20.nose and paranasal sinuses

7/29/2019 20.Nose and Paranasal Sinuses

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Paranasal sinuses

Paranasal sinuses

Paranasal sinuses.

Lateral projection of the paranasal sinuses

Paranasal sinuses are a group of four pairedair-filled spacesthat surround the nasal cavity (maxillary sinuses),

above the eyes (frontal sinuses), between the eyes (ethmoid sinuses), and behind the ethmoids (sphenoid sinuses).

The sinuses are named for thefacial bonesin which they are located.

Types in humans

Humans possess a number of paranasal sinuses, divided into subgroups that are named according to

theboneswithin which the sinuses lie:

themaxillary sinuses, also called the maxillary antrechea and the largest of the paranasal sinuses, are undertheeyes, in the maxillary bones.

thefrontal sinuses, superior to the eyes, in thefrontal bone, which forms the hard part of theforehead. theethmoid sinuses, which are formed from several discrete air cells within theethmoid bonebetween

thenoseand the eyes.

thesphenoid sinuses, in thesphenoid boneat the center of the skull base under thepituitary gland.The paranasal air sinuses are lined withrespiratory epithelium(ciliated pseudostratified columnar epithelium).
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Biological function

The biological role of the sinuses is debated, but a number of possible functions have been

proposed:

Decreasing the relative weight of the front of the skull, and especially the bones of theface.

Increasing resonance of thevoice. Providing a buffer against blows to the face. Insulating sensitive structures like dental roots and eyes from rapid temperature

fluctuations in the nasal cavity.

Humidifying and heating of inhaled air because of slow air turnover in this region. Regulation of intranasal and serum gas pressures Immunological DefenseDespite these various proposals, the paranasal sinuses may not serve any biological functionat all, instead developing asspandrelsduring ontogeny.

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Nose

The nasal root is the top of the nose, forming an indentation at the suture where the nasalbones meet the frontal bone. Theanterior nasal spineis the thin projection of bone at themidline on the lower nasal margin, holding the cartilaginous center of the nose.

[2]Adult

humans havenasal hairsin the anteriornasal passage.

Function

The nasal cavity conditions the air to be received by the other areas of therespiratory tract.

Owing to the large surface area provided by thenasal conchae, the air passing through the

nasal cavity is warmed or cooled to within 1 degree ofbody temperature. In addition, the air is

humidified, and dust and other particulate matter is removed byvibrissae, short, thick hairs,

present in thevestibule. Theciliaof therespiratory epitheliummove the particulate matter

towards thepharynxwhere it passes into theesophagusand is digested in the stomach.
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Walls

The lateral wall of the nasal cavity is mainly made up by themaxilla, however there is a

deficiency that is compensated by: the perpendicular plate of thepalatine bone, themedial

pterygoid plate, thelabyrinth of the ethmoidand theinferior concha.

The nasal cavity is enclosed by thenasal boneabove.

The floor of the nasal cavity, which forms the roof of the mouth, is made up by the bones of

the hard palate: the horizontal plate of the palatine bone posteriorly and the palatine process

of the maxilla anteriorly. To the front of the nasal cavity is the nose, while the back blends, via

thechoanae, into thenasopharynx. Theparanasal sinusesare connected to the nasal cavity

through small orifices calledostia.

The nasal cavity is divided in two by a vertical fin called thenasal septum. On the sides of the

nasal cavity are three horizontal outgrowths callednasal conchae(singular "concha") or

turbinates. These turbinates disrupt the airflow, directing air toward theolfactory epitheliumon

the surface of the turbinates and the septum. Thevomeronasal organis located at the back of

the septum and has a role inpheromonedetection.

Cilia and mucus

Ciliaandmucusalong the inside wall of the nasal cavity trap and remove dust and pathogens

from the air as it flows through the nasal cavity. The cilia move the mucus down the nasal

cavity to the pharynx, where it can be swallowed.

[edit]Blood supply

There is a rich blood supply to the nasal cavity. In some animals, such asdogs,

thecapillarybeds flowing through the nasal cavity help cool the blood flow to thebrain.

Blood supply comes from branches of both theinternalandexternal carotid artery, including

branches of thefacial arteryandmaxillary artery. The named arteries of the nose are:

Sphenopalatine and Greater palatine arteries, branches of the maxillaryartery.

Anterior ethmoidal artery, a branch of theophthalmic artery Branches offacial arterysupplying the vestibule of the nasal cavity.Innervation

Innervation of the nasal cavity responsible for the sense of smell is via theolfactory nerve,

which sends microscopic fibers from theolfactory bulbthrough thecribiform plateto reach the

top of the nasal cavity.

General sensory innervation is by branches of thetrigeminal nerve(V1 & V2):

Nasociliary nerve(V1) Nasopalatine nerve(V2) Posterior nasal branches ofMaxillary nerve(V2)There are two passages in the nasal cavity, not to be confused with nostrils.The entire nasal

cavity is innervated by autonomic fibers.Sympatheticinnervation to the blood vessels of the

mucosa causes them toconstrict, while the control of secretion by themucous glandsiscarried onpostganglionicparasympatheticnerve fibers originating from thefacial nerve.
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20.nose and paranasal sinuses

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