2/11 WEDNESDAY

TOTD: In your opinion should the United States have entered World War I or stayed with isolationist policies? Explain your thoughts in 3-5 sentences.Agenda: P33 notesTimeline/PLP WW1

Trench Warfare: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kUox_hQAih8

U.S. Enters War-Peace without Victory:

-idealistic peace plan

-Submarine warfare continues

-Zimmerman Note intercepted

-Wilson calls for War

“War to make world safe for democracy”

-Russian Revolution takes Russia out of the war:

o bought about the transformation of the Russian Empire into the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR), replacing Russia’s traditional monarchy with the world’s first Communist state.

o Neither side could advance much beyond their held territories.

o Recognizing this dilemma President Woodrow Wilson called on European leaders to agree to a “peace without victory.”

o On January 22, 1917 Wilson addressed the Senate & requested this

o Wilson’s plea fell on deaf ears in Europe

o Germany escalated their submarine warfare, sinking any ship flying enemy colors April 2nd 1917:

oPresident Wilson asked Congress on this day for a declaration of war against Germany. oThe speech is most famous for his declaration that “the world must be made safe for democracy.” While that phrase is an iconic part of American culture, few people are aware of his prophetic warning in the same speech: “If there should be disloyalty, it will be dealt with a stern hand of repression ….”

Military Operations

-Selective Service Acto 6 weeks after US formally

entered the war, U.S Congress passes this May 18, 1917

o Gave US president the power to draft soldiers.

o drafted over 3 million troops

o recruits trained for 9 months

o transportation problems gov’t control of industry use of convoy system

Military Operations-”Over There”: No US soldier

really knew where they were headed

-”Dough Boys”: nickname for American soldiers in WWI aka the AEF (yanks/sammies)

American Expeditionary Force

-Alvin York-American Hero: most decorated WWI (med of hon)

-General John Pershing

• general officer in the United States Army who led AEF

• He is only person to be promoted in his own life time to the highest rank ever held in the US army

-Armistice (ended fighting) Nov. 1918 (11 a.m. on 11/11/1918…no battles fought in Germany

Armistice: truce signed by representatives of France, Great Britain and Germany. It was an agreement to end fighting

The Treaty of Versailles signed 6 months later would act as the peace treaty between the nations.

Fighting Over There

-most U.S. soldiers were not experienced travelers

-huge cannons, Zeppelins, machine guns, poison gases, tanks, airplanes

-poor medical care

shell shock, trench foot,

2/12 ThursdayTOTD: The Armistice was designed to end the fighting of WWITerms of it would make it impossible for Germany to restart the warThey were ordered to give up

2,500 heavy guns 2,500 field guns 25,000 machine guns 1,700 airplanes & all submarines Several warships

If Germany broke any of the terms of the Armistice, such as not evacuating areas they were ordered to evacuate, not handing over weapons or prisoners of war in the timescales given or causing damage to any individual or their property, fighting would begin again with 48 hours notice.Do you think this was fair? Explain in 3-5 sentencesAGENDA:TOTDEnd of War Chit-ChatInfo CheckProject Options

GREAT MIGRATION

WWI created lots of industrial jobs in the cities of the NE and MW

African Americans moved North to find work/equality

6 million African Americans moved out of the rural South to the urban Northeast, Midwest, and West

occurred between 1910 and 1970. Why would African Americans be eager to

leave the South?

GREAT MIGRATION

During Before

GREAT MIGRATION

After

ESPIONAGE & SEDITION ACTS Espionage Act (1917)

Provided for the imprisonment of up to 20 years for persons who either tried to incite rebellion in the armed forces or obstruct the operations of the draft.

Sedition Act (1918) Prohibited anyone from making "disloyal" or "abusive" remarks about the US government.

What does this violate?

Fear of dangers amongst America led the government to pass these in 1917

Communicating any info that would interfere with military operations or help our enemies would be a criminal offense

What might be Constitutionally problematic about these wartime laws?

EUGENE V. DEBS

American union leader Labor union leader (Pullman

Strike!) 5-time candidate of the Socialist Party of America for President of the US

Gave a speech protesting military recruitment tactics and got 10 years in jail!

When else have we seen constitutional rights taken away during an American war? (Civil War: Writ of Habeas Corpus)

FOURTEEN POINTS

America had put the Allies over the top to win WWI in just over 1 year of fighting

January 8, 1918 Wilson gave this speech to Congress about a plan to have world peace

President Woodrow Wilson had a plan to avoid future wars and as the war came to an end he started to push it at home and abroad

Wilson’s 14th point was the most controversial – and unpopular @ home

#1: Open Diplomacy #2: Freedom of the Seas #3: Equal Access to Trade #4: Disarmament #5: National Self-Determination #14: International Peace-Keeping Group

Why does Wilson think he gets such a voice in the post-war treaty-making process?

WILSON’S 14 POINTS

1. No more secret agreements ("Open covenants openly arrived at").

2. Free navigation of all seas.

3. An end to all economic barriers between countries.

4. Countries to reduce weapon numbers.

5. All decisions regarding the colonies should be impartial

6. The German Army is to be removed from Russia. Russia should be left to develop    her own political set-up.

7. Belgium should be independent like before the war.

8. France should be fully liberated and allowed to recover Alsace-Lorraine

9. All Italians are to be allowed to live in Italy. Italy's borders are to "along    clearly recognizable lines of nationality."

10. Self-determination should be allowed for all those living in Austria-Hungary.

11. Self-determination and guarantees of independence should be allowed for       the Balkan states.

12. The Turkish people should be governed by the Turkish government. Non-Turks in       the old Turkish Empire should govern themselves.

13. An independent Poland should be created which should have access to the sea.

14. A League of Nations should be set up to guarantee the political and territorial        independence of all states.

TREATY OF VERSAILLES:Treaty that officially ended World War IJune 28, 1919signed at the Palace of Versailles in FranceThe leading figures at the treaty negotiations were:

Premier Georges Clemenceau of France Prime Minister David Lloyd George of Britain President Woodrow Wilson of the United States.

The treaty was far more punishing toward Germany than Wilson's Fourteen Points; It required Germany to give up:

land army and navy & pay extensive reparations for damages to civilians in the war.

The treaty also created the League of Nations.

Treaty of Versailles had the following requirements:

•German responsibility - According to the treaty's 'War Guilt Clause,' Germany had to claim total responsibility for starting the war.•Reparations - $$ Germany was required to pay damages for wartime destruction.•Territory - Parts of German territory were transferred to France, Poland, Czechoslovakia, Belgium, and Denmark. Germany also lost control of its overseas colonies.•Military restrictions - The German military was restricted to 100,000 soldiers/The Germans were not allowed to have tanks, armed aircraft, or poison gas. They could not import or export weapons. The German navy was limited to 15,000 men and a few ships.•The League of Nations - international organization to maintain world peace in the future by mediating disputes between nations.

LEAGUE OF NATIONS

International organization to promote world peace and cooperation that was created by the Treaty of Versailles in 1919/ dissolved April 1946.

Isolationists in America feared the League The Senate refused to ratify the treaty including

the League of Nations Wilson campaigned heavily across the country for

the League, but the US never bought into the international peace-keeping group

Why would isolationists fear joining the League of Nations?

WHY DIDN'T THE US JOIN THE LEAGUE OF NATIONS AFTER WW1?

Joining the League of Nations would be like signing a blank check :America didn't want to have to ship its troops half way across the world for disputes that didn't concern them. (Isolationists didn’t like it)

It didn't want to risk its economy or any more American lives after the losses of WW1.

The Republicans wanted to return to Isolationism - being an independent country and not involving itself in other countries affairs.

America also strongly disagreed with the Treaty of Versailles: Many Germans lived in America and Americans felt it was far too harsh.

Preparing for War

-War Industries Board

-Opportunities for Women /Minorities

-Conservation efforts

Wartime agency of 1917–1918 designed to coordinate the war role of American industry

Victory Gardens: veggies/fruits grown to help reduce the pressure on the public food supply brought on by the war effort/boosts morale/contribute

Daylight Savings Time (1918)

-Liberty Bonds, increased taxes

Public Opinion-Committee on Public

Information

George Creel: head of the CPI

4 Minute Men; Volunteer Speeches given by volunteers ANYWHERE: movie theaters, churches, synagogues, labor union headquarters… 75,000 amateur orators had delivered over 7.5 million speeches to more than 314 million people.

“I want You” Campaign

-Anti-immigrant sentiment

-Espionage and Sedition Act

Schenck v. United States

Influence U.S. public opinion regarding Americans role in WWI.Used every way to create enthusiasm for the war effort and enlist public support (James Montgomery Flagg)

 "Neither slavery nor involuntary servitude, except as a punishment for crime whereof the party shall have been duly convicted, shall exist within the United States…”

Social Changes

-African Americans

Great Migration brought increased opportunities

Civil Rights Debated??

-Women

took the jobs left by many men

19th Amendment was passed…(1920)

Epidemic

-World War brought disease to a new level

-large groups of people were exposed

-Influenza (flu) outbreak of 1918 spread all over the world

-1/4 of the U.S. fell victim and ½ million died

-as many as 40 million dead worldwide