1991, gv. 15. saqarTvelos erovnuli sabWo mWidrod TanamSromlobda ”saxreT oseTis” erovnul sabWosTan, Tumca osi separatistebi dapirispirebis provocirebas axdendnen. rogorc l. ToiZe wers: “aq erTmaneTSi iyo gadaxlarTuli so-cialuri, erovnuli da separatistuli motivebi”. iqve, gv. 23. 1918 wlis 19 marts, cxinvalSi osma bandebma Semzaravi trage-dia daatriales. daxoces molaparakebaze misuli qarTuli de-legaciis warmomadgenlebi, aseve adgilobrivi mSvidobiani mosax-leba. iqve, gv. 25-26. 1918 wlis martis osi kolaboracionistebis gamosvla qarTulma saxalxo gvardiam Caax-So. iqve, gv. 28. bolSevikebis mier dagegmili osTa ajanyeba Sem-deg wlebSic gagrZelda. sainteresoa Tbiliseli osebis pozicia qarTul-osur dapirispirebasTan dakavSirebiT. 1919 wlis 26 Tebervals Tbilisel osTa muSaTa krebaze gamosulma momxsene-belma v. gagloevma aRniSna: “erTaderTi swori gza oseTis de-


97

iugoslavia, romelic Cagravs xorvatebs, bosnielebs da

sxv.)”126 Tu rogor „iCagrebodnen“ eTnikuri umciresobani

demokratiul saqarTveloSi, es SegviZlia naTlad davina-

xoT demokratiuli respublikis xelisuflebis mier Semu-

Savebuli sakanonmdeblo regulaciebiT. 1918 wlis 1 oq-

tombris kanonis ”saqarTvelos saxelmwifo enis” mixedviT,

qarTul enas hqonda saxelmwifo enis statusi. saqarTve-

los erovnul sabWoSi yovelgvari saqmis warmoeba da kama-

Ti unda gamarTuliyo qarTul enaze. eTnikur umciresoba-

Ta enobrivi uflebebi calke kanoniT regulirdeboda.

1918 wlis 15 oqtombers miRebul iqna kanoni „”wesi enis

xmarebisa”, romliTac damateba Sevida parlamentis regla-

mentSi da ganisazRvra eTnikur umciresobaTa enebis gamo-

yenebis pirobebi.127 parlamentis wevrebs sityva unda war-

moeTqvaT qarTul enaze da maTi sityva ar iTargmneboda.

parlamentis wevr erovnul umciresobaTa warmomadgenlebs,

romlebmac qarTuli ena ar icodnen SeeZloT sityvis

warmoTqma TavianT deda enaze, romelic parlamentis er-

mokratiis winaSe aris Tavisufali saqarTvelo, romlis Semadge-neli nawilic aris oseTi”. iqve, gv. 30. amis miuxedavad osi kolaboracionistebis gamosvlebi mainc ar wydeboda, maT ukan bolSevikuri ruseTi idga. swored kremlis waqezebiT 1920 wlis 8 maiss roqis raionSi osebma sabWoTa xelisufleba gamo-acxades. osi kolaboracionistebis antisaxelmwifoebriv gamos-vlebs saqarTvelos demokratiuli respublikis mxridan mkacri reagireba mohyva. osTa“ajanyeba” CaxSobil iqna. vrclad ix., a. menTeSaSvili, osuri separatizmi 1918-1920 wlebSi, kreb. “osTa sakiTxi”, Tb., 1996, gv. 285. saqarTvelos demokratiuli respub-likis okupaciis da iZulebiT gasabWoebis Semdeg os separatis-tebs bolSevikurma xelisuflebam bolomde daufasa damoukide-beli saqarTvelos winaaRmdeg warmoebuli brZola da 1922 wlis 20 aprils samxreT oseTis avtonomiuri olqi Seiqmna. ax-lad Seqmnil olqs cxinvalTan erTad 40 qarTuli sofeli ga-daeca. l. ToiZe, dasax. naSromi, gv. 90. adgilobrivi qarTuli mosaxleoba samxreT oseTis avtonomiur olqSi Sesvlas aprotes-tebda, magram xelisuflebam mosaxleobis moTxovna yurad ar

iRo. G. Sosiashvili, The Oppresion of the Georgian Population in Tskhinvali Region During the First Years of Soviet Occupation, PRO GEORGIA, JOURNAL OF KARTVELOLOGICAL STUDIES, #27, WARSAW, 2017, p. 253. 126 i. b. stalini, Txzulebani, t. 5, gv. 19. 127 j. xecuriani, saqarTvelos saxelmwifo ena, Jurn. marTlmsaju-leba da kanoni, # 1, (28), gv. 17.


98

Tma wevrma mainc icoda. warmosaTqmeli sityva unda ga-

Targmniliyo qarTulad, Tu amas 15 deputati mainc mo-

iTxovda. 128 kidev ufro did uflebebs aZlevda eTnikur

emciresobebs 1919 wlis 14 ianvars miRebuli kanoni ”ad-

gilobriv TviTmarTvelobaTa organoebSi enis xmarebisa”.

am kanonis Sesabamisad TviTmarTvelobis farglebSi, Tu

eTnikuri umciresoba macxovrebelTa naxevarze meti iyo,

maTTvis saqmis warmoeba da msjeloba unda warmarTuliyo

rogorc saxelmwifo, ise maT mSobliur enaze.129 saqarTve-

loSi mcxovrebi eTnikuri umciresobaTa uflebebs gansa-

kuTrebuli adgili daeTmo 1921 wels miRebul konstitu-

ciaSi. demokratiuli respublikis am umaRles dokumentSi

me-14 Tavi swored am sakiTxs exeba. kontituciaSi vkiTxu-

lobT:

m u x l i 129

ar SeiZleba SeizRudos saqarTvelos respublikis

romelime erovnuli umciresobis Tavisufali socialur-

ekonomiuri da kulturuli ganviTareba, gansakuTrebiT mi-

si deda-eniT swavla-aRzrda da erovnul-kulturul saqme-

Ta Sinauri marTva-gamgeoba. yvelas aqvs ufleba sweros,

hbeWdos da ilaparakos dedaenaze.

m u x l i 130

erovnul umciresobisagan Semdgari adgilobriv TviT-

mmarTvelobis erTeulebs (Temi, eroba, qalaqi) ufleba

aqvT SeerTdnen da daaarson erovnuli kavSiri Tavis kul-

turul-ganmanaTlebeli saqmeebis ukeT mosawyobad da ga-

saZRolad konstituciisa da kanonis farglebSi. erovnul

umciresobas, romelsac aseTi TviTmmarTvelobis organoebi

ar moepoveba, SeuZlia amis gareSec Seadginos erovnuli

kavSiri am muxlSi aRniSnuli uflebiTa da kompetenciiT.

erovnul kavSirSi Sesvla xdeba salaparako enis mixedviT.

erovnul umciresobaTa kulturul-ganmanaTlebel saWiroe-

baTa dasakmayofileblad saxelmwifo da TviTmmarTveloba-

128 n. popiaSvili, dasax. naSromi, gv. 114. 129 iqve, gv. 114; saqarTvelos demokratiuli respublikis samar-Tlebrivi aqtebis krebuli, 1990, gv. 26.


99

Ta biujetidan gadaideba finansuri saSualebebi propor-

ciulad mcxovrebTa raodenobisa.

m u x l i 131

ar SeiZleba SeizRudos visime politikuri da moqa-

laqeobrivi ufleba erovnul kavSirSi monawileobisaTvis.

m u x l i 132

yovel erovnul kavSirs SeuZlia aRZras da daicvas

sasamarTlos winaSe is saqme, romelic exeba konstitucii-

Ta da kanoniT miniWebul erovnul umciresobis uflebis

darRvevas.

m u x l i 133

saqarTvelos respublikis yovel moqalaqes Tanaswori

ufleba aqvs miiRos saxelmwifo, samoqalaqo, samxedro da

saqalaqo Tu saerobo samsaxuri.

m u x l i 134

erovnulad narevi adgilobrivi mmarTveloba valde-

bulia swavla-ganaTlebisaTvis gadadebuli TanxiT daaarso-

so sakmao ricxvi skolebis da kulturul-ganmanaTlebel

dawesebulebis moqalaqeTa erovnul Semadgenlobis pro-

porciis mixedviT.

m u x l i 135

erovnuli umciresobis skolaSi swavla iwarmoebs bav-

Svis salaparako enaze.

m u x l i 136

adgilobrivi mmarTvelobis farglebSi, sadac erTi

romelime erovnuli umciresoba aRemateba yvela moqalaqe-

Ta 20%-s, am erovnuli umciresobis moTxovniT msjeloba

da saqmis warmoeba saxelmwifo da sazogadoebriv dawese-

bulebaSi SemoRebul unda iqnes saxelmwifo enasTan er-

Tad mis deda-enazedac.

m u x l i 137

araqarTvel deputats, romelmac saxelmwifo ena sak-

maod ar icis, SeuZlia parlamentSi sityva warmosTqvas

deda-eniT, romlis swor Targmans winaswar warudgens

prezidiums.130

130 saqarTvelos konstitucia, miRebuli saqarTvelos damfuZnebe-li krebis mier 1921 wlis Tebervlis 21, baTomi, 1921, gv. 36-


100

saqarTvelos pirveli konstituciidan naTlad Cans,

rom demokratiuli respublikis umaRlesi xelisuflebis

saxelmwifoebrivi xedva orientirebuli iyo qveynis teri-

toriaze mcxovrebi sxvadasxva eTnikuri umciresobebis

enobriv da kulturul uflebebze, rac saxelmwifoebrivi

mowyobis mTavar dokumentSi mkafiod aisaxa. 1989 wlis

15 agvistos saqarTvelos kompartiis centralurma komi-

tetma, aseve saqarTvelos ssr umaRlesi sabWos prezidium-

ma da ssr ministrTa sabWom miiRo dadgenileba qarTuli

enis saxelmwifo programis Sesaxeb. aRniSnuli programis

me-6 punqtSi aRniSnuli iyo:„”respublikaSi mcxovrebi qar-

Tuli enis armcodne moqalaqeTaTvis qarTuli enis dasa-

ufleblad xelSemwyobi pirobebis Seqmna (finansuri da

saswavlo-meToduri uzrunvelyofa) yvela dawesebulebasa

da sawarmoSi”. amave programis me-13 punqti araqarTul

skolebSi qarTuli enis savaldebulo sagnad swavlebas

exeboda: ”konkretul winadadebaTa SemuSaveba respublikis

araqarTul skolebSi qarTuli enis savaldebulo swavle-

bis SemoRebis Sesaxeb”.131

37. bolSevikuri xelisuflebis mier miRebul konstituciaSi (1922 w.) erovnul umciresobaTa enebis Sesaxeb aseTi saxis Se-niSvna iyo: „Tavi II. muxli 6. SeniSvna: erovnul umciresobaT eniWebaT Tavisufali ganviTarebisa da samSoblo enis xmarebis ufleba rogorc sakuTar erovnul-kulturul, ise saerTo sa-xelmwifo dawesebulebebSi“. saqarTvelos momdevno (1927, 1937 w.w) konstituciebSi eTnikur umciresobaTa enobriv uflebebze igive Canawerebia, mcireodeni redaqciuli cvlilebebiT, mag. 1937 wlis saqarTvelos ssr konstituciaSi aseTi Canaweri gvxvdeba: „saqarTvelos ssr-is teritoriaze mosaxle nacionalur umciresobaTaTvis uzrunvelyofilia ufleba Tavisufali ganvi-Tarebisa da dedaenis xmarebisa rogorc Tavis kulturul, ise saxelmwifo dawesebulebebSi.“ amave konstituciis 157 muxlis Tanaxmad: kanonebi da agreTve saqarTvelos ssr uzenaesi sabWos prezidiumis brZanebulebani da ganmartebani, saqarTvelos ssr saxalxo komisarTa sabWos dadgenilebani da gankargulebani qvey-ndeba qarTul enaze, xolo avtonomiuri respublikebisa da av-tonomiuri olqisaTvis qarTul enaze da avtonomiuri respub-likis, an olqis enaze“. 131 gazeTi komunisti, # 196, 1989; regionuli konfliqtebi sa-qarTveloSi - samxreT oseTis avtonomiuri olqi, afxazeTis assr [1989-2001] politikur-samarTlebrivi aqtebis krebuli,


101

qarTuli enis ganviTarebis programis gamoqveynebis

Semdeg saqarTvelos kompartiis samxreT oseTis saolqo

komitetma da saxalxo deputatTa saolqo sabWos aRmaskom-

ma 1989 wlis 4 seqtembers miiRo dadgenileba osuri enis

ganviTarebis saxelmwifo programis Taobaze. aRniSnul

dadgenilebaSi vkiTxulobT:

”1. damtkicdes SemuSavebuli da farTo sazogadoebriobis

mier mowonebuli osuri enis saxelmwifo programa.

2. daevalos olqis partiul, sabWoTa, sameurneo, adminis-

traciul, samecniero da sazogadebriv organizaciebs uz-

runvelyon osuri enis ganviTarebis programiT gaTvalis-

winebuli RonisZiebebis uTuo da drouli Sesruleba.

3. aRniSnuli programis ganxorcielebasTan dakavSirebulma

yvela organizaciam ori Tvis vadaSi SeimuSaos da saxal-

xo daputatTa saolqo sabWos warmoudginos konkretuli

winadadebebi maTi realizaciis vadebis miTiTebiT.

4. saqarTvelos kompartiis centraluri komitetis, saqar-

Tvelos ssr umaRlesi sabWos prezidiumisa da ministrTa

sabWos winaSe daisvas sakiTxebi:

qarTuli enis saxelmwifo programis pirvel punqtSi

Setanili iqnas saTanado cvlilebebi samxreT oseTis av-

tonomiuri olqis Taobaze saqarTvelos ssr kanonisa da

osuri enis ganviTarebis programis Sesabamisad;

aRniSnuli programis mesame ganyofilebis me-9 da me-

14 punqtebi ar ganxorcieldes abiturientebze samxreT

oseTis avtonomiuri olqidan.

(...)

samxreT oseTis saolqo komitetis mdivdani a. Cexovi.

samxreT oseTis saolqo sabWos aRmaskomis Tavmjdoma-

re a. kaCmazovi”.“132

krebulis Semdgeneli da mTavari redaqtori Tamaz diasamiZe, Tb., 2002, gv. 7-8. 132 gazeTi ,,sabWoTa oseTi”, №188, 1989 wlis 28 seqtemberi; regionuli konfliqtebi saqarTveloSi - samxreT oseTis avto-nomiuri olqi, afxazeTis assr [1989-2001] politikur-samar-Tlebrivi aqtebis krebuli, krebulis Semdgeneli da mTavari redaqtori Tamaz diasamiZe, Tb., 2002, gv. 9.


102

osuri enis ganviTarebis programaSi gacxadebuli iyo

is miznebi, romelic kremlis mier inspirirebul os sepa-

ratistebs amoZravebdaT. enobrivi uflebebis gafarToebiT

SeniRbuli iyo samxreT oseTis avtonomiuri olqis sta-

tusis Seclis survili. olqSi, dadgenilebis Tanaxmad

daCqarebuli tempiT unda momxdariyo telecentris dap-

roeqteba da mSeneblobis dawyeba. SeuiaraRebeli Tvali-

Tac Cans, ra imaleboda aRniSnul dokumentSi. programaSi

aRniSnulia: „

”I. osuri enis konstituciuri statusi

1. samxreT oseTis avtonomiur olqSi saxelmwifo enebia

osuri, qarTuli da rusuli, rogorc erovnebaTSorisi

urTierTobis ena sabWoTa kavSirSi. olqis partiul, sab-

WoTa, administraciul, samecniero-saswavlo, sameurneo da-

wesebulebebsa da sawarmoebSi, sazogadoebriv organizaci-

ebSi gaaqtiurdes osuri enis funqcionireba.

2. saolqo sabWos aRmaskomTan Camoyalibdes osuri enis

mudmivmoqmedi sakoordinacio sabWo...

3. olqis farglebis gareT mcxovreb osurenovan mosaxle-

obas daxmareba gaewios saskolo swavlebis organizaciaSi

osur enaze, xolo iq, sadac amis saSualeba ar aris, gaT-

vliswinebul iqnes skolebSi osuri enisa da literaturis,

rogorc sagnis, Seswavla. amasTan dakavSirebiT Sesabamisi

raionebis saxalxo ganaTlebis ganyofilebebSi, agreTve sa-

qarTvelos ssr saxalxo ganaTlebis saministroSi saWirod

CaiTvalos osuri enisa da literaturis inspeqtorebis

Statebis SemoReba.

sabWoTa sinamdvileSi eTnikur umciresobebTan mimarTebaSi centraluri xelisuflebis mier multilingvaluri damokidebu-leba Camoyalibda, rac gulisxmobda sami enis swavlebas. 1. mSobliuri ena (afxazuri, osuri), 2. respublikis saxelmwifo ena - qarTuli, 3. araoficialuri, magram faqtobrivad saxel-mwifo enis funqciebis mqone da erovnebaTSoris urTierTobis instrumentad qceuli rusuli. am sami enidan qarTuli enis Semcirebis xarjze yalibdeboda bilingvalizmi. k. gabunia, umci-resobaTa ganaTlebis aspeqtebi postsabWour saqarTveloSi, iv. javaxiSvilis saxelobis Tbilisis saxelmwifo universitetis qar-Tul-osur urTierTobaTa samecniero-kvleviTi centri, III saer-TaSoriso samecniero konferenciis masalebi, Tb., 2017, gv. 49.


103

6. olqis qalaqisa da raionebis saxalxo deputatTa aR-

maskomebTan Seiqmnas osuri saliteraturo enis konsulta-

ciisa da funqcionirebisa da dacvis zedamxedvelobis ko-

misia.

III. osuri enis swavleba skolamdel dawesebulebebSi, sa-

Sualo skolebsa da pedagogiur institutSi

1. skolamdel dawesebulebebSi osi bavSvebisaTvis osur

enaze gadavides saswavlo-aRmzrdelobiTi procesi.

7. qalaqisa da raionuli centrebis skolebis dawyebiTs

klasebSi uzrunvelyofil iqnes osuri erovnebis bavSvebis

etapobrivi gadayvana osurenovan swavlebaze. am sakiTxze

Catardes saerTo saxalxo referendumi.

10. SemoRebul iqnes osuri enis swavleba qarTul sko-

lebSi da qarTuli enisa da osur skolebSi mexuTe kla-

sidan.

11. SemoRebul iqnes osuri enis swavleba samxreT oseTis

saxelmwifo pedinstitutis yvela ganyofilebaze, olqis

saSualo da profesiul-teqnikur saswavleblebSi.

12. samxreT oseTis saxelmwifo pedinstitutSi misaRebi

gamocdebis dros SemoRebuli iqnes gasaubreba yvela os

abiturientebTan.

13. gaTvaliswinebuli iqnes garkveuli SeRavaTebi olqis

gareT mdebare osuri soflebidan samxreT oseTis saxel-

mwifo pedagogiur institutSi Semsvlel abiturientTaT-

vis.

18. moxdes SeTanxmeba CrdioleT oseTis avtonomiuri sab-

WoTa socialisturi respublikis xelmZRvanelobasTan, rom

iq arsebul umaRles da saSualo-specialur saswavlebelSi

yovelwliurad gamoiyos adgilebis garkveuli raodenoba

osi abiturientebisaTvis rogorc samxreT oseTis avtono-

miuri olqis, ise saqarTvelos ssr sxva raionebidan.

IV. radio da televizia

1. kontroli dawesdes samxreT oseTSi telegadacemebis

momzadebisa da organizaciis procesebze.

a) daCqardes olqSi telecentris daproeqteba da mSe-

neblobis dawyeba;


104

3. televiziisa da radiomauwyeblobis respublikuri ko-

mitetis winaSe daisvas sakiTxebi:

a) olqSi osur enaze radiogadacemebis gazrdis Sesaxeb;

(...)

4. gamoinaxos teqnikuri SesaZleblobani radiosa da te-

legadacemebis misaRebad CrdiloeT oseTis avtonomiuri

sabWoTa socialuri respublikidan.

(...)”133

osuri enis programis damtkicebis Semdeg samxreT

oseTis saxalxo deputatTa sabWom 1989 wlis 26 seqtem-

bers miiRo gadawyvetileba, romlis me-2 punqtSi aRniSnu-

li iyo: ”saqarTvelos ssr umaRlesi sabWos prezidiumis

winaSe daisvas sakiTxi saqarTvelos ssr konstituciis (Zi-

riTadi kanoni) proeqtSi informaciaSi aRniSnuli cvli-

lebebisa da damatebebis Setanis Sesaxeb. 2. saqarTvelos

ssr moqmedi konstituciis 75-e muxls daematos punqti:

”samxreT oseTis avtonomiur olqSi saxelmwifo enaa osu-

ri ena.”134

enobrivi politikis gaaqtiurebis bunebrivi gagrZeleba

iyo samxreT oseTis avtonomiuri olqis meoce mowvevis sa-

xalxo deputatTa sabWos XII sagangebo sesiis gadawyvetile-

ba samxreT oseTis statusis amaRlebis Sesaxeb, romlis Ta-

naxmadac samxreT oseTis avtonomiuri olqi samxreT oseTis

avtonomiur sabWoTa socialistur respublikad gardaiqmna.

es gadawyvetileba 1989 wlis 10 noembers iqna miRebuli da

masze xels awers samxreT oseTis avtonomiuri olqis saxal-

xo deputatTa sabWos aRmaskomis Tavmjdomaris pirveli mo-

adgile m. sanakoevi.135 avtonomiuri olqis avtonomiur res-

133 gazeTi ,,sabWoTa oseTi”, №170, 1989 wlis 5 seqtemberi; re-gionuli konfliqtebi saqarTveloSi-samxreT oseTis avtonomiuri olqi, afxazeTis assr [1989-2001] politikur-samarTlebrivi aq-tebis krebuli, krebulis Semdgeneli da mTavari redaqtori Ta-maz diasamiZe, Tb., 2002, gv. 9. 134 gazeTi, “sabWoTa oseTi”, #188, 1989 wlis 28 seqtemberi; regionuli konfliqtebi saqarTveloSi-samxreT oseTis avtonomi-uri olqi, afxazeTis assr [1989-2001] politikur-samarTlebrivi aqtebis krebuli, gv. 10. 135 regionuli konfliqtebi saqarTveloSi-samxreT oseTis avto-nomiuri olqi, afxazeTis assr [1989-2001] politikur-samar-


105

publikad gardaqmnas samxreT oseTis avtonomiuri olqis me-

oce mowvevis saxalxo deputatTa sabWos XII sagangebo sesi-

is kidev erTi gadawyvetileba mohyva: ”osuri enis ganviTare-

bis saxelmwifo programis Sesaxeb oseTis meoce mowvevis sa-

xalxo deputatTa saolqo sabWos 1989 wlis 26 seqtembris

XI sesiis gadawyvetilebis pirveli punqtis Secvlis Sesa-

xeb,” romlis Tanaxmadac samxreT oseTis avtonomiuri olqis

teritoriaze saxelmwifo enad osuri ena gamocxadda: ”ol-

qSi qarTuli da rusuli enebis Tavisufali da Tanaswo-

ruflebiani funqcionireba ganxorcieldeba ssr kavSiris

enobrivi politikis Tanaxmad. samxreT oseTis avtonomiur

olqSi saqmis warmoebis enis sakiTxi CaiTvalos saxalxo de-

putatTa saolqo sabWos kompetenciad regionis specifikis,

misi eTnikuri da kulturuli pirobebis gaTvaliswinebiT.

oficialuri mimowera saolqo, respublikur da sakavSiro

organizaciebs, sawarmoebsa da dawesebulebebs Soris xorci-

eldeba saerTo-saxelmwifo enaze.”136 es iyo samxreT oseTis

avtonomiuri olqis saxalxo deputatTa sabWos mier erTgva-

ri niadagis Semzadeba 1989 wlis saxalxo deputatTa sab-

Wos XII sagangebo sesiis gadawyvetilebisa, samxreT oseTis

statusis amaRlebis Sesaxeb, romlis Tanaxmadac samxreT ose-

Tis avtonomiuri olqi avtonomiur respublikad gardaiq-

mna. 137 saqarTvelos ssr umaRlesi sabWos prezidiumma 1989

wlis 16 noembers miiRo dadgenileba da samxreT oseTis me-

oce mowvevis saxalxo deputatTa sabWos sesiaze miRebuli

gadawyvetilebebi, romlebic exeboda osuri enis avtonomiu-

ri olqis saxelmwifo enad gamocxadebas da samxreT oseTis

avtonomiuri olqis statusis Secvlas (aqve iyo sakiTxi sa-

olqo sabWos aRmaskomis Tavmjdomaris Sesaxeb) gaauqma, ro-

gorc kanonTan Seusabamo. 138 Tumca, separatistebis brZola

Tlebrivi aqtebis krebuli, krebulis Semdgeneli da mTavari redaqtori Tamaz diasamiZe, Tb., 2002, gv. 12. 136 regionuli konfliqtebi saqarTveloSi - samxreT oseTis av-tonomiuri olqi, afxazeTis assr [1989-2001] politikur-samar-Tlebrivi aqtebis krebuli, krebulis Semdgeneli da mTavari redaqtori Tamaz diasamiZe, Tb., 2002, gv. 12. 137 iqve, gv. 12. 138 iqve, gv. 13.


106

”damoukideblobisaTvis” amiT ar dasrulebula. samxreT ose-

Tis avtonomiuri olqis saxalxo deputatTa saolqo sabWos

meToTxmete sesiis meoce mowvevis 1990 wlis 20 seqtembris

gadawyvetilebiT samxreT oseTis avtonomiuri olqi samxreT

oseTis sabWoTa demokratiul respublikad gamocxadda.139 sa-

qarTvelos ssr uzenaesi sabWos prezidiumma imave wlis 21

seqtembers miiRo dadgenileba da samxreT oseTis avtonomi-

uri olqis saxalxo deputatTa saolqo sabWos 1990 wlis

20 seqtembris gadawyvetileba baTilad da iuridiuli Zalis

armqoned cno. dadgenilebas xels awers saqarTvelos ssr

uzenaesi sabWos prezidiumis Tavmjdomare g. gumbariZe. 140

amis sapirispirod osma separatistebma 16 oqtombers kvlav

Caatares saxalxo deputatTa sabWos sxdoma da kidev er-

Txel daadastures saqarTvelos ssr uzenaesi sabWos prezi-

diumis dadgenilebiT gauqmebuli samxreT oseTis avtonomiu-

ri olqis saxalxo deputatTa sabWos me-15 sesiis me-13 da

me-14 gadawyvetilebebi da miiCnies kanonierad.141

1990 wlis 28 noembers ukve samxreT oseTis demokra-

tiuli respublikis saxalxo deputatTa sabWos me-16 sesi-

am miiRo gadawyvetileba samxreT oseTis sabWoTa demokra-

tiuli respublikisTvis samxreT oseTis sabWoTa respub-

likis darqmevis Sesaxeb. gadawyvetilebas xels awers sepa-

ratistebis lideri - samxreT oseTis sabWoTa respublikis

saxalxo deputatTa sabWos aRmaskomis Tavmjdomare t. ku-

lumbegovi.142 sabolood, saqarTvelos respublikis uzenaes-

ma sabWom zviad gamsaxurdias xelmZRvanelobiT, 1990 wlis

139 gazeTi ”sabWoTa oseTi”, #180, 1990 wlis 22 seqtemberi; regionuli konfliqtebi saqarTveloSi - samxreT oseTis avto-nomiuri olqi, afxazeTis assr [1989-2001] politikur-samar-Tlebrivi aqtebis krebuli, krebulis Semdgeneli da mTavari redaqtori Tamaz diasamiZe, Tb., 2002, gv. 26. 140 iqve, gv. 28. 141“”sabWoTa oseTi”, #197, 1990 wlis 19 oqtomberi; regionu-li konfliqtebi saqarTveloSi-samxreT oseTis avtonomiuri ol-qi, afxazeTis assr [1989-2001] politikur-samarTlebrivi aqtebis krebuli, krebulis Semdgeneli da mTavari redaqtori Tamaz di-asamiZe, Tb., 2002, gv. 29. 142 regionuli konfliqtebi saqarTveloSi-samxreT oseTis avto-nomiuri olqi, afxazeTis assr[1989-2001] politikur-samarTleb-rivi aqtebis krebuli, gv. 30.


107

11 dekembers miiRo kanoni ”samxreT oseTis avtonomiuri

olqis gauqmebis Sesaxeb”.143 qalaq cxinvalSi agoniaSi myo-

fi sabWoTa xelisuflebis waqezebiT 1990 wlis miwuruls

da 1991 wlis ianvridan osi eqstremistebis gaukontrole-

beli TareSi daiwyo, rasac msxverpli mohyva. 144 ruseTis

wamqezebluri politikiT ukmayofilo osi erovnebis moqa-

laqeebma 1991 wlis TebervalSi saprotesto Ria weriliT

mimarTes gaerTianebuli erebis organizaciis generalur

mdivans peres-de-kueliars, sadac dagmobili iyo kremlis

mier qarTvelebsa da osebs Soris CaTesili mtroba da si-

Zulvili. isini Tavs saqarTvelos Svilebad miiCnevdnen da

am qveynisadmi erTgulebas adasturebdnen. 145 miuxedavad

imisa, rom 1990 wlis 11 seqtembers saqarTvelos uzenaes-

ma sabWom samxreT oseTis avtonomiuri olqi gaauqma, Seq-

mnili viTarebidan gamomdinare 1991 wlis 4 marts, saqar-

Tvelos uzenaesi sabWos Tavmjdomarem zviad gamsaxurdiam

os mosaxleobas iaraRis dayrisken mouwoda da maT xelSe-

uxleblobis garantiebi misca. mimarTvaSi saubari iyo

kulturuli avtonomiis SenarCunebaze, rac osebs olqis

arsebobis pirobebSi gaaCndaT.146 Tumca, saqarTvelos xeli-

suflebis mcdelobam Sedegi ver gamoiRo.

daskvnis saxiT SegviZlia vTqvaT, rom saukuneebis gan-

mavlobaSi or xalxs Soris mWidro urTierToba Camoyalib-

da. gvian SuasaukuneebSi saqarTvelos teritoriaze Camosax-

lebulma osebma SeiTvises qarTuli kultura. maTi idento-

bis mTavari sayrdenebi, rogoricaa, ena, tradicia, wes-Cveu-

lebani qarTul garemoSi yovelgvari wnexisgan Tavisufali

iyo, gansxvavebiT CrdiloeT kavkasiaSi darCenili maTi Tana-

memamuleebisagan. aRsaniSnavia, rom CrdiloeT kavkasiaSi

mcxovrebma osebma TavianTi konstituciis me-15 muxliT sa-

xelmwifo enad osurTan erTad rusuli enac gamoacxades.147

143 iqve, gv. 31-32. 144 l. saraliZe, cxinvalis regionis konfliqti, wignSi: saqar-Tvelo-ruseTis urTierToba, XVIII-XXI saukuneSi, wigni II, Tb., 2016, gv. 402-403. 145 iqve, gv. 406. 146 iqve, gv. 408. 147 http://region15.ru/docs/osseta-konstit/


108

aseTive Canaweri gaakeTes sakuTar ”konstituciaSi”

samxreT oseTis TviTmarqvia respublikis liderebma. saqar-

Tvelos istoriuli teritoriis SuagulSi, romelic sao-

kupacio xazs miRma moeqca, saxelmwifo enebad osuri da

rusuli ena, xolo kompaqturad dasaxlebul adgilebSi

eTnikur umciresobaTa enad (rac saerTaSoriso sazogadoe-

bis Tvalis asaxvevad ufroa gamiznuli, sinamdvileSi am

teritoriebze eTnikuri wmenda Caatares da qarTuli mo-

saxleobis sruli Semadgenloba gamoaZeves) qarTuli ena

gamocxadda. saqarTveloSi mcxovrebi osebis "konstituci-

is" me-4 muxlSi vkiTxulobT:

1. samxreT oseTis respublikis saxelmwifo enebia osuri

da rusuli. osuri enis SenarCuneba da ganviTareba sam-

xreT oseTis respublikis saxelmwifo xelisuflebis orga-

noebis umniSvnelovanesi amocanaa.

2. osuri da rusuli enebi, xolo kompaqturad dasaxle-

bul adgilebSi samxreT oseTis respublikis qarTuli

erovnebis moqalaqeebisaTvis - qarTuli, aRiarebulia sam-

xreT oseTis respublikis saxelmwifo xelisuflebis orga-

noebis, saxelmwifo mmarTvelobis da adgilobrivi TviT-

mmarTvelobis oficialur enebad.

3. samxreT oseTis respublikaSi mcxovreb xalxebs eZleva

mSobliuri enis Tavisufali Seswavlis, ganviTarebis da

gamoyenebis ufleba.148 ruseTis mier saqarTvelos terito-

riebis xelyofasTan dakavSirebiT damkvidrda termini:

”mcocavi okupacia”, rac saerTaSoriso samarTlis normebis

sruli ignorirebiT saokupacio xazis gadmowevas gulis-

xmobs. ruseTis ”mfarvelobaSi” Sesul osi xalxis mimarT

safuZvels moklebuli ar iqneba Tu gamoviyenebT termins:

”mcocavi asimilacia”. osebis e. w. konstituciaSi ori sa-

xelmwifo enis damkvidreba aSkara safrTxes uqmnis osur

enas, osi xalxis materialur, Tu sulier kulturas, zne-

Cveulebebs, tradiciebs.

148 http://cominf.org/node/1166488810


109

GIORGI SOSIASHVILI

The Ossetian Language and Culture in Georgia (the Past and the Present, General Review)

Summary

The relationship of Ossetian and Georgian people has existed for centuries. From the Middle Ages there was an active relationship of Georgian Kingdom with the Ossetians that settled in the mountainous part of the North Caucasus. The active relationship was expressed both by military connections and dynastic marriages, which provided more stability to the relationship of both people. In order to illustrate the above said, we will name Parnavaz, Giorgi I, Bagrat IX, Giorgi III family ties with the Heads of Ossetian Associations in the North Caucasus. In the rapprochement of Georgian and Ossetian people, a big role was played by spreading Christian religion in the North Caucasus. The Royal Government of Georgia greatly contributed to the cultural development of Ossetian people. Many Ossetian public figures of the XVIII – XIX centuries had an active cultural life. From this point of view, we can name the activities of the leader of Ikorta Monastery Archimandrite Gamaliel, and also Ioane Ialguzidze. At the end of the XIX century, the culture of Ossetians was taken to the higher level by Kosta Khetagati, whose successors were: Davit Jioevi, Giorgi Bestauti, Revaz Asaevi, Napi Jusoiti etc. According to the constitution of Independent Republic of Georgia special rights were given to the ethnic minorities living in Georgia, among them were the Ossetians. There were administrative, cultural and linguistic rights of the ethnic minorities in the constitution. Despite this fact, there was a myth in Bolshevik circles as if the Osseatians together with other ethnic minorities living in the Democratic Republic of Georgia were oppressed. There is a set phrase – creeping occupation - which appeared after the occupation of Georgian territories by Russia, and it means advancing the occupation line. We will be right to use the phrase “creeping assimilation” towards the Ossetian people that are under the “protection” of Russia. The introduction of two state languages in the so-called constitution of Ossetians is a vivid threat to the Ossetian language. The linguistic assimilation in the enormous state threatens with complete extermination of material or spiritual culture of Ossetian people, their customs and traditions.


110

manana tabiZe

araavtoqToni mosaxleobis enebi saqarTveloSi

sakvanZo sityvebi: avtoqToni mosaxleoba, araavtoqToni

mosaxleoba, enobrivi umciresoba, eTnikuri umciresoba,

erovnuli umciresoba, migrantTa enebi.

ama Tu im saxelmwifoSi enobrivi situaciis daxasiaTe-

bas Cveulebriv mosaxleobis aRweriT iwyeben, sadac upir-

velesi maxasiaTebeli eTnikur-enobrivi kuTvnilebaa, radgan

esaa nebismier saxelmwifoSi enobrivi situaciis ganmsaz-

Rvreli umTavresi faqtori; swored mosaxleobis enobriv-

eTnikur Taviseburebebs ukavSirdeba saxelmwifos mier (an,

am qveynis arasrulfasovani saxelmwifoebriobis SemTxveva-

Si, mis mimarT) gatarebuli enobrivi politikis ZiriTadi

mimarTulebebis arCevis mizezebi da Sedegebi. xolo ro-

gorc ki saxelmwifos mosaxleobis eTnikur-enobriv Semad-

genlobas SevexebiT, maSinve daismis am mosaxleobis sxva-

dasxva niSniT klasifikaciis aucileblobis sakiTxic; mo-

saxleobis uflebrivi statusis gansasazRvrad igi unda

daiyos ZiriTad da araZiriTad mosaxleobad; am dayofas

safuZvlad udevs Tanamedrove midgoma saxelmwifos moqa-

laqeTa da aramoqalaqeTa maxasiaTeblebis gansazRvris sa-

xiT; am midgomam, rogorc cnobilia, dRevandel saerTaSo-

riso dokumentebSi Caanacvla avtoqTon da araavtoqTon

mosaxleobad qveyanaSi mcxovrebTa dayofis arcTu Soreul

warsulamde moqmedi principi. klasifikacia sxva principe-

biTac SeiZleba ganxorcieldes, da unda iTqvas, rom mo-

saxleobis sxvadasxva niSnis mixedviT dajgufebis yvela

SemTxveva uTuod sainteresoa. am SemTxvevaSi CvenTvis mTa-

vari isaa, rom klasifikaciis TiTqmis yvela tipi iTvalis-

winebs calkeuli jgufis enobrivi kuTvnilebisa da danar-

Cen jgufebTan enobrivi mimarTebis sakiTxebsac.

erovnuli Semadgenloba mosaxleobis 2014 wlis aRwe-

ris Sedegebis safuZvelze saqarTvelos mosaxleobis 86,8

procents qarTvelebi Seadgenen, 6,3 procents - azerbaija-

nelebi, xolo 4,5 procents - somexi erovnebis mosaxleoba.


111

aqve unda aRiniSnos, rom qveynaSi mcxovrebi raodenobri-

vad pirveli yvelaze mravalricxovani 10 erovneba warmo-

adgens mTliani mosaxleobis 99,6 procents.

ix. cxrili

saqarTvelos mosaxleobis raodenobis ganawileba10 yve-

laze mravalricxovani erovnebis mixedviT - erovnebebi

sul (aTasikaci) procentuli ganawileba

სულ მოსახლეობა 3 713,8 100,0

ქართველი 3 224,6 86,8

აზერბაიჯანელი 233,0 6,3

სომეხი 168,1 4,5

რუსი 26,5 0,7

ოსი 14,4 0,4

იეზიდი 12,2 0,3

უკრაინელი 6,0 0,2

ქისტი 5,7 0,2

ბერძენი 5,5 0,1

ასირიელი 2,4 0,1

სხვა 14,3 0,4

უარი პასუხზე 0,6 0,0

ეროვნება მითითებული არ

არის

0,5 0,0

imTaviTve unda iTqvas, rom jgufSida da jgufTaSorisi

enobrivi kontaqtebi da enobrivi kompetencia mniSvnelov-

nad gansazRvravs yoveli jgufis socialur-kulturul

mdgomareobasa da qveynis samoqalaqo sazogadoebaSi misi

integrirebis xarisxs, xolo sazogadoebrivi integracia

mSvidobiani samoqalaqo cxovrebis piroba gaxlavT.

sxvadasxva saxelmwifos mkvidr da aramkvidr mcxovrebTa

socialur-ekonomikur interesTa regulaciis sxvadasxvagva-

ri istoriuli gamocdileba daugrovda, am gamocdilebas

konkretuli qveynis (saxelmwifos) geopolitikuri, ekono-

mikuri, kulturuli garemo gansazRvravda da amitom, ram-

denad msgavsic ar unda iyos ama Tu im istoriuli momen-

tisaTvis zogierTi qveynis viTareba, maTi saxelmwifoebri-

vi mowyobis avtomaturi kopireba gamarTlebuli ver iqne-

ba.


112

saqarTvelos geopolitikuri xvedri didad ganapirobeb-

da CvenSi sxvadasxva eTnosis Semodinebasa da dasaxlebas.

saqarTvelos samefo-samTavroTa mesveurebs, SeZlebisdagva-

rad, gaTvaliswinebuli hqondaT mosaxleobis Sida da ga-

remigraciaTa SesaZlo gavlena mkvidri mosaxleobis cxov-

rebis pirobebsa da identobaze, da mTeli rigi RonisZie-

bebiT uzrunvelyofdnen erTi mxriv mosulTa integrire-

bas saxelmwifoebriv cxovrebaSi, xolo meore mxriv, qar-

TvelTa erovnuli TviTmyofadobis SesanarCuneblad saWi-

ro ideologiur Tu kulturul politikas. am saqmeSi

qarTuli enis saxelmwifoebrivi funqcionirebis dacvas

erT-erTi umniSvnelovanesi adgili ekava.

dRevandeli terminebiT rom vTqvaT, tolerantizmi da

liberalizmi sxvaTa religiebisa da eTnikur-kulturuli

Rirebulebebis mimarT, romelsac vakvirdebiT saqarTvelos

istoriul warsulSi (sinagoga da meCeTi TbilisSi, daviT

meoTxiseuli brZaneba Roris dakvlis Taobaze da a.S.),

ara mxolod ucxoTa mimarT qarTvelTaTvis damaxasiaTebe-

li stumarmaspinZlobisa da keTilganwyobis gamovlinebaa,

aramed pragmatikac, radgan qarTvelTa genetikuri da

kulturuli identobis SesanarCuneblad sxvaTa gansxvave-

bulobis SenarCunebasac hqonda mniSvneloba. xolo rac

Seexeba komunikacias, damxvdurTa, avtoqToni mosaxleobis,

ena - qarTuli ena, rogorc saxelmwifoebrivi funqcioni-

rebisaTvis yvelaze Sesaferisi da morgebuli ena, yvelas

mier aRiqmeboda, rogorc am saxelmwifoSi (da ara marto)

warmatebuli cxovrebis garantia. Sesabamisad, gansxvavebu-

li religiuri an kulturuli maxasiaTeblebi aravis uS-

lida xels saqarTveloSi warmatebul cxovrebaSi, ramdena-

dac enobrivi barieri ar arsebobda. mTel kavkasiaSi po-

litikur-ekonomikurad aqtiur pirTa mier qarTul enis

sayovelTao codnaze miuTiTebs araerTi istoriuli wya-

ro, am Temaze sagangebod msjelobs vaxuSti bagrationic,

Tavis ”axal qarTlis cxovrebaSi”.

1801 wlidan ruseTi saqarTvelos aneqsia-okupaciis

Semdeg qveynis samefo xelisuflebas auqmebs da am axlad

dapyrobil teritoriaze iwyebs carizmisaTvis ukve kargad


113

cnobilsa da aprobirebul politikas mosaxleobis demog-

rafiuli suraTis cvliT enobrivi situaciis cvlisa da

dapyrobili teritoriis mcxovrebTa (aw ukve migrantTa

jgufebiT gajerebulis) rusifikaciis mimarTulebiT. kolo-

nizebuli teritoriis mcxovreblebi, cxadia, fizikurad

winaaRmdegobas ver uweven (miuxedavad araerTi mcdelobi-

sa) dampyrobels, xolo ideurad, Tumca ki grZnoben met-

ropoliis Sors gamiznuli moqmedebebis saxifaTo perspeq-

tivas, mainc ayovneben 149 Tundac araorganizebul winaaR-

mdegobas, romelic sapasuxo TavdacviTi politikis dageg-

mvisaTvis dagvianebulia, da mxolod situaciur Tavdacva-

zea agebuli. meoce saukunes axali realoba moaqvs, ro-

melSic saxelmwifo sazRvari mxolod axladwarmoqmnil

sabWoTa kavSirsa aqvs, xolo respublikebis mosaxleo-

ba ”mudmiv moZraobaSia”“”saxelmwifo xuTwledebis”, ”yami-

ris gatexvis”, ”bamis mSeneblobis”, ”grandiozuli kaSxle-

bisa da” atomuri sadgurebis mSeneblobis saxeliT. am pe-

riodSi iqmneba xelovnuri enobrivi koloniebi, sadac

arerTgvarovani enobrivi kompetenciis mqone mosaxleobis

mier ena-koines arCevani, bunebrivia, saxelmwifoebrivi

enobrivi politikis mixedviT xorcieldeba, saTanado enob-

rivi situaciac xom im mizniT momzadda, rom ”arCevani”

rusul enaze gakeTebuliyo; nebismieri sxva ”moZraoba” sa-

xelmwifo politikasTan (ara mxolod enobrivTan) Sejaxe-

bas niSnavda (xolo ssrk saxelmwifo kursi umkacresi re-

Jimisa da represiebis viTarebaSi rom viTardeboda, sayo-

velTaodaa cnobili). dRes am periodis gaxseneba imitom

dagvWirda, rom gvsurs Tanamedrove enobrivi situaciis

Sefasebisas Zveli gamocdileba gamoviyenoT da enobrivi

dagegmvis Tanamedrove gamovlinebaSi ”daviwyebuli Zveli”

vicnoT da SevafasoT.

1990-iani wlebidan, avad Tu kargad, saqarTvelo damo-

ukidebel saxelmwifod gadaiqca. 1991 wlis ianvridan ka-

149 es SeniSvna meoce saukunis „kolonizebuli sabWoTa respub-likis“ xelisuflebebs exeba, romlebic TiTqmis meqanikurad ime-oreben moskovis direqtivebs nacionalur politikaSi. rac See-xeba mecxramete saukunes, ganmanaTleblebis wyalobiT imperiis antiqarTuli politika Tavidan bolomde mxilebuli mainc iyo.


114

nonieri xelisuflebis putCiT damxobis gziT saqarTvelos

patronobis ”damCemebelma”“xelisuflebam sxva kursebTan

erTad axali enobrivi proeqt(eb)i wamoiwyo; da Tumca es

proeqti, xelisuflebaTa cvlis Sesabamisad, nawilobriv

ganaxldeboda xolme, ZiriTadi xazi TiTqmis ar icvlebo-

da; da ramdenadac ”proeqtis dasawyisidan” TiTqmis 30 we-

lia gasuli, vfiqrobT, ukve SeiZleba zogi Sedegis danax-

va da imis gadawyveta, am wlebSi saqarTveloSi ganxorcie-

leuli enobrivi politika da mis Sedegad Seqmnili enob-

rivi situacia kanonzomieria, SemTxveviTi Sedegebis mqonea,

Tu kargad gaazrebuli gegmis safuZvelzea miRweuli.

mivyveT Tanmimdevrulad. kriteriumebi, romliTac unda

vixelmZRvaneloT enobrivi situaciis Sefasebisas, Semdegia:

ras unda eswrafodes saxelmwifo enobrivi politikis

gatarebisas?

- sakonstitucio moTxovnaTa dakmayofilebas (maT Soris,

Cvens konteqstSi, adamianis uflebebisa da saxelmwifo

enis uflebebis harmonizacias);

- samoqalaqo sazogadoebis konsolidacia-integracias;

- satitulo eTnosis (da masTan Tanacxovrebis mowadine

nebismieri moqalaqis) unikalurobis, saxelmwifoebrivi da-

culobis gancdis, erovnul-enobriv-kulturuli TviTSegne-

bis SenarCunebas (ramdenadac es saxelmwifo am erovnuli

koleqtivis erTaderTi saxlia);

- tradiciuli faseulobebis, maT Soris saxelmwifo enis,

Seswavla-popularizacias (ramdenadac nebismieri moqalaqe

Tavis movaleobad aRiarebs Tvisi qveynis (saxelmwifos)

usafrTxoebis, ekonomikisa da kulturis aRmSeneblobaSi

monawileobas;

- TaobaTa aRzrdas konkretuli saxelmwifos siyvarulis,

mis bed-iRbalze pasuxismgeblobis aRebis, Tanamoqalaqeebze

zrunvis movaleobis SegnebiT (cxadia, danarCeni msoflios

sayovelTao mSvidobisa da tolerantobis konteqstSi);

- saganmanaTleblo politikis imgvarad warmarTvas, rom

gaTvaliswinebuli iyos am saxelmwifos istoriul monapo-

varTa, teritoriis, kulturis dacvis gzebi, sxva saxel-

mwifoebTan urTierTobaTa ganWvretis gziT enobriv-kul-


115

turuli partniorobis SesaZlo perspeqtivebis warmoCena,

da amis Sesabamisad, meore-mesame enebis swavlebis dagegma-

reba;

- komunisturi reJimisagan datovebuli mZime memkvidreo-

bis - rusificirebuli an warmoSobis enis mixedviT mono-

lingvuri marginalizebuli enobriv-eTnikuri jgufebis Se-

mobrunebas saxelmwifos mSeneblobisaken da maT enobriv

integracias saxelmwifos mTlian organizmSi;

mniSvnelovania imis aRniSvna, rom saqarTveloSi amJamin-

deli viTarebis ganmapirobebeli enobrivi situaciis mom-

zadeba ruseTis jer caristulma da Semdeg komunisturma

imperiebma maSin daiwyes, rodesac saerTaSoriso politika

oficialurad naklebad ereoda sxva saxelmwifoTa Sida-

mowyobis im TaviseburebebSi, romelic adamianis uflebe-

bis dacvas ukavSirdeboda. es ki xel-fexs uxsnida im qvey-

nebs, romelTac ama Tu im socialuri argumentiT ”Sefu-

Tuli” migraciebiT sakuTar koloniebSi demografiuli

suraTis Secvla surdaT. ase iqmneboda saqarTveloSi is

enobriv-eTnikuri siWrele, romelmac e.w. konfliqturi ke-

rebi moamzada da SemdgomSi, imperiis saWiroebisamebr, aa-

moqmeda kidec. ase gaCnda saqarTveloSi avtonomiaTa Seq-

mnis iluziuri motivacia; Sereul mosaxleobaSi rusuli

skolebis gaxsnis saWiroebis mtkicebis ”safuZveli”, sxva-

dasxva eTnikuri warmomavlobisa da samoqalaqo sazogadoe-

baSi sxvadasxva dros moxvedrilobis gamo erTmaneTisagan

gaucxoebis xelovnuri pirobebi da am gaucxoebuli sazo-

gadoebis socialur dapirispirebebSi CaTrevis SesaZleb-

loba.

daviwyebT imiT, rom CamovTvliT im terminebs, romli-

Tac arasaxelmwifo enis warmomadgenlebi moixseniebian

lingvistur da politikur literaturaSi.

enobriv-eTnikuri jgufebi

enobrivi koleqtivi

enobriv-eTnikuri diaspora

enobrivi umciresoba

Cvens mizans arc romelime leqsikonTan dava warmoad-

gens, da arc ama Tu im saerTaSoriso xelSekrulebasTan


116

kamaTi. Cven veswrafviT saqarTveloSi mcxovrebi araqarTu-

lenovani sazogadoebis, samoqalaqo sazogadoebis Tavisebu-

rebaTa mxolod ”Signidan” daTvalierebas, da am terminTa

oficialurad gavrcelebul mniSvnelobasTan maT misadage-

bas. SevecdebiT ganvmartoT es pozicia:

enobrivi umciresoba, rogorc sintagma ori komponen-

tisagan Sedgeba: aqedan sakvanZo sityvad swored umcireso-

ba daCndeba, da swored am sityvasTanaa dakavSirebuli

yvela politikuri da iuridiuli insinuacia, romelsac

SeiZleba SevxvdeT;

”umciresobis”“uamravi ganmartebidan yvelaze gaziarebu-

li nawili isaa, romelSic saubaria „saxelmwifos mosax-

leobis danarCen nawilTan SedarebiT ricxobrivad mcire

jgufze, romelsac aqvs sxvebisagan gansxvavebuli eTnikuri,

religiuri an enobrivi Taviseburebebi, rac Tavad am jgu-

fis konsolidaciis pirobaa; Tumca ”umciresoba” yovel-

Tvis ar niSnavs raodenobriv simcires, magram yovelTvis

(TiTqmis) ivaraudeba, rom es jgufebi uflebrivad Camor-

Ceba dominirebul mosaxleobas.

zogi TvalsazrisiT, dedamiwaze 6000-ze meti enaa, da

mxolod 200 suverenuli saxelmwifo; Sesabamisad,“”enaTa

umravlesoba” am saxelmwifoebSia ganawilebuli, ”umcire-

sobas warmoadgens da mudmivad ibrZvis avtonomiisa da

xmis uflebisaTvis”150.

rogorc miuTiTeben, TviTgamorkvevisadmi umciresobaTa

swrafvam imata 1960-iani wlebidan, rodesac koloniuri

imperiebis saboloo rRveva moxda, xolo gaTavisuflebuli

qveynebi, rogorc garkveuli droiT axladwarmoqmnili sa-

xelmwifoebrivi sistemis damoukideblad marTvis gamocdi-

lebis armqoneni, moumzadebelni Sexvdnen enobrivi poli-

tikis winaSe gaCenil (an kolonializmis periodSi Tav-

150 Бахтин Н. Б, Головко Е. В.. Социолингвистика и социология языка: Учебное пособие. — СПб.: ИЦ «Гуманитарная Академия»; Изд-во Европейского университета в Санкт-Петербурге,2004. — 336 с.. 2004


117

smoxveul) gamowvevebs; 151 enobrivi umciresobis sakiTxi

uSualodaa gadabmuli eTnikuri umciresobis TemasTan. eTnikuri umciresoba aris moqalaqeTa jgufi, romelic

ricxobrivad CamorCeba saxelmwifos ZiriTad mosaxleobas

da atarebs eTnikur, religiur da enobriv gansxvavebebs

danarCeni mosaxleobisagan, da avlens solidarobas sur-

vilSi, rom SeinarCunos Tavisi kulturuli Tavisebureba-

ni da jgufuri Rirebuleba. rig socialur-politikur si-

tuaciaSi gamoyofen rasobriv, religiur an enobriv umci-

resobebs. termini eTnikuri umciresoba msgavsia terminisa

nacionaluri umciresoba anu erovnuli umciresoba, rome-

lic ufro gavrcelebulia aRm. evropaSi da yofil ssrk-

Si, sadac erovnul umciresobad miiCneva jgufi, romelic

Tavs miakuTvnebs eTnikur ers, magram cxovrobs ZiriTadi

TviTgansazRvris teritoriis farglebs gareT. ”ucxoTa”

problema saxelmwifoTa formirebis periodidan iCens Tavs,

mas Semdeg, rac saxelmwifo sazRvrebis, kanonebisa da sa-

xelmwifoebriobis sxvadasxva atributikis gamokveTa daiwyo,

da gamZafrda meoce saukuneSi, rodesac gaZlierda mcire

jgufebis eTnikuri TviTSegneba migraciebis, uflebaTa

dacvisa da demokratizaciis sxva procesebis gamo an fon-

ze.

1992 wels daarsda erovnul umciresobaTa saqmeebis

umaRlesi komisris instituti, romlis mizanic aris umci-

resobaTa uflebebis da maTTan dakavSirebuli konfliqte-

bis Tavidan arideba. da Tumca yvela oficialur doku-

mentSi xazgasmulia, rom umciresobaTa nacionaluri uf-

lebebi mTavrdeba iq, sadac SeiZleba saxelmwifos suvere-

nul da erTianobis interesebs exebodes saqme;

msoflio praqtikis mixedviT, TiTqmis yvela gaxan-

grZlivebuli konfliqti, bolos avtonomizaciis ideamde

midis, da praqtikulad ar saxeldeba magaliTebi, rodesac

saerTaSoriso meqanizmebma am safrTxeTa sabolood aRkve-

Ta SeZlo. amitomac xSirad miuTiTeben, rom ”umciresoba”

151 1939 wlidan 1980-ian wlebamde suvrenul saxelmwifoTa ricxvma 50-dan 200-s miaRwia.


118

es ufro mdgomareoba da damcrobili statusis SegrZnebaa,

vidre, raodenoba. anu es ufro aqsiologiuri kategoriaa,

vidre statistikuri. am mdgomareobis (an SegrZnebis xe-

lovnurad stimulirebac rom SeiZleba, amis magaliTi bev-

ria, gansakuTrebiT postsabWoTa qveynebSi, da Cvens Sem-

TxvevaSi, saqarTveloSi).

specialistebi aRiareben, rom termini„”enobrivi umci-

resoba” sxvadasxva tipis jgufebs aerTianebs mag., germanu-

lenovani umciresoba poloneTsa da aSS-Si sruliad gan-

sxvavebulia.152

ramdenadac Cven ukve aRvniSneT, rom terminologiuri

niuansebi sxvadasxva tipis politikur kamaTSi CarTvas iwve-

ven, SemovifargleT socialur-politikuri TvalsazrisiT

naklebad mtkivneuli terminiT _ ”araavtoqToni mosaxleo-

ba”, am terminiT, vfiqrobT, xerxdeba konkretuli jgufebis-

Tvis, moqalaqeobis statusis miuxedavad, damaxasiaTebeli

gansxvavebuli interesebisa da monacemebis mizezze miniSneba.

anu vcdilobT, gamovxatoT qarTulis, rogorc saqarTve-

los saxelmwifo enis mimarT am mosaxleobis nairgvari da-

mokidebulebis umTavresi mizezi - isini saqarTveloSi

cxovrebis (xSirad xangrZlivad), miuxedavad qarTulenovnebi

ar arian (anu maTi „gaqarTveleba“ aravis ucdia).

erovnebis mixedviT mSobliurad Tvlida

Tavis enas

saqarTv. 1970 1979 1989 1970 1979 1989

Sul 4686358 4993182 5400841 94,3 94,9 95,7

qarTveli 3130741 3433011 3787393 99,4 99,5 99,7

afxazi 79449 85285 95853 97,2 96,1 96,4

Osi 150185 160497 164055 79,1 80,1 76,7

rusi 396694 371608 341172 99,4 99,2 98,7

ukraineli 49622 45036 52443 59,0 52,7 53,4

152 j. fiSmanis kvlevebma gamoavlina, rom aSS-Si aris 6553 skola, romlebSic umciresobaTa enebs aswavlian, 1031 sxvadasxva beWdu-ri gamocemaa, 2590 radio da teleprograma da 13 638 eTniku-ri religiuri organizacia, romlebic umciresobaTa enebs iyene-ben. da Tumca aSS, Tavisi teritoriisa da mosaxleobis simrav-lis masStabebiT ase Tu ise ereva am siWrelis marTvas, mainc kategoriulia inglisuris, rogorc saxelmwifo enis umaRlesi uflebebis dacvaSi.


119

belorusi 6149 5702 8595 50,2 51,2 54,2

azerbaijane-

li

217758 255678 307556 97,6 98,0 97,7

somexi 452309 448000 437211 84,8 83,3 85,0

TaTari 5551 5089 4099 70,0 66,7 59,3

ebraeli 44907 20324 10481 5,9 9,3 13,4

qarTv.ebrae-

li

10475 7974 14314 96,9 94,3 95,1

asirieli 5617 5286 6206 64,6 66,1 53,7

berZeni 89246 95105 100324 40,2 40,7 57,0

qurTi 20690 25688 33331 79,0 75,2 74,7

da Tumca am cxrilSi warmodgenili viTarebidan ukve

30 welia gasuli, evrosabWos analitikosTa daskvniT, ”sa-qarTveloSi erovnuli umciresobebis marginalizacia mZaf-

rdeba” (2016 wlis monacemebiT); angariSSi naTqvamia, rom

miuxedavad imisa, rom saqarTvelos 300 skolaSi swavleba

mimdinareobs umciresobaTa enebze, am skolebSi ganaTlebis

xarisxis done saSualoze dabalia. umciresobebs aqvT

enobrivi barierebi, rac iwvevs maTi erovnuli identobisa

da kulturis marginalizebas da isini ar arian CarTuli

sazogadoebriv cxovrebaSi.

gaeros wesdeba ar xmarobs termins - ”erovnuli umci-

resoba” magram qmnis maTi dacvis realur garantiebs. sa-

erTaSoriso faqti samoqalaqo da politikur uflebaTa

Sesaxeb aRiarebs im individTa uflebebs, romlebic eTni-

kur, religiur da enobriv jgufebs miekuTvnebian”, Seqmnan

farTo avtonomia. Semdgom dadginda, rom am jgufebs ar

SeiZleba hqondeT im saxelmwifodan gamoyofis pretenzia,

romelSic isini cxovroben, anu maTze ar vrceldeba xal-

xTa TviTgamorkvevis ufleba (ix. xalxTa Tanasworuflebia-

nobisa da TviTgamorkvevis ufleba). zogadad am jgufTa

yvela kategoria“”erovnul umciresobaTa” terminSi erTi-

andeba, miuxedavad imisa, aseTi jgufi sxva saxelmwifoSi

mcxovrebi xalxis mciredi nawilia (mag.: rumineTSi - un-

grelebi, saqarTveloSi - somxebi, azerbaijanelebi, rusebi,

berZnebi da sxv., estoneTSi - rusebi), Tu - umciresobaSi

myofi ZirZveli mosaxleoba. TavisTavad cxadia, maT ar ga-


120

aCniaT gamoyofis ufleba im saxelmwifos Tanxmobis gare-

Se, romelSic isini cxovroben (ix.: separatizmi, iredin-

tizmi). 153 dasrulebuli saxiT eu-Ta statusi Camoyalibda

gaeros 1992 wlis“”deklaraciaSi im pirTa uflebebis Se-

saxeb, romlebic erovnul Tu eTnikur, religiur Tu

enobriv umciresobebs miekuTvnebian”. - deklaraciis mixed-

viT, maT unda mieceT ufleba, Tavisuflad eziaron Tavi-

anT kulturas, religias, gamoiyenon TavianTi ena sajaro

da pirad cxovrebaSi, aqtiurad miiRon monawileoba qvey-

nis kulturul, religiur, sazogadoebriv, ekonomikur Tu

saxelmwifoebriv cxovrebaSi, saxelmwifos centraluri Tu

adgilobrivi organoebis im gadawyvetilebaTa miRebaSi,

romlebic exeba umciresobis beds; im regionSi, sadac isi-

ni cxovroben, umciresobaTa wevrebi uflebamosilni arian,

urTierToba daamyaron amave jgufis sxva wevrebTan an sxva

umciresobebTan, am umciresobis monaTesave pirebTan, rom-

lebic sazRvargareT cxovroben (1-li - me-3 mux.). saWiro-

ebisamebr, saxelmwifoebi iReben zomebs, raTa kanonis wina-

Se sruli Tanasworobis safuZvelze uzrunvelyon umcire-

sobaTa yoveli warmomadgenlisaTvis adamianis uflebaTa

da TavisuflebaTa relizacia; uqmnian maT xelsayrel pi-

robebs, raTa saSualeba miscen, gamoamJRavnon TavianTi Ta-

viseburebani, ganaviTaron TavianTi kultura, ena, religia,

tradiciebi da Cveulebani, Tu maTi konkretuli saqmiano-

ba ar ewinaaRmdegeba qveynis erovnul kanonmdeblobasa da

saerTaSoriso samarTals; aRniSnul pirebs, SeZlebisdagva-

rad, saSualeba miscen, Seiswavlon TavianTi mSobliuri

ena da miiRon ganaTleba am enaze; Tumca saerTaSoriso

dokumentebi imasac aRniSnaven, rom saxelmwifos konsti-

tucia da samoqalaqo mSvidobis dacva aucileblad moiT-

xovs samoqalaqo sazogadoebis erTianobas, rac miiReba

mTeli samoqalaqo speqtris saerTo sakomunikacio enis,

qveynis kanonmdeblobisadmi morCilebisa da saerTo aRmSe-

neblobiT procesebSi Tanabari monawileobis surviliTa

da uflebiT.

153 Tu, cxadia, saxelmwifos (misi sisustis SemTxvevaSi)“gare-dan“ ar aiZuleben, daTanxmdes amgvar „gamoyofas“.


121

ramdenad miRwevadia amgvari erTianoba im viTarebaSi,

rodesac saxelmwifos saerTaSoriso organizaciebi umcire-

sobaTa uflebebis Selaxvad uTvlian Tavisi moqalaqeebi-

saTvis saxelmwifo enis flobis moTxovnas?

erTic unda iTqvas: am fonze sruliad waxalisebulia

inglisuri enis, rogorc koines swavleba da yvela saxel-

mwifo struqturaSi muSaobis, ganaTlebis sxvadasxva safe-

xurze swavlis uflebisaTvis inglisuris ama Tu im xaris-

xSi (ZiriTadad maRalSi) Seswavlis moTxovna.

amasTanave, qarTuli enis, rogorc saxelmwifo enis

funqcionirebisa da sayovelTao moxmarebis uzrunvelyo-

fis RonisZiebebi aSkarad gawelilia droSi (nebsiT Tu

uneblieT) da CamorCeba im temps, romliTac inglisuris

(marTalia, elementaruli donis) Semosvla xdeba saqarTve-

loSi am bolo dros gaCenili uamravi ucxoelis sakomu-

nikacio enis (aseve arcTu maRali donis) inglisuris sa-

xiT. es ki iZleva uaxloesi momavlis ganWvretis saSuale-

bas, kerZod, ucxoelebis (maT Soris, saqarTveloSi dasaq-

mebisa da cxovrebis mowadine nawilis) mier qarTulis aT-

visebis saWiroeba ar gaCndeba, radgan maT adgilobrivi

enobrivi politika ukve umzadebs inglisurenovani komuni-

kaciis savaldebulo minimumze momzadebul garemos: ore-

novani warwerebis, infrastruqturebis warmomadgenel in-

glisuris mcodne kontingents154 saganmanaTleblo sistema-

Si inglisuris funqciuri sarbielis gafarToebis saxiT

da a.S. Cven jer kidev 2005 wels gamocemul Cvens monog-

rafiaSi mivuTiTebdiT, rom: ”migraciuli da socialuri

samsaxurebi ori mimarTulebiT ganixilaven“”garedan mo-

sulTa”“”mimReb” qveyanasTan urTierTobis sakiTxs: 1. ra

RonisZiebebi unda gatardes damxvdur garemoSi“”mosulTa”

154 rac Seexeba inglisuris codnis xarisxs, es sakiTxi kidev er-Ti arasasiamovno prognozis gakeTebis saSualebas iZleva: ingli-suri enis Sidasaxelmwifoebriv doneze amoqmedebis SemTxvevaSi (da amis niSnebi, rogorc aRvniSneT, ukve Cans, mosalodnelia mkvidri mosaxleobis enobrivi diskriminacia, radgan misTvis in-glisuris codna verasodes gaxdeba im xarisxisa, rogoric ucxo-eTidan Semodinebuli mosaxleobisTvis (miT ufro, vis qveyana-Sic inglisuri saxelmwifo enaa).


122

ukeT integrirebisaTvis; 2. ra RonisZiebebi unda gatar-

des“”warmomgzavn qveyanasTan“”mosulTa” kavSiris Sesanar-

Cuneblad da am mosaxleobis samSobloSi dabrunebis sti-

mulirebisaTvis.

orive es programa (erTi SexedviT, urTierTgamomricxa-

vi) sruliad humanuri da praqtikuli mosazrebebiTaa na-

karnaxevi. pirvel SemTxvevaSi saubaria im mosaxleobaze,

romelmac axali samSoblo airCia da masSi integrirebis

swrafsa da racionalur gzebs eZebs, meore SemTxvevaSi ki

saqme exeba im adamianebs, romlebmac ama Tu im mizeziT

(ekonomikuri, politikuri, ekologiuri da sxv.) droebiT

datoves samSoblo da odesme ukan dabrunebas gegmaven

(TviTon an Semdgomi Taoba), aseT SemTxvevaSi maTTvis

mniSvnelovania sakuTar fesvebTan kavSiris SenarCuneba.

orive SemTxvevaSi gasaTvaliswinebelia (da mowinave

qveynebSi aris kidec gaTvaliswinebuli) ”mimRebi” qveynis

interesebi: ra sixSiriT da ra raodenobiT emigrantis mi-

Reba, dabinaveba, dasaqmeba da kulturuli aTviseba SeuZ-

lia ”mimReb” qveyanas, romlis amocana aseT SemTxvevaSi sa-

kuTari politikuri, ekonomikuri, socialuri da kultu-

ruli wonasworobis SenarCunebaa. da amasTan, ra saSuale-

bebs flobs calkeuli qveyana (dRevandeli globaluri sa-

kanonmdeblo sistemis moqmedebis viTarebaSi) Sidasaxelmwi-

foebrivi mowyobis interesebisa da adamianis uflebaTa

dacvis saerTaSoriso kanonmdeblobis SesabamisobaSi mosay-

vanad“”mosuli” mosaxleobis gansaxlebis, enobrivi uflebe-

bisa da amis safuZvelze socialuri aqtivobis dasaregu-

lireblad. es urTulesi sakiTxebi Tanamedrove msoflios-

Tvis damaxasiaTebeli sakiTxebia da maTze pasuxebi, cxadia,

marto warsulis gamocdilebiT ver moiZebneba.

rogorc aRvniSneT, saqarTvelo dRes qveynis teri-

toriidan mosaxleobis gadinebis mdgomareobaSia, magram

dResac mis teritoriaze arian eTnikuri da enobrivi di-

asporebis warmomadgenlebi, romelTa qveyanaSi integrire-

bis xarisxi gansasazRvria da gasarkvevia maTi saxelmwifo-

ebrivi orientacia, raTa ukeT moxerxdes am mosaxleobisa-

Tvis dasaxelebuli ori programidan Sesabamisis misadageba


123

da am mimarTulebiT specialuri programebis amoqmedeba.

amasTan, saqarTvelos gansakuTrebuli geopolitikuri

mdgomareobis gamo dabejiTebiT SegviZlia vivaraudoT uax-

loes momavalSi imigraciuli procesebis gaaqtiureba, ra-

sac qveyana momzadebuli unda Sexvdes.

enobrivi kompetenciis sakiTxi ki erT-erTi wamyvani sa-

kiTxia imigraciis problematikaSi, da unda iTqvas, rom

yvelaze mwvavec.“155

dRevandel samecniero, da metadre politikur litera-

turaSi aqtiurad gamoiyeneba ramdenime termini, romelTa

Sinaarsis gaazreba aucilebelia saxelmwifoSi samoqalaqo

integraciis enobrivi aspeqtis warmatebuli marTvisaT-

vis:156

mudmivi mosaxleoba mosaxleobis ZiriTadi kategoriaa,

romelic moicavs adamianTa erTobliobas, romlisTvisac

mocemuli dasaxlebuli punqti an teritoria mocemuli

droisaTvis warmoadgens Cveulebrivi binadrobis adgils.

mudmivi mosaxleoba aRiricxeba mosaxleobis aRwerebisas

XIX saukunis Sua periodidan dawyebuli. mudmivi binad-

robis gansazRvris kriteriumebi icvleboda droTa ganmav-

lobaSi da gansxvavdeba qveynebis mixedviT.

faqtobrivi mosaxleoba mosaxleobis ZiriTadi katego-

riaa, romelic moicavs adamianTa erTobliobas, romelic

aRweris momentSi imyofeba mocemul dasaxlebul punqtSi

an mocemul teritoriaze. faqtobrivi mosaxleoba aRiric-

xeba mosaxleobis aRwerebisas a. ketles mier belgiaSi

1846 wels Catarebuli aRweridan moyolebuli. qarTul

specialur literaturaSi faqtobrivi mosaxleobis nac-

vlad xSirad arasworad gamoiyeneba termini ”saxeze myofi

mosaxleoba”.

155 manana tabiZe, enobrivi situacia saqarTveloSi da qarTuli enis funqcionirebis sakiTxebi Tbilisi, gamomcemloba “qarTuli ena”, Tbilisi, 2005, monografia. 275 gv. 156 Демографический энциклопедический словаръ. М., 1985, с. 122; Народонаселение. Энциклопедический словаръ. М., 1994, с. 123; Демографическая энциклопедия. М., 2013, с. 246; demografiis mokle en-ciklopediuri leqsikoni. Semdgeneli g. wulaZe. mesame gamocema

gadamuSavebuli da damatebuli. UNFPA. Tbilisi, 2012


124

iuridiuli mosaxleoba mosaxleobis kategoriaa, rome-

lic aerTianebs mocemul dasaxlebul punqtTan registra-

ciis ama Tu im wesiT dakavSirebul adamianebs (mag. Cawe-

riT). iuridiuli mosaxleoba ar aris mudmivi da faqtob-

rivi mosaxleobis Sesatyvisi, vinaidan es ukanaskneli ori

kategoria gamoiyofa adamianTa binadrobis faqtobrivi xa-

siaTis safuZvelze da ara misi administraciuli gaforme-

bis mixedviT.

mosaxleoba Caketili (daxuruli) es aris mosaxleoba,

romlis saerTo raodenoba da asakobriv-sqesobrivi Semad-

genloba icvleba mxolod mosaxleobis aRwarmoebis proce-

sis (e.i. Sobadobisa da mokvdaobis urTierTqmedebis) Se-

degad da ar ganicdis migraciis gavlenas.

mosaxleoba Ria es aris mosaxleoba, romlis saerTo

da asakobriv-sqesobrivi Semadgenloba icvleba ara marto

mosaxleobis aRwarmoebis procesis, aramed migraciis gav-

leniTac, romelic ganixileba mosaxleobis raodenobis Sev-

sebis (klebis) wyarod.

Cven SevecadeT, gveCvenebina sakiTxis simwvave da am mi-

marTulebiT Teoriuli da praqtikuli muSaobis saWiroeba.

qveynis xelisuflebas Tavisi mosaxleobis TviTmyobadobis

mofrTxileba evaleba da ara saerTaSoriso terminebiT

keklucoba. rogorc mivuTiTeT, saxelmwifoTa saerTaSori-

so erTobebi sxvadasxvagvar gamosavals gvTavazoben da jer

kidev ar moiTxoven yvela saxelmwifosagan sakuTari prob-

lemebis erTgvarovnad gadaWras. Cven unda SevZloT viTa-

rebis sworad Sefaseba da im gamosavlis moZebna, romelic

saqarTvelos saxelmwifoebriv interesebs Seesabameba.


125

MANANA TABIDZE

Languages of Nonnative People in Georgia

Summary

The article discusses obstacles to the integration of non-Georgian

speaking population into the civil society of Georgia and the international scientific-political criteria that evaluate this society. The linguistic and ethnic peculiarities of the population are related to the reasons and consequences of choosing the main directions of the language policy pursued by the state (or in the case of the wrong statehoof in this country, policy towards this country). And as soon as we consider the ethnic-linguistic composition of the population, the question of the necessity of classification of the population on different grounds will immidiately be arisen; All the cases concerning the classification of the population are grossly interesting. The main thing is that almost every type of classification envisages the linguistic affiliation of the linguistic group to the individual group and the linguistic approach to the rest of the groups.


126

bela SavxeliSvili

Tanamedrove diskusiebi TuSebis sametyvelo kodebis statusis Sesaxeb

istoriulad cnobilia, rom aRmosavleT saqarTvelos

mTianeTis mkvidr qarTvelTa erTi nawilis - TuSTa - sa-

metyvelo dialeqti erTi iyo, magram droTa ganmavlobaSi,

migraciuli procesebis Sedegad, am mosaxleobis metyvele-

ba gaitota - qarTuli enis TuSur dialeqtad da ufro

Rrma Taviseburebebis mqone metyvelebad - wovaTuSurad,

romelsac specialur literaturaSi damoukidebel enadac

ganixilaven. TuSebi or ZiriTad jgufad iyofda: CaRma-Tu-

Sebad da wova-TuSebad. pirvelTa saSinao metyvelebas CaR-

maTuSuri dialeqti hqvia; meore jgufisas - wova-TuSuri.

wovaTuSebi Tanabrad floben qarTuls - erovnul enas

da wovaTuSurs - keriis enas. wovaTuSebisaTvis wova-Tu-

Suri metyveleba iseTive Rirebulebisaa, rogorisac qar-

Tulis dialeqtebi sxva qarTvelebisaTvis. wova-TuSurze

arasodes Seqmnila patriotuli xasiaTis mxatvruli qmni-

lebebi, radgan wovaTuSebisaTvis kulturis ena, samSoblo

ena, mSobliuri enaa qarTuli ena. wovaTuSebis qarTuli

saliteraturo metyvelebisaTvis damaxasiaTebelia mcire

intonaciuri TaviseburebebiT Tu gansxvavdeba.

dRemde wovaTuSebis keriis metyveleba mTis iberiul-

kavkasiur enaTa ojaxis naxur jgufSia gaerTianebuli maTi

vainaxurTan nawilobrivi leqsikur-gramatikuli naTesaobis

gamo. sinamdvileSi wovaTuSurSi vainaxuri fena mxolod

1/3-s Seadgens, 2/3 ki qarTulia (ufro Zveli qarTuli,

arqauli qarTuli). mecnierTa nawili qarTul fenas

Tvlis nasesxebad. ufro logikuri iqneba, swored vainaxu-

ri nawili miviCnioT nasesxebad. am kuTxiT siRrmiseuli

kvlevaa saWiro.

samecniero literaturaSi wovaTuSebis saSinao metyve-

leba ramdenime saxeliT ixsenieba; qronologiurad suraTi

ase warmogvidgeba:


127

1. TuSur-wouri - 1847 w., iob ciskariSvilis“”TuSur-wo-

uri gramatikis” mixedviT, romelic daiwera rusulad, sa-

dac leqsikuri masalis aRwerisas gamoyenebulia qarTuli

Srifti («Тушино-цовская грамматика» - 1847 w.); 2. TuSuri ena - anton Sifneris„”TuSuri gramatikis” mi-

xedviT, romelic gamoica germanulad 1878 wels;

3. wova-TuSuri (ufro swored wovaTis TuSuri) - pirve-

lad gvxvdeba p. uslaris, iv. buquraulisa (ix. misi nar-

kvevebSi «Записки о Тушети» -1887 г.) da n. maris naSro-mebSi;

4. bacburi - pirvelad axsena akad. n. marma, Semdgom gamo-

iyena akad. arn. Ciqobavam rogorc lingvisturi termini;

5. wova-TuSuri (bacburi) - rogorc samecniero termini

moxmarebaSi aqtiurad damkvidrda me-XX s-is 60-70-iani

wlebdan;

6. bacburi an wovaTuSuri - Sepirispirebuli TuSurTan

(romelSic mxolod CaRma-TuSuri dialeqti igulisxmeba).

aRniSnuli terminebi samecniero literaturaSi araer-

Txel aRwerila (n. mari, i. deSerievi, n. qadagiZe, r. ga-

gua, k. WrelaSvili da sxv.); amjerad sakiTxis gasarkvevad

moviyvanT sul or mosazrebas:

akad. niko mari: wo.. -s adarebs Bev-sor-s, bawobi-s ki

mosoB-s (saerTo fuZiT ma-s) anu *xev-sur-Si igi gamoyofs

or fuZes - xevi da suri > *so-r*> *so.., romelic avto-

ris azriT, ukavSirdeba *wo..-s; Tu ganvavrceT avtoris

mosazreba, gamodis, rom* so-r SesaZloa miRebulia *wo-r-

idan..., sadac v da *r (gaqvavebuli) - klasis niSnebia; xev-

is da *wo-r-is Serwymis Sedegad warmoiSva *xev-wori >

*xev-sori > xevsuri. rogorc vxedavT, akad. niko maris va-

raudiT, am ori fuZis Serwymisa da maTi gramatikuli

gardaqmnis procesi logikur jaWvs qmnis, anu, xev-sur-Si

igi gamoyofs sur-s fuZes da wo...//wor-s ukavSirebs. av-

tori imasac aRniSavs, rom““im SemTxvevaSic ki, Tu TuSebi arian danamdvilebiT eTnikuri TuSebi, an wovebi, rogorc

maT uwodeben qarTvelebi, an bacbebi, rogorc isini saku-

Tar Tavs eZaxian - mainc zecasaviT naTelia, rom maT eka-


128

vaT kavkasionis qedis mTeli samxreTi ferdobi misi uRel-

texilis CaTvliT” (3.-1386).

aranakleb sainteresoa petre uslaris msjeloba; 1888

wels gamocemul «Чеченский язык»-Si igi wers: “”alaznis saTaveebTan cxovroben TuSebi, romlebic Ta-

vianT Tavs erTdroulad wova-TuSebsa da bacbebs uwode-

ben; Tu ptolomeosis mier naxsenebi tuskebi namdvilad

TuSebi arian, maSin noxCiebTan maTi ganStoeba moxda da-

axloebiT 18 s-is winaT; ucnauroba iqneba TuSebis ena mi-

viCnioT istoriul noxCurad iseve, rogorc noxCebis enas

ver CavTvliT wamxdar TuSurad; es imas emgvaneba, frangu-

li rom wamxdar italiurad gamovacxadoT, da piriqiT; am-

rigad, CeCnuris kiloebTan dakavSirebiT zemoT Tqmulidan

gamomdinare, maTi erT qvabSi moqcevis nebismieri cda da

erT sadamwerlobo enad miCneva, sruliad ar vrceldeba-

TuSur enaze”“(2.-3).

am citatebs garkveuli sicxade Seaqvs wova-TuSebis

samtyvelo kodebis sakiTxSi: petre uslari xedavs ra wo-

va-TuSebis garkveul leqsikur saerTos CeCnurTan, mainc

ver bedavs, misive sityvebiT, maT„”erT qvabSi” moTavsebas.

vfiqrobT, igi sxvaobas xedavda ara marto enaSi, aramed

am xalxebis identobis sxva maxasiaTeblebSic - genetikur

kodSi, cxovrebis wesSi, mentalitetsa da sulierebaSic,

ramdenadac es is Tvisebebia, romelic pirdapir kavSirSia

enis ganviTareba-konservaciasTan.

Cvens SemTxvevaSi moxda is, rom wovaTuSebSi qarTuli

genetikuri kodi, suliereba da cxovrebis wesi CamoiZerwa

qveynis kulturuli ganviTarebis paralelurad, saSiano

metyvelebam ki konservacia ganicada imdenad, rom maTi ke-

riis sametyvelo ena maTTvis iseTive Rirebulebisa darCa,

rogorc sxva qarTuli dialeqtebi saerTo qarTulTan mi-

marTebaSi.

wova-TuSuris kvlevisas, prof. i. deSerievma enis kon-

servaciis gamo masSi dainaxa mxolod misi mSobliuri vai-

naxuri leqsikur-gramatikuli Taviseburebebi da daskvnebic

mxolod Tavisi enebis monacemebis gaTvaliswinebiT gaakeTa.

Tumca, vfiqrob, mas rom arqauli qarTuli da zogadad


129

qarTuli (Tavisi dialeqtebiTurT) scodnoda, kvleva sul

sxva Sedegamde miiyvanda; Tavis naSromSi„«Бацбийский язык» (1953 w.) avtori termin baca-sac ganixilavs da CeC.

bucs ”balaxs” ukavSirebs. vfiqrobT, am SemTxvevaSi unda

aixsnas fuZiseuli u-s > a-Si gadasvlis procesi, rac vai-

naxuri enebis monacemebiT Zalze Wirs, amis dasturia pan-

kisis xeobaSi arsebuli toponimi bawara, romelic qisti

mosaxleobis artikulaciiT ismis rogorc bჵKwar (anu,

fuZeSi Cndeba faringaluri bgera), winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi

igi unda gamoiyurebodes rogorc bKzar (Sdr. analogiu-

ri formebi: w-T. lawa„”tkivili” - CeC. laza, w-T.

mow ”Tafli” - CeC. moaz).

vfiqrobT, termini baac ”TuSeTi” da baacaa ”bacbi” va-

inaxurma enebma isesxes wova-TuSuridan, ramdenadac, Cveni

azriT, igi etimologiurad unda ukavSirdebodes wa|wo..

fuZes (amaze davwereT jer kidev 2008-Si prof. i. deSeri-

evisadmi miZRvnil Cvens mogonebebSi (Послание учителю и большому учёному...(посвящается 90-летию проф. Ю.Д. Дешериева), razec cnobili CeCeni enaTmecnieris prof. ka-ti Cokaevis werilic miviReT, romelSic igi aRniSnavs,

rom baca da wovas Cveneuli etimologiuri kavSiri mas

swor mignebad miaCnia); termini bacas - wV..-idan Camoya-

libebis procesi Cven sam etapad davyaviT:

1. -arsebuli terminebis (wani, wanari, waro, wova, woboni,

wovbi...) TiTqmis umravlesobas gasdevs wV.. fuZe; maTgan -

wa...vfiqrobT, rom iyo pirvelTagani, saidanac danarCeni formebi warmoiSva. am mosazrebis dasturad SeiZleba ga-

modges Zv-qarT. que-war, romelic s-sabas lenqsikonSi aix-

sneba rogorc„”qveiT kerZo, frჴiv mavali” (anu, fexiT ma-vali (1.-2, 236, 238) (s-s, 2, 238), anu adamianisa Tu niv-

Tis gankerZoebuli (ganmartovebuli) mdgomareoba an moZ-

raoba, romelic Cveni azriT, ori fuZisagan unda Sedge-

bodes:1.*qve..„nawili - qveiT myofi, romelic miwasTanaa ax-

los“ (s-s...); igi gvxvdeba w.-TuSur quiTaT-Si„”fexiT” da

qok-Si ”fexi”“(sadac k - kninobiTis sufiqsia) da 2. -war

(sadac *r - istor. kl. niS.) - anu, *que-war - martod


130

yofnad | mxolood siarulad unda moiazrebodes; vfiq-

robT, sufiqsi wa..-war-is saxiT igi SemorCa qarTulsac,

mag.: *war-wmenda, *war-Rvna, *wa-borZikeba, *wa-modgoma, sa-

dac erTjeradi moqmedebis semantikaa Cadebuli; erTjera-

dis an mxoloobiTis semantika wova-TuSuris ramdenime

nacvalsaxelSic SeiniSneba, esenia: wye„”erTxel”, wyewy ”Ti-

Tojer”, mawy ”zogjer”; gamomdinare aqedan, TuSeTis pir-

veldasaxlebulebsac SeiZleba uwodebdnen *wa-ni (*n- ist.

kl. niS., i - mr. suf.).

toponimi waroc, vfiqrobT, aqedanaa, sadac -*r isto-

riuli klasis niSania; Tu gaviTvaliswinebT, rom -o deiq-

turi niSania, maSin toponimi waro srulad amarTlebs

mis mniSvnelobas; amave analogiiT nawarmoebia terminebi

wanari, wanarebi, wanebi, romlebic istoriul uZveles wya-

roebSic aRiniSneba.

2. - etaps Cven vukavSirebT fuZeSi -o- xmovnis gaCenas; ai,

ras wers amis Sesaxeb n. mari: «...основа wan, ввиду

особенностей тушинской фонетики перегласовки грузинского а

в о и исчезновения исходного n, должна была звучать wo...» (3.-1386).

vfiqrobT, -a da -o- xmovnebis urTierTmonacvleobam

enaSi axali forma *wo-r-a gaaCina, romelic wova-TuSurSi

dRes ar dasturdeba, Tumca igi xunZursa da andiur

enebSi gvxvdeba woris saxiT - worebs isini uwodeben aR-

mosavleT saqarTvelos erT-erTi regionis, kerZod kaxeTis

macxovreblebs;

war..// wor.. fonetikuri procesis kanonzomierebaze mi-

uTiTebs wova-TuSur-qarTul enobriv sivrceSi arsebuli

a//o-s monacvleobac, Sdr: wamali - w-T.womal, kaxeli - w-

T.koxiv da sxv.

3. mesame etapi, vfiqrob, yvelaze TvalsaCinoa da xasiaT-

deba axali leqsikur-gramatikuli formebis warmoqmnis

simravliT, esenia: *wo-v-a, *wo-b-a da *wo-; am formaTagan

bolo ori dRes wova-TuSurSi aRar gvxvdeba, Tumca, wo”

Semonaxulia qisturis eTnonim wo”-b co”Si ”wovebi-bacbe-bi” (anu wova-TuSebi), sadac bolokiduri” - mravlobiTis

sufiqsia, xolo istoriulad igi SesaZloa qalis klass


131

aRniSnavda - wo-*v-as analogiiT, sadac *v- mamakacis aRniS-

vneli gaqvavebuli klasis niSania.mogexsenebaT, wova-TuSu-

ris arsebiT saxelebSi dRes klasis niSani ukve gaqvavebu-

lia, Tumca maTi arseboba advilad ikveTeba sityvaTa se-

mantikaSi (mag. *v-aS ”Zma” da *”-aS ”da”). *wobas nacvlad Semonaxulia forma wo-v-bi ”wovebi”

(sadac v* gaqvaveb. kl. niSania, -bi mravl. suf.).

am periods ekuTvnis enaSi ganviTarebuli axali proce-

si, romelic da-s (aris) meSveobiT nawarmoebi saxelebis

Camoyalibebas exeba; axali ara marto saxelebi, aramed Za-

lian bevri zmnuri formac Seiqmna am xanaSi; igi rogorc

prefiqsi gvevlineba da *ba-wa-s gaCenac am drois produq-

tia; klasebis mixedviT, albaT, iqneboda oTxi forma (*da-

wa, *va-wa, *”a-wa) romlebic aRniSnavda wanebi|wovebis war-momadgenlebs klasis mixedviT Sesabamisad - mravalni (*da-

wa), mamakacebi (*va-wa) da qalebi (*”-awa), Tumca am forma-Tagan SemdgomSi ganviTareba hpova *ba-wa-m, romlisganac

mr. sufiqsis bi-s meSveobiT Camoyalibda *ba-wa-bi > *ba-w-

bi > bacbi, kerZod: wova-TuSuris tendenciam bgeraTa Sem-

Widrovebisken jer mogvca forma *ba-w-bi, romelic kanon-

zomierad gadavida *bac-bi-Si, ramdenadac wouri mkveTrTan

guobs an spirants, an Tavisive rigis Tanxmovans, Sdr. qa-

ta ”Civili”, lawmar„”avadmyofi”; gramatikulma formam

*da-wa, *va-wa, *”a-wa, *ba-wa gadainacvla zmnebSi da dRes cocxali klasis niSnebiT aRniSnaven„”devnas, gamokidebas,

dadevnebas” formiT: d-awa, v-awa, “-awa, b-awa, anu klasova-ni gramatikuli forma damkvidrda iq, sadac enaSi amis sa-

Wiroeba iyo - zmnebSi.

ase rom wova da baca erTi fuZidan warmoqmnili sit-yvebia.

cnobisaTvis: vainaxebi TuSeTs uwodeben - baac da mis

mosaxleobas (ganurCevlad wovasi Tu CaRmasi) - baacai.

rac Cveni dakvirvebis Sedegad mimaniSnebelia imisa, rom

igi wova-TuSuridanaa nasesxebi.

wV.. fuZes unda ukavSirdebodes toponimebi wovaTa

(<*wovaT+mTa) da gomewari, sadac *gome arq. qarTulSi


132

niSnavs ”ars saxli glexuri, gomuri” (s-s, 1.-1, 65), e.i.

*gomur+wari > *gomu-wari > gome-wari.

saTauriT ”Бацбийский язык”“-iT (1953 w.) gamocemas

prof. iun. deSerievi xsnida akad. arn. Ciqobavas mosazre-

biT, rom enasTan Tu dialeqtTan arsebuli yvela termini

unda aRinusxos da, SeZlebisdagvarad, gamomzeurdes -

Tundac aseTi xerxiTo. imave logikiT, Tavis droze akad.

arn. Ciqobavam misi da prof. ilia cercvaZis avariuli

enis gramatikul gamokvlevas, qarTuli terminologiuri

tradiciis gaTvaliswinebiT, ”xunZuri ena” daarqva. akad.

arn. Ciqobava am mosazrebas iTvaliswinebda, albaT maSinac,

rodesac Tsu-s filologiur fakultetze kavkasiuri ene-

bis kaTedris daarsebisas wova-TuSurisa da avariuli ene-

bis swvalebis kurss man bacburi da xunZuri uwoda.

vfiqrobT, im droSi, albaT, veravin warmoidgenda, ase-

Ti umniSvnelo, Tumca mecnierebaSi sruliad saWiro saqmi-

anobas, odesme arajansaRi politikuri sarCuli Tu daede-

boda.

amitom, sagangebod unda movuwodo Tbilisis saxelmwi-

fo universitetis enebis departamentis xelmZRvanelobas,

SemdgomSi msagavsi problemebis Tavidan acilebis mizniT,

gadaxedos sametyvelo kodebis statuss da SeimuSavos ara

marto TuSeTTan dakavSirebuli Sesabamisi saxelebi, ara-

med yvela enasa Tu dialeqtis aRmniSvneli swori termi-

nologia da mianiWos maT saxelmwifo kanoniT gaTvaliswi-

nebuli saxelebi, sadac gamoCndeba mxare, Temi da sametye-

lo ena, dialeqti Tu kilokavi.

aqve unda aRvniSno, rom jer kidev me-XX s-is 70-ian

wlebSi Cvens qarTul socialur Tu samecniero sivrceeb-

Sic am sakiTxisadmi, rbilad rom vTqvaT, daufiqrebeli

damokidebuleba SeiniSneboda; mag. gamoica, pavle xubuti-

as ”TuSuri kilo” (1969 w.), romelsac, wesiT, unda dar-

qmeoda ”CaRma-TuSuri dialeqti”, ramdenadac aRwerilia

mxolod CaRmebis leqsika. mis winasityvaobaSi avtori

wers: ”im dialeqtTa Soris, romlebic mdidaria Zveli da

axali leqsikuri formebiT... mniSvnelovani adgili uWi-

ravs TuSurs” (6.-3). gamoica valerian elaniZis statiebi,


133

sadac avtori pirdapir mouwodebs mosaxleobasac da mec-

nierebsac TuSeTis sametyvelo kodebis statusi ori ter-

miniT ganvsazRvroTo: bacbiTa da TuSiT; Sesabamisad, maT

metyvelebas vuwodoT bacburi ena da TuSuri dialeqti, raTa, rogorc avtori werda, „unda aRdges samarTliano-

ba”.

v. elaniZis samarTali gulisxmobda TuSeTis ZirZveli

mosaxleobis mTliani istoria da kulturuli memkvidreo-

ba miekuTvnebina mxolod CaRmebisTvis - wovaTis Temis Ca-

mocilebiT, ramdenadac igi maT saqarTveloSi Semosaxle-

bul araqarTul tomad acxadebda. amis dasamtkiceblad,

igi misTvis yvela xelmisawvdom sabuTs Tu wyaros miseu-

li, tendenciuri, interpretaciiT awvdida mkiTxvels -

xSirad akad. iv. javaxiSvilisa da sxvaTa seriozuli gamok-

vlevebis usafuZvlo kritikasac ar erideboda. amas mohyva

Tavad wovaTuSebis didi aRSfoTeba da maSindeli mTavro-

bisa da qarTveli mecnierebebis safuZvliani mRelvarebac.

gamoica v. elaniZis mosazrebis mecnierulad gamabaTilebe-

li mravali statia gazeTebsa da samecniero krebulebSi

(akad. akaki SaniZe, profesorebi niko qadagiZe, valerian

iToniSvili, guram yoranaSvili, abram SavxeliSvili, ge-

ronti gasviani, eliso bilaniSvili da sxv.).

akad. ak. SaniZe, romelic Tavad gaxldaT TuSebSi da

Seiswavla maTi metyveleba, Tvlida, rom odesRac am mxa-

ris mTliani mosaxleoba wovaTuSurad metyvelebda. vfiq-

rob, igi gulisxmobda Zveli qarTulis winare periods,

sanam gaitoteboda erTi didi sametyvelo sivrce enebad:

Zvel-qarTul-svanur-megrul-wovaTuSurad. amis naTeli ma-

galiTia prof. r. gujejianis gamokvlevac, sadac vkiTxu-

lobT:„”faqtia, rom im droisTvis (igi qujisa da farnava-

zis xanas gulisxmobs) arsebobda qarTvelTa adrindeli

erTianobis xsovna, gamoxatuli eTnikuri da kulturuli

identobis faqtiT”. avtori iqve miuTiTebs prof. rismag

gordezianis gamonaTqvamsac, romlis Tanaxmadac, ”istori-

ul maxsovrobis odindeli genetikuri erTianobis ”amgvari

tradiciis damkvidrebis sawyisebi antikur xanaSia sagul-


134

vebeli” (7.-10). ase, rom akad. a. SaniZis gamonaTqvami zus-

tad am konteqstSi unda ganvixiloT. istoriisa da eTnologiis institutis samecniero sab-

Wom am Temaze gamoaqveyna Tavisi kompetenturi daskvna,

romelsac xels aweren akademikosebi: mariam lorTqifaniZe,

daviT musxeliSvili, levan WilaSvili da sxv., sadac we-

ria, rom sakiTxis wova-TuSebis araqarTvelobis Sesaxeb da

maTi TuSeTSi gvian dasaxlebis Sesaxeb dasmac ki uxerxu-

lia, rom ar vTqvaT, - danaSauli misi mosaxleobisa da

qveynis winaSe - miT ufro mecnieris mxridan.

es vnebaTaRelva damTavrda imiT, rom b-ma elaniZem ga-

zeT ”komunistis” furclebze bodiSi mouxada wovaTuSebsa

da sazogadoebas maTi ScdomaSi Seyvanis mcdelobisaTvis

da dasZina, rom man naxa axali wyaroebi da maT safuZ-

velze daaskvna, rom wovaTis mosaxleni iseTive qarTvelebi

arian, rogoric TuSeTis danarCen TemTa macxovreleblebi

da maTi aborigenobac misTvis udavoa, amitom is ecdeba

misi axali Sexedulebebi da kvlevebi uaxloes droSi asa-

xos Tavis axal naSromebSi.

Tumca miuxedavad am sajaro aRiarebisa, es avtori

kvlav Zveli suliskveTebiT agrZelebda muSaobas da mas am

saqmeSi, samwuxarod, Tavisi momxreebic hyavda. aq yvelas

aRar CamovTvliT - mxolod erTs davasaxelebT: meoce sau-

kunis bolos, enaTmecnierebis institutma gamosca„”TuSu-

ri leqsikoni” prof. giorgi cocaniZis avtorobiT, sadac

mxolod CaRma-TuSuri leqsika aris warmodgenili. vfiq-

rob, amiT kidev erTxel Zalian ostaturad gaiJRera ela-

niZiseulma mowodebam, rom termini TuSi da TuSuri mxo-

lod CaRmebis kuTvnilebad unda moiazrebodes.

erTi magaliTic, romelic metyvelebs imaze, rom am sa-

kiTxis gaukuRmarTebis msurvelebi dResac bevria, romle-

bic aranair dezinformaciis gavrcelebas ar eridebian da,

vfiqrobT, amiT an vinmes dakveTas asruleben, an rame pi-

radi interesi awuxebT, kerZod, vinme „tbilisskaia87“ av-

rcelebs wovaTuSebze aseT cnobas: „... в горный край

Восточной Грузии, в Тушети, цова-тушины мигрировали с Северного Кавказа, из Ингушетии, причиной переселения цова-тушин из


135

Ингушетии явился религиозный вопрос: их принуждали отречься от христианства и обратиться в мусульманство. Чтобы не принять ислам,

они покинули свои места обитания и двинулись в горы Грузии“ - es ukve axali versiaa, romelic dRemde ar gaJRerebula ar-

cerTi avtoris gamokvlevaSi - arc im n. volkovasTan, vi-

sac imowmebs Tavad am postis damdebi - da kidev: „... в

Ингушетии, где жили предки цова-тушин, была проблема малоземелья. Поэтому они решили искать для поселения новые, пригодные земли. Местность, из которой они мигрировали, называлась Вапи (Ваби), вблизи ингушского села Эрзи в

Джейрахском ущелье“ (https://tbilisskaya87.livejournal.com/) - am ver-siis momxreni Tavad vainaxebic arian; sinamdvileSi ki vabo

is adgilia, romelic istoriulad TuSeTs ekuTvnoda da

romelic Tavis droze vainaxebma TuSebs didi winaaRmde-

gobis miuxedavad, mainc iZulebiT daaTmobines. ar mindoda

amis gaJRereba, magram am werilis avtori Tbiliseli

blogeri qalbatonia - araqarTveli.. vfiqrobT, rom droa

dafiqrdnen Cveni mezobel-megobrebi (miT ufro - Cvenive

Tanamemamuleni), rom aseT saqciels odesRac bumerangis

Zala eqneba, rac Cven, qarTvelebs sulac ar gagvixardeba,

radgan mezoblis da megobris fasi Cven mama-papidan kar-

gad viciT. isic viciT da vcdilobT gaufrTxildeT maSi-

nac ki, roca Tavad Zalian did gasaWirSi varT.

Cven, wovebic da CaRmebic, rogorme erTmaneTSi ki mov-

rigdebodiT - dromac yvelaferi Tavis adgilas daalaga -

aravis epareba eWvi wovebisa da CaRmebis erTian genetikur

qarTvelobaSi da gancda, Tu vin saidanaa, aRaravis awu-

xebs, magram amjerad saqme ukve Cvens mezobel vainaxebs exe-

ba...

vfiqrobT, odesRac gamarTulma usafuZvlo polemikam

kavkasiis am mezoblebSi aRZra seriozuli gancda, rom

odesRac maTi winaprebi TuSeTisa da kaxeTis mkvidrni yo-

filan da amis dasturad wova-TuSurSi arsebuli maTi

enis monaTesave leqsikas asaxeleben. isini acileben termi-

nebs - wovaTuSsa da bacbis -erTmaneTs da sruli serio-

zulobiT acxadeben, rom TuSeTis bacbebi arian genetiku-

ri vainaxebi, wovaTuSebi ki - SesaZloa iyvnen qarTvelebi...


136

dRes CeCnebi da inguSebi am mosazrebas Tavis mosaxle-

obaSi Zalian aqtiurad amkvidreben da amisTvis araerT

xerxs mimarTaven: magaliTad, maTi dakveTiT 2009 wels sa-

qarTvelos televiziis pikis arxiT gavida siuJeti, gada-

Rebuli zemo alvanSi, sadac yovelgvari moridebis gareSe

wovaTuSebi (bacbebi) - qristian inguSebad arian gamocxa-

debuli. aRarafers vambob imaze, Tu ramdeni saitia gax-

snili internetsivrceSi saxelwodebiT ”CeCenci. inguSi.

bacbiici” da rodesac amis gasaprotesteblad xmas amoi-Reb, yovelgvari uxerxulobis gareSe gweren: waiyvaneT

Tqveni wova-TuSebi, bacbebs ki Cven ar dagiTmobTo...

rogorc vxedavT, saqme gvaqvs ”samecniero”

diversiasTan. Cven am yvelafers mxolod mcireodeni politikanTa in-

trigad ganvixilavT, Tumca bevri amaSi vainaxebis Zmobis

damtkicebis erTgvar gamoxatulebasac ki xedavs, magram

Cven ukve gamoviareT afxazeTi da samaCablo da saqmeSi Ca-

xedulma adamianebma ician, rom Tavis droze iqac ase-

Ti ”uwyinari” replikebiT daiwyo yvelaferi - terminebis

miTvisebiT, kerZo xasiaTis kinklaobiT da viciT, raSic

gadaizarda es yvelaferi...

isic unda iTqvas, rom Cveni mxridan am sakiTxis aRkve-

Ta Tu ara, ganmuxtva mainc vcadeT da internetsivrceSi

davdeT werili saxelwodebiT„”Думаем, что над этим стоит

подумать...(друзьям вайнахам и всем, кто встал на путь

раздора...)” profesorebis Teimuraz gvancelaZis, manana ta-biZis da Tqveni mona-morCilis xelmowerebiT, sadac doku-

menturad, wyaroebis moxmobiT, avxseniT mcdari damokide-

buleba am sakiTxis mimarT da isic mivaniSneT, Tu vis

wisqvilze asxamen wyals... zogi vainaxi Tvisi urapatrio-

tuli aRqmisa Tu gaazrebuli antiqarTuli gegmis Sesaba-

misad aqtiurobs; mag., sul axlaxan internetsivrceSi dai-

do erT-erTi vainaxis - vinme xamzaT mxaevis (vfiqrobT -

CeCnisa) qarTvelebisaTvis erTi SexedviT TiTqos sruliad

momxiblavi werili, romelic exeba mis mogzaurobas Tu-

SeTSi - amjerad CaRma mxaris soflebSi. aRwers ra am

kuTxis arCveulebriv xedebs, xalxs, vainaxebisa da qarTve-


137

lebis urTierTsiyvarulsa da istoriul Zmobas, avtori

mainc uSvebs erT frazas: „”У чеченцев сохранились

предания о том, что они в древности переместились на

северные склоны кавказских гор с юга, с территории,

находящейся за Боковым хребтом (современные Тушетия и

Хевсуретия). Произошло это, примерно, в конце первого

тысячелетия нашей эры.Но не все нахи мигрировали на

Северный Кавказ. Часть осталась на месте. ...с течением

времени произашёл процесс разобщения нахских племен... и в

дальнейшем на их основе образовались три народа - чеченцы,

ингуши и бацбийцы, в далеком прошлом родственные

грузинам“, anu, avtoris azriT, odesRac maTac am terito-riaze ucxovriaT da rodesac aqedan aiyarnen da gadasax-

ldnen, TuSeTSi datoves maTi Tanatomelebi - bacbebi...

(jer pirveli, rac mogdis azrad - maTi winaprebi ratom

gaiuvaresebdnen cxovrebis pirobebs da miatovebdnen bev-

rad ukeTes adgilebs, vidre Semdgom miiRes; eWvs badebs

es legenda imitomac, rom CeCnebs fesvebis da samSoblos

SegrZneba imdenad Zlieri aqvT, rom safrTxis SemTxvevaSi

mTliand eri da beri dgeba fexze mis dasacavad - Cven

amis mowmeebic varT..). da erTic: Tu es xalxi qarTvele-

bis monaTesaveni arian, maSin ratom ar muSaoben am mimar-

TulebiT: ikvlion ena, Seadaron tradiciebi, gadaxedon im

istoriul gzas, romelic maT gamoiares saqarTvelosTan

mimarTebaSi da a.S. eseni ki samwuxarod, teritoriebis

moniSvniT arian dakavebulebi da amis dasamtkiceblad, ra-

Rac legendebs Txzaven.

rogor fiqrobT, aseTi umniSvnelovanesi legenda yu-

radRebis gareSe Tu darCeboda an mogzaurebs (XVIIIs.), an

imave vainaxebis folkloris Camwerebs (XIX s. - Caxa axri-

evi myavs mxedvelobaSi), romlebic Tavad iyvnen daintere-

sebulebi aexsnaT wova-TuSebisa da vainaxebis metyvelebis

nawilobrivi msgavseba?.. an Tavad im mkvlevrebs, vinc am

ideis Canergvas cdilobdnen bevrad ufro adre, sanam es

avtori gaaJRerebda am Tezas - ara, ra Tqma unda! es da

sxva legendebi (mag., rom pirveli CeCnis deda iyo qarTve-


138

li... - albaT, analogiT imisa, rom saqarTvelos pirveli

mefis coli ZurZukis qali iyo..) Seqmnilia am bolo

dros da, albaT, gasagebia vis miznebs emsaxureba igi. ar

unda daviviwyoT, rom CeCneTi da inguSeTi dRes ruseTis

federaciis Semadgeneli mxarea.

am mosazrebis gasamyareblad Cveni axalgazrda stumari

TuSeTis ramdenime toponimis CeCnurad axsnas cdilobs;

Cven gvinda ganvmartoT maTi mniSvnelobebi, ramdenadac am-

gvari paralelebis gavleba bevrma sxvamac scada, mag.: da-

dikurTa: ”Дадикурта - от чеч. дади корта «отцовская

голова»); vfiqrobT, aq sagulvebelia wovaTuSuri - ”dad” - mama, ”kur”- fesvi; Sesabamisad, ”winaparTa adgili”.

darTlo: Дартло - от чеч. Дарта «беркут», romelic

qarT. ”darTvas” ufro ukavSirdeba, ramdenadac mTaTuSe-

Tis soflebs xSirad saxeli erqmeoda mosaxleobis saqmia-

nobis mixedaviT - aq unda ganvmartoT: saqme isaa, rom

mTlianad TuSeTis mosaxleobis saqmianoba ukavSirdeboda

mecxvareobas - wovebi da nawilobriv piriqiTlelebi

cxvris gamravleba-patronobas misdevdnen, gomewrisa da

CaRmis mosaxleoba cxvrisgan miRebuli produqciis dabina-

veba-gasaRebiT iyo dakavebuli; maTi saqme ZiriTadad mat-

ylis damuSaveba da misgan saWiro samomxmareblo produq-

ciis keTeba iyo: Telavdnen nabdebs, fardagebs, keravdnen

mamakacebisTvis mosasxam samwyemso nabdebsa da qudebs,

qsovdnen windebs, paWiWebs, xurjinebs - yvelafers, rac

adamianebis Cacma-daxurvasa da yofas xmardeboda (xSirad

es yvelafri, produqtebTan erTad, qarTuli jarisTvisac

mzaddeboda).

amdenad, soflebis saxelebic xSirad asaxavdnen mosax-

leobis saqmianobas, mag., ase warmoiSva darTlo; aseve

farsma, romelic ukavSirdeba ufro faras an fartanas,

romelic s-sabas leqsikonSi „matylis fTilas, matyls da-

CeCils“ niSnavs (1.-2,185) - Cveni stumari ki CeCnur

пхьарс-s ”xels” ukavSirebs, rac alogikurad gveCveneba;

toponimi; toponimi WonTios analogs avtori xedavs CeC-

nuri erT-erTi Temis saxelTan WenTisTan, romelic mar-

Tlac aris CeCneTSi (Ч1онтио - это чеченский тайп ч1аьнти),


139

Tumca, Wonebi s-sabasTan aRniSnulia rogorc ”bewvisa da

qudis mkeravebi”; aseve ”keselo” (Кесело - чеченский тайп

«кесалой», от кес - «полоса скошенной травы») - aqac sain-tereso SemTxvevasTan gvaqvs saqme: saxelwodebiT „kese-

lo“mTaTuSeTSi mdebareobs cixe-koSkebis kompleqsi, rom-

lic aRmarTulia amaRlebul adgilas, romlis niadags

kess uwodeben, romelic momdinareobs kas-idan (ix. kas-

ri ”magari qvis nairsaxeoba” (s-s: ); aseT adgilebSi amo-

dis yvavili, romelsac TuSeTSi kesanes uwodeben.

avtori toponim diklos xsnis rogorc CeC. дика-s -

”добрый, хороший”, Tumca, s-sabas leqsikonSi dika niS-

navs ”gazafxul naTesi xvarbali” (s-s,1,221) da toponimic

vfiqrobT masTanaa dakavSirebuli; waro (Ц1аро - чеч. ц1е

«огонь, имя, красный») - *wa.. (amaze zemoT vimsjeleT), gog-

rulTa (Гогрулта чеч. горга - «круглый») - amaSi veTanxme-biT (ix. qarT. mrgvali, w-T. gogri(n) - es is saerTo fu-

Zea, romelic im leqsikur Sres ekuTvnis, romelic saer-

Toa vainaxursa da qarTulisTvis, romelic uZvel dros

ganekuTneba - amaze Cven araerTxel gvisaubria), iliurTa

(Илиурта чеч. «илли» - героическая песня) - am saxels Zali-an saintereso axsna aqvs: s-sabas leqsikonSi vkiTxu-

lobT: ”ebraelurSi aseTi gamoTqma arsebobs: ili, ili

lima sabaqTana, romelic iTargmneba rogorc„”To, To Cemo, rasaTvis damiteveb me” (s-s,1-327) - anu, RmerTo,

RmerTo Cemo, raisTvisac momiteve me... amdenad, Tu gaviT-

valiswineT, rom TuSebi, rogorc Rrmad morwmuneni, Ta-

vad Cadiodnen wminda miwaze da odiTganve hqondaT kavSi-

ri ebraelebTan, vfiqrobT, am wminda sloganis saxelze

maT SeeZloT romelime adgilas daedgaT niSi an sulac

aeSenebinaT patara salocavi, sadac droTa ganmavlobaSi

xalxic dasaxlda da daarsa sofeli iliurTa. vfiqrobT,

es im magaliTgania, romelsac Cven universaliebs vuwo-

debT.

ar gvinda es Cveni eWvebi CeCnebisa da inguSebis mTlia-

ni mosaxleobis misamarTiT gamovTqvaT, - ara, ra Tqma un-

da!. vfiqrobT, maT umravlesobas es miTqma-moTqma sasaci-


140

lod ar hyofnis da calkeuli TviTdajerebuli vai-patri-

otebis iniciativad miiCneven, romlebic axal istorias

qmnian da imis magivrad, rom Seiswavlon TavianTi, aranak-

leb saintereso da kolorituli warsuli, cdiloben mar-

tivad miisakuTron sxvisi ukve arsebuli, ara nakleb sain-

tereso istoriis mqone aRmosavleT saqarTvelos kuTxis

mematiane. samwuxarod, isini am mizniT qmnian axal miTebs,

romlebSic axleburad cdiloben warmoaCinon is faqtebi,

romlebic ukve didi xnis winaa Seswavlili.

dasanania, rom am saqmeSi maT, nebsiT Tu uneblied,

mxars ubams pankisis zogi mcxovrebi - magaliTisTvis Seg-

viZlia davasaxeloT b-ni xaso xangoSvilis radio-internet-

gadacemebi, sadac pankisis xeobis istoriis ganxilvisas sa-

erTod amoRebulia TuSebis faqtori, miuxedavad imisa,

rom istoriulad alvanis velTan da lopotasTan erTad

pankisis xeobac gadaecaT TuSebs (wovas da CaRmas) da ar-

sebobs amis damadasturebeli mefe vaxtangis da SemdgomSi

erekle-meoris mier gamocemuli gujrebi. es yvelaferi iw-

vevs samarTlian protests TuSebis mosaxleobaSi da amas

gaxsniladac eubnebian Cvens megobrebs, magram Sedegad mxo-

lod saerTo ganawyeneba rCeba, zogjer iseTi, rom garkve-

ul sarkazmSic gadaaqvT, mag., erTi CeCeni avtoris publi-

kaciaSi amovikiTxeT: ”Баацаш - это те, которые подчиняемые

нами...”, anu maTi ymebi yofilan TuSebi (wovasac da CaR-masac isini bKcas uwodeben); saqme isaa, rom Tu CeC. sit-

yva d-aacs klasis niSans Seucvli, SeiZleba mravali mniS-

vneloba mianiWo: ”ara aris, ”mojamagireoba, Zova” da sxv.

sityva baacaS mojamagiris mniSvnelobiT am bolo dros

Seqmnili formaa, radgan maT enaSi misi aRmniSvneli sit-

yva lai arsebobs. da es replika im xalxis misamarTiTaa, romelzec XIX

s-Si m. olSanski wers: ”TuSebs ara Tu ar eSinodaT Ta-

vis mtacebeli mezoblebis - didoelebisa da qistebisa,

aramed piriqiT, TavianTi Seupovri vaJkacobis wyalobiT,

yovelTvis saSiSni iyvnen maTTvis”. an rodis unda yofi-

liyvnen TuSebi maTi ymebi, roca an samSoblos sadarajoze

idgnen, an omobdnen mis dasacavad, an saqmiT - mecxvareo-


141

biT iyvnen dakavebuli, rac udides Sromasa da dros mo-

iTxovda maTgan

am avtorebs, samwuxarod, hyavT Tanamoazreebis mTeli

armia da maTSi gaerTianebulebi arian ara marto Tavad

am saqmis mimdevari vainaxebi, aramed mecnierebaTa wreebSi

miRebuli mkvlevrebic, romlebic Tavis mxridan awvdian

mcdar informacias -aseTia, magaliTad ian Cesnovi, rome-

lic wers: «В более отдаленных местностях Грузии

(Ахметовский район) исконно живет третий нахский по языку,

близкий чеченцам и ингушам, народ - бацбийцы. Их вместе с

более поздними переселенцами из Чечни и Ингушетии

грузины называют кистами. Все они сейчас практически

ассимилировались с грузинами» (5.) am avtors cnobisaTvis Sevaxsenebdi, rom bacbebs (anu

wovaTuSebs) qistebad saqarTveloSi aravin aigivebs; qiste-

bi 2 s-is win gadmosaxlebuli CeCnur-inguSuri tomia, ro-

melmac dRemde SeinarCuna sakuTari TviTSgneba, ena da

religia - islami, bacbebi ki (igive wovaTis TuSebi) aris

ZirZveli qarTveluri tomi, qarTuli identobiTa da su-

lierebiT; da kidev - bacbi da wovaTuSi iseTive Tanafar-

dobis terminebia, rogorc noxCo, iCkerieli da CeCeni (an

uria da ebraeli), amitom maTi sxva da sxva konteqstSi

xmareba an umecrebaa, an, mapatieT, provokacia...

davubrundeT terminologiis sakiTxs: Cven zemoT ukve

vaxseneT, rom samecniero literaturaSi am enas ramdenime

terminiT moixsenieben: iob ciskariSvili - TuSur-wouri

ena (ix.„”Тушино-цовская грамматика” - 1847), anton Sifne-

ri - "TuSuri ena” (ix.„”Das Tusch-Sprachen” - 1956), iunus

deSerievi - bacburi ena (ix. ”Бацбийский язык” - 1953),

wova-TuSuri ena (ix. -. Holisky & R. Gagua “Tsova-Tush (Batsbi),

Caravan books - 1994). prof. niko qadagiZe jer kidev me-20 s-is 60-ian wlebSi

orive mxarisTvis misaRebi terminebis ganmsazRvrel mo-

dels sTavazobda - wova-TuSebi da CaRma-TuSebi (Sesabami-

sad, wova-TuSuri ena da CaRma-TuSuri dialeqti). aq pa-

tara koreqtivs SevitandiT: rogorc lingvistur termins


142

bacburs (Semdgomi gaugebrobebis asacileblad) CavsavamdiT

frCxilebSi da aseT models davjerdebodiT: wova-TuSebi

da CaRma-TuSebi - Sesabamisad: wova-TuSuri (bacburi)

metyveleba da CaRma-TuSuri dialeqti; am bolo xanebSi prof. a. berTlanmac gamoTqva Tavisi

mosazreba, romelic gvTavazobs TuSebis orive Temis mi-

marTebaSi gamoviyenoT termini TuSi - Sesabamisad, TuSu-

ri ena da TuSuri dialeqti. es araxalia (gavixsenoT a.

Sifneris ”TuSuri ena”) da Cvenc vemxrobiT am SemoTava-

zebas, Tumca, enisa da dialeqtis erT qudqveS moqceva,

vfiqrobT gamoiwvevs gaugebrobas ara marto sociumSi,

aramed mecnierebaSic.

rogorc viciT, wovaTuSebis keriis metyveleba mTis

iberiul-kavkasiur enaTa ojaxis naxur jgufSia gaerTiane-

buli maTi vainaxurTan nawilobrivi leqsikur-gramatikuli

naTesaobis gamo, romelic Seadgens 1/3-s, xolo 2/3 ki Zv.

qarTuli da qarTulia, romelic samecniero literatura-

Si ratomRac miiCneva, rogorc qarTulidan nasesxebi -

amas Cven kategoriulad ar veTanxmebiT. es sakiTxi Sesas-

wavlia, radgan ar SeiZleba enis leqsikur-gramatikuli

realiebis 2/3-is nasesxebad CaiTvalos. iqneba es sametyve-

lo enis organuli nawilia im gamonaklisis garda, rome-

lic saerToqarTveluri nasesxobebia. am kuTxiT vfiqrobT,

qarTvelma mecnierebam, misi siRrmiseuli Seswavlis safuZ-

velze unda gadaxedos wova-TuSuris naxur jgufSi gaer-

Tianebis sakiTxsac, raTa man daimkvidros misTvis istori-

ulad gankuTvnili adgili qarTveluri jgufis lingvis-

tur sivrceSi.

wovaTuSurad dResdReobiT mosaxleobis sul 20-30%

saubrobs, amdenad - Znelia am sityvebis warmoTqma, magram

igi gadaSenebis gzazea damdgari. misi gadarCenis perspeq-

tivac Zalian mcirea. am faqtis gaTvaliswinebiT, vfiq-

robT, am etapze sjobia davibrunoT iob ciskariSvilis mi-

er SemoTavazebuli TuSur-wouri - davamatoT TuSur-CaR-

muri, sadac mkveTrad iqneba gansazRvruli kuTxec da sa-

metyvelo erTeulic.


143

axla cotaoden wova-TuSur-qarTuli gramatikuli sa-

kiTxebidan: wova-TuSuris lingvisturi maxasiaTebelic

identuria qarTulisa, mag., ori tipis uRvlilebaa: piro-

vani da klasovan-pirovani, rac imis mimaniSnebelia, rom es

ena magaliTia klasovani uRvlilebidan pirovanze gardama-

vali procesebisa. Tu vainaxuri enebis magaliTiT vimsje-

leT, sadac mxolod klasovani uRvlilebaa, es procesi iq

arc dawyebula. vfiqrobT, wourisTvis am gziT ganviTare-

ba bunebrivi movlenaa da igi im kvals miyveba, romelic

gaiara danarCenma qarTulma. pirovan-klasovan uRlilebaSi,

rogorc klasis markeri, ise piris niSanic aRiniSneba da

Tanabrad awarmoebs gardamaval da gardauval formebs,

Tumca es exeba mxolod iseT winadadebebs, sadac subieqti

pirveli da meore piris nacvalsaxeliTaa gamoxatuli (mag.

as vuit-as ”me mivdivar”, ah’ v-uit-ah’“”Sen midixar” (garda-uvali); as meB ~-ay-os ”me purs vWam”, ah’’meB ჲ-ay-oh’ ”Sen purs Wam” (gardamavali). wova-TuSurSi pirovani uRlileba

Camoyalibebis stadiaSia; prof. k. WrelaSvilis azriT, igi

ori tipisaa: 1. subieqturi agebulebisa (mag. leit-

so ”vexmarebi”, le”t-h’o ”exmarebi”, le”t ”exmareba” da 2. obieqturi agebulebis: le”t-so(n)„”me-xmareba”, le”t-

h’o(n)„”ge-xmareba”,“le”t ”e-xmareba”. amiT gansxvavdeba wova-TuSuri CeCnur-inguSurisagan. es

sulac araa qarTulis zegavleniT ganviTarebuli procesi.

enam SeiZleba leqsika isesxos, magram is, rom Tavad enis

gramatikuli struqturis ganviTarebis gzis koreqtireba

SeZlos am doneze, naklebad dasajerebelia.

vfiqrob, wovaTuSurma, misi xangrZlivi konservaciis

wyalobiT, Zalian bevri saidumlo Semogvinaxa dRemde, ro-

melsac SeuZlia erTi mxriv, qarTveluri ena-kiloebis gan-

viTarebis procesis kanonzomierebaTa axsnas, meore mxriv -

vainaxur enebTan siaxlovis analizis Sedegad, iberiul-kav-

kasiur enebSi arsebuli mravali zogadi lingvisturi

procesis gaanalizeba-Seswavlis wyaro gaxdes.

bevri arqauli miniSnebaa leqsikaSic. wovurSi Zv.-qar-

Tulis uamravi leqsikuri erTeuli gvxvdeba iseTi, rome-


144

lic Tanamedrove qarTuls aRar gaaCnia, mag.: Rrut -

Rruti, qoredi, Beri, ambarCa, msgefsi, mrCobli, uCino,

kapraSi, kotori, gafxakaleba (imer.) da sxv.

TuSeTis toponimTa umravlesobac arqauli qarTuliT

da wovaTuSuriT aixsneba, mag.: sagirTa: sagir-Ta Sdr. sa-

gi ”jixvi”; sag(i)r - jixvebi. -Ta qarTuli mawarmoebeli

sufiqsi: ”sagirTa” - jixvebis adgili,“”jixveTi”.

mozarTa - qarTul moZRvars unda ukavSirdebodes

(moZRvar-i + Ta (mawarm. suf.) > moZRvarTa): vfiqrobT,

es sofeli sasuliero pirTa daarsebuli iyo, radgan gaq-

ristianebis dros wminda ninos wobonebi exmarebodnen am

saqmeSi da araa gamoricxuli, rom am adgilas saxlobdnen

isini, vinc qristianul swavlebas uZRveboda. cnobilia,

rom didi faris yovel mflobels TiTo sasuliero piri

dahyveboda da, Tu gaviTvaliswinebT wovaTis cxvris rao-

denobas da mesakuTreTa simravles, sasuliero pirTa sim-

ravlec Sesabamisi iqneba.

eTelta - toponimi, romlis axsnac, albaT, yvelaze

metad gaWirda; amosavali fuZis didi Zebnis Semdeg, mivak-

vlieT qarT. eTeri-s, romelic s.-sabas leqsikonSi asea

ganmartebuli: ”cecxli ars Semcveli caTa umdablesad... ”

(1.-1,232); gasagebia, rom eTel-taSi - ta-sufiqsi < Ta-da-

naa.. (am sakiTxs eZRvneba prof. T. gvancelaZis gamokvleva),

r-s > l-Si - wova-TuSurisTvis kanonzomieri fonetikuri

procesia da semantikuri dakavSirebac alogikuri ar unda

iyos.

nadirTa - toponimi, romelic dakavSirebulia qar. na-

dirTan, vfiqrobT, misi tyesTan axlos mdebareobisa da

masSi nadiris simravlis gamo Tu gaCnda.

nazarTa - misi rekonstruqcia qarT. naZvnara ukavSi-

reba.

Savwyala - qarTuli saxelia, romelic ori fuZisagan

Sedgeba: Savi da wyali; vfiqrob, saxeli am sofelSi mom-

dinare romelime wylis janmrTelobis mavneblobis gamo

Seerqva an feriT iyo gansxvavebuli.

indurTa - sabas leqsikonSi Cven gvxvdeba inaჴ-id-ga ”trapezi, sagangebo Sekreba” (anu, qarT seroba -


145

rac ”satrapezod dajdomas” niSnavs (1.-1,131), sadac inaჴi arq. qarT.“”maRali dasajdomis” aRmniSvnelia da Tavad

sityva axsnilia ase: serobad dajda; Tu davakvirdebiT am

soflis ganlagebis adgils, gasagebia, Tu ratom daerqva

es saxeli, radgan es yvelaze amaRlebul gorakze Sefeni-

li sofelia; Tu termin indurTaSi *in marTlac inaჴis reliqtia, maSin Tavdapirveli forma warmogvidgeba ase:

inaჴ-mdgomi > in-dgomi > in-dgom+*Ta (*Ta suf.) > in-dgo-r+Ta (a > u - Sdr. qarT. dgoma > sa-dgu-ri) > in-du-

r+Ta (sadac *r - mr. suf., Ta - mawarm. suf.); aq vaxse-

neT seric, romelic vfiqrobT, Zv. qarT. serobasTan aris

dakavSirebuli, radgan s. sabasTan seris erT-erT mniSvne-

lobad dasaxelebulia ”mecxovreni cxovarTa yurTa daWed-

va” (anu, cxvris yurze gaketebuli niSani); vfiqrob, Tavad

seri, rogorc termini, gamoiyo gvian da misi Tavdapirve-

li mniSvneloba unda iyos dakavSirebuli am proceduras-

Tan, sadac cxvris moniSvna xdeboda im mecxvaris mixedviT,

romelsac esa Tu is niSani ekuTvnoda. seri yvela mecxva-

res hqonda sakuTari, rom cxvari erTmaneTSi ar SeSlo-

daT. vfiqrob, am proceduras mecxvareebi atarebdnen s.

indurTaSi. es iZleoda saSualebas saerTo ZalebiT daec-

vaT cxvari erTmaneTSi arevisgan da dakargvisgan.

amdeni saukunis Semdeg Semonaxuli romelime toponimis

fuZis rekonstruqciis sizustis mtkiceba Zalze Znelia,

magram rodesac leqsikur-gramatikuli markerebi amis saSu-

alebas iZleva - maTi ignorirebac ar iqneba marTebuli.

amitom barSi, alvanis velze ganlagebuli TuSuri sofle-

bis saxelebis wiwalyures, fxakalyures, baiClayures, oT-

xTvala, muxrovanis, gurgalWalasi da baxtrionis fuZeebis

dakvirvebac movaxdineT da aseTi suraTi miviReT:

sami maTgani - wiwalyure, fxakalyure, baiClayure na-

warmoebia yure-s meSveobiT, romelsac s-saba ase

xsnis: ”warziduli adgili.. zRvisagan an mdinarisgan ukum-

dgari ჴmelTa Sina...” (1.-2, 274) qarT. wiwvnaris (Sdr. wiwvnar+yure > wiwar-yure > wiwalyure), anu, adgili

wiwvovani xeebiT SemosazRvruli;


146

igive ”yurea” gamoyenebuli soflebis fxakalyuresa da

baiClayures mawarmoeblad, Sdr.: w-T fxakalis ”kurdRe-

li” (Sdr. qarT. gafxakaleba, anu ”Setokeba, Secmacuneba”)

da arq. qarT baetari„”cxenis mkurnals”“(s-s-1.-90) > *bai-

tar-C-yure (C - naT. br. CanarTia) > *bait-la-C-yure > ba-

iClayure;

muxrovanis etimologiac gamWirvalea - ukavSirdeba mu-

xas;

toponimi oTxTvalac gamWirvale Cans (oTxi Tvali, anu,

naTeli yvela mxridan), magram xom araa es saxeli dakavSi-

rebuli arq. qarT. oTxo-sTan, romelsac s. saba xsnis

ase: ”sabaiTi glexurad, Tavad sabaiTi ”oTxis vegis mRe-

raa”, rac oTxi koWis (saqonlis) jansaRi Tanaarsebaa, ro-

melic modis baetari-dan, rac arq. qarT.„ ”cxenis mkur-

nals” niSnavs; arq. qarT.*oTxo+w.-T v-a (v - kacis kl.

niS.)„keTeba“> *oRxo-v-a+la (sityvamawarmoebeli suf.)

>*oTxo + *T-vala (fuZeebis Serwymisas, o-s dakargva iw-

vevs *T-s warmoiqmnas) >„oTxoTvala, anu, es adgili iyo,

sadac saqonlis mkurnalebi cxovrobdnen.

gurgalWalac Zalian advilad aixsneba: w-T gur-

gal ”mrgvali” + Wala, anu, *mrgvali Wala; vfiqrobT, xSi-

rad Tavad toponimSi iyo Cadebuli adgilis mniSvneloba.

rogorc vxedavT, TuSebis nacxovri toponimikis axsna-

rekonstruqcia Zveli-qarTulisa da wova-TuSuris meSveo-

biT advilad xerxdeba.

daskvnis saxiT vityviT Semdegs: dafiqreba gvmarTebs yvela sakiTxze, romelic Cveni

qveynis faseulobebs exeba, Tavad ar unda davuSvaT iseTi

Secdomebi, romlebic Semdgom zians moutans Cvenive sam-

Soblos. vfiqrobT, saxelmwifos mesvurebsac marTebs yu-

radRebiT iyvnen aseT sakiTxebisadmi, raTa drouli da

adekvaturi reagireba moaxdinon msagavs qmedebebze ro-

gorc sakuTar qveyanaSi, ise qveynis gareTac.

da kidev - droa Cvenma mecnierebam mkafiod ganmartos

da Camoayalibos es Tema da yvelas gaagebinos, rom erov-

nuli da eTnikuri identoba araa mxolod garkveuli leq-

sikis erToba - mocemuli metyvelebis fonematuri Tu


147

gramatikuli struqturis garda, sxva bevri faqtoricaa

gasaTvaliswinebeli: anTropologiuri monacemebi, TviTSeg-

neba, suliereba, mentaliteti, istoriuli fesvebi - maTi

istoriuli gzis gaTvaliswineba da sxva.

damowmebuli literatura:

s-s orbeliani - Zveli-qarTuli enis leqsikoni, Tb.,

1t-1991, 2t-1993

П. Услар - Чеченский язык, Тиф., 1888

Н. Марр - 1922, Кавказские племенные названия и

местные параллели, СПб., 1922

А.Шавхелишвили - 2001, Тушины, Тб., 2001

Я.Чеснов - Генетические представления в менталитете

чеченцев, CHECHEN.ORG, 2009 p. xubutia - TuSuri kilo, Tb., 1967

r. gujejiani - istoriis reprezentaciis eTnologiu-

ri aspeqtebi, Tb., 2017


148

BELA SHAVKHELISHVILI

Contemporary Discussions on the Status of the Tush Speech Codes

Summary Tsova-Tushian is a community language (spoken mainly in the

families) without a written language. The local population is equally fluent in Georgian and their community language because they are just as valuable for them as the Georgian dialects and literary language for any Georgian. Their Georgian is a bit different with its slight intonation peculiarities characteristic of literary speech.

Tsova-Tushian community speech in the Iberian-Caucasian family is grouped together with Vainakh because of their partial lexical-grammatical kinship which is 1/3 while 2/3 is Old Georgian and Georgian, which in some scientific literature is allegedly considered to be borrowed from Georgian. We think that in this regard its in-depth study is necessary.

The article deals with the terminology of the Tsovati community population of Tusheti (toponyms, ethnos), which the neighbour tribes try to explain through their language-culture. I think that everyone should understand the thesis that identity is not just the unity of certain vocabulary - there are many other components that are decisive: anthropological data, self-consciousness, spirituality, mentality, historical roots – taking into consideration their historical path and many other things.


149

gamoxmaureba:

didi wigni did moRvaweTa Sesaxeb (sergo vardosaniZe, saqarTvelos marTlmadidebeli samociqulo eklesiis aswlovani matiane (1917-2017

w.w.), Tbilisi, 2017 weli)

„”miiRe wigni... wigni mwuxare,

wigni spetaki ocnebis Cemis,

miiRe niSnad siyvarulisa

da udidesi pativiscemis”.“

prof. sergo vardosaniZis wigni: ”saqarTvelos mar-

Tlmadidebeli samociqulo eklesiis aswlovani matia-

ne (1917-2017 w.w.)” mniSvnelovani gamocemaa; vfiqrobT,

mis Sesaxeb, rogorc saerTaSoriso samecniero sazogadoebam,

aseve, mTelma saqarTvelom unda gaigos, ramdenadac, dRes,

mogexsenebaT, momgebiani gaxda saerTaSoriso terminebiT Tav-

momwoneoba, msoflios sxvadasxva kuTxisa da xalxis ufleba-

Ta dacvisTvis Tavgamodeba da sakuTaris damcrobiT ucxou-

ri faseulobebis daCemeba; am fonze, warmodgenil kvelvaSi

mravali iseTi faqtia moxmobili, romelic TvalnaTliv war-

moaCens qarTveli eris Rirsebas.

arasdros hqonia Cvens qveyanas amdeni umaRlesi saswavle-

beli, magram arasdros hklebia ise saqveyno saqmeebis keTebis

mowadine xalxi, rogorc axla. Tumca, RmerTma nu qnas, rom

kargi araferi xdebodes... da xdeba kidec:

saqarTvelos sapatriarqos wmida andria pirvelwodebu-

lis saxelobis qarTuli universitetis jer sruliad xanmok-

le cxovrebaSi ukve ramdenime iseTi didi mniSvnelobis Ro-

nisZieba ganxorcielda, romelic aswlovani istoriis univer-

sitetebsac moenatrebaT. aseTia: samecniero da saswavlo

sferoSi tradiciuli magistraluri xazis SenarCuneba-gag-

rZeleba, Zlieri erovnuli suliskveTebiT aRsasvse humanita-

ruli skolis gadarCena-gaZliereba, saqarTvelosTvis saWir-

boroto sakiTxebis kvleva globalizaciur zRvaSi CaZirvisa-


150

gan qveynis gadasarCenad da saqarTvelos istoriis, enisa da

kulturisadmi miZRvnili fundamenturi naSromebis momzade-

ba-gamocema. Cvens universitetSi, romelTanac Tanamedrove

msoflios mravali mowinave qveynidan TanamSromloben mecni-

erebi da studentebi, mudam saqarTveloa, mudam mamulisaT-

vis uZgerT guli.

am atmosferos Seqmna saqarTvelos kaTolikos-patriarqis

Canafiqria, am Canafiqris xorcSesxmaSi ki mTeli koleqtivi

monawileobs - patriarqis rwmunebuli, universitetis req-

tori, studentebi, profesor-maswavleblebi, mmarTvelobiTi

da teqnikuri seqtori.

da ra sakiTxic ar unda movixsenioT sauniversiteto

cxovrebidan, yvelgan gansakuTrebuli pativiscemiT unda da-

vasaxeloT profesori sergo vardosaniZe, rogorc universi-

tetis Tavkaci da amasTan, samecniero da saswavlo sferos

dauRalavi muSaki, Tumca, amjerad profesor vardosaniZis

SesaniSnavi wignis gamo vsaubrebT. misi xangrZlivi da nayo-

fieri Sroma saqarTvelos eklesiis yvelaze kritikuli xanis

mesveurTa vinaobis, Rvawlis, farTo saxelmwifoebriv kon-

teqstSi Sesrulebuli istoriuli rolis Sefasebis mimar-

TulebiT, Sejamda araCveulebrivi wigniT, romlis saTauria

„saqarTvelos marTlmadidebeli samociqulo eklesiis as-

wlovani matiane (1917-2017 w.w.);

wignSi gamowvlilviTaa Seswavlili wmida kirionis, leo-

nides, wmida ambrosis, qristefores, wmida kalistrates,

melqisedekis, efremis, daviTis, ilia II-is cxovrebisa da

moRvaweobis umniSvnelovanes movlenebi.

erTi SexedviT, biografia visime konkretuli cxovrebaa

mxolod, Tumca, cxadia, es ase ar aris, radgan ar arsebobs

mxolod erTi adamianis cxovreba, is ueWveladaa gadabmuli

mravalTa bedze da ganicdis iseTi politikuri da socia-

lur-kulturuli faqtorebis zegavlenas, romelTa gareSec

sul sxvagvarad warimarTeboda movlenebi. rCeulTa cxovreba

ki Tavadaa istoria.

upirveles yovlisa, unda iTqvas, rom es wigni didi xa-

nia dasaweria. ramdeni Taoba gaizarda aTeistur sabWoTa

kavSirSi, romelmac TiTqmis araferi icoda im brZolaze,


151

romelsac saqarTvelos marTlmadidebluri eklesia awarmoeb-

da urwmunoebis, qarTuli kulturis mimtaceblebisa da sa-

qarTvelos gadaSenebis mowadineTa winaaRmdeg. ra xerxebiT

utevda imperia da xarbi mezobeli yovelives qarTulsa da

wmindas, raoden gaazrebuli, Rrmad gacnobierebuli hqondaT

qarTvel RvTismsaxurebs (da miT ufro eklesiis meTaurT)

sakuTari movaleobebi da pasuxismgebloba RvTisa da eris

winaSe. prof. s. vardosaniZis wignma cxadyo, rogor xdebo-

da es yovelive, miviwyebidan gamoixmo istoria da Tanamed-

roveobas damxmared da gamamxneveblad wamoaSvela.

roca SevyoymandebiT, Rirs ki ramed Cveni facifuci

qveynis sve-bedze, an vis esmis Cveni xma am ukidegano da

aforiaqebul msoflioSio, unda gadavfurcloT es didtani-

ani wigni da mis nebismier gverdze amovikiTxoT pasuxi; am-

gvar pasuxTagan erTs davimowmeb; magaliTad, kaTalikos am-

brosi xelaiasadmi miZRvnil nawils: “

”me Sevasrule Cemi movaleoba da rogoris TvaliT Sexe-

davs uzenaesi sasamarTlo Cemgan erovnuli interesebis dac-

vis saqmes, amas dagvanaxebs is ganaCeni, romelic gamotanil

iqneba... yovel SemTxvevaSi, rogorc Cvens winaprebs tkbilad

miaCndaT samSoblosa da sarwmunoebisaTvis tanjvis miReba,

agreTve CemTvis tkbili iqneba is sasjeli, romelsac momis-

jis uzenaesi sasamarTlo mSobliuri eklesiisa da eris Ta-

visuflebis dacvis mizniT xmis amoRebisaTvis. es iqneba dag-

virgvineba im jvrisa, romelic Cemgan natvirTia da vatareb

Cemi cxovrebis TiTqmis 37 wlis ganmavlobaSi Cemgan erovnu-

li interesebis dasacavad amaRlebuli xma da msjavri, ro-

melsac momisjis uzenaesi samsjavro, monaxaven Tavis adgils

yovelis qarTvelis gulSi, im qarTvelisa, romelsac jer ki-

dev ar daukargavs sarwmunoeba da samSoblos siyvaruli.

amiTac bednierad CavTvli Cem Tavs, rogorc morwmune vit-

yvi, iyos neba RvTisa da mogmarTavT qristes sityve-

biT: ,,asulno ierusalimisano, nu stiriT Cemzeda, aramed

TavTa TqvenTa stirodeT da SvilTa TquenTa“(19, 162)”.

uwmidesi ambrosi grZnobda, rom misi es sityvebi urwmu-

no sasamarTlos wevrebisaTvis arafers ar niSnavda, magram


152

igi iyo gamxneveba aTasobiT patrioti qarTvelisa, romelTa

erovnuli sulis Cakvlas cdilobdnen bolSevikebi.“

aRsaniSnavia am didtaniani monografiis teqstobrivi mxa-

re. avtoris Txrobis manera akademiuria, analizi Rrma da

saimedo, faqtobrivi masalisadmi damokidebuleba - keTilsin-

disieri da zusti, msjeloba dinji da Tanamimdevruli, das-

kvnebi damajerebeli, xolo yoveli istoriuli faqti da epi-

zodi danaxulia farTo diskurSi, politikuri da socia-

lur-kulturuli fonis gaTvaliswinebiT. saubari naTelia,

eqspresia zomieri da qarTveli meistoriebisaTvis damaxasia-

Tebeli sada mxatvrulobiT gamorCeuli.

Cvens qveyanasa da mis eklesias gansaxilveli aswleulis

manZilze mraval udides gansacdelTan mouxda Sexvedra. gan-

sacdeli arc axla gvaklia... gulis siRrmeSi yvelam viciT,

risa da ratom gveSinia... magram uflis imediT SevyurebT

momavals. winamdebare wigni am imedis erT-erTi masazrdoebe-

lia, radgan misi furclebidan uaxloesi istoria Semogvyu-

rebs da sxvadasxva gansacdelis daZlevis gasaocar magali-

Tebs gvTavazobs.

mSoblebi gvaswavlidnen - rodesac CvenSi raime mniSvne-

lovani xdeba, am movlenas ori gadasaxedidan gaxede - axlo-

dan (Sinidan) da Soridano (garedan);

winamdebare monografia Sinaurebs sagulisxmo gakveTilad

moevlina - rogor unda gauZlo Wirs, rogor unda giyvar-

des da emsaxuro RmerTsa da qveyanas, rogor unda gamoimu-

Savo gansacdelTan simtkiciT dgoma, rogor unda icno mte-

ri, rogor ar unda mogatyuos „gaiZvera moyvarem“, rogor

unda iswavlo, iSromo da iloco...

gareSeTa winaSe ki am wignma ardaviwyebis Zegli augo me-

oce saukunisa da ocdameerTis dasawyisis qarTul eklesias

da yvelas gasagonad ganacxada: maSin, rodesac yvelas uWir-

da dedamiwaze, xolo qarTvelebs asgzis ufro cdida bedi,

Cvens eklesias saTaveSi wmindanebi da Tavdadebuli moRvawe-

ni edgnen da urwmunoebis grZeli talanidan sinaTlisaken

mihyavdaT eri. is sinaTle axlac gvixmobs.

manana tabiZe

tariel futkaraZe


153

oTar maTeSvilis ”inglisur-qarTuli

idiomebis leqsikoni”

Cven winaSea udidesi Sromis Sedegi, romelic gansa-

kuTrebuli TavmdablobiT aCuqa qarTvel wignier sazoga-

doebas profesorma oTar maTeSvilma. xazs vusvam Tavmdab-

lobas imitom, rom am SesaniSnavi specialistisa da, uda-

vod, moRvawe adamianis uamrav RirsebaTa Soris Tavmdab-

loba is Rirsebaa, romelic Zalian xSirad aklia Cvens sa-

zogadoebas, da romelsac Tan Tu ar dahyva, Znelad Tu

gamoimuSavebs adamiani.

am leqsikonis Seswavlisa da damuSavebis saqmeebi jer

kidev win aris da yvelafris SemCnevasa da aRweras, cxa-

dia, am mokle werilSi ver SevZleb, magram Sevecdebi im

ramdenime momentze gavamaxvilo yuradReba, romelic gansa-

kuTrebiT faseuli da sainteresoa CemTvis, qarTuli enis

muSakisaTvis, radgan me, piradad, am leqsikons, upirveles

yovlisa, qarTuli enaTmecnierebis warmatebad aRviqvam:

1. nebismieri sakiTxis gaazreba TeoriiT xdeba, magram Te-

oria verc daibadeba da verc praqtikis mSobeli gaxdeba

empiriuli masalis fundamenturi codnis gareSe. amitoma-

caa, rom yvela msurveli ver moereva leqsikonis Sedgenis

umZimessa da sakmaod umadur saqmes (Tumca nebismieri wig-

nieri adamiani moaxerxebs met-naklebad gamarTuli Teori-

uli traqtatis daweras).

2. leqsikonis Sedgena (cxadia, karg leqsikonzea saubari)

moiTxovs leqsikografiis codnas, TiToeuli sityvis gan-

martebis konteqstebSi moZiebasa da Semowmebas, sxva leqsi-

konebSi analogiuri masalis kritikulad gaazrebas, ganmar-

tebaTa sizustis, stilistikur-orTografiuli gamarTulo-

bis uzrunvelyofas, mkiTxveli auditoriis enobrivi kompe-

tenciis gaTvaliswinebas, did enobriv alRos, enobrivi

etiketis dacvas da kidev mraval mniSvnelovan Tvisebasa

da codnas; romelTagan sul cota ori enis zedmiwevniTi

codna savaldebulo pirobaa;

3. TargmniT leqsikonTa Soris idiomTa leqsikoni sirTu-

lis umaRles mwvervalad miiCneva am saqmis specialistTa


154

mier, radgan idiomuri leqsika faqtobrivad uTargmneli

leqsikaa, da misi erTi enidan meoreSi gadatana ara mar-

to lingvisturi, aramed eTnokulturuli, literaturaT-

mcodneobiTi, semiotikuri, istoriuli, kulturologiuri,

geografiuli, folkloruli da kidev uamrav sxva infor-

maciis Rrma codnasTanaa dakavSirebuli. sxvanairad ver

aixsneboda (magaliTad: A London particular londonis maxasia-

Tebeli (londonisTvis damaxasiaTebeli)– (etim. dikensi) nis-

li; ან: Achilles' Club aqilevsis klubi. – oqsfordisa da kem-

brijis universitetebis studentebis mZleosnebis gaerTia-

nebuli klubi; ან: Appeal from Philip drunk to Philip sober - nasvami

filipis mimarTva fxizeli filipisadmi - Txovna, rom vin-

mem saRad iazrovnos da gadaxedos naCqarev gadawyvetile-

bas; Apple of your eye - Tvalis Cini - rame (umetesad - vinme) TqvenTvis gansakuTrebuli. da a.S.); oTar maTeSvilis leq-

sikonSi ormagad rTuli samuSaoa Sesrulebuli, radgan

ganmartebiTi nawili ori punqtisagan Sedgeba: erTi mxriv

inglisuri idiomis sityvasityviTi Targmania mocemuli,

xolo meore mxriv: qarTulSi - sruli an SedarebiTi

idiomurobis mqone Sesatyvisi.

4. saqarTvelom ruseTis samxedro-politikur-kulturul

velSi lamis ori saukune gaatara (mogxsenebaT, bolomde

jerac ar gamosula am gavlenebisagan), da gasaocaria, rom

rusul-qarTuli an piriqiTa leqsikonebis siuxviT Tavs

ver moviwonebT. idiomTa didtanian leqsikonze xom lapa-

rakic zedmetia. isic unda aRvniSnoT, rom ruseTTan „Ta-

nacxovrebis“ xanaSi Zalian mwirad mogveZeveboda evropuli

enebis qarTulTan Sejerebuli TargmniTi leqsikonebi. amas

Tavisi uaRresad uaryofiTi Sedegebi mohqonda qarTuli

enisaTvis, ramdenadac qarTuli romelime evropul enasTan

Tavisi enobrivi masalis morgebas ki ar cdilobda, aramed

ZiriTadad erTaderTi gamaSualebeli enis - rusulis mi-

marT SeimuSavebda xolme damokidebulebas da TargmanTa

umravlesobac rusul quraSi gamotarebuli da ”morusu-

lebuli” aRwevda Cvenamde. swored amitom gaWirda esoden,

90-iani wlebis Semdgom periodSi evropuli enebidan qar-

Tulad Targmna (nebismieri Janrisa da funqciuri stilis


155

masalisa), rasac, mogexsenebaT ukontrolo sesxebis, kalki-

rebis siuxve, barabarizmebis moZaleba, enobrivad Raribi

teqstebis stilistikuri xarvezebiT Sedgena da uamravi

gaumarTlebeli dubletis gaCena mohyva, da rasac dRemde

veraferi mouxerxa normatiulma RonisZiebebma. winamdebare

leqsikoni mniSvnelovnad gaarRvevs am Caketil wres;

5. uaRresad mniSvneloovnad mimaCnia leqsikonis sakuTriv

qarTuli nawili, romelic qarTvelologebisaTvis udides

saanalizo masalas Seicavs. mogexsenebaT, sabas leqsikonSi

saleqsikono erTeulebze aranakleb saintereso da samecni-

ero TvalsazrisiT gacilebiT tevadi swored ganmartebiTi

nawilia. aqac asea, idioms xom erTi sityviT ver ganmar-

tav; ganmartebebi Tavisi mniSvnelobiT xSirad enciklope-

diuri xasiaTisaa; ase rom Janrobrivad winamdebare leqsi-

koni enciklopediurobis elementebsac Seicavs;

6. udavod, misasalmebelia, rom qarTvelma specialistebma

ukve gamosces TargmniTi leqsikonebi, rac saSualebas aZ-

levs Cvens sazogadoebas da dargobrivi sferoebis warmo-

madgenlebs qarTuli Sesatyvisebi mouZebnon ucxour masa-

las. baton oTar maTeSvilis leqsikoni am did erovnul

saqmeSi Cadebuli didi faseulobaa.

da bolos, CvenSi qebaze metad Zageba uyvarT, bevrni

TavianTi uniaTobis misaCqmalad sxvaTa kargi saqmeebis dam-

crobas cdiloben. vici, am wignsac gamouCndeba Casafrebu-

li wamkiTxveli, romelsac minda vuTxra:

1. aseTi leqsikoni qarTulad adre arasodes gvqonia;

2. bevr qveyanas dResac ara aqvs amgvari wigni;

3. aseTi kargi qarTuliT gawyobili ganmartebebi uamrav

specialistsa da axalgazrdas gauadvilebs swavlisa da

kvlevis saqmes;

4. am leqsikonma yvela keTilmosurne oponents misca biZ-

gi daukvirdes da keTili rCeviT gaamdidros leqsikonis

xelaxali gamocemebi;

5. am leqsikoniT gadaiSala axali furceli qarTul-in-

glisuri enobrivi kontaqtebis istoriaSi, da momaval

leqsikografebs ”siZnele gzisa gauadvila”;

mfg ქართველოლოგიის აქტუალური პრობლემები156

6. es leqsikoni dResve Caebmeba Targmanmcodneobis, ingli-

sur-qarTuli urTierTobebis, leqsikografiis saswavlo

kursebSi;

7. am leqsikonis bazaze Cvens magistrantebsa da doqto-

rantebs ukve vawyebinebT sakvlev samuSaoebs;

da arakeTilmosurne oponentebs vetyviT kidev erTs:

Tqvenc SeqmeniT aseTi wignebi, Tqveni wignebic gagvaxareben.

axla baton oTarsac mivmarTav: did madloba am Tavda-

uzogavi SromisaTvis; es wigni mTeli Tqveni profesiuli

saqmianobis nayofia; misi bolo nawili gansakuTrebulad

mZime sulieri gansacdelis Jams gasrulda, albaT, moxdi-

li movaleobis, gadatanili omisa da sxvaTa sasikeTod ga-

Rebuli msxverplis manugeSebeli madlis saxiT SegaZlebi-

naT ufalma misi ganxorcieleba.

kvlavac bevri geRvawoT qarTuli enis sasikeTod.

manana tabiZe

daibeWda gamomcemloba `universalSi~

Tbilisi, 0179, a. politkovskaias #4. 19, : 5(99) 33 52 02, 5(99) 17 22 30 E-mail: [email protected]; [email protected]