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Asset Standards Authority Human Factors Integration Standards Seminar| 1 February 2015
Human Factors Integration Standards Seminar Asset Standards Authority, 12 Help St, Chatswood
March 2018
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Framework and direction
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An overarching strategy supported by a suite of plans to achieve a 40 year vision for our transport system
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Problem solving through co-design and collaboration
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Six outcomes
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Seminar agenda
• ASA Human Factors team – who we are • Objectives of Human Factors for the ASA • What is Human Factors • AEO Requirements • HF examples • The ASA Human Factors Standards • Exercise • Q & A
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Who we are?
The ASA SQER Human Factors (HF) team are:
• Gareth Hughes Manager HF • Airdrie Long Snr HF Specialist • Yvonne Hinch Snr HF Specialist
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The ASA’s objective
• The Asset Standards Authority’s objective:
To develop standards to enable assets to be delivered that:
– are efficient and effective to operate and maintain (useable) – are safe to operate and maintain – deliver required performance
HF, by considering human interaction and usability, plays a significant role in this
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What is Human Factors?
• It is the scientific discipline concerned with the understanding of the interactions among humans and other elements of a system and the profession, that applies: – theory, – principles, – data, – and methods
to design in order to optimise human well-being and system performance.
Source: International Ergonomics Association www.iea.cc
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Human Factors
What does this mean in practice?
• Overall system performance improves when human needs, capabilities and limitations have been addressed in the design
• Users can perform their tasks safely, effectively and efficiently
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Human Factors at the ASA is…
…about ensuring the delivered asset is efficient, effective and safe to operate and maintain, and delivers the required levels of performance
Key points: • delivered asset or service (lifecycle) • Safety + useability + performance
To achieve a good asset, HF should be incorporated at concept and throughout design
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Human Factors in the asset lifecycle
Good asset performance
begins at design
Good design Leads to good asset
performance
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HF in the Asset Lifecycle
• If human factors is not well considered in early design this is what happens in operations and maintenance: – time to perform tasks – fatigue & frustration – errors & violations – complexity of procedures and checking – staff required – incident potential = costs
Design it so that the easy way is the correct way.
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Cost of fixes of poor design
Making the change at concept and design stage = $
Making the change post construction prior to delivery = $ x 10
Making the change once in service = $ x 100 Note: often the solution is less than ideal
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Getting it right at concept and design
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Getting it right at concept and design
• A fleet of new trains are too wide to fit many of France’s stations.
• The train operator SNCF and network owner RFF said about 1,300 of France's 8,700 railway platforms had to be trimmed to make way for the wider rolling stock.
• Cost about €50 million ($73.4 million AUD) to alter the platforms to fit the new trains by 2016, when they are delivered.
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Aircraft wheel spacer
Just for one major airline this problem resulted in multi million dollar losses every year!
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Operable, Maintainable and Operational issues
Operable issue: • The asset is difficult to use in the correct way
Maintainable issue: • The asset may perform well but is difficult to maintain
Operational issue: • The asset fails to perform as required on the day
operability and maintainability = operational issues – Can’t use it – Have to fix – Delays – Costs…
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Example: Operability -> operational issue
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Example: Not designing maintenance task
Asset might work but maintenance might be difficult!
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Example
ATR - 42 ATR - 72
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Result
35 Passengers and 4 Crew on board 14 Passengers and 2 Crew died.
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Should not be interchangeable!
!
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HF Examples
Perceived benefit • Lower manufacturing
costs – single production line – Fewer manufacturer staff
needed – Common sub-assembly
parts
• Displays the same way for pilots (end users)
End cost • Multiple loss of life • Criminal charges against
operator’s managers – 10 year jail sentences for
both pilots – Logistics manager jailed – Engineering manager jailed
• Financial and reputational costs
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Speed Test!
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HF Examples
What is the meter reading?
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Tasks don’t always go to plan
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Human Factors in the Rail environment
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Human Factors and Engineering
Human Factors seeks to optimise the interactions between humans and other system elements to benefit overall system performance.
Source: T MU HF 00001 GU AEO Guide to Human Factors Integration Version 2.0
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Everyday HF Example (our building’s lifts!)
5 lifts – 3 different button configurations – frequent users, frequently select the wrong floor!
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Other examples
Where would you find similar examples in transport?
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The ASA HF Standards
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ASA HF approach
• To develop a short usable standard. Not exhaustive but useful and usable, focusing on process – HFI with some key topics for transport projects
• Applicable to all projects – multimodal, scalable • Information, assistance and guidance, increasing
awareness and value of HF for bid managers and project managers.
• To reinforce that HF must be considered early in the lifecycle, even before the design process. HF is not just a review and retrofit process.
• To provide functional requirements not prescription - think of users and tasks.
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ASA HF Standards
• T MU HF 00001 ST Human Factors Integration – General Requirements In the process of adopting AS 7470 Human Factors Integration in Engineering Design (published 21 Nov 16)
• T MU HF 00001 GU AEO Guide to Human Factors Integration
• T HR HF 00001 ST Human Factors Integration – Rolling Stock
Other ASA standards may contain specific HF content.
All TfNSW projects need to comply with these standards.
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HF Document Structure
T MU HF 00001 ST Human Factors Integration - General Requirements
T MU HF 00001 GU AEO Guide to Human Factors Integration
T HR HF 00001 ST Human Factors Integration - Rolling Stock
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HF Process
Source: T MU HF 00001 GU AEO Guide to Human Factors Integration Version 2.0
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V-cycle: HFI activities
CMAAC Gates
Gate 1Reqmnts complete
Gate 3 For
Construction
Gate 0Initiation (Need)
AcceptNeed Concept Specify Procure Design Build Integrate Operate and Maintain Dispose
Concept Development Production Utilisation and Support Retirement
Verification (System)
Verification (System Interfaces)
Material Procurement, Fabrication / ManufacturingConstruction / Installation
Unit Level Inspection
& Test
Unit Level Design,
Final Design
OCD/MCD, Service Design
Define Need, early Con Ops,
draft T/T
Subsystem Integration
& Test
System Integration
& Test
Disposal planning & executionSystem Validation
Verification (Subsystem Level)
Verification (Unit Level)
System Validation & Acceptance
Subsystem Design
Sys Design, Physical
Architecture
Ref Design, SRS, Funct Architecture
Operate & Maintain(Replace, Refurbish,
Renew, Upgrade)
Plan Acquire Operate/Maintain
Gate 2 Initial
Design
System Definition
Gate 4 Ready to
Test
Gate 6 Asset
Review
Syst
em In
tegr
atio
n/Re
alis
atio
n
Gate 5 Accept Assets
Dispose
Feasibility, Business
Case, BRS
Exploratory
Evolve
System ReqtsValidation
System DesignVerification
Subsystem DesignVerification
Unit DesignVerification
Build Verification
Demand/Need
Establish context of use/users
Identify Human Factors Issues
Human Factors Analysis
Human Factors Assessments
Solution/design testing
HF evaluation
Verification and Validation
testing
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Points of note
• Human Factors Integration (HFI) is an essential part of the engineering/design process
• “Stakeholder” is not the same as “end users” • End users need to be consulted as they are the ones who
carry out tasks • End users need current and relevant experience • Business requirements are not the same as HF/User
requirements
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Individual Human Factors efforts need to be integrated into the other system elements in the overall project
Sys 1 Sys 3 Sys 2
Work station
Operating network
Control centre HF activities
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HFI in Design
End user tasks
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HFI in Design
End user examples:
• Operations staff
• Drivers/crew
• Maintainers/Cleaners
• Emergency workers
• Fare paying passengers
• General public
Safety Assurance
Safety In
Design
CPTED
WHS
DSAPT & Premises
Engineering
End user tasks
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Scalability
• More complex HF projects can result in specific HF: – Concept of Operations – User requirements – HF Integration Plan – HF Issues Register – HF Assurance Reports – Lessons Learned
Always consider these aspects. Projects with smaller HF requirement may incorporate these documents into the engineering plans etc.
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Some projects require more complex HFI than others…
For example: Rolling Stock • high levels of complex human
interactions • interaction with multiple user
groups – Operations and
maintenance staff (crew controllers, cleaners…)
– Range of customers – Management
• lots physical design requirements
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Some projects require simpler HFI than others…
For example: Car Parks • Simple human-interactions
– Customers – Security and maintenance
staff • Standardised configurations
(refer T MU HF 00001 ST & GU for further information)
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Practical Considerations
• Simple HF projects: a ‘Safety in Design’ (SiD) process that considers the efficiency and effectiveness of people carrying out their tasks alongside the safety element would be normally be sufficient.
• COTS – still need to assure suitability for context, meeting safety, operational and maintenance performance requirements
• Like-for-like – remember the wheel spacer…
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Example An elevator is required to be added to an existing design. To facilitate this feature the only space this can installed will require the cleaners room to be demolished. This will also create more floor area in the upper level concourse.
Will end-users need to be consulted?
If so, who??
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ASA HFI - General Requirements
• HFI process
• HFI requirements applicable to most transport projects (not just heavy rail).
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HF topics in ASA Standard
• Design requirements • Anthropometric data • Controls and displays • Information content • Audibility and intelligibility of messages • Alarms and alerts • Workspace and task design • Seating • Glare and reflections • Customers and the public specific
(this is a non exhaustive list)
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Design requirements
Include: • Human variability, capabilities, limitations, needs • Using relevant and valid data • Normal, degraded, maintenance, cleaning and emergency situations • Human error analysis • ‘easy way is correct way’ - violations • Foreseeable mis-use • Workload and distraction • Overall environment – climate, acoustic, visual, vibration • Design review with end users and stakeholders • Impact of design decisions on operations and training
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Requirements Exercise
• Think of a current project you are working on or a past project that you have been involved in.
• Identify one of the HF topics from the list in the ASA standard that you think would be most relevant to the project
• Review the HF requirements in the standard and consider: – How the project met or did not meet the requirement – What you had to do to meet the requirements – What you would have to do in the future to meet the requirements
• Be prepared to discuss on your table and in the group
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Contents of ASA HFI Guide
• Information for bid and project managers: – Defining HF within asset life cycle – What is HFI – Goals of HFI in asset life cycle – Why include HF
• HFI process – more detail about how could implement the requirements of the Standard
• Common HF topics • Common HF analyses terms
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Current AEO requirement
Human Factors Integration
An Authorised Engineering Organisation shall manage all human factors relevant to the scope of the authorised engineering services
Source: T MU MD 00009 F2 AEO Self Assessment Checklist, Version 2.0
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ASA HF Rolling Stock Standard
• Additional HFI requirements for both: – procurement of new rolling stock – alterations to existing rolling stock
• Includes: – Driver compartment and cab design – Crew workstations, controls and displays – Passenger and crew comfort and safety – Simulators and emulators – Other users that interact with the rolling stock asset
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Lessons learnt - from AEO assessments
• HF is not your WHS • HF is not your Human Resources • Lack of appreciation HF is scalable – some
complex and some less so (not dependent on the size of the project)
• SiD (Safety in Design) or Safe Design, including a focus on operations and maintenance in addition to safety
• CHAIR (Constructability Hazard Assessment Implication Review) is focused on construction hazards
• BRS & SRS ≠ end user consultation at detailed design
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Lessons learnt – Human Factors Integration and Safety in Design • For simpler HF projects, broadening the Safety in Design (SiD) process
can be sufficient for Human Factors Integration (HFI) – Safe Design (under the WHS Act 2011) requires consideration
of the safety of people during: Construction Maintenance Operations Disposal
– Broadening the process to include: Operability Maintainability (the ease with which the asset can be operated and maintained)
Note: CHAIR is often provided as evidence of SiD. (Developed 2001, heavily biased towards construction, no longer on WorkCover NSW website)
(see T MU HF 00001 GU for further information)
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Case Study – Applying ASA HF Standards
Hint: ID the users and tasks
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HF Process
Source: T MU HF 00001 GU AEO Guide to Human Factors Integration Version 2.0
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