ECON2: The National Economy

2.15 Monetary Policy

What is fiscal policy?What are interest rates?What are MPC and MPS?

2.15 What you need to know

The different tools of monetary policyHow the Monetary Policy Committee of the Bank of

England uses interest rates to achieve the government’s target rate of inflation

How changes in the exchange rate can affect the prices of exports and imports

How changes in the exchange rate can the level of domestic economic activity

How changes in the exchange rate can affect balance of payments on current account

2.15 You should be able to:

Define monetary policyExplain how the Monetary Policy Committee of the

Bank of England uses interest rates to achieve the government’s target rate of inflation

Explain and analyse how changes in the exchange rate can affect the prices of exports and imports, the level of domestic economic activity and the balance of payments on current account

Illustrate how changes in monetary policy can affect the level of economic activity on an AD/AS diagram

Evaluate the effectiveness of monetary policy

Monetary Policy: A Definition

“The manipulation of the rate of interest, the money supply and exchange rates to influence the level of economic activity.”

Monetary Policy GoalsThe primary target of monetary policy is to

maintain a low rate of inflationTarget = 2% (CPI) +/- 1%Monetary policy in the UK has been delegated

to the Bank of England (BoE), who have responsibility for setting interest rates (also known as the base rate) and controlling the money supply

In recent times the Bank has also assumed a degree of responsibility for assisting in stimulating economic growth and employment

What are the advantages and disadvantages of Forward Guidance?

How does Monetary Policy Work?The Bank, via the Monetary Policy Committee (MPC), meet

every month to decide the level of interest rates and any other changes to policy strategy

In order to make their decision, the MPC consider a wide range of macroeconomic variables including GDP, unemployment, exchange rates, house prices, the level of investment by firms and GDP growth in other countries

The main tool they have at their disposal is interest rates, although they may also use other tools to influence the money supply, such as quantitative easing

In theory, if inflation remains around the target level of 2%, then this will give confidence toConsumers – as regards to spending decisionsFirms – as regards to investment decisionsWorkers – as regards to wage demands

Read this Monetary Policy outline from the Bank of England for more detail.

Setting interest rates is the responsibility of the MPC

MPC: 9 members (4 independent, 5 from within bank)

Chaired by the Governor of the Bank of England Mark Carney

The MPC meet monthly to assess the state of the economy and decide whether it is appropriate to increase, decrease or hold interest rates from their existing level

It is independent from government, which should give it more credibility (free from political influence)

The Monetary Policy Committee (MPC)

Read this information from the Bank of England which gives more detail on the role of the MPC.

Mark Carney was appointed in June 2013 and was former Governor of the

Canadian Central Bank. CLICK HERE to listen to more about his appointment.

Interest rates are best described as the “price of money” Interest rates are the cost of borrowing and the reward for

saving

Interest Rates

Complete the table below as regards to interest rates. Delete the incorrect answer.

Likely Impact On Consumer

Saving

Likely Impact on Consumer Borrowing

Likely Impact on Investment

Likely Impact on

House Prices

High Interest Rates

Increase/Decrease

Increase/Decrease

Increase/Decrease

Increase/Decrease

Low Interest Rates

Increase/Decrease

Increase/Decrease

Increase/Decrease

Increase/Decrease

Interest Rates in the UK

Look at the chart above showing interest rates in the UK over the last decade.

Notice that interest rates have remained unchanged at 0.5% since March 2009.

What impact do you think this might have on aggregate demand? Why do you think rates have remained so low for so long?

Interest Rates and the Exchange Rate It is important to understand the link between interest rates and exchange

rates Global investors who have significant sums of money to deposit in banks will seek to

place it in the country where they get the best return i.e. where the interest rate is highest

If we assume that the UK has the same interest rates as the USA, then for that investor, the return is the same whether they deposit it in the UK or USA

If the UK raises interest rates, then investors will move their money to the UK in order to get the best return

This means they will have to sell their dollars, and buy pounds to deposit in the UK

This increased demand for UK pounds increases the exchange rate This then feeds through to exports, making them relatively less price competitive,

and making imports more attractive This will have the effect of worsening the balance of payments on current

account This process is sometimes referred to as Hot Money, as international funds move

around the world chasing the best interest rates

Other Monetary Policy Tools (1)Whilst interest rates are the Bank of England’s main tool, it has other

options1. The Money Supply

If the BoE expand the supply of notes and coins in the economy, it should have the effect of encouraging spending

However, this must be carefully managed If the supply and circulation of notes and coins increases this

reduces their value, and hence creates inflationary pressure2. Rules on bank lending and credit agreements

These rules are quite complex, however if the BoE tighten the rules on how much credit and loan funds banks can make available, this will have the effect of constraining investment and consumption

Equally, looser credit regulations will improve the availability of credit and it is likely that loans and general spending will rise

Other Monetary Policy Tools (2)

3. Quantitative Easing (QE) When the recession began in the UK in 2008, the BoE would

have been expected to cut interest rates in order to help stimulate economic activity

However, with interest rates at 0.5%, they had very little downwards movement to manipulate the economy with

In addition, banks were nervous about lending money to firms and individuals, so the BoE sought to boost the funds available for lending to businesses and firms

In total, £375bn has been raised in QE How effective this has been is a matter of debate, but it could

be argued that the recession may have been worse had the BoE not intervened in this manner

Watch this video clip that explains how QE works.

Monetary Policy and Aggregate Demand

1.Consumption Low interest rates = less incentive to save, more incentive to borrow and therefore higher consumption This affects general spending and consumer durables especially Higher interest rates = vice versa

2.Investment Low interest rates = investment projects become less costly/more profitable thus more attractive, so investment should rise High interest rates = vice versa

3.Net Exports Low interest rates = weaker £ as less attractive to currency investors Weak £ = Stronger Exports, fewer Imports High rates = vice versa SPICED

Strong Pound Imports Cheap Exports Dear

Other Monetary Policy ImpactsWealth Effect

Falling interest rates greater demand for housing through more affordable mortgages and increases in property prices

Homeowners can then borrow against the value of their home and increase consumption

It is also likely that rising house prices will improve consumer confidence and encourage further consumption

Savings RatioHigh interest rates = Higher savings ratio as a higher

proportion of income likely to be saved and therefore less spent on consumption

Low interest rates = Lower savings ratio as there is less incentive to save and more incentive to spend on consumption given that the reward for saving is smallIs it time to go shopping

again?

Expansionary Monetary Policy

1) If the Bank of England is concerned that slow economic growth is likely to feed through to lower inflation they may cut interest rates.

Price Level

Real National Output

LRAS

P

FE

AD

Y

2) This reduces the savings ratio and makes borrowing more attractive so consumption rises.

3) This has the effect of increasing real national output from Y to Y1.

4) There will also be the added benefit of creating employment.

AD1

P1

Y1

Contractionary Monetary Policy

1) If the Bank of England is concerned that inflation is running above the 2% target they may increase interest rates to reduce inflationary pressure. Price

Level

Real National Output

LRAS

P

FE

AD

Y1

2) This makes saving more attractive and will reduce consumption in addition to reducing investment from firms.

3) This has the effect of reducing inflationary pressure as the price level falls from P to P1.

AD1

P14) However, this has come at the expense of a reduction in real national output to Y1, which damages economic growth and employment.

The Supply Side Effects of Monetary Policy

1) Whilst monetary policy has numerous effects on AD, it can also influence LRAS.

Price Level

Real National Output

LRAS

P

FE

AD

Y

2) A cut in interest rates might stimulate businesses investment into capital process to improve their productivity and efficiency, which will shift LRAS to LRAS1.3) As Investment is a component of AD, AD will shift to AD1.4) Productive

capacity has now increased to FE1 and increases in AD can feed through to higher growth and employment. In this example, there has been no change in the price level.

Y1FE1

LRAS1

AD1

So, is Monetary Policy effective?It depends!The size of the change in interest rates will vary

the impactTiming of rate changesThe size of the multiplierThe stage of the economic cycle the economy is atTime – How long rate changes take to workPrimary target is control of inflation, but may

conflict with other objectivesBoE might be hampered by poor/inaccurate dataInterest rates helps to solve demand-pull, but may

be less effective with cost-push causes

Multiple Choice 1Which one of the following is most likely to be

classified as an instrument of monetary policy?a) Taxationb)The inflation ratec) The exchange rated)Government spending

Can you explain your answer?

Multiple Choice 2 All other things being equal, a large increase in an economy's rate of

interest will causea) Both its aggregate demand curve and its short-run aggregate supply

curve to shift to the rightb) Its aggregate demand curve to shift to the right and its short-run

aggregate supply curve to shift to the leftc) Both its aggregate demand curve and its short-run aggregate supply

curve to shift to the leftd) Its aggregate demand curve to shift to the left and its short-run

aggregate supply curve to shift to the right

Can you explain your answer?

Multiple Choice 3All other things being equal, a large rise in interest

rates is most likely to lead to an increase ina) economic growthb) investmentc) unemploymentd)aggregate supply

Can you explain your answer?

Multiple Choice 4

If an economy is operating with a negative output gap, which is expected to worsen, what combination of fiscal and monetary policies is the government most likely to implement?a) Higher taxes with lower interest ratesb) Higher taxes with higher interest ratesc) Lower taxes with lower interest ratesd) Lower taxes with higher interest rates

Can you explain your answer?

Multiple Choice 5The consequence of increasing the interest rate when

the exchange rate is rising is likely to be an increase ina) aggregate demandb)aggregate supplyc) the current account surplusd) the level of unemployment

Can you explain your answer?

2.15 You should be able to:

Define monetary policyExplain how the Monetary Policy Committee of the

Bank of England uses interest rates to achieve the government’s target rate of inflation

Explain and analyse how changes in the exchange rate can affect the prices of exports and imports, the level of domestic economic activity and the balance of payments on current account

Illustrate how changes in monetary policy can affect the level of economic activity on an AD/AS diagram

Evaluate the effectiveness of monetary policy