2043272 rescue of trapped persons

8/17/2019 2043272 Rescue of Trapped Persons

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Fire and Rescue ServiceOperational Guidance

GRA 4.3

Incidents involving transport

systems – Air

GRA 2.6

Rescue oftrapped persons


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Generic Risk Assessment 2.6

Rescue of trapped persons

November 2011

London: TSO


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Published with the permission of the Department for Communities and Local Government on behalf of

Her Majesty’s Stationery ofce.

© Crown copyright 2011

ISBN 9780117540316

Copyright in the typographical arrangement and design rests with the Crown.

This is a value added publication which falls outside the scope of the HMSO Class Licence.

Applications for reproduction should be made to The National Archives, Information Policy Team,

Kew, Richmond, Surrey, TW9 4DU.

Printed in the United Kingdom by The Stationery Of ce

ID 2467868 11/11 16667 19585

Published by TSO (The Stationery Office) and available from:

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3

The Generic Risk Assessments in this series only apply to England

Contents

SECTION 1

Generic risk assessment 2.6

Rescue of trapped persons 5

Scope 5

Persons trapped in machinery 5

Minor entrapments 5

Removal of articles 5

Significant hazards and risks 6

Machine hazards 6

Power supplies 6

Stored mechanical energy (kinetic/potential) 8

Manual handling 8

Noise 8

Dealing with casualties and fatalities 9

Trauma/psychological stress 9

Confined spaces 9

Irrespirable /flamable atmospheres 10

Drowning 10

Working at height 10

Dealing with animals 10

Key control measures 11

Planning 11

Competence and training 12

Command and control 13

Safety Officer(s) 13

Personal protective equipment 14

Post incident 15

Specific control measure for release of trapped persons 15

Technical references 19


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Generic Risk Assessment 2.6 – Rescue of trapped persons4

SECTION 2

Summary of Generic Risk Assessment 2.6

Trapped persons 20


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Generic Risk Assessment 2.6 – Rescue of trapped persons 5

SECTION 1

Generic risk assessment 2.6Rescue of trapped persons

Scope

This generic risk assessment examines the hazards, risks and controls that relate to

incidents where persons are trapped and require release.

This, as all generic risk assessments, provides a starting point for Fire and Rescue

Services to conduct their own assessments within the context of local conditions andexisting organisational arrangements.

This generic risk assessment is primarily concerned with the following types of

entrapments:

Persons trapped in machinery

This category includes incidents where persons are physically trapped in, or by, industrial

machinery. This may be in either locations within enclosed premises or in the open, such

as in machinery typically associated with the farming industry, (e.g. combine harvesters,

baling machines etc.).

Minor entrapments

This category includes incidents where persons are trapped by means other than

machinery. It includes incidents in the home, where persons are trapped in baths, or

where limbs or fingers/toes are trapped, (e.g. in plugholes or taps). It will also include

incidents outside the home of a minor nature, (e.g. people with heads ‘stuck’ between

railings etc).

Removal of articles

This classif ication includes removal of rings, handcuffs etc. or other articles temporarily

affixed to the body.

It also includes the removal of other articles, on medical advice, whether on the incident

ground, or in hospital operating theatres etc. As a sterile environment, there will be

restrictions on items that can be taken into an operating theatre. This will include

equipment to release the casualty, or even the personal protective equipment worn by fire

and rescue service personnel.


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Significant hazards and risks

The hazards present at incidents where persons are trapped will vary and are dependant

upon the circumstances of each individual case. Hazards may involve one, or more, of the

following:

Machine hazards

Consideration should be given to the hazards created by the presence of different

types of machinery. Hazards will vary dependant upon type, method of operation, and

processes involved. In general, hazards may be either:

Mechanical hazards which include:

entanglement•

friction and abrasion•

cutting or shearing•

stabbing or puncture•

impact•

crush•

drawing-in.•

Non-mechanical hazards which include:

chemical•

electrical•

noise and vibration•

pressure/vacuum•

inhalation of mist or vapour•

ionising radiation•

biological or bacterial•

temperature extreme•

lasers.•


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Power supplies

Consideration should be given to the hazards associated with the various types of power

supply in use, especially where isolation is required. Power supplies in common use

include:

electricity•

pneumatic•

hydraulic•

stored energy.•

ELECTRICITY

The hazards of electricity include:

Electric shock Through either direct or indirect contact.•

Arcing Electricity of sufficient voltage can ‘jump’ an air gap,•

causing electrocution to persons not actually in contact

with a conductor.

Fire Electric current flowing through a conductor generates•

heat.

Burns Either through arcing, where the intense heat may cause•

burns at entry and exit points to the body, or as a result of

excessive flow through the body, causing tissue damage.

Electrostatic charge A high voltage electrical field has the ability to induce a•

static electrical charge to persons in close proximity to it.

Capacitors Electrical systems, such as capacitors, often have a•

considerable amount of electrical energy stored within

them that may be earthed through a person who comes

into contact with the equipment.

PNEUMATIC

The hazards associated with pneumatic, or compressed air equipment include:

air embolisms, arising when air is forced through the skin, either through•

lacerations or through the pores

physical injury to the hearing or eyes from sudden intense air pressure•

flying particles propelled by compressed air.•

HYDRAULIC

Hazards associated with hydraulic equipment includes:

Hydraulic fluid ejected at high pressure may penetrate human skin (epidermal•

injection wound), causing fluid to be forced into the bloodstream or surrounding

tissue at high pressure

Eye/skin injuries caused by general contact with hydraulic fluids•


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Leakage of hydraulic fluid may increase the likelihood of slips, trips and falls,•

particularly if the surface is also wet

If hydraulic fluid is released at high pressure it will form a mist/aerosol, which•

may be inhaled. Oil based fluids may cause adverse reactions in the respiratory

system (particularly if there is any microbiological contamination). If the oil is

ingested via saliva, it may be absorbed and cause problems in the liver.

STORED MECHANICAL ENERGY (KINETIC/POTENTIAL)

Although not an energy source in its own right, if a machine is stopped suddenly,

particularly by a blockage, there is often residual energy stored within the system. When

the blockage is removed, the energy is released causing the machinery to move with the

resultant possibility of entrapment, either of the casualty or his/her rescuers.

Manual handling

Many injuries sustained by firefighters occur on the incident ground due to the unsuitability

or handling of equipment, or because of incorrect methods of casualty handling.Restricted or confined areas in and around machinery where persons are trapped, may

exacerbate the potential for manual handling injuries.

Noise

Noise, especially that created by machinery, creates additional hazards to personnel.

If the noise is of such an intensity that normal speech cannot be heard, personnel may

not hear (or may mishear) critical safety information; this may expose them and/or others

to additional hazards, or increase the level of risk to either/both from existing hazards.

Intense noise may result in hearing loss, either through conductive hearing loss, or

sensory-neural (nerve) deafness. Noise induced hearing loss may be temporary or

permanent, dependent upon the frequency and intensity of the noise, and the duration of

exposure

The presence of noise in darkened environments may result in disorientation and further

communications difficulties.

in addition, continuous exposure to high levels of noise may result in:

temporary threshold shift•

permanent threshold shift•

tinnitus•

deafness•

raised blood pressure•

stress•

interference with sleep•

interference with speech.•


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Dealing with casualties and fatalities

Personnel may be exposed to the hazards of blood-borne infections or micro-organisms

such as hepatitis B and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) when dealing with casualties

and fatalities. The risk to personnel occurs if blood or body fluids come into contact with

the eyes, mouth, or broken skin, and possibly through puncture wounds.

A risk of respiratory infection may be present if the casualty suffers from a disease that is

transmitted through coughs etc (e.g. tuberculosis).

A trapped person may panic and start to struggle, resulting in injury to him/herself and

possibly, the firefighter. This is particularly the case if the casualty has been drinking

alcohol or using drugs.

Trauma/psychological stress

A traumatic incident may be described as “any situation faced by personnel, which may

result in them experiencing unusually strong reactions of an emotional nature, whether at

the scene, or at a later time”.

Examples include:

fatal or mass casualty incidents, especially those where children are involved•

serious injury or death of a fellow firefighter, family member or friend•

loss of life of a casualty following extraordinary and/or prolonged rescue•

attempts, especially when involving extensive expenditure of physical and/or

emotional energy

any incident which may attract critical media coverage•

any incident in which the circumstances are so unusual, or the sights and•

sounds witnessed so distressing, as to produce a highly charged level of

emotion, either immediately, or at a later time.

Confined spaces

Rescues from machinery may have to be made in confined or restricted areas. This may

include entrapment within the machinery itself or because of the location of the area of

work.

Fire service personnel may find it difficult to access such areas for rescue purposes.

Working within a confined space or one with restricted access can result in significant risk

of injury, due to not being able to conduct manual handling operations in an ergonomic

way.

Rescuers may experience heat stress if wearing fire kit in a confined space for any length

of time.


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Irrespirable/flamable atmospheres

A significant hazard exists where a rescue is necessary from an area which contains an

irrespirable/flamable atmosphere. In addition to the ‘normal’ considerations involved in

the rescue of trapped persons, the additional aspect of the necessity to wear breathing

apparatus can be an inhibiting factor, and result in injuries to personnel.

Drowning

A number of additional hazards exist when an incident occurs involving water. There is

the possibility that a person or persons can become either trapped by the resultant effect

of flowing water, or become trapped within or by an object that could, as a result of the

involvement of water, create a serious risk of drowning.

Periods of heavy rain and flash flooding can cause rapid rises in the water level, which will

have a serious effect if someone is trapped.

Working at height There are a number of situations that will involve the casualty being trapped at height and

the hazards and control measures identified in Generic Risk Assessment 5.10 – Working

at heights should be considered. Additionally, persons may be found in a situation, which

although initially not identified as a rescue from height, could result in a fall from height.

Such examples could include large industrial machines where the casualty is trapped on

top, or within the mechanism.

Dealing with animals

Many entrapments occur on farms and may be in the vicinity of farm animals. These may

hinder the progress of the rescue as the animals may have to be removed from the area

before the rescue can be undertaken, or they may pose a hazard to personnel and the

casualty, at the scene. The hazards and risks involving animals are covered further in

Generic Risk Assessment 2.5 – Rescues of large animals.

Key control measures

Planning

Planning is key to enhancing the safety of firefighters and others likely to be affected by

Fire and Rescue Service’ operations. Each Fire and Rescue Service’s strategic plans will

set standards and identify the resources required to ensure safe systems of work are

maintained.

Each Fire and Rescue Service should assess the hazards and risks in their area relating

to this generic risk assessment. The assessment should include other Fire and Rescue

Service’s areas where “cross border” arrangements make this appropriate.


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Site-specific plans should be considered for locations where the hazards and risks are

significant and they should take account of and specify any variation from the normal

operational capability of personnel, appliances and equipment. In particular, recognition

should be given to the physical and psychological pressures that an operational incident

may apply to Fire and Rescue Service personnel.

Site-specific plans should include:

levels of response•

relevant standard operating procedures•

tactical considerations, including rendezvous points, appliance marshalling areas•

and access points

identification and where necessary, the formal notification to person(s)•

responsible for the site of any Fire and Rescue Service operational limitations.

Planning is underpinned by information gathering, much of which will be gained through

inspections or visits by Fire and Rescue Service personnel – for example, those covered

by section 7(2)d and 9(3)d of the Fire and Rescue Services Act 2004.

Information should also be gathered and used to review safe systems of work from

sources both within and outside the Fire and Rescue Service, including:

fire safety audits•

incident de-briefs•

health and safety events•

local authorities•

local resilience fora.•

Involving others in planning is an effective way to build good working relations with partner

agencies and other interested parties, such as site owners.

Fire and Rescue Services should ensure systems are in place to record and regularly

review risk information and to ensure that new risks are identified and recorded as soon

as practicable.

Fire and Rescue Services must ensure that the information gathered is treated as

confidential, unless disclosure is made in the course of duty or is required for legal

reasons.

Fire and Rescue Services should consider the benefits of using consistent systems and

formats to record information from all sources. Consideration should also be given to how

timely access will be provided to inform and support operational decision-making.

Information needs will vary in proportion to the size and nature of the incident. The

capacity of Fire and Rescue Service personnel to assimilate information will vary in relation

to the complexity of the incident. Therefore, arrangements may need to be flexible and be

based on more than one system.


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Specific planning for incidents relating to this generic risk assessment should include site

visits to assist personnel to recognise:

different types and design of lifts and escalators•

safety features of the machinery•

location and access to motor rooms and control systems•

availability of any on-site engineers with specialist knowledge•

availability and location of equipment operating instructions.•

Planning should also lead to the development of standard operating procedures and the

provision of suitable specialist equipment.

Competence and training

When formulating a competence and training strategy, Fire and Rescue Services should

consider the following points:

To ensure specific risk assessments for this incident type are suitable and•

sufficient those tasked with carrying out the assessment and developing

procedures are competent to do so

Fire and Rescue Services must ensure that their personnel are adequately•

trained to deal with hazards and risks associated with this generic risk

assessment

The level and nature of training undertaken should be shaped by an informed•

training needs analysis that takes account of Fire and Rescue Service guidance

on the competency framework, national occupational standards and anyindividual training needs

Training and development programmes should:•

follow the principles set out in national guidance documents–

generally be structured so that they move from simple to more complex tasks–

and from lower to higher levels of risk

typically cover standard operational procedures as well as ensuring–

knowledge and understanding of equipment and the associated skills that will

be required to use it; andconsider the need for appropriate levels of assessment and provide for–

continuous professional development, to ensure maintenance of skills and to

update personnel whenever there are changes to procedure, equipment, etc.

also involve personnel involved in other processes that support the–

emergency response, such as planners devising procedures and people

procuring equipment.

Specific training requirements for trapped persons will include the standard operating

procedure and the equipment to be used.


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Training outcomes should be evaluated to ensure that the training provided is effective,

current and meets defined operational needs as determined by the Fire and Rescue

Service’s integrated risk management plan.

Site specific tactical exercises should be undertaken with other agencies or staff likely to

assist at an actual incident.

Command and control

The Incident Commander should follow the principles of the current national incident

command system.

Prior to committing personnel into any hazard area, the Incident Commander must take

account of the actual information about the incident that is available to make operational

decisions in what are recognised as sometimes dangerous, fast moving and emotionally

charged environments.

Communication of new or changed risks should continue during the incident.

Safety Officer(s)

The early appointment of one or more Safety Off icer(s) will assist in supporting a tactical

plan to address risks so they can be eliminated or reduced to an acceptable level.

A safety decision-making model should be used to brief Safety Officers regarding the

nature of the incident, the allocated task and prevailing hazards and risks. The Incident

Commander should confirm that the Safety Officer understands:

their role and area of responsibility•

allocated tasks•

lines of communication.•

Those undertaking the Safety Officer role should:

be competent to perform the role•

ensure personnel are wearing appropriate personal protective equipment•

monitor the physical condition of personnel and/or general or specific safety•

conditions at the incident, in accordance with their brief

take any urgent corrective action required to ensure safety of personnel•

update the Incident Commander or senior safety officer regarding any change in•

circumstances

not be engaged in any other aspect of operations, unless this is required to deal•

with a risk critical situation.

The role of a Safety Officer can be carried out by any of the fire service roles, but

the complexity of the task, size of the incident and scope of responsibility should be

considered by the Incident Commander when determining the supervisory level required.


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Safety Officers should wear nationally recognised identification to indicate that they are

undertaking the “Safety Officer” role.

Fire and Rescue Services should ensure that training and other measures (such as aide-

memoires) are in place and available to support those staff liable to undertake this role.

Incidents involving lifts or escalators will in most cases involve operations being

undertaken at two distinct locations. Safety officers should be nominated on every

occasion that a member of a Fire and Rescue Service enters a shaft.

Personal protective equipment

Fire and Rescue Services must ensure that any personal protective equipment provided is

fit for purpose and meets all required safety standards. When choosing suitable protective

garments, the standard of clothing worn beneath the specialist personal protective

equipment should also be taken into account. Consideration should also be given to

the selection of suitable sizes and gender specific requirements of personal protective

equipment.

Personal protective equipment should also take account of the need for rescuers to be

visible against the operational background including night working and for the Incident

Commander and other managerial and functional roles (defined in the national incident

command system) to be distinguishable.

All personnel must use appropriate levels of service provided personal protective

equipment and respiratory protective equipment as determined by the safe system of

work.

When working with machinery there is a significant risk of contamination from a leakageof hydraulic fluid. Individual Fire and Rescue Services should determine the level of

personal protective equipment that may be required to perform this task.

If personal protective equipment or individuals are contaminated by body fluids or come

into contact with human or animal excrement, the Fire and Rescue Service’s procedures

for dealing with contaminated and soiled personal protective equipment should be

followed.

If there is any doubt regarding the level or degree of contamination, appropriate scientific

or medical advice should be sought.

POST INCIDENT

The following measures should be considered to help eliminate or remove risks after an

incident, as appropriate to the nature and scale of the incident:

any safety events; personal injuries, exposure to hazardous substances or near-•

misses should be recorded, investigated and reported in line with legislative

requirements such as Reporting of Injuries Diseases and Dangerous Occurrence

Regulations 1995, etc


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arrangements should be in place to either remove all contamination from•

personal protective equipment or to ensure it’s safe and appropriate disposal

and to check that personal protective equipment maintains the agreed levels of

integrity and protection for the wearer throughout it’s lifecycle

as appropriate, occupational health support and surveillance follow up•

conduct a de-brief to identify and record any “lessons learned” from the incident.•

De-briefs will range in complexity and formality, proportionate to the scale of the

incident and in line with individual Fire and Rescue Service’s procedures

consider any changes required to safe systems of work, appliances or•

equipment in the light of any lessons learned from debriefs or from safety events

consider the need to review existing information held on a premises or location,•

or the need to add a new premises or location into future preplanning e.g. by

adding to visit or inspection programme

staff should be supported and monitored to identify whether they are•

experiencing any adverse affects and to check whether they would benefit from

accessing counselling and support services.

Consideration should be given to arranging for staff to make a contemporaneous written

record of their actions. This information may be used to assist in any internal or external

investigations or enquiries that follow an incident e.g. coroners court, public enquiry, etc.

Specific control measure for release of trapped

personsMACHINERY GENERAL

Whenever possible, Fire and Rescue Service personnel should consult with site•

specialist engineers prior to commencing operations

Machine guards should only be removed once it is confirmed that the power to•

the machine has been isolated and any moving parts have stopped

Where machinery safety devices such as brakes and safety interlocks have•

activated they should not be overridden before careful consideration of the

effect of their release. Releasing such safety devices could lead to uncontrolled

movement of machinery and further injury to any casualties or rescuers

Any specific hazards, or safe systems of work which are normally used when•

accessing the machine, should be identified through consultation with the on site

experts/specialists at the incident.

Power Supplies

ELECTRICITY

seek the advice of the site engineer if available•

isolate power supplies where safe to do so•


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use insulated tools and gloves when working on electrical equipment•

earth systems where necessary•

Fire and Rescue Service personnel to be aware of the contents of Generic Risk•

Assessment 5.1 – Generic hazards – Electricity.

PNEUMATICseek the advice of the site engineer before working on any plant•

use ear protection and eye protection when working near to pneumatic plant•

where possible and if safe to do so isolate air supplies to plant•

ensure any machinery parts that can move after isolation of pneumatic supply•

are fully supported or locked off prior to isolation of any air supply.

HYDRAULIC

seek the advice of the site engineer before working on any plant•

use gloves and eye protection when working near hydraulic plant•

where possible and if safe to do so, isolate hydraulic supplies to plant•

ensure any machinery parts that can move are fully supported or locked off prior•

to isolation of any hydraulic supply.

avoid contact with hydraulic fluid and use suitable gloves•

ensure any spillages of hydraulic fluid are cleaned up immediately or covered•

with suitable absorbent and tapped off

where a pressure release of hydraulic fluid leads to a mist or aerosol in the•

atmosphere suitable respiratory protective equipment must be used.

STORED KINETIC/POTENTIAL ENERGY (DUE TO DAMAGED MACHINERY ETC)

consult with the site engineer prior to working on plant•

lock off or immobilise any plant or machinery that may move following or during•

rescue operation

limit the number of personnel in the hazard area•

crews to be fully briefed of the specific hazards of collapse/sudden movement of•

plant.

Manual Handling

All Fire and Rescue Service personnel to receive suitable manual handling•

training

Fire and Rescue Service personnel only to operate mechanical lifting equipment•

for which they are trained and competent

Personnel should ensure that where possible sufficient space is made to enable•

safe manual handling to be undertaken. Overstretching, pulling or lifting can

result in serious injury and the possibility of the rescuer also getting into difficulty


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The provision of specialist equipment (e,g. heavy rescue equipment) may be•

necessary.

Noise

where deemed necessary, use suitable ear protection•

radio communications provided and use with an ear piece system.•

Dealing with casualties and fatalities

Fire and Rescue Service personnel to use suitable gloves and other hand•

protection systems that provides a barrier against contact with human body

fluids

Fire and Rescue Service personnel should have an understanding of the effects•

of “crush syndrome” on a casualty who has been trapped for an extended

period of time. Where possible medical advice should be sought prior to any

attempted removal of trapped casualties.

For prolonged contact with casualties Incident Commanders may consider the•

use of suitable respiratory protection

Fire and Rescue Service personnel should continually communicate with any•

casualty, reassuring them and informing them of actions the Fire Service is

undertaking.

Trauma/psychological stress

Fire and Rescue Services should consider the use of critical incident stress•

debriefing sessions/techniques following any identified high stress incident

Fire and Rescue Services should consider making use of a confidential support•line available to all personnel.

Confined spaces

All Fire and Rescue Service personnel to be aware of the contents of Generic•

Risk Assessment 2.1 – Generic hazards- Confined spaces

Fire and Rescue Services to prepare a standard operating procedure for working•

in confined spaces

Where it is necessary to enter a confined space to carry out rescues, the•

Incident Commander should deploy the minimum number of personnel andequipment required to complete the task

A thorough safety brief prior to deployment of personnel within the hazard zone•

must be carried out

Before undertaking any operation that involves working within the confines of the•

machinery, a full appreciation of the workings of the machine must be obtained.

The history of its movement (and subsequent entrapment of the casualty) should

be investigated by consultation with the owner/occupier/casualty


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Confined working/rescue conditions may results in crews becoming quickly•

fatigued. Incident Commanders should consider frequent rotation of personnel to

ensure their welfare

Use of safety officer/officers when personnel are deployed in confined spaces.•

Irrespirable/flammable atmospheres

where the atmospheric conditions are unknown or are believed to be irrespirable,•

breathing apparatus must be used

breathing apparatus crews must receive specific briefings on the hazard and any•

emergency procedures for evacuation

atmospheric monitoring equipment, if available, should be carried by personnel•

in the risk area

seek the advice from the site engineer to ascertain if mechanical ventilations•

systems can be used to clear the effected area

isolate the source of the irrespirable/flammable atmosphere i.e. turn off cylinders•

or mains supplies

if the atmosphere is believed to be flammable the Incident Commanders should•

commit as few resources as possible to the hazard area

Intrinsically safe electrical equipment should be used in flammable atmospheres•

where safe to do so isolate all ignition sources•

rescue teams to be deployed with suitable and sufficient fire fighting means•

provide covering jets for fire fighting purposes.•

Drowning


Assessment 2.4 – Rescues – Flooding and water safety

Fire and Rescue Services to have a standard operating procedure for working on•

or near water and all personnel to receive training in its implementation.

Working at height


Assessment.5.10 – Generic hazards – Working at heights

Fire and Rescue Service to have a standard operating procedure for working at•

heights and all personnel to receive training on its implementation

When carrying out a rescue as identified in this Generic Risk Assessment, and•

a fall hazard exists for fire and rescue personnel or a casualty, service approved

working at height techniques and procedures must be adopted.

Dealing with animals


Assessment 2.5 Large animals rescues


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Fire and Rescue Services to have a standard operating procedure for rescue of•

animals and all personnel to receive training on its implementation.

Technical references

1 Manual of Firemanship book 12: Practical Firemanship II

2 Fire Service Manual volume 2: Incident Command (3rd Edition)

3 Fire Service Manual volume 2: Electricity

4 AMT International NEBOSH study note: Noise and hearing protection

6 The Manual Handling Operations Regulations: 1992

7 BS EN 60204-1: 1998: Safety of machinery

8 The Provision and Use of Work Equipment Regulations: 1998

9 PD 5304: 2000: The safe use of machinery


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m a c h i n e r y c o m p o n e n t s


n n e l


s e r v i c e s p e r s o n n e l




C o m m a n d a n d c o n t r o l

S t r i c t c o n t r o l o f i n c i d e n t s

c e n e

I d e n t i f y e q u i p m e n t p o o l a n d a r e a t o s t o r e

r e m o v e d i t e m s f r o m t h e m

a c h i n e r y

P r o v i s i o n o f s u i t a b l e l i g h t i n g .

P

o w e r t o t h e m a c h i n e r y

E l e c t r i c s

h o c k

p n e u m a t i c / h y d r a u l i c

i n j u r y

C r u s h i n j u r i e s

I m p a c t I n

j u r y o r c u t s

a n d c o n t u s i o n s b y

m o v i n g m

a c h i n e r y

C l o s e l i a i s o n w i t h o w n e r / o c c u p i e r , o n - s i t e

e n g i n e e r o r t e c h n i c a l a d v i s o r , t o i d e n t i f y

i s o l a t i o n d e v i c e s p r i o r t o e n t e r i n g t h e r i s k

a r e a a n d b e f o r e s t a r t o f o p e r a t i o n s

N

o i s e c r e a t e d b y

m

a c h i n e r y

N o t h e a r i n g s a f e t y

c r i t i c a l i n f o r m a t i o n

T e m p o r a r y o r

p e r m a n e n t h e a r i n g

d a m a g e

D i s o r i e n t a t i o n i n

d a r k e n e d

e n v i r o n m e n t s

P e r s o n a l p r o t e c t i v e e q u i p

m e n t

P e r s o n s / o t h e r a g e n c i e s t o h a v e c o r r e c t /

a p p r o p r i a t e p e r s o n a l p r o t

e c t i v e e q u i p m e n t

f o r t h e i r t a s k s w h e n e n t e r

i n g i n n e r c o r d o n .

U

n a u t h o r i s e d p e r s o n s

O v e r c r o w d i n g c a u s i n g

c o n f u s i o n

S l i p s , t r i p

s , f a l l s

c u t s , b r u i s e s , f r a c t u r e s

P s y c h o l o

g i c a l s t r e s s

P o s t t r a u

m a t i c s t r e s s

d i s o r d e r

C o r d o n c o n t r o l – B o o k i n g

i n a n d o u t s y s t e m

A d e q u a t e n u m b e r s o f p e r s o n n e l t o l o g a n d

m o n i t o r

P o l i c e i n t e r a c t i o n .


23/26


R e

f .

N o

.

T a s k

H

a z a r d

R i s k


k


3

D i s m a n t l i n g m a c h i n e r y /

r e m o v i n g s a f e t y g u a r d s

L

a c k o f c o n t r o l o r c o -

o

r d i n a t i o n a s p a r t s a r e

p

a s s e d

S h a r p / d a

n g e r o u s

p a r t s o f m

a c h i n e r y

c o n t a c t i n

g p e r s o n n e l


n n e l



C a s u a l t y




E n s u r e s u f fi c i e n t p e r s o n n e l a r e u t i l i s e d a n d

c o n t r o l l e d

C o v e r e x p o s e d a r e a s o f d

a n g e r w i t h

s u i t a b l e t e m p o r a r y m e a s u

r e s , p a r t i c u l a r l y i f

p e r s o n n e l , o r t h e c a s u a l t y

, w i l l n e e d t o m o v e

i n t h e a r e a

S e c u r e m o v i n g p a r t s

C o r r e c t p e r s o n a l p r o t e c t i v e e q u i p m e n t t o b e

w o r n a t a l l t i m e s .

H

e a v y i t e m s b e i n g

m

o v e d i n c o n fi n e d

s

p a c e s

C u t s a s m

a c h i n e r y

p a r t s a r e

p a s s e d t o

o t h e r p e r

s o n n e l


24/26


R e

f .

N o

.

T a s k

H

a z a r d

R i s k


k


4

W o r k i n g w i t h i n a

c o n fi n e d s p a c e

A

s p h y x i a n t a n d

t o x i c g a s e s

O v e r c o m

e b y f u m e s

( a s p h y x i a

t i o n / t o x i c

p o i s o n i n g )


n n e l



C a s u a l t y

F i r e a n d R e s c u e S e r v i c e p e r s o n n e l t o b e

a w a r e o f t h e c o n t e n t s o f G e n e r i c R i s k

A s s e s s m e n t 2 . 1 – G e n e r i c h a z a r d s -

C o n fi n e d s p a c e s

F i r e a n d R e s c u e S e r v i c e s

t o p r e p a r e a

s t a n d a r d o p e r a t i n g p r o c e d u r e f o r w o r k i n g i n

c o n fi n e d s p a c e s

W h e r e i t i s n e c e s s a r y t o e

n t e r a c o n fi n e d

s p a c e t o c a r r y o u t r e s c u e

s t h e I n c i d e n t

C o m m a n d e r s h o u l d d e p l o y t h e m i n i m u m

n u m b e r o f p e r s o n n e l a n d

e q u i p m e n t

r e q u i r e d t o c o m p l e t e t h e t a s k .

A t h o r o u g h s a f e t y b r i e f p r

i o r t o d e p l o y m e n t

o f p e r s o n n e l w i t h i n t h e h a

z a r d z o n e m u s t b e

c a r r i e d o u t

B e f o r e u n d e r t a k i n g a n y o p e r a t i o n t h a t

i n v o l v e s w o r k i n g w i t h i n t h

e c o n fi n e s o f t h e

m a c h i n e r y , a f u l l a p p r e c i a t i o n o f t h e w o r k i n g s

o f t h e m a c h i n e m u s t b e o

b t a i n e d . T h e

h i s t o r y o f i t s m o v e m e n t ( a

n d s u b s e q u e n t

e n t r a p m e n t o f t h e c a s u a l t y ) s h o u l d b e

i n v e s t i g a t e d b y c o n s u l t a t i o n w i t h t h e o w n e r /

o c c u p i e r / c a s u a l t y

C o n fi n e d w o r k i n g / r e s c u e

c o n d i t i o n s m a y

r e s u l t s i n c r e w s b e c o m i n g

q u i c k l y f a t i g u e d .

I n c i d e n t C o m m a n d e r s s h o u l d c o n s i d e r

f r e q u e n t r o t a t i o n o f p e r s o n n e l t o e n s u r e t h e i r

w e l f a r e

U s e o f b r e a t h i n g a p p a r a t u s

O p e r a t i o n a l p r o c e d u r e s t o i d e n t i f y p o s s i b i l i t y

o f i r r e s p i r a b l e a t m o s p h e r e

E q u i p m e n t t o i d e n t i f y l a c k

o f O 2 e

t c

P e r s o n a l p r o t e c t i v e e q u i p

m e n t .


25/26


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f .

N o

.

T a s k

H

a z a r d

R i s k


k


5

W o r k i n g i n c o n fi n e d

s p a c e s

U

n a b l e t o a d o p t

c

o r r e c t e r g o n o m i c

p

o s i t i o n

M a n u a l h

a n d l i n g

i n j u r i e s


n n e l



F r e q u e n t r o t a t i o n o f p e r s o

n n e l .

6

W o r k i n g w i t h i n

p r o x i m i t y o f h o t / c o l d

m a c h i n e s a n d a d j a c e n t

h a z a r d s

C

o n t a c t w i t h e x t r e m e

t e m p e r a t u r e s w h i c h

m

a y b e t h e n o r m a l

o

p e r a t i n g t e m p e r a t u r e s

o

f t h e m a c h i n e

B u r r n s

H e a t e x h

a u s t i o n


n n e l



O p e r a t i o n a l p r o c e d u r e s t o i n d i c a t e

a s s e s s m e n t o f m a c h i n e i n

v o l v e d o r a d j a c e n t

m a c h i n e s

I s o l a t e p o w e r s u p p l i e s a n

d a l l o w c o o l i n g i f

p o s s i b l e

U s e a p p r o p r i a t e p e r s o n a l p r o t e c t i v e

e q u i p m e n t

F r e q u e n t r o t a t i o n o f c r e w s

M e c h a n i c a l v e n t i l a t i o n ( p o

s i t i v e p r e s s u r e f a n ) .

7

S u p p o r t i n g c a s u a l t y

C

a s u a l t y f a l l i n g

a

s m a c h i n e r y i s

d

i s m a n t l e d

F u r t h e r i n

j u r y t o

c a s u a l t y

I n j u r y t o r e s c u e r s ,

e i t h e r a t t e m p t i n g t o

s u p p o r t t h e c a s u a l t y o r

w o r k i n g b e l o w


n n e l



C a s u a l t y

A s s e s s a r e a o f o p e r a t i o n

a n d p o s i t i o n o f

c a s u a l t y . U s e a l l a v a i l a b l e

i n f o r m a t i o n f o r m

o n - s i t e e x p e r t i s e a n d m e d i c a l c o l l e a g u e s

C o n s i d e r u s e o f s u p p o r t f r o m b e l o w i f

a v a i l a b l e a n d a s a p p r o p r i a t e .

8

R e m o v a l o f s m a l l i t e m s

( e . g . r i n g s , h a n d c u f f s

e t c )

I n s u f fi c i e n t c l e a r a n c e

t o u s e l a r g e r c u t t i n g

e

q u i p m e n t

C u t s a n d

c o n t u s i o n s t o

c a s u a l t y o r fi r e s e r v i c e

p e r s o n n e

l


n n e l

C a s u a l t y

C o r r e c t c h o i c e o f r e m o v a

l m e t h o d . F u l l y

a s s e s s a n d p r e - p l a n m e t h o d t o b e a d o p t e d

K e e p p e r s o n s i n f o r m e d o

f a c t i v i t y a t a l l

t i m e s , n e v e r l e a v e t h e m a

l o n e . R e a s s u r e ,

m o n i t o r , r e v i e w , w e l l b e i n g .

N

o f u r t h e r d i s m a n t l i n g

p

o s s i b l e , t h e r e f o r e

c

u t t i n g i s t h e o n l y

m

e t h o d t o b e a d o p t e d .

I n c o r r e c t i t e m o f s m a l l

g

e a r u t i l i s e d


26/26

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N o

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T a s k

H

a z a r d

R i s k


k


9

A s s e s s m e n t a n d

d e a l i n g w i t h c a s u a l t y /

fi r s t a i d

I n f e c t e d c a s u a l t y

C o n t a m i n a t i o n b y

b l o o d / a i r

b o r n e

i n f e c t i o n s


n n e l



C o r r e c t p e r s o n a l p r o t e c t i v e e q u i p m e n t

w o r n a t a l l t i m e s ( e . g . s u r g i c a l g l o v e s , e y e

p r o t e c t i o n e t c ) .

S u i t a b l e r e s p i r a t o r y p r o t e c t i o n u s e d .

1 0

G e n e r a l e x p o s u r e

t o s e v e r e l y i n j u r e d

c a s u a l t y

E

x p o s u r e t o v i e w o f

c

a s u a l t y s u f f e r i n g

s

e v e r e i n j u r i e s .

P s y c h o l o

g i c a l s t r e s s

( p o s t t r a u

m a t i c s t r e s s

d i s o r d e r )


n n e l



P u b l i c

C r i t i c a l i n c i d e n t d e b r i e fi n g

.

1 1

F i r e s e r v i c e o p e r a t i o n s

V

i o l e n c e f r o m c r o w d /

b

y s t a n d e r s

( F i r e a n d R e s c u e

S

e r v i c e o p e r a t i o n s m a y

b

e c o m p l e x a n d s l o w

a

n d m a y r e q u i r e t h e

w

a i t i n g f o r a s s i s t a n c e

o

f s p e c i a l i s t e q u i p m e n t

P

u b l i c / b y s t a n d e r s /

c

r o w d s u n a w a r e

o

f c i r c u m s t a n c e s

t h e r e f o r e a b u s e /

b

e c o m e v i o l e n t t o

e

m e r g e n c y s e r v i c e

p

e r s o n n e l

C u t s , b r u

i s e s , s w e l l i n g

U n c o n s c

i o u s n e s s


n n e l



C r o w d s / b y s t a n d e r s t o b e

r e m o v e d a n d k e p t

a t a s a f e d i s t a n c e

P e r s o n n e l s h o u l d n o t e n t e r i n t o d i a l o g u e o r

e x a c e r b a t e s i t u a t i o n f o r c r o w d / p u b l i c c o n t r o l

T r a i n i n g / a w a r e n e s s .

P

u b l i c / b y s t a n d e r s /

c

r o w d s u n a w a r e

o

f c i r c u m s t a n c e s

t h e r e f o r e a b u s e /

b

e c o m e v i o l e n t t o

e

m e r g e n c y s e r v i c e

p

e r s o n n e l

2043272 rescue of trapped persons

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