206 IN THE MOUNTAINS OF MORAZAN

Appendix CChronology

July 1969 Four-day 'Soccer' War between El Salvador and Honduras1972 First guerrilla groups formed20.02.77 Fraudulent election of General Humberto Romero28.02.77 Massacre at Plaza de la Libertad, San Salvador, when

demonstrators protest at election fraudFounding of Ligas Populares 28 de febrero, popularorganisation linked to ERP

03.11.77 Fr Miguel Ventura, parish priest of Osicala, captured andtortured at DM4, San Francisco Gotera. Left the country soona f t e r r e l e a s e

19.07.79 In Nicaragua, Sandinistas march in triumph into Managua,while dictator Somoza flees

15.10.79 General Romero ousted by 'young officers' coup', bringinginitial hopes of return to democracy and human rights

1979 Fi rs t refugees cross in to Honduras03.01.80 Guillermo Ungo, Social Democratic leader, resigns from the

first post-coup government, marking the defeat ofprogressive elements in the new government

22.01.80 67 killed and 250 wounded by National Guard atdemonstration in San Salvador's main square

24.03.80 Archbishop Oscar Amulfo Romero assassinated while sayingmass, by a death squad organised by Major RobertoD ' A u b u i s s o n

18.04.80 Formation of the Democratic Revolutionary Front (FDR)10.10.80 Army launches first scorched-earth sweep in Morazan12.10.80 1,000 people flee across border to Colomoncagua13.10.80 Massacre at La GuacamayaNov 1980 Formation of the FMLN guerrilla co-ordination27.11.80 Murder of five members of FDR Executive Committee by

army and police in San Salvador12.11.80 1,000 people flee to Colomoncagua21.11.80 Napoleon Duarte inaugurated as President02.12.80 Rape and murder of four US missionaries and nuns by

Salvadorean National GuardJan 1981 FMLN announce 'final offensive'Dec 1981 Army launch Hammer and Anvil operation in Morazan11.12.81 Massacre at El Mozote12.10.82 FMLN guerrillas occupy Perqum, Torola and San Fernando

2 0 7

26.10.82 FMLN take Joateca, the last army redoubt north of the Torola17.01.83 FMLN blow up the Torola bridge, south of Meanguera,

cutting off the 'zone'23.02.83 Army abandons Perquin, leaving FMLN in control of whole

z o n e

31.12.83 Honduran government and US embassy launch campaign torelocate refugees from Colomoncagua

23.10.84 FMLN forces blow up helicopter, killing army commanderDomingo Monterrosa, held reponsible for El Mozotem a s s a c r e

14.05.85 Virtual state of siege imposed at Colomoncagua29.08.85 Three killed and 54 wounded in Honduran attack on camps13.09.86 Salvadorean airforce bombs Callejon Hill close to

Colomoncagua camp06.08.87 Esquipulas II Central American Peace plan signed10.10.87 First group repatriation — 500 Salvadorean refugees return

home from Mesa Grande camp in HondurasApril 1988 Military Operation 'Perquin F. More refugees cross to

Colomoncagua13.04.88 PADECOMSM founded in ceremony at the UCA, with 55commun i t i es f r om Morazan

23.05.88 Honduran soldiers kill refugee, Santos Vigil, inColomoncagua camp23.05.89 Colomoncagua refugees tell CIREFCA of their wish torepatriate12.10.89 Fr Segundo Montes gives seminar in San Francisco Gotera onrepatriation31.10.89 Death squad bombs headquarters of FENASTRAS tradeunion in San Salvador

11.11.89 FMLN offensive begins with attacks on San Salvador andmajor cities16.11.89 Six Jesuit priests, including Fr Segundo Montes, and twodomestic staff, assassinated at UCA

18.11.89 712 refugees repatriate on foot in first group fromColomoncagua

23.12.89 Sr Antonia crosses the Torola River on stepping stones tomake the first contact with CSM

14.01.90 Main mass of Colomoncagua refugees commencerepatriation. Camp is dismantled23.01.90 Repatriation of group to repopulate San Luis

Feb 1990 Sandinistas defeated in Nicaraguan elections27.02.90 Completion of repatriation. Colomoncagua camp c ose25.03.90 Inauguration of Ciudad Segundo Montes

J

208 IN THE MOUNTAINS OF MORAZAN

2 3 . 0 6 . 9 01 7 . 11 . 9 0

1 8 . 11 . 9 0

1 2 . 0 1 . 9 1

10 .02 .91

1 7 . 0 8 . 9 111 . 1 2 . 9 1

D e c 1 9 9 1

1 6 . 0 1 . 9 20 1 . 0 2 . 9 22 2 . 0 3 . 9 2

New bridge over Torola river openedCiudad Segundo Monies hold international conference tomark their first anniversary. Inauguration of Cultural CentreFMLN assault on San Francisco Gotera. Ciudad SegundoMonies conference plans disruptedEfigenio Marquez Vigil from CSM captured in San FranciscoGotera by DM4National Vaccination Day. Army prevents medical teamsfrom going to northern MorazanArmy attack on CSM leaves 34 wounded10th Anniversary of El Mozote massacre. Army puts up 14checkpoints between San Miguel and the river. No one getsthroughFood aid discontinued at CSMPeace Accords signed in Mexico CityCeasefire and end to violent confrontationAttack on CSM lorry in San Miguel and theft of 060,220

i

I n d e x

r : ■

\

A D I M 1 4 0 , 1 4 1 , 1 4 2Administration and Planning 15. 93a d m i n i s t r a t i o n 2 1 . 7 2 . 7 3 . 9 6 . 1 5 6 .

1 8 0

adobe 7. 11. 38. 45. 112, 120. 127.182, 184

tigriculture 64. 85-87, 89, 117.^118. 131. 132. 176

tiuroexports 88. 89. 193t d c o h o l 7 3 . 1 0 3 . 1 5 9 . 1 6 4

;iid agencies, see also donors 12, 17. 26.28"̂ 116. 117. 118. 178. 186. 193. 194

A N T E L 1 1

Aramba la 38 . 46-61 . 130 . 197A R E N A 1 2 4 . 1 5 0

army 15. 22, 33, 46, .54. 113, 115.116. 118. 122. 123. 124. 1.52. 160,190. 191 - checkpoints 17. 58. 59.60. 125 - DM4 1.50. 151 - El Mozote37-45 - hutnan rights 57-61

AtlacatI battalion 33. 34. 35. 36, 197A T M 1 9 9

autonomy 67. 110

Cacahuatique 13. 35. 182Cacaopera 50. 61. 131. 175c a f e t e r i a s 1 2 . 1 3 . 2 2 . 2 4 . 2 5 . 5 8 . 6 5 .

87. 95. 100. 120. 150. 1.59. 162.17.3, 174, 178, 179. 187

campesino 14, 17.3. 175, 182, 182. 187capitalism 29, 89, 128C A R I TA S 11 3

carpentry 16, 36. 127catechists 24, 25. 65. 143. 144. 145,

146, 149. 151Catholic Church 123,152Catholics 111, 190cattle 24, 38.51.56. 62.65, 69.74,

83. 86. 87, 109. 110, 118, 131, 1.32.142. 146, 148. 176

C D H M 3 7 , 5 7C E E M 1 9 9cetneteries, see also graveyards 114Central America 13, 14, 60, 116,

154, 159, 191chickens 20, 48. 62. 67, 69. 8.3, 86.

87 . 159childcare. see also nurseries 133. 136.

137, 138children, see also childcare above and

nurseries 9. 17. 25, 26. 31, 33, 38,39. 41, 43. 44. 48, 56, 61, 62. 66,72, 73, 74, 80, 99, 100, 102, 103,105, 106, 107, 108, 110, 111, 113,115, 116, 128, 131, 141, 145, 148,149, 155, 158. 159, 160, 165. 189,

babies 31. 39.41.43,44.77. 102,103.115. 136, 1.37. 168, 170, 180, 186,1 9 1

BANCOMO 13.3. 173, 174, 198banks 9, 10. 15, 74, 90, 93. 1.30, 159.

163, 172. 17.3-180. 198heans 13, 62, 6.3, 64, 65, 67, 76,

87. 96. 106, 149, 179begging 11, 43Betancur, Belisario 37, 38Bible study 143. 144,145.151bicycles 71birthrate 102, 103bombs 6, 7, 38, 46. 48. 49, 76, 119,

152, 189borders, see also Honduran border 6, 7,

18, 34, 54, 55. 56, 112, 114, 116,119, 123, 125