Name: _____________________________________________________ Date: _____________GHII. Midterm Review Mrs. Valdes

I. Enlightenment1. The idea that all people are born with the natural rights of life, liberty, and property is most directly associated

with the writings of:

(1) Baron de Montesquieu(2) Thomas Hobbes(3) Jacques-Bénigne Bossuet(4) John Locke

2. Which individual suggested the idea that if a government fails to protect its people’s natural rights of life, liberty, and property, the people have the right to overthrow it?

(1) Karl Marx(2) John Locke(3) Thomas Hobbes(4) Niccolò Machiavelli

3. The ideas of Enlightenment philosophers were based on:

(1) efforts to achieve salvation(2) faith in human reason(3) traditional practices(4) the inevitability of poverty

Base your answer to question # 4 on the passage below and on your knowledge of social studies.

… Nor is there liberty if the power of judging is not separate from legislative power and from executivepower. If it were joined to legislative power, the power over the life and liberty of the citizens would be arbitrary, for the judge would be the legislator. If it were joined to executive power, the judge could have the force of an oppressor.…—Montesquieu, The Spirit of the Laws

4. In this passage, Montesquieu is making reference to:

(1) an enlightened despotism(2) a policy of mercantilism(3) a separation of powers(4) a social contract

5. The term divine right is best defined as a:

(1) revolution to gain political rights and freedoms(2) philosophy that encourages religious toleration(3) belief that a ruler’s authority comes from God(4) system in which a monarch has limited power

Base your answer to question #6 on the document excerpts below and on your knowledge of social studies.

6. Based on these excerpts, which action would most likely be supported by Olympe de Gouges?

(1) executing the king (3) creating more radical military strategies(2) restricting access to education (4) expanding the definition of equality

7. Locke’s Two Treatises of Government, Rousseau’s The Social Contract, and Montesquieu’s The Spirit of the Laws were works written during which time period?

(1) Middle Ages(2) Renaissance(3) Enlightenment(4) Reformation

Base your answer to the following question on the quotation below and on your knowledge of social studies.

“When the legislative and executive powers are united in the same person, or in the same body of magistrates [government officials], there can be no liberty; because apprehensions [fears] may arise, lest the same monarch or senate should enact tyrannical laws to execute them in a tyrannical manner. . . .” — Baron de Montesquieu, Spirit of the Laws

8. One similarity of the Scientific Revolution and the Enlightenment is that both:

(1) had the support of the Roman Catholic Church(2) placed great value on traditional beliefs(3) emphasized the value of human reasoning(4) contributed to the end of feudalism

Base your answer to the following question on the quotation below and on your knowledge of social studies.

“If man in the state of nature is free, if he is absolute lord of his own person and possessions, why will he give up his freedom? Why will he put himself under the control of any person or institution? The obvious answer is that rights in the state of nature are constantly exposed to the attack of others. Since every man is equal and since most me do not concern themselves with equity and justice, the enjoyment of rights in the state of nature is unsafe and insecure. Hence each man joins in society with others to preserve hislife, liberty, and property.” — John Locke, Two Treatises of Government, 1690

9. This statement provides support for the

(1) elimination of laissez-faire capitalism(2) formation of government based on a social contract(3) continuation of absolute monarchy(4) rejection of the natural rights philosophy

10. The Enlightenment philosophers believed that the power of government is derived from:

(1) divine right rulers(2) the middle class(3) a strong military(4) those who are governed

II. French Revolution1. The French Revolution was a reaction to the:

(1) defeat in and humiliation of the Franco-Prussian War(2) influence of and privileges granted to the First and Second Estates(3) increasing confrontations between Catholics and Protestants(4) conflict between competing branches of the French royal family

2. In the late 1700s, which situation in France is considered a cause of the other three?

(1) meeting of the Estates General(2) unfair policies of taxation(3) execution of the king(4) storming of the Bastille

3. Base your answer to question #3 on the passage below and on your knowledge of social studies.

… We must ask ourselves three questions.1. What is the Third Estate? Everything.

2. What has it been until now in the political order? Nothing.3. What does it want to be? Something. …

Abbé Sieyès, 1789 (adapted)

4. Based on this passage, what did the Third Estate want?

(1) independence from France(2) more influence in the political system(3) removal of the monarchy(4) freedom of religion in France

Base your answers to questions # 4 and #5 on the drawing below and on your knowledge of Social Studies.

4. This drawing illustrates conditions that contributed primarily to the beginning of the:(1) Protestant Reformation (3) Napoleonic Wars(2) French Revolution (4) European Renaissance

5. Which conclusion can be drawn from this drawing?(1) One group paid heavy taxes that supported the other two groups(2) Hard work, prayer, and a good example for a stable government in France(3) Peasants and professionals in this society were gaining political and economic power(4) French society emphasized the importance of natural law and social equality

6. Which issue is raised in a study of Robespierre’s Reign of Terror within France and King Leopold’s rule of the Congo?

(1) urbanization(2) environmental degradation

(3) human rights(4) colonial resistance

Base your answer to question #7 and #8 on the chart below and your knowledge of Global History.

7. During which revolution did these executions occur? (1) French (2) Chinese (3) Russian (4) Cuban

8. Which statement is best supported by information found in this chart?

(1) Clergy were spared from the Reign of Terror(2) The Reign of Terror affected all classes equally(3) The Reign of Terror crossed social and economic boundaries(4) Peasants were the most frequent victims of the Reign of Terror

9. Which statement about the French and Latin American revolutions is accurate?

(1) People in both regions were fighting for freedom from England.(2) Strong French monarchs led revolutions in Latin America.(3) Revolutions in both regions were based on the idea of natural rights.(4) The French Revolution was modeled after revolutions in Latin America.

10. In which way did the ideas of the Enlightenment influence the French Revolution?

(1) Superstition and ignorance were promoted.(2) The principles of mercantilism were glorified.(3) The divine right theory of kings was challenged.

(4) Punishments for criminal acts were rooted in vengeance.

11. Which statement best describes a consequence of Napoleon’s failure to understand Russian geography?

(1) Rough waters in the Baltic Sea destroyed his fleet.(2) A harsh winter cut off his army from needed supplies.(3) His armies could not cross the high Ural Mountains.(4) A long period of high temperatures and lack of water overcame his troops.

12. A comparison of the French Revolution (1789) and the Russian Revolution (1917) illustrates that:

(1) political and economic inequalities often lead to demands for change(2) democratic governments generally result from revolutions(3) revolutions are based on a single grievance(4) privatization eventually leads to class struggle

III.Latin American Revolutions1. Toussaint L’Ouverture, Simón Bolívar, and José de San Martín led independence movements in:

(1) the Middle East (3) South Asia(2) western Africa (4) Latin America

2. Simón Bolívar, Toussaint L’Ouverture, and José de San Martín are all associated with revolutions in:

(1) Africa (3) South Asia(2) Europe (4) Latin America

3. Toussaint L’Ouverture and José de San Martín are leaders best known for:

(1) leading independence movements(2) supporting religious reforms(3) promoting civil disobedience(4) opposing democracy

4. During the 19th century in Latin America, the Catholic Church and the military generally supported the interests of:

(1) wealthy landowners(2) landless peasants(3) democratic reformers(4) indigenous peoples

5. During the 19th century, the economies in most Latin American countries relied primarily on the export of:

(1) cash crops

(2) service jobs(3) hydroelectric power(4) factory-made goods

6. In which way did the geographic diversity of Latin America affect newly independent countries?

(1) limiting the military power of Creoles(2) forcing the Church to guarantee land reform(3) making political unity difficult(4) necessitating a reliance on Spain

7. The Haitian Revolution and the Sepoy Rebellion happened in response to:

(1) European colonial policies(2) indigenous ethnic rivalries(3) urban development(4) religious divisions

8. Which statement about the French and Latin American revolutions is accurate?

(1) People in both regions were fighting for freedom from England.(2) Strong French monarchs led revolutions in Latin America.(3) Revolutions in both regions were based on the idea of natural rights.(4) The French Revolution was modeled after revolutions in Latin America.

9. In which way did the geographic diversity of Latin America affect newly independent countries?

(1) limiting the military power of Creoles(2) forcing the Church to guarantee land reform(3) making political unity difficult(4) necessitating a reliance on Spain

Base your answer to question 10 on the maps below and on your knowledge of Social Studies.

10. Between 1790 and 1828, which situation helped cause the change reflected on these maps of South America?

(1) The Aztecs regained control of many areas of South America.(2) South American voters removed Spanish and Portuguese rulers from power.(3) Spain sent conquistadores to South America.(4) Enlightenment and revolutionary ideas spread from Europe and the United States to South America

Base your answer to question 11 and question 12 on the diagram below and on your knowledge of social studies.

11. Based on a comparison of these maps of South America, which conclusion is accurate?

(1) Many regions of South America Gained their independence between 1790 and 1828.(2) All of South America was independent by 1828.(3) Spain continued to gain South American colonies in the 19th century.(4) Between 1790 and 1828, South American political boundaries remained unchanged except for Brazil.

12. Which individual is most closely associated with the changes indicated on these maps?

(1) Emiliano Zapata(2) Simon Bolivar(3) Porfirio Diaz(4) Pancho Vill

IV. Industrial Revolution1. In the late 1700s, the Industrial Revolution developed in Britain because Britain:

(1) possessed key factors of production(2) excluded foreign investors(3) suppressed the enclosure movement(4) required a minimum wage be paid to workers

2. Which geographic feature aided industrialization in Great Britain?

(1) good harbors (3) highland climate(2) large forests (4) monsoon winds

3. What was one reason the Industrial Revolution began in Great Britain?

(1) The government of Great Britain implemented a series of five-year plans.(2) Great Britain had alliances with most European countries.(3) Abundant natural resources were available in Great Britain.(4) The practice of serfdom in Great Britain provided an abundance of laborers.

4. Which social change occurred during the Industrial Revolution?

(1) growth of the working class(2) development of the extended family(3) expansion of privileges for the landed nobility(4) increased status for religious leaders

Base your answers to questions #5 through #7 on the interviews below and on your knowledge of social studies.

1833 English Coal Mines 2002 Pakistani Carpet Weaving

• Have you [Thomas Gibson and George Bryan] worked from a boy in a coal mine?— (Both) Yes. . . .

• For how many hours a day did you work?— Nearly nine hours regularly; sometimes twelve; I have worked above thirteen. . . .

• You said that your labour sometimes continued nine hours without intermission?— Yes, and more than that with nothing except a sup of cold water.

• Was your work in the dark?— By candle-light.

• Were there many children in the same way?— Yes, about 100 in our mine. . . .

Mr. Tuffnell, Inquiry, June 1833 in Leonard Horner, On The Employment of Children in Factories and Other Works in the United Kingdom and in Some Foreign Countries

Question: “When did you start working today?”Answers: “About 5AM,” one says. “About 7AM,” replies another.Question: “When will you finish?”Answers: “8PM,” the first says. “When it gets dark,” the other says.Question: “How long have you been doing this work?”Answers: “Three years,” a ten-year-old replies.“I started three months ago, since the war in Afghanistan. I’m 13,” another says. “Since she was four,” a mother says of her weaving daughter. “She is now 18.”. . .

— Fending for Themselves: Afghan Refugee Children and Adolescents Working in Urban Pakistan, Women’s Commission for Refugee Women and Children, Mission to Pakistan, January 2002

5. These interviews provide evidence of how:(1) theories of history have changed over time(2) concepts of justice and values differed in different eras

(3) human experience has been similar across time and place(4) global partnerships have had an impact on past and present employment practices

6. What is the most likely motive for gathering and publishing the evidence contained in these interviews?

(1) defending existing policies (3) expanding interdependence(2) gaining public sympathy (4) promoting industrial development

7. Which action is often taken by reformers reacting to situations like those presented in these interviews?

(1) demanding young workers receive schooling(2) campaigning to eliminate labor unions(3) seeking universal suffrage for those sixteen and older(4) rejecting claims about working conditions

__________________________________________________________________________________________________Base your answer to question # 8 on the drawing below and on your knowledge of social studies.

8. This 1852 drawing most likely would have been used to argue for improvements in:

(1) workhouse rules (3) factory conditions(2) sanitation regulations (4) suffrage laws

9. Capitalism is to private ownership as communism is to:

(1) supply and demand (3) state control(2) laissez-faire (4) self-determination

10. During the Industrial Revolution, locating factories near concentrations of natural resources and transportation routes most directly promoted:

(1) annexations and unequal treaties(2) migration and urbanization(3) legislative reforms and formation of unions(4) communal fields and the domestic system

Base your answer to question #11 on the passage below and on your knowledge of social studies.

. . .The bourgeoisie, during its rule of scarcely one hundred years, has created more massive and more colossal productive forces than have all preceding generations together. Subjection [control] of Nature’s forces to man, machinery, application of chemistry to industry and agriculture, steam navigation, railways, electric telegraphs, clearing of whole continents for cultivation, canalization [channeling] of rivers, whole populations conjured [brought up] out of the ground—what earlier century had even a presentiment [previous notion] that such productive forces slumbered in the lap of social labor? . . .

— Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels, The Communist Manifesto

11. In this passage, Marx and Engels state that the bourgeoisie

(1) implemented policies of ethnocentrism(2) expanded the manufacturing capacity(3) was controlled by natural forces(4) replaced railways with canals

Base your answer to question #12 on the excerpt below and on your knowledge of social studies.

. . .That in some few instances the regular hours of work do not exceed ten, exclusive of the time allowed for meals; sometimes they are eleven, but more commonly twelve; and in great numbers of instances the employment is continued for fifteen, sixteen, and even eighteen hours consecutively. That in almost every instance the Children work as long as the adults; being sometimes kept at work sixteen, and even eighteen hours, without any intermission. . . .

— The Physical and Moral Condition of the Children and Young Persons Employed in Mines and Manufactures, 1843

12. This type of evidence was used in the argument for:

(1) modifying laissez-faire practices(2) opposing the spread of communism(3) restricting voting rights(4) reforming the landholding system

Base your answer to question #13 on the passage below and on your knowledge of social studies.

. . .The bourgeoisie, by the rapid improvement of all instruments of production, by the immensely facilitated means of communication, draws all nations, even the most barbarian, into civilisation.The cheap prices of its commodities are the heavy artillery with which it batters down all Chinese walls, with which it forces the barbarians’ intensely obstinate [persistent] hatred of foreigners to capitulate [give in]. It compels all nations, on pain of extinction, to adopt the bourgeois mode of production; it compels them to introduce what it calls civilisation into their midst, i.e., to become bourgeois themselves. In a word, it creates a world after its own image. . .

— Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels

13. Which statement supports the point of view expressed in this passage?

(1) The bourgeoisie needs to use military force to open markets.(2) The bourgeoisie are backward compared to the barbarians.(3) Foreigners and the bourgeoisie must work together to end the extinction of cultures.(4) Cheap prices and industrial improvements are tools used by the bourgeoisie to impose its values.

14. Which course of action does the theory of laissez-faire suggest a government should follow?

(1) providing help for people in need(2) establishing businesses to create jobs(3) letting natural laws regulate the economy(4) controlling the mineral resources of a country

15. One effect of the British landlord system in Ireland in the mid-1800s and in India in the early 1900s was that these landlord systems:

(1) contributed to famine and suffering(2) allowed local economies to prosper(3) emphasized food crops over mining(4) led to an agrarian revolution

16. Adam Smith’s laissez-faire theories are most closely associated with:

(1) the separation of church and state(2) minimal government regulation of the economy(3) a command economy(4) high tariffs to protect domestic businesses

17. Adam Smith’s Wealth of Nations stressed the importance of:

(1) tradition(2) supply and demand(3) large corporations

(4) government ownership

V. German and Italian Unification1. Which quotation best reflects a feeling of nationalism?

(1) “An eye for an eye and a tooth for a tooth”(2) “A person’s greatest social obligation is loyalty to the family”(3) “For God, King, and Country”(4) “Opposition to evil is as much a duty as is cooperation with good”

2. Nationalism is best defined as:(1) The achievement of world peace and global understanding(2) The desire to take over other societies by force(3) A method if solving basic economic problems of the society(4) The loyalty of a people to their values, traditions, and a geographic region

3. In a number of European countries in the 1800’s, which situation occurred as a result of the French Revolution?(1) Increase in religious conflict(2) Economic depression(3) Rise of nationalistic movements(4) Decentralization of governmental power

• Bismarck uses “blood and iron” to unify Germany (1864–1870).• Theodor Herzl organizes Zionist efforts (1897).

4. Which concept is most closely associated with these movements?

(1) assimilation (3) conservatism(2) modernization (4) nationalism

5. Which heading best completes the partial outline below?

a. ________________________________i. “Blood and Iron”

ii. Austro-Prussian Wariii. Franco-Prussian Wariv. Kaiser Wilhelm I

(1) Congress of Vienna(2) Scramble for Africa(3) Age of Absolutism(4) Unification of Germany

Base your answers to questions 6 and 7 on the maps below and on your knowledge of social studies

6. Which factor provided the motivation for the changes that took place between 1858 and 1870 as indicated on these maps?

(1) exploration (3) religion7. appeasement (4) nationalism

7. Which pair of individuals played a direct role in the changes that took place between Map A and Map B?1. Otto Von Bismarck and Wilhelm II2. Klemens von Metternich and Victor Emmanuel III3. Camillo di Cavour and Guiseppe Mazzini4. Alexander II and Frederick the Great

8. “A country is not merely a geographic territory. A country is also the idea given birth by the geographic territory. A country is a sense of love that unites, as one, all the sons and daughters of that geographic territory…”

--World History: A story of Progress(1) Totalitarian Rule(2) Absolute monarchy(3) Mercantilism(4) Nationalism

VI. Imperialism 1.An essential feature of imperialism is that it…

(1) promotes democracy in foreign countries.(2) uses economic or political methods to control other countries.(3) develops new forms of artistic expression.(4) leads to a belief in monotheism.

2. How did the Industrial Revolution encourage imperialism?

(1) It made Europeans feel sorry for their “little brothers”(2) It created a need for land(3) It created a need for raw materials and markets(4) It made westerners feel obligated to improve the human species

3. From 1880-1910, which nations were most involved in colonizing Africa?

(1) oil-rich Middle Eastern nations(2) East Asian nations, trying to create new markets(3) industrialized Western European nations(4) Eastern European nations under Russian control

4. One major reason European countries engaged in imperialism in the late 19th century was to:

(1) gain a better understanding of unknown territories(2) ease tensions with their rivals(3) develop treatments for diseases(4) obtain markets for their manufactured goods

Base your answer to questions # 5 and # 6 on the passage below and your knowledge of global history.

“In the past, European nations have conquered other lands, made them into colonies, and controlled their economies.”

5. Which term refers to the situation described in this statement?(1) socialism(2) isolationism(3) imperialism(4) monotheism

6. This statement describes a situation that resulted from the

(1) industrialization of Europe and the need for raw material

(2) desire of European to spread communism throughout the world(3) European belief in human rights for all people(4) requests of developing nations for modern machines and technology

7. During the 18th and 19th centuries, increased contact between European and the continents of Africa, Asia, and South America resulted in…

(1) closer cultural cooperation between Europe and these continents(2) the exploitation of the labor and resources of these continents(3) a return to the political and economic systems of feudal Europe(4) preservation of the rights of the indigenous peoples

Base your answer to question #8 on the poem below and your knowledge of global history.

Take up the White Man’s burden—Send forth the best ye breed

Go bind your sons to exileTo serve your captives’ need;

To wait, in heavy harness,On fluttered folk and wild—

Your new-caught, sullen peoples,Half-devil and half-child.

--Rudyard Kipling, “The White Man’s Burden”

8. The phrase “White Man’s burden” in this excerpt refers to the…

(1) negative attitude of Europeans toward peoples of the non-Western world(2) advantages Europeans would gain by colonizing Africa, Asia, and Latin America(3) positive role of the Roman Catholic Church in Africa and Asia(4) challenges non-Europeans faced when trading with the Europeans

9. The poem “White Man’s Burden” is most directly associated with the concept of:

(1) neutrality (3) reparations(2) appeasement (4) imperialism

Base your answer to question #10 on the passage below and your knowledge of global history.

…, you, Africa, suffered like a beastYour ashes strewn to the wind that roams the desert,

Your tyrants built the lustrous, magic templesTo preserve your soul, preserve your suffering.

Barbaric right of fist and the white right to whip,You had the right to die, you could also weep.

--Patrice Lumumba, “Dawn in the Heart of Africa”

10. This African poem is discussing the evils of…(1) imperialism

(2) communism(3) nationalism(4) regionalism

Base your answer to question #11 on the following picture and your knowledge of global history

11. The main idea of the cartoon is that:

(1) tribal interests in Africa are harmful to unity(2) Africans benefited from trade with European countries(3) African nations successfully resisted European imperialism(4) Africa was carved up into colonies by Western European nations.

12. The Berlin Conference is most closely associated with the colonialization of:

(1) South Asia (3) Latin America(2) East Asia (4) Africa

13. The borders that were established for many African nations during the late 1800’s were based primarily on…

(1) natural geographic barriers(2) easy access to natural resources(3) territorial claims of colonial rulers(4) cultural differences between ethnic groups

Base your answer to question #14 on the passage below and your knowledge of global history.

“The Ashanti and Ijebu... strongly resisted missionary incursion [interference]-for a time at least . . . Both groups grudgingly [reluctantly] accepted missionaries and their schools only after military defeat by imperial forces.”

— Edward H. Berman

14. A valid conclusion based on this quotation would be that some Africans…

(1) opposed giving up their religious and cultural heritage(2) returned to the worship of their traditional gods after the defeat of the missionaries(3) cooperated with the missionaries for economic gain(4) feared that missionaries would refuse to teach their children

Base your answer to question #15 on the poem below and on your knowledge of social studies.Colonizer’s Logic

These natives are unintelligent —We can’t understand their language.

Chinweizu (Nigeria)— Voices from Twentieth-Century Africa: Griots and Towncriers

15. The “logic” of the colonizers described in this Nigerian poem reflects their:

(1) utopian plan(2) educational goals(3) militaristic behavior(4) ethnocentric attitude

16. Which description of trade patterns best represents the relationship between Africa and Europe during the late 19th century?

(1) Trans-Saharan trade caravans led by Europeans were the most profitable.(2) South Africa was of no interest to European traders.(3) Raw materials were shipped from Africa to European industries.(4) Rivers were the key highways connecting Europeans to much of the African interior

17. The Berlin Conference of 1884-1885 showed that European nations?

(1) wanted to end the African slave trade(2) were ready to carve up Africa among themselves(3) wanted to convert Africans to Christianity(4) were ready to begin exploring the interior of Africa

18. Which was the characteristic of Western European nations that most enabled them to establish colonies in Asia and Africa?

(1) rigid social class structures(2) self-sufficiency in natural resources

(3) frequent political revolutions(4) advanced technology