THE RANKING OF GLOBAL IMMIGRANT CITIES

Lisa Benton-Short, Marie D. Price & Samantha Friedman

Instructor : Huang Luixin

Students: Vo My Y

Nguyen Thi Thanh Xuan

Nguyen Dinh Khoa

Nguyen Dan Quynh

THE VIETNAMESE GERMAN UNIVERSITYURBAN DEVELOPMENT PLANNING

CONTENT

Key words

Paper description

Overall comments

1. KEY WORDS (1/2)

Global immigrant cities

Multi-culture, dramatic socio-cultural changes

Global city dynamics

Hyper-diverse cities

Globalization from below/bottom-up

From microcosm

Global urban hierarchy

Ranking cities in the past 20 years

Intensification of global processes

Racing of top ranking & global city dynamics

Foreign-born residents/population

People who were born in destination countries

Unskilled/Skilled international labor migration

Are characteristic of global cities

Destinations/Sending city

Urban immigrant index

New variable index (Alpha, Beta, Gamma cities)

1. KEY WORDS (2/2)

2.1. Previous Approaches

Urban study developments:

• The past 30 years: “world city” hierarchy (economic, financial hubs)

• The past 20 years: “networks”, “ranking”, “functional node”

Limitations of the previous approaches

• Imbalanced database & weighs of studies on urban hierarchy/global networks

No consistency among studies

• One dimensional measurements on economy as criteria

• Informal competition among cities

Economic prestige & investment

Linkages btw. cities/countries to the global

Self-perpetuation of city status competitions among cities

New approach: connection among urbanization, immigration & globalization

2. PAPER DESCRIPTION (1/7)

2.2. Necessity of study on urban immigration

• Better assessment of how and where immigration impact on political,

economic, social and cultural dimensions of cities.

• Expand the range of criteria used to assess city ‘globalness’

Include immigration in world cities research.

• Ranking immigrant urban destinations

• Call attention to impacted cities under significant social &

demographic change due to immigration.

2. PAPER DESCRIPTION (2/7)

2.3. Empirical study

Methods

• To Chose pilot cities (150 cities).

• To Collect data/date sourcing.

• The US Census International Program Center Library outside Washington DC.

• United Nations Population Division immigration database.

• Official government websites

NEW RESEARCH GaWC

• Selected 116 cities

• Classification based on foreign-born

• Include regions often overlooked: South

Asia, Latin America, western Africa…

• Selected 55 cities

• Three distinct levels

• Focus in major economic regions : North

America, Western Europe, Pacific Asia.

2. PAPER DESCRIPTION (3/7)

2.3. Empirical study Methods

• To characterize the origin countries of the immigrant stock.• An = (bn-an)/sn• bn: Value of each characteristic• an: Avarage• sn: Standard deviation

• Determining the percentage of foreign-born. (b1, a1, s1 A1)• Account for the total numbers of immigrants. (b2, a2, s2 A2)• Percentage of immigrants not from neighboring countries (relative distance traveled). (b3, a3, s3 A3)• Diversity of the immigrant stock (no one group represented more than 25%) (b4, a4, s4 A4)

• Building up “Z-score” based on the four variables• Weighted the level of importance by specific ratio

• Z = 40%A1 + 30%A2 + 15%A3±15%A4• Ranking • Base on calculation of Z ranger from -1.1 to 2.1• Z = -1.1: less culturally globalized by immigration.• Z= 2.1: more culturally globalized by immigration.

2. PAPER DESCRIPTION (4/7)

2.3. Empirical study Findings

• Ranking cities based on percentage of foreign-born (top 25) arranged based on the format of World City Roaster (next slide)

• Many major economic centers ≡ important cultural globalization areas (immigration & diversity) (North American & Australian cities)

• Many cities overlooked & understudied (*) with regard to immigration (Europe & Middle East vs. traditionally North America, Western Europe & Pacific Asia); (*) Latin America, Western Africa, Southern Africa, South Asia 7/25 top: Middle East

• Identify the need to generate, collect & store urban immigration data accessible for scholars & policymakers.

• Need multi-variable index to better examine the role of immigration in cultural globalization.

2. PAPER DESCRIPTION (5/7)

WORLD CITY ROSTER URBAN IMMIGRANT INDEX

Alpha cities Alpha cities

London, New York, Tokyo, Paris, Chicago, Frankfurt, Hong Kong, Los Angeles, Milan, Singapore

New York, Toronto, Dubai, Los Angeles, London, Sydney, Miami, Melbourne, Amsterdam, Vancouver

Beta cities Beta cities

San Francisco, Sydney, Toronto, Zurich, Brussels, Madrid, Mexico City, Sao Paolo, Moscow, Seoul

Riyadh, Geneva, Paris, Tel Aviv, Montreal, Washington DC, The Hague, Kiev, San Francisco

Gamma cities Gamma cities

Amsterdam, Boston, Caracas, Dallas, Düsseldorf, Geneva, Houston, Jakarta, Johannesburg, Melbourne, Osaka, Prague, Santiago, Taipei, Washington DC, Bangkok, Beijing, Montreal, Rome, Stockholm, Warsaw, Atlanta, Barcelona, Berlin, Budapest, Buenos Aires, Copenhagen, Hamburg, Istanbul, Kuala Lumpur, Manila, Miami, Minneapolis-St. Paul, Munich, Shanghai

Munich, Calgary, Jerusalem, Boston, Chicago, Ottawa, Edmonton, Frankfurt, Winnipeg, Brussels, Düsseldorf, Seattle, Rotterdam, Houston, Brisbane, San Diego, Copenhagen, Bonn, Detroit, Milan, Cologne, Zurich, Rome, Berlin, Vienna, Portland, Hamburg, Minneapolis-St. Paul, Singapore, Stockholm, Dallas-Ft., Tokyo, Tbilisi, Quebec City, Buenos Aires, Oslo

Comparison of two method ranking 2. PAPER DESCRIPTION (6/7)

2.3. Empirical study Shortcomings

• Incomparable data (different sources, different data publication, lack of

consistent standard of data sources administratively)

• Over/under counting foreign-born due to legal status of immigrants

• Gap of quality & detailed of database btw developed countries vs.

developing ones

• Fail to measure the dynamics of immigration via its composition

(indirectly criteria 3) & reasons (religion, employment, pull of social

networks)

2. PAPER DESCRIPTION (7/7)

• New approach of ranking urban

(Immigrants – socio-cultural, economic impact)

• Better understanding of urban diversities, dynamics & intensification

(urbanization – immigration – globalization )

• Establishment of new measurement index: Urban Immigrant Index

• Increasing cultural complexity of cities Globalization beyond economic

indicators.

• Further studies for standardization of database for the world’s cities in

urbanization

3. OVERAL COMMENTS

THANK YOU