21109179-form2-chapter-8

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Support & MovementCHAPTER 8Support & MovementCHAPTER 8

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CHAPTER 8UNIT 8.1 Understanding the support systemin animalsSupport & MovementExplain the various support system in vertebrates andinvertebratesCompare and contrast the support system between land andaquatic vertebratesCompare and contrast the support system between land &aquatic invertebratesCHAPTER 8UNIT 8.1 Understanding the support systemin animalsSupport & MovementExplain the various support system in vertebrates andinvertebratesCompare and contrast the support system between land andaquatic vertebratesCompare and contrast the support system between land &aquatic invertebrates

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The reasons for animals to havea support system is :-to support the bodyto provide body shapeto assist body movements.The reasons for animals to havea support system is :-to support the bodyto provide body shapeto assist body movements.

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The 3 basic types of skeletons in animals

SUPPORT SYSTEMS IN ANIMALSVERTEBRATESENDOSKELETONINVERTEBRATESEXOSKELETONHYDROSTATICSKELETON

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ENDOSKELETON

(a) Also known as the internal skeleton.(b) Located inside the body of all vertebrates includeshuman beings.

(c) Made up of bones or cartilages.Functions:

(a) Supports body weight(b) Maintains body shape(c) Protects soft internal organs(d) Provide points for the attachment of muscles(e) Allows free movement

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EXOSKELETON

(a) Also called the external skeleton(b) Hard outer skin or shell of invertebrates(c) Made of cuticle or calcium carbonate(d) Examples of animals: Centipede, ant, crabFunctions:

(a) Maintain body shape and support body weight(b) Protects internal organs(c) Provides places for the attachment of muscles(d) Allows movement of body parts

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HYDROSTATIC SKELETON(a) Consists of a muscular wall which encloses a bodycavity that is filled with fluid(b) This body fluid pushes out and exerts pressure in alldirections(c) This body fluid pressure, called hydrostatic pressuregives support and shape to the animal.(d) A type of support system for some invertebrates likeearthworm, leech, jellyfish and caterpillar.Functions: -(a) Support & maintains body shape as well as rigidity(b) Supports & protects internal tissues & organs(c) Allows invertebrates to bend, straighten & moveHYDROSTATIC SKELETON(a) Consists of a muscular wall which encloses a bodycavity that is filled with fluid(b) This body fluid pushes out and exerts pressure in alldirections(c) This body fluid pressure, called hydrostatic pressuregives support and shape to the animal.(d) A type of support system for some invertebrates likeearthworm, leech, jellyfish and caterpillar.Functions: -

(a) Support & maintains body shape as well as rigidity(b) Supports & protects internal tissues & organs(c) Allows invertebrates to bend, straighten & move

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Comparison of the Endoskeleton betweenAquatic Vertebrates and Land Vertebrates

Land Vertebrates Aquatic vertebratesSimilaritiesHave endoskeletonHave pectoral & pelvic girdlesHave flexible bonesDifferencesEndoskeletonPectoral & pelvic girdlesSupportSmall & weakSmallBody weight supportedby the buoyancy of waterBig & strongSmallBody weight supportedby the buoyancy of water

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Comparison of the Support systems in land& aquatic invertebrates

Land Invertebrates Aquatic InvertebratesSimilaritiesBoth are supported by eitherexoskeleton or hydrostaticskeletonDifferencesStructure of exoskeletonSupportHard & made of calciumcarbonateBody weight supportedby the buoyancy of waterHard & made of cuticleexcept for shells of snailswhich are made ofcalcium carbonateBody weight supportedby external skin or shell

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CHAPTER 8UNIT 8.2 Understanding the support systemin plantsSupport & MovementCHAPTER 8UNIT 8.2 Understanding the support systemin plantsSupport & MovementExplain the various support system in plantsClassify plants based on their support systems

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Various Support Systems in Plants

Buttress rootsProp rootsPricklesStilt rootstendrilsClasping rootsThorns

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Buttress roots

Thick support roots that grow from the stemabove the ground These roots hold the tree firmly to the ground,giving it extra support Examples : Angsana tree, casuarina tree, durian tree

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Prop roots

Roots which grow from the stem or branchesinto the ground for support Examples : Banyan tree Pandan plant Maize plant

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Prickles

An outgrowth of the epidermis andcan be easily removed from the stemExamples :.Rose shrub

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Tendrils

Curly string-like structures modifiedfrom stems and leaves. Curl and twine round parts of otherplants or objects to help the plant toclimb Examples : Cucumber Bitter gourd pumpkin

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Clasping roots

Roots that grip onto other plants orstructures to get support.Examples :.Money plant.Betel vine (sirih)

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Thorns

Sharp modified branches that cannotbe easily removed Act as hooks to hold on to supports. Examples : Bouganvillea shrub Crown of thorns plant

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Stilt roots

Roots that develop from the mainstem and grow into the ground forsupport. Examples : Mangrove tree

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Buoyancy -(Aquatic Plants)

Aquatic plants cannot stay upright on land because their stems are non woody & soft Aquatic plants can stay upright in water because their weights are supported bythe buoyancy of water Some aquatic plants have many air sacs in their stems & leaves. These structuresmake them light so thatthey can float on water. Some aquatic plants have tiny leaves to ensure that they are not disrupted by the flow of water.Examples :

Lotus Water hyacinth

Water lettuce Hydrilla

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Support Systems in PlantsFeatures Herbaceous WoodyStructure of stemLittle woody tissue withfew xylem cellsLittle woody tissue withfew xylem cellsSupportSupported by the turgidityof cellsCannot support a heavyweightSupported by woodytissuesCan support a heavyweightExamples-Balsam plant-Spinach-Durian tree-Angsana treeScatteredwooden

tissuesRings ofwoodytissuesSupport Systems in PlantsFeatures Herbaceous WoodyStructure of stemLittle woody tissue withfew xylem cellsLittle woody tissue withfew xylem cellsSupportSupported by the turgidity

of cellsCannot support a heavyweightSupported by woodytissuesCan support a heavyweightExamples-Balsam plant-Spinach-Durian tree-Angsana treeScattered

woodentissuesRings ofwoodytissues

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Support Systems in Woody PlantsThe wood tissues provide stronger support.Normally on taller plants.Durian Tree BougainvilleaRambutan treeSupport Systems in Woody PlantsThe wood tissues provide stronger support.Normally on taller plants.Durian Tree BougainvilleaRambutan tree

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Support Systems in Non-woody PlantsNon-woody plants depend on the waterstored in the cells of the stem for support.Adequate water inplantInadequate water inplantSupport Systems in Non-woody PlantsNon-woody plants depend on the waterstored in the cells of the stem for support.Adequate water inplantInadequate water inplant

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CHAPTER 8UNIT 8.3 Appreciating the support system inliving organismsSupport & MovementCHAPTER 8UNIT 8.3 Appreciating the support system inliving organismsSupport & MovementExplain why support system is important to living things

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Appreciating the Support System inLiving Things

Without support system, many living thingswill not be able to live

Support system provide an organism:

Proper shape and postureSupport the weight of bodyProtect organs from injury

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Additional support systemA crippled person may use a cane, crutchesAdditional support systemA crippled person may use a cane, crutchesor a walking frame for support.

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SMK Perempuan LikasSabahSMK Perempuan LikasSabah

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21109179-form2-chapter-8

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