20th-century music 1

20th-century music

Elvis Presley in 1957's JailhouseRock

20th-century music is defined by the sudden emergence of advanced technologyfor recording and distributing music as well as dramatic innovations in musicalforms and styles. Because music was no longer limited to concerts, opera-houses,clubs, and domestic music-making, it became possible for music artists toquickly gain global recognition and influence.

Twentieth-century music brought new freedom and wide experimentation withnew musical styles and forms that challenged the accepted rules of music ofearlier periods. Faster modes of transportation allowed musicians and fans totravel more widely to perform or listen. Amplification permitted giant concerts tobe heard by those with the least expensive tickets, and the inexpensivereproduction and transmission or broadcast of music gave rich and poor alikenearly equal access to high-quality music performances.

Classical

Main article: 20th-century classical music

Composer Igor Stravinsky as drawnby Picasso

Modernism

Main article: Modernism (music)In the early 20th century, many composers, including Rachmaninoff, RichardStrauss, Giacomo Puccini, and Edward Elgar, continued to work in forms and ina musical language that derived from the 19th century. However, modernism inmusic became increasingly prominent and important; among the most importantmodernists were Alexander Scriabin, Claude Debussy, and post-Wagneriancomposers such as Gustav Mahler and Richard Strauss, who experimented withform, tonality and orchestration.[1] Busoni, Stravinsky, Schoenberg, and Schrekerwere already recognized before 1914 as modernists, and Ives was retrospectivelyalso included in this category for his challenges to the uses of tonality.Composers such as Ravel, Milhaud, and Gershwin combined classical and jazzidioms.

Nationalism

Main article: Nationalism (music)Late-Romantic and modernist nationalism was found also in British, American, and Latin-American music of theearly 20th century. Composers such as Ralph Vaughan Williams, Aaron Copland, Carlos Chávez, and HeitorVilla-Lobos used folk themes collected by themselves or others in many of their major compositions.

20th-century music 2

Microtonal musicMain article: Microtonal musicIn the early decades of the 20th century, composers such as Julián Carrillo, Mildred Couper, Alois Hába, CharlesIves, Erwin Schulhoff, Ivan Wyschnegradsky turned their attention to quarter tones (24 equal intervals per octave),and other finer divisions. In the middle of the century composers such as Harry Partch and Ben Johnston exploredjust intonation. In the second half of the century, prominent composers employing microtonality included EasleyBlackwood, Jr., Wendy Carlos, Adriaan Fokker, Terry Riley, Ezra Sims, Karlheinz Stockhausen, La Monte Young,and Iannis Xenakis.

NeoclassicismMain article: Neoclassical musicA dominant trend in music composed from 1923 to 1950 was neoclassicism, a reaction against the exaggeratedgestures and formlessness of late Romanticism which revived the balanced forms and clearly perceptible thematicprocesses of earlier styles. There were three distinct "schools" of neoclassicism, associated with Igor Stravinsky,Paul Hindemith, and Arnold Schoenberg. Similar sympathies in the second half of the century are generallysubsumed under the heading "postmodernism".[2]

Experimental musicMain article: Experimental musicA compositional tradition arose in the mid-20th century—particularly in North America—called "experimentalmusic". Its most famous and influential exponent was John Cage.[3] According to Cage, "an experimental action isone the outcome of which is not foreseen",[4] and he was specifically interested in completed works that performedan unpredictable action.[5]

MinimalismMain article: Minimal musicMinimalist music, involving a simplification of materials and intensive repetition of motives began in the late 1950swith the composers Terry Riley, Steve Reich, and Philip Glass. Later, minimalism was adapted to a more traditionalsymphonic setting by composers including Reich, Glass, and John Adams. Minimalism was practiced heavilythroughout the latter half of the century and has carried over into the 21st century, as well as composers like ArvoPärt, Henryk Górecki and John Tavener working in the holy minimalism variant. For more examples see List of20th-century classical composers.

Contemporary classical musicMain article: Contemporary classical musicIn the broadest sense, contemporary music is any music being written in the present day. In the context of classicalmusic the term is informally applied to music written in the last half century or so, particularly works post-1960.Standard reference works do not consistently follow this definition since it is a word that describes a movable timeframe, rather than a particular style or unifying idea.Many composers working in the early 21st century were prominent figures in the 20th century. Some youngercomposers such as Oliver Knussen, Thomas Adès, and Michael Daugherty did not rise to prominence until late in the20th century. For more examples see List of 21st-century classical composers.

20th-century music 3

Electronic music

Karlheinz Stockhausen in the electronic-musicstudio of WDR, Cologne in 1991

Main article: Electronic musicFor centuries, instrumental music had either been created by singing,drawing a bow across or plucking taught gut or metal strings (stringinstruments), constricting vibrating air (woodwinds and brass) orhitting or stroking something (percussion). In the early twentiethcentury, devices were invented that were capable of generating soundelectronically, without an initial mechanical source of vibration.

As early as the 1930s, composers such as Olivier Messiaenincorporated electronic instruments into live performance. Recordingtechnology was used to produce art music, as well. The musiqueconcrète of the late 1940s and 1950s was produced by editing together natural and industrial sounds.

In the years following World War II, some composers were quick to adopt developing electronic technology.Electronic music was embraced by composers such as Edgard Varèse, Karlheinz Stockhausen, Milton Babbitt, PierreBoulez, Luigi Nono, Herbert Brün, and Iannis Xenakis.

In the 1950s the film industry also began to make extensive use of electronic soundtracks. From the late 1960sonward, much popular music was developed on synthesizers by pioneering groups like Heaven 17, The HumanLeague, Art of Noise, and New Order.

Folk musicMain article: Folk musicFolk music, in the original sense of the term as coined in the 18th century by Johann Gottfried Herder, is musicproduced by communal composition and possessing dignity, though by the late 19th century the concept of ‘folk’ hadbecome a synonym for ‘nation’, usually identified as peasants and rural artisans, as in the Merrie England movementand the Irish and Scottish Gaelic Revivals of the 1880s.[6] Folk music was normally shared and performed by theentire community (not by a special class of expert or professional performers, possibly excluding the idea ofamateurs), and was transmitted by word of mouth (oral tradition).In addition, folk music was also borrowed by composers in other genres. Some of the work of Aaron Copland clearlydraws on American folk music.

Barbara Allen (song)

Barbara Allen (song) is a traditional folk ballad.

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20th-century music 4

Bluegrass musicMain article: Bluegrass music

Popular musicMain article: Popular musicPopular music, sometimes abbreviated pop music (although the term "pop" is used in some contexts as a morespecific musical genre), is music belonging to any of a number of musical styles that are broadly popular or intendedfor mass consumption and wide commercial distribution—in other words, music that forms part of popular culture.Popular music includes Broadway tunes, ballads and singers such as Frank Sinatra.The relationship (particularly, the relative value) of classical music and popular music is a controversial question.Richard Middleton writes:

Neat divisions between "folk" and "popular", and "popular" and "art", are impossible to find... arbitrarycriteria [are used] to define the complement of "popular". "Art" music, for example, is generallyregarded as by nature complex, difficult, demanding; "popular" music then has to be defined as"simple", "accessible", "facile". But many pieces commonly thought of as "art" (Handel's HallelujahChorus, many Schubert songs, many Verdi arias) have qualities of simplicity; conversely, it is by nomeans obvious that the Sex Pistols' records were "accessible", Frank Zappa's work "simple", or BillieHoliday's "facile".[7]

Moreover, composers such as Scott Joplin, George Gershwin and Andrew Lloyd Webber tried to cater to bothpopular and high brow tastes.Wikipedia:Citation needed

Blues

Blues singer Bessie Smith

Main article: Blues

The Wrong Road

The Hall Brothers' "The Wrong Road"

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20th-century music 5

Country musicMain article: Country musicCountry music, once known as Country and Western music, is a popular musical form developed in the southernUnited States, with roots in traditional folk music, spirituals, and the blues.

DiscoDisco is an up-tempo style of dance music that originated in the early 1970s, mainly from funk, salsa, and soulmusic, popular originally with gay and black audiences in large U.S. cities, and derives its name from the Frenchword discothèque.

Hip hopMain article: Hip hop musicSubgenres/periods of history in hip hop include: Old school hip hop, New school hip hop, Gangsta rap, Undergroundhip hop, Alternative hip hop and Crunk/Snap music.

Jazz

Trumpeter, bandleader and singerLouis Armstrong, known

internationally as the "Ambassadorof Jazz," was a much-imitated

innovator of early jazz

Main Article: JazzJazz has evolved into many sometimes contrasting sub genres including smoothjazz, Bebop, Swing, Fusion, Dixieland and free jazz. Jazz was created out of acombination of the Blues, Ragtime, African Spirituals and various ethnicmusic.Wikipedia:Citation needed

New Age music

Main article: New age musicThere are new-age compositions which sit equally comfortably in the worldmusic category.

PolkaMain article: PolkaThe polka, which first appeared in Prague in 1837, continued to be a popular form of dance music through the 20thcentury, especially in Czechoslovakia, Poland, and areas of the United States with a large population ofcentral-European descent. A particularly well-known 20th-century example is Jaromír Vejvoda’s Modřanská polka(1927), which became popular during World War II in Czechoslovakia as "Škoda lásky" ("A Waste of Love"), inGermany as the Rosamunde-Polka, and among the allied armies as the Beer Barrel Polka (as a song, known as "Rollout the Barrel"). In the United States, the "Eastern style" Polish urban polka remained popular until about 1965.Polka music rose in popularity in Chicago in the late 1940s after Walter ‘Li’l Wally’ Wallace Jagiello created"honky" polka by combining the Polish-American rural polka with elements of Polish folksong and krakowiak. Alater, rock-influenced form is called "dyno" polka.[8]

20th-century music 6

Rock and rollMain articles: Rock and roll and Rock musicSee also rock musical and rock opera.

Alternative rock

Main article: Alternative Rock

Progressive rock

Progressive rock band Yes performing inIndianapolis in 1977.

Main article: Progressive rock

Punk rock

Main article: Punk rock

The Clash, performing in 1980

"Gloria: In Excelsis Deo / Gloria"

song by Patti Smith, an example of early punk rock.

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20th-century music 7

World musicMain article: World music

Notes[1][1] Botstein 2001.[2][2] Whittall 2001.[3][3] Grant 2003, 174[4][4] Cage 1961, 39[5][5] Mauceri 1997, 197.[6][6] Pegg 2001.[7][7] Middleton 1990,.[8][8] Černušák, Lamb, and Tyrrell 2001.

References• Botstein, Leon. 2001. "Modernism". The New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians, edited by Stanley Sadie

and John Tyrrell. London: Macmillan.• Cage, John. 1961. Silence: Lectures and Writings. Middletown, Connecticut: Wesleyan University Press.• Černušák, Gracian, Andrew Lamb, and John Tyrrell. 2001. "Polka". The New Grove Dictionary of Music and

Musicians, edited by Stanley Sadie and John Tyrrell. London: Macmillan Publishers.• Cook, Nicholas, and Anthony Pople. 2004. The Cambridge History of Twentieth-Century Music. Cambridge and

New York: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-66256-7• Grant, Morag Josephine. 2003. "Experimental Music Semiotics". International Review of the Aesthetics and

Sociology of Music 34, no. 2 (December): 173–91.• Jones, Alan, and Jussi Kantonen. 1999. Saturday Night Forever: The Story of Disco. Edinburgh and London:

Mainstream. ISBN 1-84018-177-X (Revised and updated edition, Edinburgh and London: Mainstream, 2005.ISBN 1-84596-067-X.)

• Kennedy, Michael, and Joyce Bourne (eds.). 2006. The Oxford Dictionary of Music, 2nd edition, revised. Oxfordand New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-861459-4

• Lee, Douglas A. 2002. Masterworks of Twentieth-Century Music: The Modern Repertory of the SymphonyOrchestra. New York: Routledge. ISBN 0-415-93846-5 ISBN 0-415-93847-3

• Mauceri, Frank X. 1997. "From Experimental Music to Musical Experiment". Perspectives of New Music 35, no.1 (Winter): 187–204.

• Middleton, Richard. 1990. Studying Popular Music. Philadelphia: Open University Press. ISBN 0-335-15276-7• Morgan, Robert P. 1991. Twentieth-Century Music: A History of Musical Style in Modern Europe and America.

New York: W. W. Norton. ISBN 0-393-95272-X• Pegg, Carole. 2001. "Folk Music". The New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians, edited by Stanley Sadie

and John Tyrrell. London: Macmillan.• Rubin, Rachel, and Jeffrey Paul Melnick. 2001. American Popular Music: New Approaches to the Twentieth

Century. Amherst: University of Massachusetts Press. ISBN 1-55849-267-4 ISBN 1-55849-268-2• Salzman, Eric. 2002. Twentieth-Century Music: An Introduction, 4th edition. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice

Hall. ISBN 0-13-095941-3• Whittall, Arnold. 2001. Neo-classicism. The New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians, second edition,

edited by Stanley Sadie and John Tyrrell. London: Macmillan Publishers.• Whittall, Arnold. 2003. Exploring Twentieth-Century Music: Tradition and Innovation. Cambridge and New

York: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-81642-4 ISBN 0-521-01668-1

Article Sources and Contributors 8

Article Sources and Contributors20th-century music  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=610866043  Contributors: A little insignificant, A. Parrot, Acroterion, Akronman27, Alansohn, Andonic, AndrewHowse,Anger22, Antandrus, Antiquary, Astral, Avnjay, Ayls, AznBurger, Basstonic, Bhny, Big Bird, Blanchardb, Bobo192, Boobitheus, CSWarren, Cadaeib, Calliopejen1, Can't sleep, clown will eatme, Capricorn42, Cgadavies, CharlesGillingham, Chris the speller, Civil Engineer III, Classicaldave, Clay, Cockney, CommonsDelinker, Cyclonenim, Dan56, Davodd, Deckiller, Derek RBullamore, Deskford, Disco1979, Discospinster, Dr Zak, Dredog148, Dunkelweizen, Dux is me, Dyaimz, Dysepsion, Ed g2s, EdGl, Edaderkas, ErkinBatu, Eskimo-drummer, Essjay, Excirial,FMKurras, Fences and windows, Firsfron, Florian Blaschke, For An Angel, Fram, Fratrep, Freechild, Funandtrvl, Fuzzywuzzybear93, Gail, Gareth Griffith-Jones, Gary, GcSwRhIc, GerdaArendt, Gggh, Gilliam, Graham87, Heegoop, Hitokirikatosi, Hmains, Hu12, Hult041956, Hyacinth, IShadowed, IllaZilla, InferKNOX, Infrogmation, J.delanoy, J04n, JHMM13, JNW, Jargon777,Jauerback, Jazzmatazz2012, Jerome Kohl, Jes101360, JesseW, Joelasaurus, Juppiter, Keilana, King of Hearts, Kingpomba, Kleinzach, Krashlandon, Kreepin Deth, Ktr101, Langfeldt,LeadSongDog, Liberatus, Livedevilslivedevil, Lugia2453, Lupo, Madhav90, MakeRocketGoNow, Malik Shabazz, Matwat22, Maxim, MegX, Mild Bill Hiccup, Mirakiwani, Nancy, Natalya,NawlinWiki, NielsenGW, Oli Filth, Outriggr, PDXblazers, Pbryan, Person003, Personman 4, Quibik, Quiddity, Ramune808, Randomness987, Raphael Frey, Raul654, Reaper Eternal,Reidlophile, Revoranii, Riana, Rich Farmbrough, Ricky81682, Rigaudon, Rjwilmsi, Rococo1700, Rodhullandemu, Rustyfence, SFK2, Sabrebd, Scriberius, Selket, Semitransgenic,Sirmessedupalot, Slysplace, Some jerk on the Internet, Ssilvers, SteveHFish, Storm Rider, SuperDude115, Surak, Tarret, Tassedethe, Tbuchber, Tedernst, Termanter123, The Watusi,Thewayforward, Thirstyferret, Twsx, Unmitigated Success, Utcursch, Vancouver Outlaw, Vanished user ikijeirw34iuaeolaseriffic, Vegitle, Violncello, WesleyDodds, Wiki13, WikiZorro,Wikipelli, Wilsbadkarma, Winndm31, Wolfcm, Woohookitty, Wtwilson3, Xaosflux, Xeno, Yamamoto Ichiro, Zazaban, Zouavman Le Zouave, Zvar, Δ, 363 anonymous edits

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