2018 annual compliance report - wisconsin department of...

Wisconsin Public Water Systems 2018 Annual Drinking Water Report

Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources Bureau of Drinking Water and Groundwater dnr.wi.gov

WISCONSIN PUBLIC WATER SYSTEMS 2018 ANNUAL DRINKING WATER REPORT

Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources, Bureau of Drinking Water and Groundwater 2

Wisconsin Public Water Systems 2018 Annual Drinking Water Report

Obtaining Copies of Wisconsin’s 2018 Annual Drinking Water Report

As required by the federal Safe Drinking Water Act, the 2018 Annual Drinking Water Report is available to

the public. To obtain copies of this report, contact the Bureau of Drinking Water and Groundwater DG/5,

Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources, PO Box 7921, Madison WI 53707, 608-266-1054. The report

is also available on DNR’s web site, dnr.wi.gov, search “drinking water.”

Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources Preston D. Cole, Secretary

Environmental Management Division Darsi Foss, Division Administrator

Bureau of Drinking Water and Groundwater Steven B. Elmore, Director

Public Water Supply Section Adam DeWeese, Chief

Public Water Engineering Section Cathrine Wunderlich, Chief

Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources

Bureau of Drinking Water and Groundwater DG/5

PO Box 7921, Madison WI 53707-7921

608-266-1054

dnr.wi.gov/topic/DrinkingWater/

PUB-DG-045 2019

July 2019

The Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources provides equal opportunity in its employment,

programs, services, and functions under an Affirmative Action Plan. If you have any questions, please

write to the Equal Opportunity Office, Department of Interior, Washington DC 20240. This publication

can be made available in alternative formats on request. Please call 608-266-1054 for more information.

http://dnr.wi.gov/

http://dnr.wi.gov/topic/DrinkingWater/



CONTENTS

Executive summary 4

Introduction 5

Wisconsin’s drinking water program: the basics 5

Wisconsin’s public water systems 6

Monitoring and testing for contaminants in drinking water 8

Drinking Water News on Tap —

Monitoring Wisconsin’s Drinking Water: Emerging, Unregulated Contaminants

10

Compliance with drinking water requirements 11

Drinking Water News on Tap —

Wisconsin’s Largest Water Systems Begin New Efforts to Protect Consumers

from Lead and Copper

15

DNR efforts to protect Wisconsin’s drinking water 18

Challenges ahead 24

Appendices

Appendix A. Maximum permissible levels of contaminants in drinking water 26

Appendix B. Summary of violations of drinking water requirements during

2018

29

Appendix C. Communities receiving Safe Drinking Water Loan Program

funding for drinking water projects during 2018

32

Appendix D. Water systems and communities awarded funds through the

Private Lead Service Line Replacement Funding Program during 2018

34



EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

The Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources (DNR) is charged with protecting the quality and

quantity of Wisconsin’s water resources and is responsible for implementing and enforcing the Safe

Drinking Water Act to safeguard the quality of Wisconsin’s drinking water.

Strong state and federal regulations combined with the collaborative efforts and hard work of many

people―including DNR, the US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), individual owners and

operators of public water systems, county health officials, professional associations, water quality

organizations and water consumers―have allowed Wisconsin to successfully manage its drinking water

resources.

Our 2018 Annual Drinking Water Report summarizes compliance with the drinking water requirements

during 2018 and highlights efforts that help public water systems provide a safe and adequate supply of

drinking water in the state. Some of these include:

• During 2018, more than 99 percent of Wisconsin’s public water systems provided water that met

all of the health-based Maximum Contaminant Level standards. Monitoring for contaminants is a

critical piece of the strategy to protect drinking water quality.

• Wisconsin’s largest water systems embarked on new efforts during 2018 to protect consumers

from lead and copper in drinking water. These efforts include more comprehensive monitoring

of water quality and studies of optimal corrosion control treatment to prevent releases of lead

and copper into drinking water supplies.

• DNR and its partners performed more than 2,500 sanitary survey inspections during 2018, to

assess compliance with construction, operation and maintenance requirements.

• DNR’s partners provided technical assistance and training for public water system owners and

operators throughout the state during 2018. This assistance encompassed responses to

contaminant detections, training courses and on-site assessments, all aimed at helping operators

and systems comply with water quality requirements.

• DNR awarded more than $57 million in financial assistance through the Safe Drinking Water

Loan Program during 2018. The funding is helping 56 communities around Wisconsin make

needed infrastructure improvements and replace lead service lines at their drinking water

systems.

DNR is committed to protecting the state’s drinking water to ensure that it is safe today and for the

future.



INTRODUCTION

The Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources

(DNR) works to protect the quality and quantity

of the state’s water resources.

With strong state and federal regulations and

collaborative efforts between DNR, the US

Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), public

water systems, county health officials,

professional associations, individual operators,

other water quality organizations and water

consumers, Wisconsin has been able to manage

its drinking water resources.

The federal Safe Drinking Water Act (SDWA)

requires states to publish an annual report

summarizing violations of the drinking water

standards. This 2018 Annual Drinking Water

Report summarizes how Wisconsin’s public water

supply systems complied with the drinking

water requirements between January 1 and

December 31, 2018. This annual report also

highlights state and local initiatives that help to

meet the goal of providing a safe and adequate

supply of drinking water to the citizens and

visitors of Wisconsin.

WISCONSIN’S DRINKING WATER PROGRAM: THE BASICS

Requirements for public water systems come from the federal SDWA, which was originally passed in

1972 and amended several times since. In the SDWA, EPA sets national limits for contaminants in

drinking water to protect public health. These limits, known as Maximum Contaminant Levels (MCLs),

are health-based standards that are specific to each contaminant.

The SDWA details how often public water systems must test their water for contaminants and report the

results to the state, EPA and the public. Testing or “monitoring” requirements vary depending on a

water system’s size, the type of population served, and the vulnerability of the water source to

contamination. In general, water systems serving residential consumers and larger populations have

more stringent monitoring and reporting requirements.

Finally, the SDWA requires public water systems to notify their consumers when they have not met

these requirements. Consumer notification must include a clear and understandable explanation of the



violation that occurred, its potential adverse health effects, steps that the water system is taking to

correct the problem and the availability of alternative water supplies during the violation.

States can obtain approval from EPA to administer their own public water supply programs. This

primary enforcement authority, called “primacy,” means that EPA has determined that the state has

adopted drinking water regulations that meet SDWA requirements and can enforce those requirements.

In Wisconsin, the DNR is the primacy agency for the state’s drinking water program.

WISCONSIN’S PUBLIC WATER SYSTEMS

Wisconsin has 11,589 public water systems, the largest number of any state. Public water systems are

defined as those that provide water for human consumption to at least 15 service connections or

regularly serve at least 25 people for 60 days or longer per year. Wisconsin has four types of public water

systems:

• Community water systems serve water to people where they live. Wisconsin has 1,053 community

water systems that serve 73 percent of the state’s population (Figure 1). The remainder of the state’s

residents get their water from private domestic wells.

o Municipal community (MC) water systems are owned by cities, villages, towns or sanitary

districts. This group also includes care and correctional facilities that are owned by counties

or municipalities. Wisconsin has 610 municipal systems. Milwaukee Waterworks is the state’s

largest, serving almost 650,000 people. Wisconsin’s smallest municipal water systems, by

contrast, serve fewer than 50 people each.

o Other-than-municipal community (OC) water systems serve residents living in areas

supplied by privately-owned wells. The state’s OC water systems include mobile home parks,

apartment buildings, condominium complexes and long term care facilities.

Figure 1. Wisconsin has more than 11,500 public water systems. Most are very small transient non-community systems, but the state’s municipal water systems serve the largest population.



• Non-community water systems serve water to people where they work, attend school or gather for

food or entertainment. The wells supplying these systems are privately owned. Wisconsin has 10,536

non-community systems (see Figure 1).

o Non-transient non-community (NN) water systems regularly serve at least 25 of the same

people for six months or more per year. They include schools, day care centers, office

buildings, industrial facilities, dairies and many other businesses.

o Transient non-community (TN) water systems serve at least 25 people (though not

necessarily the same people) for 60 days or longer per year. They include campgrounds,

parks, motels, restaurants, taverns and churches. There are more than 9,500 transient non-

community water systems in Wisconsin.

The vast majority of Wisconsin’s public water systems rely on groundwater pumped from wells.

However, 56 systems use surface water from Wisconsin lakes to provide drinking water to their

customers. These surface water systems serve some of the state’s largest communities, including

Milwaukee and Green Bay. So, while more than 99 percent of the state’s public water systems use

groundwater sources, surface water systems serve almost one third of the state’s population (Figure 2).

Figure 2. Most of Wisconsin’s public water systems use groundwater pumped from wells. The 56 systems that use surface water from lakes include most of the state’s largest public water systems.



MONITORING AND TESTING FOR CONTAMINANTS IN DRINKING WATER

Monitoring is critically important for protecting our drinking water and for identifying changes in water

quality. All public water systems are required to monitor and test their water for contaminants.

Monitoring involves collecting water samples, analyzing them for potential contaminants and reporting

the results to DNR and consumers.

The frequency of monitoring and the number of contaminants measured depend on the type of water

system and population served. The largest systems collect hundreds of water samples each month, while

the smallest systems may collect only two samples per year.

Contaminants can have either acute or chronic health effects. Acute contaminants pose an immediate

risk to human health—people can become ill within hours or days of exposure. Maximum permissible

levels in drinking water are risk-based, set to prevent occurrences of acute or fatal illness. Chronic

contaminants cause long-term health risks. Their maximum permissible levels are typically set so that

only one in 1,000,000 people would face an increased risk of developing cancer by drinking two liters of

water a day for 70 years.

All public water systems monitor for acute contaminants. Chronic contaminants are monitored less

frequently, and the state’s smallest systems, TNs, are not required to test for these contaminants.

Types of regulated contaminants

Regulated contaminants fall into several groups based on their microbial or chemical characteristics:

• Acute contaminants

o Escherichia coli (or E. coli) bacteria

o Nitrate and nitrite



• Chronic contaminants

o Inorganic chemicals (IOCs)—this group includes arsenic,

chromium, copper, lead and other chemicals

o Synthetic organic chemicals (SOCs)—this group includes

herbicides and pesticides

o Volatile organic chemicals (VOCs)—this group includes benzene,

toluene, xylene and other chemicals

o Radionuclides—this group includes radioactive chemicals like

radium and uranium

o Disinfectants and disinfection byproducts—this group includes chlorine and byproducts like

haloacetic acid and trihalomethanes

Most of these chemical groups contain multiple contaminants. For example, the synthetic organic

contaminants group contains 30 regulated chemicals (although there are many more synthetic organic

substances used in commerce). Municipal water systems, which have the most comprehensive

monitoring requirements, test drinking water for more than 90 regulated contaminants to protect public

health. Appendix A lists all the regulated contaminants and their health-based standards, or MCLs.

Aesthetic or secondary standards

The SDWA also sets aesthetic or “secondary” standards for additional contaminants. These substances

may cause an unpleasant smell, taste, appearance, stain sinks or discolor clothes when they exceed

certain levels. This group of chemicals includes iron, manganese and sulfate, among others. Public water

systems may be required to take corrective actions if they exceed secondary standards for these

contaminants. Appendix A lists the secondary standards.

Action levels for certain contaminants

The SDWA establishes “action levels” rather than MCL standards for two contaminants: lead and

copper. Exceeding an action level does not result in a violation, but it does require a water system to

conduct additional monitoring and follow certain procedures to control levels of the contaminant in the

drinking water supply. The action levels for lead and copper are listed in Appendix A.

Treatment for contaminants

Public water systems may treat their water to meet

regulatory MCL limits. Most treatments reduce or

inactivate contaminants that may be present in the

water. One common type of treatment is

disinfection, which inactivates microbial

contaminants so they cannot make us sick.

Disinfection of drinking water has revolutionized

our lives. Diseases that used to cause many

deaths, like typhoid fever, have been almost

eliminated thanks to disinfection. Other

treatments—like filtration, oxidation and ion



exchange—remove or reduce contaminants present in the water. Corrosion control treatment involves

adding compounds to adjust the chemistry of water and prevent certain contaminants from leaching

(being dissolved or extracted) into the water, like lead from lead pipes.

Drinking Water News on Tap Monitoring Wisconsin’s Drinking Water: Emerging, Unregulated Contaminants Protecting Wisconsin’s drinking water sources is a continuous goal for DNR, the state’s public water systems, and the EPA. EPA evaluates new contaminants based on their potential occurrence in drinking water and potential adverse health effects. This ongoing process for evaluating emerging contaminants is built into the Safe Drinking Water Act. Every five years, EPA identifies a group of unregulated contaminants (that is, contaminants for which there are currently no MCL standards) known as the Contaminant Candidate List (CCL). Some of the public water systems in Wisconsin and across the country are required to monitor for contaminants selected from the CCL under the Unregulated Contaminant Monitoring Rule (UCMR). Water systems are currently monitoring under the fourth cycle of the rule (UCMR 4). The UCMR 4 monitoring is focused on 30 unregulated contaminants that include metals, pesticides, alcohols, semivolatile organic compounds (SVOCs), and cyanotoxins (toxins produced by blue-green algae during harmful algal blooms). The UCMR 4 monitoring is designed to help EPA determine whether any contaminants on the list should be regulated as ‘primary’ drinking water contaminants under the SDWA. If EPA determines that a MCL standard is needed, it goes on to develop the proposed regulations. One contaminant being monitored under UCMR 4 is manganese. Manganese is a naturally-occurring inorganic contaminant (a metal) which can be found in both groundwater and surface water. Human activities can also contribute to manganese in water (pollution sources, for instance). Because of the geology in the state, elevated manganese levels have been found in some of Wisconsin’s public water systems. Our bodies need some manganese to be healthy, but too much can be harmful. Manganese is currently listed as a secondary inorganic contaminant under the SDWA. While secondary contaminants do not have MCLs, EPA has established a Health Advisory Level of 300 mg/L for manganese because of potential adverse effects on infants. Monitoring for manganese and the other unregulated contaminants listed under UCMR 4 began in 2018 and will conclude in 2020. EPA will then evaluate the results and determine whether to initiate the process of developing a national primary drinking water regulation for any contaminants in the UCMR 4 group. Community water systems that are in the UCMR 4 monitoring program are required to report any detections of those contaminants in their annual Consumer Confidence Report (CCR). The CCR summarizes a system’s water quality and compliance record. CCRs must be distributed to all consumers at the water system by July 1 each year.



COMPLIANCE WITH DRINKING WATER REQUIREMENTS

Compliance with

drinking water

requirements is

measured in a variety

of ways. DNR and

EPA track whether

water samples are

collected in a timely

manner and tested for

the correct

contaminants, and

whether contaminant

concentrations exceed

permissible limits.

They also track

whether public water

systems issue public

notices or notifications

in a timely manner,

post or distribute

notices as required,

and whether systems

correct deficiencies by appropriate deadlines. Violations can occur when deadlines are not met, water

samples are not collected, or public notices are not issued. They also occur when samples exceed

permissible limits for contaminants.

The majority of Wisconsin’s public water systems met all their regulatory requirements during 2018.

This section of our report summarizes compliance data and the violations that did occur.

Maximum Contaminant Level violations

Some of the most serious violations at public water systems result from contaminants in the drinking

water. A MCL violation occurs when a contaminant is detected at a higher concentration than is

permissible for protecting public health (i.e., the MCL standard). Although a MCL violation does not

necessarily mean that any consumers experienced adverse health effects from drinking the water, it does

require a water system to take action to notify consumers and correct the problem.

During 2018, 99.1 percent of Wisconsin’s public water systems provided water that met all the health-

based MCL standards for regulated contaminants. Among the 101 systems that experienced MCL

exceedances, the contaminants encountered most frequently were bacteria, nitrate, arsenic and

radionuclides. Table B-1 in Appendix B summarizes the MCL violations that occurred during 2018.



• Microbial contaminants

Microbes, especially coliform bacteria, are common contaminants of drinking water supplies in

Wisconsin (and other places). Coliform bacteria are widely distributed in soil, plants and water; their

presence in drinking water indicates that a pathway for contamination may exist. Escherichia coli (or

E. coli) is a species of bacteria that, when present in drinking water, indicates contamination from

human or animal wastes. E. coli is considered an acute contaminant because people can become ill

after a single exposure to the viruses that may be present when E. coli is detected. Exposure can cause

short-term health effects like diarrhea, nausea, cramps and headaches but may have more serious

effects on vulnerable populations, including infants, young children and people with immune

system problems.

All public water systems in Wisconsin are required to monitor for the presence of coliform bacteria.

When these bacteria are detected in a sample of drinking water (called a total coliform-positive

result), additional actions are required that focus on “finding” sources of microbial contamination

and “fixing” the issues allowing contaminants to enter the water system.

First, follow-up samples are collected to confirm the presence of coliform bacteria and specifically

identify whether E. coli are detected. When bacterial contamination is confirmed, trained inspectors

from DNR and counties throughout the state respond by performing on-site assessments. These

inspections follow a “find and fix” approach to ensure that bacteria do not persist in the drinking

water at these facilities. More than 360 assessments were completed during 2018. These free

inspections provide a valuable service to public water system owners and their customers.

Often, inspectors discover simple corrections that

will eliminate pathways for contamination and

help water systems get back on track. Problems

like cracked electrical conduits at a wellhead, or

unnoticed cross connections to non-potable water

sources, often can be corrected quickly and

inexpensively. Shock-chlorinating wells that have

biofilms growing in them is another common

corrective strategy.

The MCL for microbial contaminants is exceeded

when the presence of E. coli is confirmed in the

water supply (see Table A-1 in Appendix A for a

description of the MCL). During 2018, there were

37 public water systems in Wisconsin (only 0.32

percent) with MCL violations for E. coli detections.

Follow-up work at these systems has included

identifying the sources of contamination,

correcting defects and, in some cases, switching to

a new water source.



• Nitrate and nitrite

Nitrate is the most widespread inorganic chemical that occurs as a contaminant of drinking water

here in Wisconsin. Because it is water-soluble and leaches readily through soil, nitrate can move

easily into the groundwater. Sources of nitrate and nitrite include agriculture and animal wastes,

according to the Wisconsin Groundwater Coordinating Council. Nitrate and nitrite are acute

contaminants because they can cause serious illness in infants younger than six months old. The

condition, called methemoglobinemia or “blue baby syndrome,” causes infants’ blood to be deprived

of oxygen, and it can be fatal in extreme cases. Consuming water with high nitrate levels has also

been linked to chronic diseases, and there is some evidence of an association between exposure

during early pregnancy and certain birth defects. In adults, the health concerns include increased

cancer risk, because nitrate is converted within the human body to compounds that are known

carcinogens.

All of Wisconsin’s 11,589 public water systems are required to monitor for nitrate in drinking water.

During 2018, 36 public water systems had violations for exceeding the nitrate MCL, and one system

exceeded the nitrite MCL. The number of systems with nitrate and nitrite exceedances decreased

slightly compared with the previous year.

Federal and state regulations offer some flexibility for very small water systems that exceed the

nitrate MCL. This provision allows transient non-community systems to continue operating with

water that has nitrate above the MCL of 10 milligrams per liter (mg/L) but below 20 mg/L, providing

they meet certain conditions. They must notify the public about the nitrate contamination, ensure

that the water will not be consumed by infants or women of childbearing age, and provide an

alternate source of water.

Wisconsin currently has almost

300 transient non-community

water systems on “continuing

operation” (Table 1). Some have

remained in that status for more

than 20 years. During 2018, 31

more TN systems exceeded the

nitrate MCL and were allowed to

use the continuing operation

option (a slight decrease from the previous year). During the same period, 43 systems went off

continuing operation. The overall number has remained near 300 for years, though, indicating that

nitrate contamination continues to be a significant challenge for water systems in Wisconsin.

• Arsenic

Arsenic is a naturally occurring element found in some rock formations in Wisconsin, which is why it

is a common inorganic chemical detected as a contaminant of drinking water supplies here. Arsenic

has no taste or odor, so the only way to detect it in drinking water is by testing. It is classified as a

chronic contaminant, meaning that health risks come from long-term exposure. Health effects

include increased risk of skin cancer; there is some evidence of links to cancers of the lungs, bladder,

liver, kidney and colon also. Exposure to arsenic can cause skin damage, circulatory system

Table 1. Summary of non-community water systems operating with nitrate levels exceeding the MCL during 2018

water system status number of

systems

continuing operation started before 2018 291

continuing operation started during 2018 31

continuing operation ended during 2018 43

total number of systems on continuing operation 279



problems, and nervous system effects (like tremors). Arsenic exposure during pregnancy and early

childhood may also affect learning, IQ scores and risk of certain cancers later in life.

All community and non-transient non-community water systems are required to monitor for the

presence of arsenic (1,999 of Wisconsin’s water systems). During 2018, there were 12 systems with

violations for exceeding the arsenic MCL (0.01 mg/L). These water systems are located in various

areas, but most are in southeastern Wisconsin.

• Radionuclides

Radium and uranium are elements that occur naturally in rock formations in Wisconsin, and they are

detected as contaminants of some drinking water supplies here. Health risks come from long-term

exposure. For example, exposure over a lifetime could result in an elevated risk for cancer and

kidney toxicity. All community water systems are required to monitor for radionuclides. Of the 1,053

community water systems in Wisconsin, 12 (or 1.1 percent) had violations for exceeding the MCL

standards for radium and/or alpha particle emitters during 2018. Most of these systems are located in

the southern and northeastern parts of the state.

• Lead and copper

Lead and copper typically do not occur naturally in source water. Instead, they can leach into the

water as it flows through piping and fixtures that contain these compounds, caused by the process of

corrosion. Water system dynamics such as water use, water temperature and physical and hydraulic

disturbances can also contribute to lead and copper in drinking water. Lead pipe, brass, chrome

plated brass, copper plumbing and lead-based solder are all potential sources. Lead can have serious

health effects because it interferes with the red blood cells that carry oxygen in our bodies. It

primarily affects brain development in infants and children but can have health effects for adults

also. Copper is an essential nutrient, but long term exposure to high levels can cause kidney and liver

damage.

All community and non-transient non-

community water systems are required to

monitor for lead and copper. When an action

level is exceeded, systems are required to

conduct additional water sampling, to

determine how overall water quality may be

contributing to lead and copper levels. In

addition, these systems must provide special information to their consumers about health effects and

the steps people can take to reduce exposure. Finally, systems with action level exceedances may also

need to treat their water to reduce lead and copper exposure. During 2018, there were 22 public

water systems that exceeded the lead action level and 14 that exceeded the action level for copper.

DNR works with public water systems that have violations for contaminant MCL exceedances to help

them correct problems and return to compliance as soon as possible. Corrective actions can include steps

like disinfection, reconstructing an existing well, drilling a new well to obtain an alternate water source

or installing a treatment system. Microbial contaminants, nitrate, arsenic and radionuclides are all

continuing priorities for DNR because of the common occurrence of these contaminants in Wisconsin.

Table 2. Water systems with action level exceedances during 2018

contaminant number of water systems

MC OC NN total

copper 0 3 11 14

lead 5 9 8 22



Drinking Water News on Tap Wisconsin’s Largest Water Systems Begin New Efforts to Protect Consumers from Lead and Copper To protect consumers from lead and copper in their water, the Safe Drinking Water Act requires large public water systems serving populations of 50,000 or greater to maintain optimal corrosion control treatment. Wisconsin has 12 of these large municipal systems. Small water systems that exceed the lead or copper action level also are required to maintain optimal corrosion control treatment. Effective corrosion control treatment is designed to minimize lead and copper concentrations in drinking water at consumers’ taps to the greatest extent possible. Beginning in 2017, DNR launched an initiative in partnership with the “12 large” systems, to re-evaluate their existing corrosion control treatment. Sequential sampling offers one valuable method for assessing the effectiveness of corrosion control treatment. It involves collecting a series of water samples over time and creating a profile of the plumbing between the water main and the consumer’s tap. This reveals variation in lead and copper concentrations and the locations of contaminant sources (see the graph here). Several of the “12 large” water systems performed sequential sampling during 2018 to investigate their existing corrosion control treatment. Optimizing corrosion control treatment can effectively reduce lead and copper concentrations (see graph). Some of the “12 large” water systems have committed to further efforts by setting up “pipe

loop” studies. Pipe loops are made from sections of lead and copper service lines that once delivered water to consumers in the system. These harvested pipes serve as examples of historic conditions in the water system and similar piping that may still be in service. Experimenting with pipe loops allows operators to determine the most effective corrosion control treatment and predict how changes in water quality might affect lead and copper releases, without exposing consumers to any risk. Once systems have optimized corrosion control treatment, they will monitor water chemistry to identify water quality changes over time and assess whether operations minimize lead and copper corrosion to the greatest extent possible. This collaborative effort between DNR and the “12 large” municipal systems is one important example of how Wisconsin’s drinking water professionals are working together and searching for ways to improve their ability to provide safe drinking water.

Sequential sampling results from three iterations of treatment; the third demonstrates improvement (green line). In this example, the highest lead concentrations came from water in the service line (rather than indoor plumbing in the building).

Pipe loop study underway. Harvested sections of pipe are near the top of the rack, lead toward the rear and copper in the middle.



Monitoring and reporting violations

Public water systems are required to monitor to verify that contaminants in the water do not exceed the

MCL thresholds. If water samples are not collected by appropriate deadlines, or are not analyzed using

approved methods, monitoring and reporting (M/R) violations can occur. M/R violations also occur if

water systems fail to notify consumers of lead and copper results from samples collected at their homes.

Monitoring and reporting violations occur much more frequently than MCL violations. During 2018,

there were 1,027 M/R violations, which occurred at 614 of the state’s 11,589 public water systems (5.2

percent). Most often, these violations resulted from failure to collect required samples, samples collected

late, and failure to notify consumers of the results of lead and copper samples collected from their

homes. Table B-2 in Appendix B summarizes the M/R violations that occurred during 2018.

Treatment technique violations

Some parts of the SDWA establish “treatment technique” requirements instead of MCL standards as the

method for controlling unacceptable levels of contaminants in water. Treatment techniques are

procedures or actions that public water systems must follow to reduce levels of, or ensure control of,

some contaminants. Treatment technique requirements have been established for controlling viruses,

some bacteria, lead and copper.

Treatment technique (TT) violations can occur if water systems fail to employ the required processes or

treatments to reduce exposure to contaminants, fail to follow approved start-up procedures for seasonal

operation or fail to correct “significant deficiencies” and “sanitary defects.” Significant deficiencies and

sanitary defects are defects in design, treatment, operation or maintenance of a public water system that

allow contaminants to enter the system, provide a pathway for entry of microbial contaminants or cause

health risks for consumers of the water. Existence of these defects may indicate a failure or imminent

failure of a barrier that is already in place. TT violations signal the potential for health risks, since



consumers cannot be certain whether their drinking water was adequately treated or protected to reduce

exposure to contaminants.

Among Wisconsin’s 11,589 public water systems, 82 systems (0.71 percent) had treatment technique

violations during 2018. Most of those violations resulted from failing to meet deadlines for correcting

defects or problems identified during inspections or for completing tasks following action level

exceedances for lead or copper. Table B-3 in Appendix B summarizes the treatment technique violations

that occurred during 2018.

Notification and reporting violations

Informing consumers about their drinking water is a key component of water system operation, and the

SDWA contains numerous requirements for systems to notify consumers about water quality, violations

that occur, operational problems and emergency situations. Violations can occur if systems fail to notify

their consumers as required. Table B-4 in Appendix B summarizes all the notification violations that

occurred during 2018.

• Public notice violations

To protect public health, water systems are

required to notify consumers whenever

violations of the primary drinking water

regulations occur, or if a situation poses a risk to

human health. Exceeding a contaminant MCL,

failing to monitor drinking water supplies and

failing to properly treat the water are all

violations that require public notification.

Public notices must inform consumers about the

nature of any violations, potential health effects,

corrective actions that the water system is

undertaking and any preventive measures that

consumers should take. If a water system fails to

notify consumers as required, public notice (PN)

violations can occur.

Among all the violations summarized in this report, public notice violations were most numerous.

These violations occurred at 1,008 of Wisconsin’s public water systems (8.7 percent of the total

number) during 2018, which is a slight improvement over the previous year. More than 80 percent of

the public notice violations occurring last year were related to monitoring for microbial contaminants

and nitrate (missed or late samples).

• Consumer Confidence Report violations

All community water systems (those serving residential customers) are required to prepare and

deliver a water quality report each year. The Consumer Confidence Report (CCR, often called a

water quality report) provides information about the source of a system’s water, levels of any



contaminants detected in the water, and a summary of violations incurred by the water system

during the previous year. CCR violations occur whenever water systems fail to distribute this annual

report to their customers. Of Wisconsin’s 1,053 community water systems, only 36 (3.4 percent) got

violations in 2018 for failing to distribute a CCR or for issuing the report late.

• Notification violations

Identifying significant deficiencies and sanitary defects at public water systems is an important

method to protect public health. These are noted during inspections and assessments. Water systems

are required to correct significant deficiencies and sanitary defects by specified deadlines and then

notify DNR when the corrective actions have been completed. These requirements apply to all of

Wisconsin’s public water systems, and failure to properly notify DNR can cause a violation. During

2018, only four water systems incurred violations for failing to provide these notifications.

DNR EFFORTS TO PROTECT WISCONSIN’S DRINKING WATER

To meet its responsibilities for implementing the SDWA, DNR works in multiple ways to help

Wisconsin’s public water systems provide safe drinking water.

Program funding & staffing

Wisconsin’s public water supply program receives funding from several sources, including the federal

and state governments (Figure 3). Of a total $10.8 million in funding during 2018, the majority was used

to pay for 80 full-time DNR staff along with contracts for help from outside organizations, county health

departments and colleges. Despite having the largest number of public water systems nationwide,

Wisconsin has fewer staff working to implement the SDWA than many other states do.

Figure 3. Funding for DNR’s public water supply program comes from both federal and state sources. During 2018, the program had 80 full-time staff.



Inspections & assessments

Inspecting public water systems

is one of DNR’s central

responsibilities, and it is a

critically important tool.

Inspections allow DNR to

measure compliance with

requirements and track changes

over time. They also help to

prevent future problems,

because defects can be

identified before health-based

violations occur. These

compliance inspections, called

“sanitary surveys,” are

comprehensive reviews of the

water sources, pumps and

piping, treatment facilities and

operation and maintenance

practices at public water

systems.

Sanitary surveys are performed

regularly, every three years at community water systems and every five years at non-community

systems. Last year, the DNR and its contracted partners conducted 2,531 sanitary surveys throughout

Wisconsin (Figure 4).

Figure 4. During 2018, the DNR and its contracted partners completed 2,531 sanitary survey inspections throughout Wisconsin.



In addition to regularly-scheduled sanitary surveys, DNR also performs inspections called

“assessments” at some water systems. When the presence of coliform bacteria is confirmed at a public

water system, DNR responds by conducting an on-site assessment of the facility. The goal of these

assessments is to identify potential pathways for microbial contamination and the corrective actions

needed to remedy any sanitary defects. During 2018, the DNR and its contracted partners performed 363

of these assessments.

In Wisconsin, some transient non-community systems can qualify for less frequent monitoring of

microbial contaminants if they receive an annual site visit each year and correct all sanitary defects

identified. During an annual site visit, the inspector checks the basic elements of the water system—for

example, wells, pumps, water storage—and looks for any changes or problems. If any sanitary defects

are identified, the system owner is informed about corrective actions needed. DNR and its contracted

partners performed 6,928 annual site visits during 2018 to help water systems meet their requirements

and qualify for reduced monitoring schedules.

Enforcement activity

Whenever water systems are not meeting the drinking water requirements, DNR works to resolve issues

quickly to protect public health. The DNR follows a stepped enforcement process to ensure compliance

with regulatory requirements. “Stepped enforcement” includes a series of actions designed to resolve

violations at the lowest level—of formality and severity—that is appropriate.

Most violations are resolved quickly and early in the process. First, the DNR sends a written Notice of

Noncompliance (NON) to public water systems when problems are identified. Often, corrective action

can be taken immediately to return the system to compliance.

If a system does not take action after initially receiving a NON, the enforcement process proceeds

through additional steps. These include a Notice of Violation and in-person enforcement conference,

which can result in written compliance agreements, administrative orders, and penalty orders. The

process emphasizes voluntary agreements about the actions needed and appropriate timeline for

returning to compliance. If the DNR is unable to resolve violations by working with a water system, a

case may be referred to the Wisconsin Department of Justice for further enforcement.

When contaminants are detected in drinking water and MCL standards are exceeded, the enforcement

process is expedited so problems can be addressed quickly. Water systems with MCL violations receive

Notices of Violation to begin the process of evaluating potential corrective actions and returning to

compliance as soon as possible.

Table 3 summarizes DNR’s enforcement activity during 2018. Last year, DNR sent 1,649 Notice of

Noncompliance letters but only 61 Notice of Violation letters, illustrating that most water systems took

action promptly to resolve violations after being notified of problems.



Table 3. Drinking water program enforcement activity during 2018

Enforcement action purpose number

Notice of Noncompliance (NON) sent

NON informs public water system owner about failure to collect samples, report results, or distribute required information or notices.

1,649

Notice of Violation (NOV) sent NOV notifies water system owner about a violation and schedules a meeting with DNR staff for more detailed discussion.

61

Enforcement conference held Enforcement conferences are held to discuss the enforcement process, possible corrective actions and a timeline for returning to compliance.

30

Compliance agreement signed Compliance agreement is a voluntary agreement between water system owner and DNR describing corrective actions and the timeline for correcting violations. Compliance agreements are typically used when return to compliance can be accomplished within a short time frame.

10

Consent order or administrative order signed

Consent (or administrative) order describes corrective actions and establishes a timeline and deadline for returning to compliance. Orders are usually used when returning to compliance will take longer than six months.

19

Monitoring assistance

Public water systems collect and analyze water samples throughout the year to measure the quality of

drinking water served to their customers. The process of maintaining safe drinking water requires public

water systems to follow a schedule of monitoring activities. The DNR assists water systems by

distributing monitoring schedules to individual community and non-transient non-community water

system owners and operators. Monitoring schedules are distributed twice per year, in August of the

preceding compliance year (preliminary schedules) and in January of the compliance year (final

schedules). The preliminary schedule helps water system owners with budgeting and planning for the

upcoming compliance year. The final schedule provides logistic information for use in water quality

monitoring activities during the current operating year.

Most wells serving community and non-transient non-community public water systems are evaluated

every three years for vulnerability to potential contaminant sources. During these evaluations, DNR

assesses source water quality and determines the proper monitoring frequency for contaminants

regulated under the SDWA. As part of the vulnerability evaluation, DNR reviews numerous criteria

including: previous water quality results, groundwater proximity to potential contaminant sources, local

geology and well construction. The vulnerability assessment process provides some systems with the

ability to reduce monitoring costs by approximately $3 million annually statewide.

Protection of water sources

Wellhead protection is a preventive program designed to protect public water supply sources and

reduce infrastructure costs, treatment costs and public health risk. The program represents a “first line of

defense” approach to protecting our drinking water. It helps to prevent contaminants from entering

public water supplies by managing the land use that contributes water to wells. Wisconsin’s wellhead

protection program incorporates both regulatory and voluntary approaches, and DNR encourages

development and implementation of wellhead protection plans for all public water systems as a



proactive step to protect wells from potential contamination. During 2018, 21 new wellhead protection

plans were reviewed and approved by DNR.

Financial assistance

Wisconsin receives federal

funding to implement the

SDWA, and the DNR uses most

of that funding to provide low-

interest loans and principal

forgiveness awards for

infrastructure improvements at

eligible municipal water

systems. Working together,

DNR’s community financial

assistance program and public

water program awarded more

than $57 million in funding from

the Safe Drinking Water Loan

Program during 2018. The loan

program funds projects that

help Wisconsin communities

meet the goal of providing safe

drinking water for consumers at

affordable prices. Since the Safe

Drinking Water Loan Program

began in 1998, 477 projects in

Wisconsin have received more

than $689 million in loans and

principal forgiveness.

Last year’s funding was comprised of $40.1 million in low interest loans and $17.2 million in principal

forgiveness. Depending on market interest rates, communities can save 20 to 30 percent from a lower

interest rate loan compared with a market rate loan.

The majority of the principal forgiveness funding last year ($12.8 million) was awarded for 28 projects

through the Private Lead Service Line Replacement Program. This two-year program was Wisconsin’s

innovative approach to funding replacement of both the public and private portions of lead service lines.

These are some examples of how Wisconsin communities are using loan program funds from 2018 for

infrastructure improvements:

• The village of Ellsworth received $408,852 to consolidate the Ray Huppert Utility (the water system

called Dar-Ray Addition) with the village by constructing water main replacements and abandoning

an old well and wellhouse.



• The village of Lake Delton received $1,963,499 to construct a new well, wellhouse and backup

generator.

• The city of Milwaukee received $12,706,234 to replace water mains throughout the city.

• The village of Spring Valley received $1,082,682 for constructing a new well and wellhouse and

abandoning a backup well.

• Three Lakes Sanitary District No.1 received $411,530 to replace water mains along County Road A.

• The city of South Milwaukee received $7,030,090 to construct two new clearwells and a high lift

pump station.

• The city of Redgranite received $893,921 to rehabilitate the existing storage facility and upgrade

electrical components at Well #1.

Appendix C lists all the communities that were awarded funding during 2018.

Partnerships

In Wisconsin, working toward the goal

of safe drinking water is a cooperative

effort between public water systems,

professional associations, individual

operators, DNR, local agencies, EPA,

water consumers and many others. As

part of this effort, the DNR contracts

with numerous organizations to help

provide technical assistance, training and

compliance support to the state’s water

system owners and operators, including:

• County health departments perform inspections, assessments and water sampling at thousands

of restaurants, parks, churches, and other transient non-community systems around the state. It is

a huge effort, and during 2018, these locally-based sanitarians performed almost 1,500 sanitary

surveys and more than 5,700 assessments and annual site visits at transient non-community

water systems throughout the state.

• Wisconsin Rural Water Association (WRWA) helps small public water systems by giving them

regular reminders about monitoring requirements and upcoming deadlines and by providing

specialized, on-site technical assistance. This assistance helps to train new operators and

troubleshoot any problems that occur. During 2018, WRWA delivered 5,702 monitoring

reminders and performed 566 on-site visits at other-than-municipal community and non-

transient non-community water systems all around the state.

• Moraine Park Technical College and Wisconsin Rural Water Association provide training for

water system operators to obtain their required continuing education. Both organizations also

help to build the future drinking water workforce by helping new water system operators

prepare to take their certification exams.



CHALLENGES AHEAD

Wisconsin’s water supply

infrastructure, like the rest of

the nation’s, is aging, and

citizens and communities face

steep costs to maintain and

upgrade the wells, pumps,

pipes, and treatment facilities

needed to bring drinking

water to our homes and

businesses every day.

Every four years, EPA

conducts its Drinking Water

Infrastructure Needs Survey

and Assessment to quantify

the nationwide need. The

most recent information

comes from EPA’s 2015

survey. Nationally, an

estimated $472.6 billion are

needed to meet the nation’s

drinking water infrastructure

needs between 2015 and 2034.

The price tag for Wisconsin was estimated to be over $8.5 billion. Here’s how that bill breaks down:

• $5.3 billion— Distribution and transmission needs—includes replacing water mains,

eliminating stagnant areas and dead end mains, installing and rehabilitating

pumping stations to maintain adequate water pressure, installing and replacing

water meters, and installing backflow prevention to protect against

contamination.

• $1.6 billion— Treatment needs—constructing and rehabilitating treatment processes like

disinfection, contaminant removal, filtration, and removal of objectionable

secondary contaminants, along with the ‘advanced’ processes employed by

systems using surface water sources.

• $2.39 billion— Needs of Wisconsin’s largest community water systems, serving populations

greater than 100,000.

• $3.9 billion— Needs of the state’s community water systems serving 3,300 to 100,000 people.

• $1.7 billion— Needs of Wisconsin’s smallest community water systems, serving fewer than

3,300 people.

• $612 million— Needs of the not-for-profit, non-community water systems in the state.



EPA recently began work on the 2020 Drinking Water Infrastructure Needs Survey and Assessment,

which will include some new features.

• EPA plans to focus extra effort on assessing the needs of two groups of small water systems,

which are very relevant for Wisconsin:

o Community water systems serving populations less than 3,300 people—more than 80

percent of Wisconsin’s community water systems serve these very small populations.

o Non-profit non-community water systems—including schools, churches and other non-

profit facilities. Wisconsin has the largest number of non-profit non-community water

systems in the nation.

• During the next needs survey, states will also estimate the costs associated with replacing

privately-owned portions of lead service lines (in addition to the parts that are publicly owned).

Physical infrastructure is not the only need, though. Drinking water programs nationwide are struggling

to do more with less. Funding levels for public water programs have remained flat for more than a

decade. Over the same time, though, DNR and other state agencies have taken on more work to meet

their responsibilities for implementing the SDWA and to plan for managing new issues like emerging

contaminants. Nationally, there is a 40 percent gap between current funding and staffing levels and what

states need to comprehensively address all the challenges facing public water systems.

Although future needs are challenging, many partners—including public water system owners and

operators, water industry professionals, training and technical assistance providers and other agencies—

all play critical roles and work hard every day. DNR is committed to protecting the state’s drinking

water and public health today and into the future.



APPENDIX A. Maximum permissible levels of contaminants in drinking water

The tables in this appendix show the Maximum Contaminant Levels (MCLs) for the various groups of

regulated drinking water contaminants.

Table A-1. MCLs for microbial contaminants

contaminant MCL

Escherichia coli bacteria

MCL exceedance can occur in several ways:

• E. coli-positive repeat sample following a total coliform-positive routine sample.

• Total coliform-positive repeat sample following an E. coli-positive routine sample.

• Failure to collect all required repeat samples following an E. coli-positive routine sample.

• Failure to test for E. coli after a total coliform-positive repeat sample.

Table A-2. MCLs for inorganic contaminants

contaminant MCL (mg/L)

contaminant MCL (mg/L) contaminant MCL (mg/L)

Antimony 0.006 Chromium 0.1 Nickel 0.1

Arsenic 0.01 Copper 1.3 is Action Level*

Nitrate 10

Asbestos (fiber length >10 microns)

7 million fibers/L

Cyanide 0.2 Nitrite 1

Barium 2 Fluoride 4 Total Nitrate & Nitrite

10

Beryllium 0.004 Lead 0.015 is Action Level*

Selenium 0.05

Cadmium 0.005 Mercury 0.002 Thallium 0.002

* Exceeding an action level is not a violation; it requires water systems to take additional steps and employ techniques to control corrosiveness of water.

Table A-3. MCLs for radionuclides

contaminant MCL

Gross alpha particle activity 15 picocuries per liter

Radium-226 and Radium-228 5 picocuries per liter

Uranium 30 micrograms per liter



Table A-4. MCLs for disinfectants and disinfection byproducts

DISINFECTION BYPRODUCTS RESIDUAL DISINFECTANTS


disinfectant MRDL * (mg/L)

Bromate 0.01 Chloramines (as Cl2) 4

Chlorite 1 Chlorine (as Cl2) 4

Haloacetic Acids 0.06 Chlorine dioxide (as ClO2) 0.8

Total Trihalomethanes 0.08 * MRDL = maximum residual disinfectant level

Table A-5. MCLs for organic contaminants

SYNTHETIC ORGANIC CONTAMINANTS (30 contaminants in group)




2,4-D 0.07 Dibromochloropropane 0.0002 Hexachlorobenzene 0.001

2,4,5-TP 0.05 Dinoseb 0.007 Hexachlorocyclopentadiene 0.05

Alachlor 0.002 Dioxin 3 x 10-8 Lindane 0.0002

Atrazine 0.003 Diquat 0.02 Methoxychlor 0.04

Benzo(a)pyrene 0.0002 Endothall 0.1 Oxamy 0.2

Carbofuran 0.04 Endrin 0.002 PCBs 0.0005

Chlordane 0.002 Ethylene Dibromide 0.00005 Pentachlorophenol 0.001

Dalapon 0.2 Glyphosate 0.7 Picloram 0.001

Di(2-ethylhexyl)adipate 0.4 Heptachlor 0.0004 Simazine 0.004

Di(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate 0.006 Heptachlor epoxide 0.0002 Toxaphene 0.003

VOLATILE ORGANIC CONTAMINANTS (21 contaminants in group)




Benzene 0.005 1,2-Dichloroethylene,trans 0.1 Toluene 1

Carbon Tetrachloride 0.005 Dichloromethane 0.005 1,2,4 Trichlorobenzene 0.07

o-Dichlorobenzene 0.6 1,2-Dichloropropane 0.005 1,1,1-Trichloroethane 0.2

p-Dichlorobenzene 0.075 Ethylbenzene 0.7 1,1,2 Trichloroethane 0.005

1,2-Dichloroethane 0.005 Chlorobenzene 0.1 Trichloroethylene 0.005

1,1-Dichloroethlyene 0.007 Styrene 0.1 Vinyl Chloride 0.0002

1,2-Dichloroethylene,cis 0.07 Tetrachloroethylene 0.005 Xylenes (Total) 10



Table A-6. Secondary drinking water standards Water containing inorganic chemicals in quantities above these limits is not hazardous to health but may be objectionable.

parameter standard (mg/L) parameter standard (mg/L)

Aluminum 0.05 to 0.2 Iron 0.3

Chloride 250 Manganese 0.05

Color 15 units Odor 3 (threshold number)

Copper 1 Silver 0.1

Corrosivity Noncorrosive Sulfate 250

Fluoride 2 Total Dissolved Solids (TDS)

500

Foaming agents 0.5 Zinc 5

Hydrogen Sulfide Not detectable



APPENDIX B. Summary of violations of drinking water requirements during 2018

The following tables summarize violations during 2018 at Wisconsin’s public water systems. The tables

contain reports of violations of MCL standards, monitoring and reporting requirements, treatment

technique requirements, and notification requirements.

Table B-1. Maximum Contaminant Level violations during 2018

contaminant number of water systems with violations

number of violations total

systems* MC OC NN TN

MICROBIAL CONTAMINANTS 37 1 1 1 34 54

Total coliform bacteria 4 4

E. coli bacteria 1 1 1 30 50

INORGANIC CONTAMINANTS 48† 3 5 22 18 91

arsenic 1 1 10 n/a 54

nitrate 2 4 12 17† 36

nitrite 1 1

RADIONUCLIDES 12 11 1 n/a n/a 297

combined radium 226+228 10 1 169

gross alpha particle activity 4 1 128

DISINFECTION BYPRODUCTS 4 4 0 0 n/a 7

total trihalomethanes 4 7

Overall totals 101 19 7 23 51 449

* Some water systems may have multiple violations within a contaminant group. † An additional 279 TN systems are on continuing operation with nitrate levels above the MCL of 10 mg/L but below 20 mg/L.



Table B-2. Monitoring and reporting violations during 2018

contaminant number of water systems with violations

number of violations total

systems* MC OC NN TN


Ground Water Rule 6 3 56 73

Total Coliform Rule 2 2

Revised Total Coliform Rule monitoring 4 18 40 250 427

Revised Total Coliform Rule reporting 3 5

INORGANIC CONTAMINANTS 307 91 62 46 108 394

arsenic 4 8 2 n/a 15

lead and copper 79 36 38 n/a 222

nitrate and nitrite 5 11 6 108 146

(161 individual contaminants)

other inorganic contaminants (13 contaminants in group)

3 7 n/a 11


RADIONUCLIDES 10 7 3 n/a n/a 12


DISINFECTANTS & DISINFECTION BYPRODUCTS

37 27 5 5 n/a 72

residual disinfectants 4 1 1 7

disinfection byproducts 23 4 4 65

SYNTHETIC ORGANIC CONTAMINANTS (30 contaminants in group)

9 5 4 0 n/a 10


VOLATILE ORGANIC CONTAMINANTS (21 contaminants in group)

26 5 11 10 n/a 32


Overall totals 614 111 69 88 346 1,027

*Some water systems may have multiple violations within a contaminant group.



Table B-3. Treatment technique violations during 2018

contaminant number of water systems with violations number

of violations

total systems*

MC OC NN TN


Ground Water Rule 22 12 4 1 5 33

Revised Total Coliform Rule 25 1 3 21 27

INORGANIC CONTAMINANTS 25 12 6 7 n/a 29

Lead and Copper Rule 12 6 7 29

DISINFECTANTS & DISINFECTION BYPRODUCTS

10 8 2 n/a 10

Overall totals 82 32 14 8 26 99

*Some water systems may have multiple violations within a contaminant group.

Table B-4. Notification violations during 2018

requirement number of water systems with violations number

of violations

total systems*

MC OC NN TN

Consumer Confidence Report 36 6 30 n/a n/a 38

Ground Water Rule 4 3 0 0 1 4

Public Notification 1,008 74 59 104 771 2,068

Overall totals 1,041 81 85 104 771 2,110

*Some water systems may have multiple violations within this group.



APPENDIX C. Communities receiving Safe Drinking Water Loan Program funding for drinking water projects during 2018

community principal forgiveness funding

loan funding total funding project description

Arcadia (city) $500,000 $3,274,122 $3,774,122 Construct well 7 and pumphouse; fill and seal well 3

Belleville (village)

$1,490,842 $1,490,842 Construct well 3 and wellhouse, connecting main and access road; SCADA improvements

Chaseburg (village) $306,689 $715,607 $1,022,296 Construct 140,000 gal water storage facility with connecting main and improvements to well 1

Cross Plains (village)

$1,788,706 $1,788,706 Water main replacements on County Road P and Baer St

Dane (village)

$740,353 $740,353 Loop water main and railroad crossing from 1st St to Traex Plaza; replace water main on High St

Dorchester (village)

$221,475 $221,475 Replace undersized water mains on South 2nd St and West 1st Ave

Ellsworth (village) $122,656 $286,196 $408,852 Transfer Ray Huppert Utility to village, including: fill and seal well 1 and wellhouse, replace undersized water mains, SCADA upgrades, and two connections to Ellsworth's distribution system

Fall Creek (village) $322,282 $751,989 $1,074,271 Construct wells 3 and 4, pumphouse 3 and connecting water main; fill and seal well 2 and pumphouse; SCADA upgrade; access road

Grantsburg (village) $217,384 $144,923 $362,307 Replace water mains and lead service lines along Wisconsin Ave

Greenwood (city)

$1,271,256 $1,271,256 Replace water mains on East Begley St and West Begley St

Hancock (village) $282,413 $188,274 $470,687 Replace aging water mains; construct water main loop; relocate water main to a public right-of-way

Horicon (city)

$743,420 $743,420 Replace aging cast iron water mains on South Wind Trail

Junction City (village)

$407,517 $352,118 $759,635 Modifications to water storage reservoir and pumphouses 3 and 4, including: new chemical feed equipment, back-up generator and SCADA improvements; replace water meters throughout village; connecting main from well 7 to reservoir; water main looping




loan funding total funding project description

Lake Delton (village) $500,000 $1,463,499 $1,963,499 Construct well 7 and wellhouse, including back-up generator and SCADA improvements

Lone Rock (village) $340,065 $415,635 $755,700 Replace undersized water mains and construct water main loop

Mayville (city)

$877,098 $877,098 Replace water mains on State Highway 28/67 from Horicon St to Main St and Main St to Ruedebusch St

Milwaukee (city)

$12,706,234 $12,706,234 Replace water mains citywide

Necedah (village)

$309,029 $309,029 Replace water mains; add looping

New Berlin (city)

$871,920 $871,920 Construct water main loop

Ontario (village) $373,383 $148,922 $522,305 Construct well 2 and wellhouse, including connecting water main, access road and SCADA improvements

Redgranite (village) $469,359 $424,562 $893,921 Replace and upgrade electrical components at wellhouse 1; rehabilitate existing water storage facility

Reeseville (village) $279,780 $211,525 $491,305 Replace water main on North Ave and water main looping from Harrison St to Jackson St

South Milwaukee (city)

$7,030,090 $7,030,090 Construct two clearwells and a new high

service pump station

Spring Valley (village)

$324,805 $757,877 $1,082,682 Construct well 4 and wellhouse, including connecting main; fill and seal back-up well

Three Lakes Sanitary District

$411,530 $411,530 Replace water mains along County Road

A Tomah (city)

$888,178 $888,178 Rehabilitate and repaint 1,000,000 gallon

ground storage reservoir Two Rivers (city)

$896,664 $896,664 Replace water mains and services in

several locations; install new water main to eliminate dead end

Waukesha (city)

$684,275 $684,275 Install 24-inch, 16-inch, 12-inch, and 8-inch water mains in preparation for new Lake Michigan water source

Total 2018 funding $4,446,333 $40,066,319 $44,512,652



APPENDIX D. Communities and water systems awarded funds through the Private Lead Service Line Replacement Funding Program during 2018


total funding

Antigo (city) $300,000 $300,000

Ashland (city) $300,000 $300,000

Baraboo (city) $250,000 $250,000

Clintonville (city) $200,000 $200,000

Eagle River (city) $200,000 $200,000

Eau Claire (city) $300,000 $300,000

Fond du Lac (city) $200,000 $200,000

Jefferson (city) $150,000 $150,000

Manitowoc (city) $300,000 $300,000

Markesan (city) $185,000 $185,000

Marshfield (city) $200,000 $200,000

Menasha (city) $200,000 $200,000

Milwaukee (city) $4,001,226 $4,001,226

Mosinee (city) $150,000 $150,000

North Fond du Lac (village) $100,000 $100,000

Oshkosh (city) $300,000 $300,000

Platteville (city) $200,000 $200,000

Racine (city) $1,381,863 $1,381,863

Schofield (city) $150,000 $150,000

Sheboygan (city) $300,000 $300,000

St. Francis (city) $150,000 $150,000

Thorp (city) $200,000 $200,000

Two Rivers (city) $500,000 $500,000

Viroqua (city) $200,000 $200,000

Waupaca (city) $200,000 $200,000

Wausau (city) $300,000 $300,000

West Allis (city) $1,358,421 $1,358,421

West Milwaukee (village) $500,000 $500,000

Total 2018 funding $12,776,510 $12,776,510

2018 annual compliance report - wisconsin department of...

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