2018 ijrar august 2018, volume 5, issue 3 e -issn 2348

© 2018 IJRAR August 2018, Volume 5, Issue 3 www.ijrar.org (E-ISSN 2348-1269, P- ISSN 2349-5138)

IJRAR1903438 International Journal of Research and Analytical Reviews (IJRAR) www.ijrar.org 402

A REVIEW ON POWER QUALITY

ENHANCEMENT IN RENEWABLE ENERGY

SYSTEM1Alwinstar.A, 2Dr.S.Joseph Jawhar,

1Research Scholar, 2Professor,

EEE Department

1Arunachala College of Engineering for Women, India

Abstract:

Voltage sags and low voltage distribution grid are considered to be the most repeated

type of power quality problems based on recent power quality studies. Power Quality means

to maintain purely sinusoidal current wave form in phase with a purely sinusoidal voltage

wave form. The important devices are Active Power Filter (APF), dynamic voltage restorer

(DVR) and Unified Power Quality Conditioner (UPQC). The most frequent type of power

quality problems are Voltage sags and swells, flickers, harmonics in the medium and low

voltage distribution grid.

Keywords: - Power Quality, Shunt Active Power Filter, Synchronous Detection Method,

digital control, p-q theory.

I.INTRODUCTION

A set of electrical boundaries that allows a piece of equipment to function in its

intended manner without significant loss of performance or life expectancy is called as

Power Quality. The three phase power generated at the generating station is purely

sinusoidal in nature. Wide spread application of static power electronics converters, zero and

negative sequence components originated by the use of single phase and unbalanced loads,

reactive power, voltage sag, voltage swell, flicker, voltage interruption etc. results voltage

and current harmonics.

2. POWER QUALITY(PQ) PROBLEMS

The very important utility of the voltage quality which a consumer gets for operation

of load or given from some particular PQ problem deals with deviation of voltage/current

from their ideal sinusoidal waveforms. From designer perspective, PQ is defined as that

there should be no variation in voltage and there should be complete absence of noise

generated in grounding system. From the point of view of an utility engineer, it is voltage

availability or outage minutes.

(a)Voltage Sag

Voltage Sag is the decrease in rms voltage of power frequency for a time span of half

cycles to 1 minute. Voltage sag is a severe and drastic PQ issue especially with sensitive

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loads which are voltage sensitive like equipment for control processing, adjustable speed

drives (ASD) and computers.

(b)Voltage Swell

Voltage swell is a sudden increase in the rms supply voltage varying in a range from

1.1p.u. to 1.7 p.u., with a approximate time range of from half a cycle to 1 min. Its

occurrence probability appear when compared to voltage sags is very much less, but these

are more harmful to sensitive equipment/non-linear loads.

(c)Interruption

An interruption is defined as a reduction in line-voltage or current to less than 0.1 pu

of the nominal, for a period of time not exceeding 1 min. Interruptions can occur due to

power system faults, equipment failures and control malfunctions.

(d)Long-Duration Voltage Variation:

Long-duration variations can be categorized as over voltages, under voltages or

sustained interruptions.

(i) Overvoltage: An overvoltage is an increase in the rms ac voltage greater than 110 percent

at the power frequency for duration longer than 1 min. Over voltages are usually the results

of load switching or incorrect tap settings on transformers.

(ii) Under Voltage: An under voltage is decreases in the rms ac voltage to less than 90

percent at the power frequency for duration longer than 1 min. A load switching on or a

capacitor bank switching off can cause an under voltage until voltage regulation equipment

on the system can restore the voltage back to within tolerance limits. Also overloaded

circuits can result in under voltage.

(iii) Sustained Interruptions: When the supply voltage has been zero for a period of time in

excess of 1 min the long-duration voltage variation is considered a sustained interruption.

(e)Waveform Distortion

Waveform distortion is defined as a steady-state deviation from an ideal power

frequency sine wave principally characterized by the spectral content of the deviation.

There are five primary types of waveform distortion:

(i) DC offset: The presence of a dc voltage or current in an ac power system is termed dc

offset. This can occur as the result of a geomagnetic disturbance or asymmetry of electronic

power converters

(ii) Harmonics: Harmonics are sinusoidal voltages or currents having frequencies that are

integer multiples of the frequency at which the supply system is designed to operate, and that

is known as the fundamental frequency which is usually 50 or 60 Hz. Harmonic distortion

levels can be described by the calculating total harmonic distortion (THD)

(iii) Interharmonics: Voltages or currents having frequency components that are not integer

multiples of the frequency at which the supply system is designed to operate (50 or 60 Hz)

are called interharmonics.




(iv) Notching: Notching is a periodic voltage disturbance caused by the normal operation of

power electronic devices when current is commutated from one phase to another.

(v) Noise: Noise is defined as unwanted electrical signals with broadband spectral content

lower than 200 kHz superimposed upon the power system voltage or current in phase

conductors, or found on neutral conductors or signal lines.

FACTS DEVICES FOR POWER QUALITY IMPROVEMENT:

The STATCOM based current control voltage source inverter injects the current into

the grid in such a way that the source current are harmonic free and their phase-angle with

respect to source voltage has a desired value. The injected current will cance out the reactive

part and harmonic part of the load and induction generator current, thus it improves the

power factor and the power quality. To accomplish these goals, the grid voltages are sensed

and are synchronized in generating the current command for the inverter. The proposed grid

connected system is implemented for power quality improvement at point of common

coupling (PCC). The grid connected system in Fig. 1, consists of wind energy generation

system and battery energy storage system with STATCOM.

A. Wind Energy Generating System

In this configuration, wind generations are based on constant speed topologies with

pitch control turbine. The induction generator is used in the proposed scheme because of its

simplicity, it does not require a separate field circuit, it can accept constant and variable

loads, and has natural protection against short circuit.

UPFC: A Unified Power Flow Controller (UPFC) is a member of FACTS devices. It

consists of two solid stat synchronous voltage source converters coupled through a common

DC link. The DC link provides a path to exchange active power between the converters. The

series converter injects a voltage in series with the system voltage through a series

transformer. The power flow through the line can be regulated by controlling voltage

magnitude and angle of series injected voltage. The injected voltage and line current

determine the active and reactive power injected by the series converter. The converter has a

capability of electrically generating or absorbing the reactive power. However, the injected

active power must be supplied by the DC link, in turn taken from the AC system through the

shunt converter. The shunt converter also has a capability of independently supplying or

absorbing reactive power to regulate the voltage of the AC system. When the losses of the

converters and the associated transformers are neglected, the overall active power exchange

between the UPFC and the AC system become zero. However, both the series and shunt

converters can independently exchange reactive power. UPFC can improve both steady sate

stability, dynamic stability and transient stability. For the convenience practical of

application, the series voltage angle of UPFC is kept in perpendicular with a line current.

3. POWER QUALITY PROBLEM DETECTION

The Power Quality (PQ) problem can be detected from one of the following several

symptoms depending on the types of issue involved.




(i) Lamp flicker (ii) Frequent blackouts (iii)Sensitive-equipment frequent dropouts

(iv)Voltage to ground in unexpected (v)Locations (vi) Communications interference

(vii)Overheated elements and equipment.

II. OVERALL REVIEW TECHNIQUES:

Study

Method

Devices

Performance

Yuvaraj V, Pratheep

Raj E, Mowlidharan

A,

Thirugnanamoorthy

L[49]

CONTROLLER

DESIGN OF PI,

PD AND PID

STATCOM,

BESS

i)The proposed scheme in the

grid connected

system fulfills the power

quality norms as per the

IEC standard 61400-21.

ii)It maintains the source

voltage and current in-phase

and support the reactive

power demand for the wind

generator and load at PCC in

the grid system, thus it gives

an opportunity to enhance the

utilization factor of

transmission line.

Stephane Fahé ,

Jacques Lobry, B.A.

Mpanda-Mabwe

PI and H∞

robust

Controllers,

PSCAD/EMTP

DC software.

STATCOM,

SVC

The fluctuation magnitude is

also lower for optimal

controllers than in the case of

PI regulator.

A. KAZEMI and F.

MAHAMNIA

Control

Strategy Based

On Direct

Lyapunov

Method

STATCOM

SSSC,UPFC

The two methods are using

the local variables of system

and offer better transient

stability and fast oscillations

damping.

X. P. Zhang Nonlinear

Interior Point,

Shunt

FACTS,

VARs

devices such

as

mechanically

switched

capacitors/rea

ctors,SVC,ST

ATCOM.

power losses will be

increased due to the Grid

Code requirement.

Fu-Sheng Pai, Shyh-

Jier Huang.

Pulsewidth

modulator

(PWM) signal

icom,

Microturbine PWM of signals-reducing

flickers




Chong Han,

Subhashish

Bhattacharya,

Anders L. Johnson.

integration of a

large WF into a

weak loop

power system.

PSCAD/

EMTDC,

suppressing the voltage

fluctuations, the dynamic

simulation results for a

continuous operation

period

Prechanon

Kumkratug, Panthep

Laohachai.

Mathematical

Model, potential

–energy

boundary

surface (PEBS)

Method,Lyapun

ov’s stability

criterion,

SSSC for

estimation the

CCT,

PEBS method reduces the

causes for power quality

disturbances

S.V Ravi Kumar, S.

Siva Nagaraju

Controller for

Vseq, Controller

for Vsep, AVR

model,

Synchronous

machine

model, SVC,

improving transient stability,

improving critical clearing

time

Alberto D. Del

Rosso, Claudio A.

Cañizares, Victor M.

Doña

Input

Signals,Paramet

er Tuning,

Hierarchical

Control Design,

Controller

design,

FACTS,

stability

enhancement,

TCSC

TCSC will inject reactive

power

Sidhartha Panda,

Ramnarayan N.

Patel

variable

impedance type

and switching

converter type

FACTS,

STATCOM,

SVC

predefined direction of real

power flow, mid-point

location of shunt FACTS

devices

is verified

Fengquan Zhou,

Géza Joós

Electromagnetic

Transients

Program

(EMTP),

Induction

Generator

Detailed Model,

Hub model,

Blade Model,

Gear box

model,

WECS,

power factor

control

(PFC),

STATCOM,

Impact of Variable Wind

Speed on Voltage, Increase

the Short Circuit Capacity to

Improve the

Transient Response of Wind

Farm

Nadarajah

Mithulananthan,

Claudio A.

Canizares, John

Reeve and Graham

J. Rogers

Hopf

bifurcations,

power system

oscillations

power system

stabilizers

(PSS), static

var

compensators

(SVCs), and

shunt static

synchronous

participation factor

analysis,loadability margin.




compensators

(STATCOMs

).

P. Kumkratug and

M.H. Haque

Current

injection model,

UPFC, static

VAr

compensator

(SVC),

SSSC,STAT

COM,

1)UPFC is very effective in

improving both

the first swing stability and

damping of the system

because it uses two-

converters coupled through a

common DC link.

2) The dynamic performance

of the system with a single

Converter.

C. Sankaran,

Stephen A. Sebo.

Thyristor-

Based

FACTS

Controllers

1)power quality mitigation

technologies with pros and

cons.

2)

Igor Papicˇ, Peter Zˇ

unko

1)Steady-State

Operational

Characteristics

SSSC Steady state operation will

reduce alternating changes

John J. Shea, N.G.

Hingorani and L.

Gyugyi

Thyristor

characteristics

thryistors,

MOSFETS,

gate-turn-off

thryistors,

GCTs,

IGCTs,

IGBTs,

MCTs, and

MTOs.

Operation is sinusoidal

Mehrdad Ghandhari,

Göran Andersson,

Ian A. Hiskens.

Lyapunov

theory,

dynamical

systems,

Control

Lyapunov

Function (CLF),

time derivative

of the energy

function

CLF, Flicker

enhancing

devices

1)knowledge of post fault

stable equilibrium points

B.H. Lia, Q.H. Wub,

D.R. Turnerb, P.Y.

Wanga, X.X. Zhoua.

Electromagnetic

transient

simulation

software

packages,

system control

TCSC,

EMTP,

EMTDC and

PSPICE.

ETSSPS transient causes

steady state analysis




algorithm,

Paolo mattavelli,

Georgec .

verghese,Aleksanda

M. stankovic.

Representation

of voltages and

currents

as time-varying

Fourier series,

and focus on the

dynamics

of the short-

term Fourier

coefficients.

TCSC,

FACTS,

Thyristor

Controlled

Reactor

(TCR).

Constant output expected

M. Noroozian L.

Angquist, M.

Ghandhari G.

Anderson

PST, injection

model, power

flow

control, loss

minimisation,

optimal

powerflow

FACTS,

series

connected

voltage

source,

unified

power flow

controller,

1)Regulating power $ow

through a transmission line.

2) Minimisation of power

losses without generation

rescheduling.

R. MihaliE P. hnko

and D. Povh.

Test system and

digital

simulation

model, The upfc

mathematical

model, Upfc

operating

principles

UPFC,

STATCON,

ACSC.

Reactive power injection

Dynamic

compensation of ac

transmission lines

by solid-state

synchronous voltage

sources

1)Reactive

Power

Compensation

Scheme.

2) Control of

Synchronous

Shunt

Compensator.

Schematic

representatio

n

Dynamic responses

M. S. Perdigao, S.

D.Chaves,

C.I. Faustino Agreira

and C.M.Machado

Ferreira.

Insertion point,

Power flow,

Inductive

reactance of

series

impedance,

Series voltage

amplitude,

STATCOM,

SVC,

TCSC, SSSC

and UPFC

Step increase of the bus load

until it reaches its maximum

value and simultaneously

register the bus voltage

fluctuations




Belkacem Mahdad, Differential

Evolution,

Economic

Dispatch,

Optimal Power

Flow, Hybrid

Model based

Wind Energy

and Shunt

Controller,

Algorithm

Structure based

DE,

FACTS,

Reactive

Power

Control,

Optimal

location.

Coordinated model based

wind generator and dynamic

shunt FACTS devices to

improve the power system

operation and control.

E.Z. Zhou power system

damping, swing

oscillations,

"bang-bang"

controllers,

Static var

compensators

(SVC)

Reducing flickers

V.Vittal ,N. Bhatia

A. A. Fouad

analysis of the

inter-area-

mode

phenomenon in

stressed power

systems

Classical

model of the

power

system,

Free Response

Characteristics, dominant

modes of oscillation using the

post disturbance

stable equilibrium, interaction

coefficients clearly identify

the interaction between the

dominant modes of

oscillation indicating the

possibility of the inter area

mode phenomenon. III VARIOUS METHODS REVIEWED

Author(s) Year Methodology Adopted Advantages

R. Billinton and Y.

Gao

2002 Energy conversion system models

for adequacy assessment of

generating systems

This paper focuses on development of suitable

models for wind energy

Conversion systems ,a five-state wind energy

conversion system

model is proposed.




Amit K. Jain, Aman

Behal, Ned Moha.

2005 System Modeling and Control

Design for Fast Voltage Regulation

Using STATCOMs.

It allows design of fast voltage regulation

controller , It shows the problem

Of voltage regulation using instantaneous

reactive current .

CarLNgai-Man Ho,

Victor S.P.Cheun.

2009 Constant Frequency Hysteresis

Current Control of Grid-Connected

VSI Without and width Control.

This contains design & implementation of a

constant-frequency

hysteresis current control for grid-connected

voltage

source inverter (VSI) .

S.Khalid1 & Bharti

Dwivedi

2011 preserve voltage integrity by

limiting harmonic current injection

of single-phase loads, By

addressing harmonic current

distortion at the individual

sources, system

problems may be avoided.

This is to complay Coordination with existing

industry practices and

international harmonic standards;;;Proper

designing of the Load equipment.

• Application of passive, active and hybrid

harmonic filters. Proper designing of the

power supply system

• Application of voltage compensators.

• Use of uninterruptible power supplies (UPSs)

• Reliability on standby power

MIHIR HEMBRAM;

Ayan Kumar Tudu

2014 UPQC (advanced hybrid filter)

consists of a series active filter

(APF) for compensating voltage

disturbances and shunt active

power filter (APF) for

eliminating current distortions

satisfactory for load harmonic and reactive

current

compensation, mitigation of voltage sag and

swells, mitigation voltage

harmonic and mitigation of single phase sag. It

is observed that source

current and load voltage THD levels are

maintained below 5 % , the

THD limit imposed by IEEE 519-1992.




Goutam Kumar

Malla and A.

Ramulu

2015 A simple control technique based

on unit vector templates

generation is proposed for UPQC.

. Power factor correction,Harmonic filtering,

• Special line notch filtering,

• Transient voltage surge suppression,

• Proper earthing systems.

J. JAYACHANDRAN,

R. MURALI

SACHITHANANDAM

2015 A neural network based control

strategy is proposed and

has been implemented for the

DSTATCOM in a 3P4W

distribution system.

Compensation of harmonic content.

Reactive power compensation.

Maintenance of DC capacitor voltage

Akmet Tekel

Mehmet Tumayul

2016 Digital controller based UPQC

developed

Fast computing

devices(FPGA,DSP,Microcontroller)

** PWM,Hysterisis controller

Can mitigate voltage

sag,swell,harmonics,unbalances,current

Harmonics and poor power factor.

OPPINION FROM DIFFERENT PAPERS:

Yuvaraj V, Pratheep Raj E, Mowlidharan A, Thirugnanamoorthy L proposed “CONTROLLER DESIGN OF PI, PD

AND PID” : It is possible to improve the STATCOM response by employing the PID control method. Application of the

PID involves choosing the KP, KI and KD that provide satisfactory closed-loop performance. But the main method is

based on trial and error, although time consuming. To achieve equilibrium among range control parameters,

response speed, settling time, and proper overshoot rate, all of which guarantee the system stability, the PID is

employed fig.2. [15]

The power electronics based devices/ equipments have become key components in today's modern power

distribution system These devices generate harmonics polluting the power distribution system, and demand reactive

power. In order to provide technical solutions to the new challenges imposed on the power systems, the concept of

flexible AC transmission systems (FACTS) was introduced in the late 1980s. The FACTS devices incorporate power

electronics based controllers to enhance the controllability and to increase power transfer capability of the

transmission system. one employs conventional thyristor switched capacitors (TSC) and reactors (TSR), and the other

uses self-commutated switching converters. Both the schemes help to efficiently control the real and reactive

power, The static VAR compensators (SVC) are used to control AC voltage by generating or absorbing the reactive

power by means of passive elements. A SVC consists of an anti parallel thyristors and passive elements such as a

capacitor (TSC) or a reactor (TCR). One of the most versatile FACTS devices is the STATCOM. It consists of a voltage

source converter (VSC)/ voltage source inverter (VSI) with pulse width modulation (PWM) and has a faster speed of

response. In the transmission system, it can be used to improve the system stability and damping or to support the

voltage profile. When an external DC voltage source is utilized for VSI, Another device, the active power filter (APF)




is the most promising solution to mitigate some of the major power quality problems at the distribution level. They

are shunt APFs, series APFs, hybrid APFs, and unified power quality conditioner (UPQC). The UPQC is one of the most

versatile power quality enhancement devices which offer advantages of both the shunt and series APFs,

simultaneously. The series APF is connected in series with the ac line and shunt APF is connected in shunt with the

same ac line. These two are connected back to back with each other though a DC link. The shunt component of the

UPQC injects current in the ac system such that the currents entering the bus to which the UPQC is connected are

balanced sinusoids.

EXPECTED RESULTS:

Fig 1: Output voltage and current waveforms

In this section the simulation analysis of UPQC is described. In this two filters are used i.e. shunt active power filter

and series active power filter. The developed model of UPQC in MATLAB/SIMULINK environment. The shunt active

power filter compensates current disturbances and also maintains the dc link voltage to reference value. While

series active power filter compensates voltage related problems for maintaining required load voltage. I .Current

Harmonic Compensation II. Voltage and Current Harmonic Compensation III. Voltage Sag and Current Harmonic

Compensation IV. Voltage Swell and Current Harmonic Compensation V. Single Phase Voltage Sag and Current

Harmonic Mitigation




Fig 2: Simulation

Using hysteresis band controller the model has been developed in MATLAB/SIMULINK environment. It is found from

the simulation results that UPQC improves power quality of power system by compensating harmonic and reactive

current of load current which makes source current sinusoidal and it also makes sinusoidal at required voltage level

by compensating with series APF.load voltage

The THD of the source current and load voltage is below the harmonics limit imposed by IEEE standard 519-1992.

Fig 3: Simulated results of UPQC (a) Load current (b) Source current (c) Shunt APF current (d) capacitor voltage




Fig 4:Voltage waveforms

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