22001531 computer basics

8/9/2019 22001531 Computer Basics

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PROCESS

TAX RETURN PLANNER EDUCATIONAL SOCIETYPH:22820846

COMPUTER BASICS

Introduction :-

Computers are now affecting every sphere of human activity and being about manychanges in Industry, Government, Education, Medicine, Law, and Social Science even in artslike music and painting.

It has many application:-

1) Design buildings, bridges and machine.

2) Control space vehicles.

3) Aid in preparing country perspective plan.

4) Play games like chess and video game.

In fact any task can be done by using computer so it is essential to know about computer.

What is Computer?Computer is an electronic device, which takes

input in required form. Where Input is unprocessed facts. Process is command given tocomputer, Output is result given by computer.

INPUT

Computer is a term which is derived from word compute. To compute means to

count or to calculate. Computer is a device which is used for complex calculation and nowdays it can be a multipurpose device. "

Mukesh verma (PGDBA(symbiosis), M.com) : Mobile:9212528831Email:[email protected]

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Characteristic of Computer :-

1) Accuracy :-

Computer work with very high accuracy. It gives very accurate resultsprovided that information given to computer should be very correct. This principle ofworking of compute is called as GIGO (Garbage in Garbage Out.).

2) Speed :-

Computer works with very high speed. Speed of computer depends on speedson speed of microprocessor fixed in CPU (Central Processing Unit.). The basic unit

used to measure speed of computer is Hz (Hertz).

3) Versatility:-

Computer is a versatile device. It can be adopted or used in any field likeeducation , banking , railway reservation , entertainment. Its principle of working issame in any field.i.e.

a) It takes input from user.

b) Process on given data.

c) Gives output in required form.

4) Deligency:-

Computer is a tired less device which works without any problem 24 hrs.in a day.

5) Automation:-

Computer works automatically without any supervision.

6) Storage:-

Computer can store large amount of data in its memory.

History and Generation of Computer :-

First computer developed for calculation purpose in Abacus then in 17th century by

Napier Bone are used.


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General purpose electronic computers using valves were developed in 1940. In 1823Charles Babbage an English mathematician designed for automatic computing machine forautomatic computing of mathematical tables. That machine is called as Differential Engine.

First Computer developed is known as ENIAC ( Electronic Numeric Integrator and

Calculator).

Generation of Computer :-

The rapid growth and availability of improved electronic component have resulted inmaking computer smaller and enhanced their reliability and reduced their cost . High speed,large memory are special features in evolution of computer.

1) 1st Generation :-

The 1st electronic computer was completed in 1946 by a team lead by Prof.Eckertand Prof.Mauchly at university of Pennsylvania in U.S.A. This computer is called asENIC ( Electronic Numeric Integrator and Calculator.) It uses high speed vacuum tubes.It has small memory. It took about 200 microsecond to add two digits and 2800microsecond to multiply. A idea to store machine instruction in memory of computeralong with data was introduced by John Von Neumann in 1946.

The first computer using this principle was introduced a Cambridgeuniversity called as EDSAC ( Electronic Delay Storage Automatic Calculator.). In 1951UNIVAC I built by Univac Division of Remington Rand and delivered in 1951. It alsouses vacuum tubes . They has limited life.

During 1st generation computer programming was mainly done in machine language.

2) 2nd Generation :- ( 1955-1965)

A big revolution in electronic took place with invention of transistorin 1946. Transistors are made up of germanium semiconductor material were highlyreliable compared to tube. They occupy less space so size of computer become less andspeed of computer gets increased. In this generation magnetic cores are invented forstorage. Memory capacity in second generation is about 100 KB. Magnetic disk are alsoinvented. The highly reliability of computer led to development of high level language .Fortran, Cobol, Algol, SNOBOL were developed during this generation. New professionin computing such as System Analysis and Programmers emerged during secondgeneration.

2) 3rd Generation :- (1965-1975)


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It began in 1965 with germanium transistors being replaced silicon transistor i.e. IC( Integrated Circuits) consisting of transistors and capacitors growing on single chip ofsilicon eliminating wired interconnection. From small scale integrated circuits technologydeveloped to medium scale integrated circuit. This increases speed of CPU which carry

out 1 million instruction per second. The size of main memory reached to 4 MB. Magneticdisk technology improved rapidly and storage capacity become feasible. Many importantonline system storage capacity become feasible. Many important online system becomefeasible. High level languages become improved e.g. Fortran IV, COBOL 68, PL/1.

3) 4th Generation :-

Medium scale integration circuits developed to large scale integration andvery large scale integration. Magnetic core memories are replaced by semiconductormemories. Floppy disk provide a low cost, high capacity backup. Network of computerand distributed computer system have been developed. A significant development in

software is development of concurrent programming language. There is development oftime shared interactive system. The effective cost of computing has become down. e.g.Intel 8080, Intel 8088, Intel 80286, Pentium I, II, III.

4)5th Generation :-

It is estimated from 1990. It is now possible to go specialized VLSI chips atlow cost. Thus an architecture in technology and allows an easier and more naturalalgorithm. Functional languages are developed . In this generation there is development ofartificial intelligence. Cost of computer become very less . Speed , Storage , Capacity

become very high.

Types of Computer :-

Computer are classified on the base of CPU speed work length directlyaddressable memory capacity. Computer are classified in following four types.

1) Micro Computer :-

Consist of microprocessor chip as CPU. It uses RAM, ROM for storingprogram, data, floppy disk, and hard disk for permanent storage. Early microprocessor hasword length of 8 bit . But now it is 16,32,64 bits. Only one person can use it. It has limitedcapacity of input and output. They have wide range of application. They are used as partsof instrument, controller of plant and robots and as general purpose computer. They areused as personal computer and as home computer e.g. Desktop, Notebook, Personal

Digital Assistant.


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2) Mini Computers :-

Minicomputers are faster than microcomputer. The speed of CPU is more than

1 million instruction per second. They are emerged in 1960. They are also called asmidrange computer. e.g. IBM system / 36 IBM system / 38 IBM AS400. They aregenerally used at medium scale industries.

3) Mainframe Computers :-

They are also called as Host Computers. They have more processingspeed than micro and mini computers. They are also called as Midi computers. They arealso called as Midi computers. The minimum processing speed is 10 million instruction

per second. They support large compilation intensive scientific and engineering problemand large scale commercial problem. They are capable of greed data storage. They areused in company like LIC, Banks etc. e.g. IBM 4300, IBM 4340, NEC ACOS mainframe.It is designed to support hundred and thousand of user. They have wide range of softwareand peripherals.

4) Super Computers :-

It is most powerful type of computer. They are used by very large scaleindustries such as NASA.e.g. It performs numeric calculator for weather prediction,

compiled molecular structural calculation. They need additional mainframe computer toprepare jobs and present them in right order. The above are types of computer accordingto processing speed and capacity of computer .

According to purpose of computer they are of three types.

1) Analog Computer :-

These computers are used for measuring purpose. e.g. Voltmeter used tomeasure voltage. Thermometer used to measure temperature. They do not perform anycalculation but gives number result.

2) Digital Computer :-

Theses are used for counting or accounting purpose. It always convey all inputin machine language or i.e. in 0 and 1. There fore these computers are called as DigitalComputer.e.g. Microcomputers, Personal Computers etc.

3) Hybrid Computer :-


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Hybrid computer are the computer which perform bot task i.e. measuring andcounting or computing. They are mixture of analog and digital computers.

FUNCTIONAL PARTS OF COMPUTER

Organization of Computer :-Typical computer is basically made up of four main units

1) Input Unit

2) Output Unit.

3) Process Unit.4) Storage.

1) Input Unit :-

To accept information /data from user Input unit . The device used to acceptdata from used are called as input device. The main function of input device is to representuser understandable data in machine understandable format. e.g. Keyboard, mouse,scanner.

2) Output Unit : -


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INPUT

MEMORY

CONTROLUNIT

ALU

OUTPUT


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This unit is used to produce information or result. The main function of output device is torepresent result in machine understandable form into user understandable form. e.g.Monitor

.3) CPU :-CPU stands for Central Processing Unit. It is heart of Computer. Each and Every

process is performed in CPU.

a) It performs Arithmetic Operation i.e. Addition ,Subtraction, Multiply and Divide.b) It also performs Logical Operation i.e. Comparison where result is either true false.c) It controls Input output operation.d) It controls internal data movements.e) Data manipulation.

There are three main parts of CPU

I. Arithmetic and Logic Unit :-

This unit performs actual arithmetic and logical operation. It perform alladdition, subtraction , multiplication, division and comparison operation like,=,,=, etc.

II. Control Unit :-

It coordinates operation of hardware. It also coordinate the flow and execution of dataand instruction that are fed into memory. It fetches reads instruction and data from memoryunit decode them and sent them to ALU. The output from ALU is fetched by control unitand send to various output devices and memory.

III. Memory Unit :-

Memory unit store data, instruction and result. Data and instruction are passedto ALU. The Control Unit and internal storage are linked together by a set of parallelelectrical conduction lines a called as Buses. They carries data and address. The frequency

with which the pro9cessor execute instruction is called as clock speed. The frequency orspeed of computer is measured in Hz. or megahertz i.e.(MHz).

Application of Computer :-

1) To store large data.2) For entertainment purpose.3) For communication purpose.4) To generate graphics and images e.g. cartoons.5) In any field like Banking , LIC, Railway reservation or in any business.

Limitation of Computer :-


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1) Can not think their own.2) Do not learn from experience.3) It has not ability to understand.4) It can not handle combinatorial explosion.

Anatomy of Computer System :-

A computer system is made up of three major components.

1) Computer Hardware :-

It includes all physical parts of computer which can be seen or touch. e.g. Keyboard,Mouse, CPU.

2) Computer Software :-

Computer programs that instruct computer how to process data and generaterequired information is called as computer software.

3) Computer Personnel :-

They are also called as user . They are the people who prepare data for computerized

input and write computer programs or handles computer programs.

COMPUTER PERIPHERALS

Computer peripheral means input output devices that form essential linkbetween user and computer system.

Input Devices :-

Input devices are used to get raw data into the computer.

1) Keyboard :-


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This input resembles typewriters. It is used to enter text data into thecomputer. There are three type of keys on general keyboard.

a) Alphanumeric keys.b) Special Keys.c) Functional Keys.

The alphanumeric keys comprises of alpha bates i.e. (A-Z or a-z) and (0-9) andalso contain some special keys i.e. ,?,*,#,:,,| etc.

The special keys perform specific task e.g. Enter Key, Backspace Key, Deletekey, Caps lock etc.

The shift key alter the meaning of character key which is depressed atsame time. The Ctrl and Alt key generate some function with some other key. The Esckey is used to escape the function . The function keys are used to perform a set ofoperations by a key stroke .i.e. F1 is used to display window help.

2 Mouse :-

One of the most popular type or specialized input device is mouse. It is used aspointing device. It enables the user to manipulate a pointer or arrow on a terminal ormicroprocessor. It help in pointing icon or tiny picture. It can place cursor or point anitem.


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It draw line picture on screen. Since the cursor follows the way the userhand movers the mouse, the cursor has a sense of pointing something on screen. The mousecan be of three type.

1) Mechanical Mouse :-

It has rotating ball on the bottom and is attached with a Corel to the system. Aswe move the mouse the roller rotates and control the pointer on screen.

2) Optical Mouse :-

It has no moving parts. It emits and senses light to detect mouse movement. Itcan be used on any surface. It does not require periodic cleaning.

3) Cordless or Wire less Mouse :-

It is a battery powered device. It typically uses radio waves or infrared lightwaves to communicate with system unit.

Like Mouse Roller Ball, Track Ball and touch surface are the pointing devices likemouse. Touch Screen is with laptops.

4) Joystick:-

It is a most popular device for computer games. They are designed in shape ofhandles.

5) Barcode Reader :-

They are generally used in superstore. Data is coded in form of lightand dark bars. With coded spacing and thickness. These are called as barcodes which arecommonly used to identify Items.

6) Character and mark recognitions devices :-

These are devices which recognizes special character and marks.

a) MICR:-

Magnetic Ink Character Recognition. They read character printed with magnetic inki.e. it reads unusual nos. on bottom of the check.

b) OMR:-

Optical Mark Recognition. It detect presence or absence of mark on a paper.It uses light rays to detect character.


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c) OCR:-

Optical Character Recognition. It detect special preprinted character

.

6) Scanning Device :-

It reads data from source like text document , images pictures, graphs. Afterimage is scanned it comes in memory of the computer then it gets stored permently or

printed on paper. The Scanner can be flatbed or Optical Scanner.Now a days there are so many input devices are sued like image capturing devices likecamera or web cam. One important input device is microphone which is used to recordsound..

Output Devices :-

Output devices are the devices which are used to obtain output from computer.Printer and monitor are two output devices which are used to obtain output from computer

.

1) Monitor :-

It is also called VDU ( Visual Display Unit ) It is a device used forinteractive processing i.e. data i.e. being keyed in is displayed on screed and monitor messageand processed information is also displayed on screen. The combination of keyboard andVDU which is an input ,output (I/O). Monitor can be of two type.

a) CRT Monitor :-

They uses Cathode Ray Tube that looks like a television picture tube.The advantages of these monitor are low cost and excellent resolution. Thedisadvantages are that they are large in size.

b) Flat panel Monitor :-

These are portable monitors. They are also known as LCD i.e. LiquidCrystal Display Monitors. Their advantages are that they are not bulky. the disadvantages arethat they are expensive and require more power. The monitors clarify is indicated by itsresolution. It is measured in pixel. To indicate monitor resolution capability several standardshave evolved. The four most common are

Standard Pixel

SVGA 800 x 600

XGA 1024 x 768SXGA 1280 x 1024

UXGA 1600 x 1200


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Using monitor we can obtain softcopy of output.

2) Printers :-

Printers are used to produce hard copy of the output. Printers are classified byhow they point.

a) Ink Jet Printers :-

Droplets of Ink are electrically charged after leaving a nozzle. They arehigh color quality and expensive.

b) Thermal Printer: -

These printer uses heat element to produce image on heat sensitive paper. Theyare used in scientific lab and costly.

b) Laser Printer: -

Laser Printer can print one page at a time . It uses a laser beam for printing.The printing quality of this printer is very high. They are more expensive than all other

printers. There are so many printers are available in market.

c) Dot Matrix Printer: -

It is a versatile and low cost printer. In general they are used whereheight quantity of paper printing is required

.d) Chain Printers.:-

They are expensive than DMP. They can be used in networks. AlsoThere are many types of other output devices like head phone or speaker for audio output,

plotter which is special type of printer. They can produce high quality multicolor printing.

MEMORY


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Storage in one of the important characteristics of computer. Computer canstore large amount of data in its memory temporary permanently. There are two types ofmemory as shown below.

HARD DISK

FLOPPY DISK

COMPACTDISK (CD)PROM

EPROM

EEPROM

Primary Memory:-

It is also called as internal memory. When we always work in primarymemory. There are two types of internal memory.

a) RAM:-

RAM stands for Random Access Memory. It is temporary memory. It is alsocalled as Volatile Memory. When we switch off our PC all information in this memory getvanished. It is read / writes memory i.e. we can read information RAM and also write data inRAM. It is fastest memory. Now a days RAM of 128 MB, 256 MB, 512MB, etc are availablein market. There are different types of RAM Cache Memory. Virtual Memory available inmarket which are used for different purpose i.e. . to increase the speed of computer.


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MEMORY

PRIMARYY

RAM ROM

SECONDARY


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b) ROM:-

ROM stands for Read only memory. It stores of data instruction permanently in itwhich is used Booting Process. If we switch off our computer then data in this memory

remain unchanged. It is developed by manufacturer. We can read data from this memory . Wecan not write any data in this memory. We can not delete data from this memory. Followingare type of ROM.

I) PROM (Programmable Read Only Memory) :-

It used programmable memory. That is it is supplied in blank form by themanufacturers. The user writes the desired program into it once, by a special process and thenthe content can not unchanged.

ii) EPROM (Erasable Programmable Read Only Memory) :-

The PROM has one defect that we can not change the content PROM if there is anymistake in programming .Then the solution EPROM Where we can erase the content in it. Toerase the content EPROM ultraviolet rays are used.

iii) EEPROM: - (Electronically Erasable Programmable Read

Only Memory)

In this memory we can change the content of memory using electronic field.

Secondary Memory: -

When we want to store data permanently on computers memory thensecondary memory is used . It uses some device or disk to store data. It we switch off our PCthen also content in this memory remain unchanged. Following are the disks which are usedfor secondary storage.a) Floppy Disk :- This is portable disk which is used to store data. It is made up of thin

magnetic material enclosed in protection bracket. It is accessed as drive a or b In market thereare two types of floppy disk available i.e.

a) FLOPPY DISK:-


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Size Storage Capacity3 1.44MB5 1.2MB

From Read Write Notch we can read content of Floppy. There is Write Protect Notch presenton floppy which protects writing on floppy but we can read data from floppy. Internalmagnetic disk is deiced into logical circles called as track and these tracks are divided intosectors.


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b) Hard Disk: -

Hard Disk can store large amount of data compare to floppy. It is fixed inCPU. It can store 20GB, 40GB, and 80GB etc. data in it.

It is faster than floppy. It is made up of aluminum material. Hard Disk consist of oneor more metallic platters sealed inside a container. It contains motor for rotating disk.It also contains an access arm and read write heads for writing data to and reading datafrom the disks.

c) Compact Disk: -

CD uses laser technology. They can store large amount of data compared toHard disk and Floppy disk. They are silver coated so that light gets reflected from thesurface of the disk. In market different CDs with Different storage capacity are available.There are three types of CD.


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I) CD-ROM :-

Stands for Compact Disk Read Only Memory. We can read data

from this disk but can not write.

II) CD-R:-

On this CD we can write data only once. But we cannot modify or rewrite another dataon this disk.

III) CD-RW: -

On this CD we can write and read data many times.

Another type of Optical disk available in market is DVD.


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e.g. (110110)2 = (?) 10

= 0 x 2 + 1x2 +1x2 + 0x2 + 1x2 +1x2= 0+2+4+0+16+32

=54

Octal No. System:-

In Octal No. System 8 digits are used 0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7. They are 8. Baseof octal No. system is 8. As in decimal to binary conversion we divide decimal no 2.

a) Decimal to Octal conversion :-

To convert decimal no. into octal no divide decimal no, by 8 and repeatthe same procedure same as given in decimal to binary conversion.

e.g. (108)10= (?)8

8 108 4

8 13 5

8 1 1

0

(108)10 = (154)8

b) Octal to Decimal Conversions:-

(154)8 = (?)10

=4x8+5x8+1x8=0+40+64=108

c) Octal to Binary Conversion:-

Octal Decimal Binary

0 0 000

1 1 0012 2 010


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3 3 011

4 4 100

5 5 101

6 6 102

7 7 103

To convert octal no. into Binary above given table and write equivalent binaryno. for each digit.

e.g. (175)8= (?)2

1 7 5001 111 101

= (1111101)2

d) Binary to Octal Conversion :-

Make group of three digit from unit place.

Add 0 to left side if required to complete group of three digits.

Write equivalent octal no.

e.g. (11100101011001)2= (?)8

011 100 101 011 001

3 4 5 3 1

= (34531)8

Hexadecimal No. system:-

This number system uses no from 0 to F i.e.0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,A,B,C,D,E,F.i.e. 10 is by represented by A, 11 by Betc.

a) Decimal no. to Hexadecimal conversion:-

To convert decimal no. by into Hexadecimal divide decimal 40 by 16 and findout reminder.


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(110)10= (?)16

16 110 E (14)

16 6 6

0

(110)10= (6E) 16

b) Hexadecimal to decimal Conversion:-

e.g. (6E) 16= (?)10

=Ex16+6x16=14+96= (110)16

Consider following table.

Decimal Hexadecimal Binary

0 0 0000

1 1 0001

2 2 0010

3 3 0011

4 4 0100

5 5 0101

6 6 0110

7 7 0111

8 8 1000

9 9 1001

10 A 1010

11 B 1011

12 C 1100

13 D 1101

14 E 1110

15 F 1111

c) Conversion of Binary No. into Hexadecimal:-


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To convert a Binary No. into Hexadecimal no. make group of digits from unitplace of binary no. Add 0 to right side of no, if required. Write down equivalent HexadecimalNo, as shown below.

(111010101111110001010)2= (?)16

0001 1101 0101 1111 1000 1010

1 D 5 F 8 A

= (1D5F8A) 16

d) Conversion of Hexadecimal no. into Binary:-

To convert a Hexadecimal no. into binary write down equivalent binary no foreach digit in Hexadecimal no.

e.g. (D5F8EC) 16= (?)2

D 5 F 8 E C

1101 1010 1111 1000 1110 1100

= (1100101011111100011101100)2

BCD numbers:-

BCD stands for Binary Coded Decimal. Here each decimal digit is representedby equivalent 4 digits binary no.

e.g. (123)10 = (000100100011) BCD

Addition of two Binary nos:-

To binary numbers can be added by addition of each correspondingdigit from unit place. To do addition refers following table.


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no1 no2 addition carry

1 1 0 1

1 0 1 -

0 1 1 -0 0 0 -

e.g. 111101010

+ 100100

111 Carry

1000001110

Subtraction of two Binary nos. :-

For subtraction of binary now refer following no.

no1 no2 Subtraction Borrow

1 1 0 --

1 0 1 --

0 1 0 10 0 0 --

e.g. 1110101001

- 11010001

11 1 Borrow

1000001000


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HARDWARE AND SOFTWARE

Hardware :-All physical parts of computer system which we see and touch are called

as Hardware .e.g. keyboard , mouse , monitor etc.

Software :-We know that computer works on instruction given by user . A set ofinstruction is called as program is called as Software. There are fourtypes of software.

1) Operating System..2) Languages3) Translators4) Utilities

1) Operating System :-

An operating System is essential part of any computer. Itis a program which coordinates and controls the operation of computerhardware and software resources such as processors, memory inputoutput devices. It works as interface between compute hardware anduser. Operating system can be of following type.

a) Single user Operating System.

b) e.g. DOS, win98

b) Multi-user Operating System.

UNIX, Windows NT

Single user operating system allows only one user towork at a time. Multi-user operating system allows more than oneuser at a time. It is used in networking. Following are someimportant functions of operating system.

I) works as interface between user and computer


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II) It keeps coordination between input and output devices.III) File management.IV) Memory management.V) I/O Management.

2) Languages :-

Using languages we can give instructions to thecomputer. These languages can be of three type.

I) Machine Language :-

This is machine understandable language. Program can bewritten in os and 1s. It is machine dependent languages. i.e. Program

written for one machine can not work on other machines.

II) Assembly Language :-

This language uses mnemonics i.e. symbol to represent ainstruction. e.g. ADD instruction is used to add content of memoryor registers. This is also a machine dependent language.

To convert Assembly language into machine language.Assemblers are used.

III) High level language :-

Programming in Assembly language and Machinelanguage is very difficult. There fore High level languages aredeveloped. They are English like languagese.g.

BASIC Beginner All purpose Symbolic Instruction code.FORTRAN Formula TranslationCOBOL Common Business Oriented Language.

C, Java , Pascal

3) Translators :-Translators are the programs used for

conversion of High Level Language into machine levellanguage. Computer can understand only machine languagetherefore translators are used. Translators can be of two type.Interpreter convert program written in High level language intomachine language one line at a time. Complier convert programwritten in High level language into machine language whole

programs at a time. Therefore speed to complier is faster thanspeed of interpreter.


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3) Utilities :-

Utilities are the program which increases the

processing speed of computer. They are special programs which makescomputing easier. The most essential utilities are

a) Antivirus Programs :-

These programs are used to take backup of the important datafor security purpose.

b) Backup Programs :-

These programs are used to take backup of the importantdata for security purpose.

c) Uninstall Programs :-

These programs are used to uninstall installed software. Itremoves all files installed with corresponding software.]

d) File Compression Programs :-

These programs are used to compress file make more memoryavailable on disk.


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DOS OPERATING SYSTEM

We have seen that Operating System is very importantpart of any computer system because it works as interface betweenComputer and user. Without any operating system we can not workon computer or we can not run any application software.

Booting Process :-

When we switch on the computer a process startstill we get desktop screen of operating system is called as

booting process In this booting process operating system getsloaded into RAM it checks for all system file, memory and input

output devices attached to our computer. Following are threemain system files which gets loaded into RAM during booting

process.

a) Command.com

b) MSDOS.SYS

c) IO.SYS

There are two types of booting process.

1) Cold booting

2) Warm booting

When we switch on our computer by switching power button iscalled as cold booting Memory is checked in cold booting Whenwe switch on our computer by pressing restart button or ctrl A+Del thenthe booting process as warm booting.

DOS :-

Dos stands for Disk Operating System , Dos is also called iscommand lineOperating system. i.e. it uses command for interfacing . It is a singleuser single tasking operating system. i.e. only one user can work onthese operating system at a time and can do only one task at a time .When we are working is DOS we are diving all commands on C :\>called as DOS prompt or Command prompt. To workwith DOS we have to use commands. There are two types of DOScommands

1) Internal DOS commands


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2) External DOS commands

There are come basic commands loaded during booting process which are in command . com file are called as internalcommands. They do not require support of hard disk based file forexecution.

The commands which are not loaded during bootingprocess and require support of some disk based file for execution arecalled as External commands.

1) Internal DOS commands

2)External DOS commands

1) Internal DOS commands :-

a) Time :-

This command is used to display and change time ofsystem. The time is displayed in hh;mm;ss.format

Syntax :- C:\> Time

o/p Current time is 4:21:20.09a

Enter new time:

c) Date:-

This command is used to display and change date ofsystem. The date is given is (mm-dd-yy.) format.

Syntax :- C:\> Date

O\p Current date is Fri 09-30-2005

Enter new date (mm-dd-yy):


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c) Cls :

This command is used to clear the content of screen

Syntax :- C:\> cls

v) Ver :-

This command is used to display the version ofoperating system loaded on your computer.

Syntax :- C:\>ver Enter

O\p Microsoft Windows Xp ( Version 5.1.2600)

e) Vol :-

This command is used to display volume label yourdisk .

Syntax :- C:\>Vol

o\p volume in drive C has no label

volume serial Number is 1618-10D5

f) Dir :-

This command used to see the list of all the contents on thedrive or

any director

Syntax: - C:\>Dir

O\p This command will display list of files and directories infive

column . i.e. file name file extension , file size, date createdand one

created We can use following switches with Dir commandswitch


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Switch Meaning :-

/p :- Displays list of files and directories page wise i.e. takepause after

page break./w :- Displays only name of files and directories in five column

/d : - Displays all files with attribute./o : - Displays list in alphabetical order

File handling Internal commands:-

what is a file?

File is a collection of data stored on disk . Each file on diskis its unique name. Any file name has two pars a) primary name.Extension.e.g. if file name is myself. txt then myself is primary file name andtxt is extension primary name and extension is separated by dots (.)

Naming rules for file :-

a) A primary file name have maximum of 8 characters.b) In primary name spaces are not allowed.c) No special character is allowed in primary named) Fit may be alphanumeric i.e. combination of (a-z)

and (0-9)e) Extension is of maximum 3 character long.

f) It optional part in file name

following are some valid file name :-

try 1.txt

hellow.dat

rudrani

hrd . rpt etc

g)Copy con: -


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This command is used to create new file

Syntax :- C:\> Copy Con

Crtl+z or F6 is used to to save file

e.g. type copy con try 1 .txt on dos prompt and pressenter keytypes the contents of file where cursor is appeared.save the file by processing Ctrl+z

You find the a file name try1 txt is get created on disk.

h) Type :-

This command is used to display the contents of existingfile

Syntax : C\> type< file name > enter

e.g.:\< Type try 1 txt this will display contents of file

i) Copy:-

This command is used to copy the contents of sourcefile todestination file . Syntax : Coy enter

e.g. .copy try1 ctry 1 tct this copies the contents of try 1 txt toctry1.txt

j) Rename :-

This command is used to change the name of

existing file

Syntax ;C:\> Rename try 1 txt exp txt this commandchange these name of file try 1 txt to exp txt.

k) Delete:-

This command remove the existing given file from disk

Syntax : C:\>Delete

Delete try 1 txt enter delete the file try 1 txt


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Directory handling commands

Directory is collection of files .

1) MD (Make Directory ) :-

This command is used to create directory or subdirectory

Syntax: C:\> MD

e.g. C:\>MD MBCT

2)CD (Change Directory) :-

This command is used to changes from one directory toanother directory.

Syntax:-C:\> CD< Directory name>

e.g. .C:\> CD MBCT

CD ..is used to go to parent directory of current directory.and CD\ is used to go to root directory

3)RD( Remove Directory):-

This command is used to remove blank directory. if wewant to remove any directory the we must that directory blank bydeleting files and subtracted in it

Syntax :C\>RD

e.g. C:\>RD MBCT

Use of wild chard character Dos

command :-

Wild chard character are the character which are used replace on

two multiple character in dos command three to wild chard characters


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used in dos . they are ? and *? is used substitute single character and *used to substitute multiple characters .e.g.

a) c:\>dir A*.* :-

Will display all files on c; whose name is starting with alphabet

b) C:\>copy*.*d: \mydir :-

This command will copy all files on c:to \ mydir.

c)c:\.dir c??.* :-

This command will display list of files whose name isstarting with character c and there are only two character after c andhaving any extension.

d) Del*.* :- This command will delete all files in current director

Word processing in DOS :-

In Dos it is not possible to modify the contents of file aftersaving it. To modify the contents of existing file we have to used editorDOS contents a file Edit. Com. Using this file we can create new textfiles and modify existing file in DOS . To open this editor give Editcommand on DOS prompt as given below

In this editor by default file name is untitled 1. There are six

different menus. Each menu name contain a single white color character.That means we can open that menu we can open that menu by pressingALT key with highlighted character in menu name . e.g to open filemenu press Alt+F

1) File menu :-

Creating a new file: -

a)Click on file menub)click on option newc)type the contents of file


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2)saving the file :-

a) click on file menu

b) click on option save as to give new name to file to savemodifications click on savec) A Save as dialog box will appear given file named) Click on save button

3)Close the file:-

a) click on file menub) click on close option

4) close the filea) click on file menu

b)click on print option

2) Edit menu :-

To cut and paste text

a) select the text which you want to cutb) click on edit menuc) click on cut option Place the cursor where you want to

pasted) click on paste option from edit menu

2. To copy and paste text :-

a) Select the text which you want to copyb) click on edit menuc) click on copy option

e) place the cursor where you want to pastef) click on paste option from edit menu

3) To delete the text :-

a) select the text which you want to delete.b) click on edit menuc)Click on delete option

4) Search menu :-

1. To find a particular text


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a) click on edit menub)click on find option

c) Give the word which we want to find .Match whole wordmatches the words and Match case matches for the upper the

small lettersd) click on ok to find the word

To find and replace:a) click on edit menu

b) click on replace optionc) give the word which we want to find . Also specify the

word with which you want replace the words andmatch case matches for the upper and small letters

d) click on replace to find and replace one word at time andclick on replace all to find and replace all words

time

4 )View menu :-

1. Split Window :- Spilt the current window into twowindows2. Size window :- Change the size of window3. close window : - Closes the current window

5) Tools Menu :-

Setting :- We can make settings for printer ports and tab stop

1. Color : -

We can change the color of active window, text selected text etc.in editor.

6. Help Menu : -

This menu proved help for edit command and abouteditor

External DOS commands :-

a) More :-


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This command is used to display list of files anddirectories or contents of files one screen at time . It will display more at

bottom to display next screen of file

Syntax: C:\> command | More

e.g. C:\>dir|

c:\>types| moreThis displays content of file page wise

b) Tree:-

This commands-displays directories and subdirectories a

tree structure as shown belowSyntax : c:\> tree

C)Deltree :-

This command is used to delete particular directory andits subdirectories

Syntax : C:\> Deltree < directory name >

d)Chkdsk :-

This command check for the disk and displays diskstatus. It display file system , check for all files and folders free memoryspace on disk, storage capacity of disk, if there is problem in any filethen / F option used with chkdsk which fixes the errors on disk. It alsofind out memory occupied by hidden files, directories

e) Format :-

This command deletes all files and directories ondisk. It will create new tracks and sectors on disk. Somesectors are not accessible to user that are reserved for FATi.e. File Allocation.


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WINDOWS(GRAPHICAL USER

INTERFACE)

We have seen DOS operating system which provides commandLine interface. We have to remember all command to do any job inDOS. Windows provide a very easy interface which shows you all filesand command on screen you have to select one of them . Windows alsosupport multitasking. That means we can here songs while working oncomputer. We can open to or more files at a time. Windows 98,Windows 2003, Windows NT etc are the operating system developed byMicrosoft and supports GUI.

Terminologies in Windows

1) Desktop :- When we switch on computer, aftercompletion of booting process first screen appeared iscalled as Desktop. It contains so many things like iconsshortcuts etc.as shown below


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2) Icons :-

Icon is graphical or pictorial representation of any file.

3) Shortcuts :-

These are icons with small arrows. They are shortcut topencils software.

4) Start Menu:-

This menu contains all software available in yourcomputer. We can start any application from this menu .

5) Task bar :- Shows are opened task or windows.

6) Folder :- Folder is collection of files and subfolders issame name for directory in DOS.

7) Window :- Window is a very basic feature of anyGraphic Operating System. It works as a container fordifferent controls. Following are the main part of window.

a) Title bar :-

This shows the name of window or software.

b) Menu bar :-

This shows all menu or commands available in thatsoftware.

c) Minimize Button :-

This button closes the active window.

d) Close Button :-

This button close the active window


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.

e) Maximize Button :-

This button maximize the active window.

Start Menu :-

When we click on start menu . It will display allprograms or application in our computer as shown below.


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shown below. Stand by means your computer remain in low powerstate . Turn off Closes all applications and shut down the computer andRestart closes all applications and restart computer again.

1) Log off Administrator :-

This exists from current login and switch to newlogin.

2) Run :-

This allows to run any file or program. e.g. When we runcommand. com DOS will get start.

3) Help and Supports :-

This allows to search for particular topic operatingsystem or displays all topics about which information is available oncomputer F1 is shortcut key to help. We can take help in windows usingindex key or by searching topic or by selecting topic in display list.

4) Search :-

Search allows searching of particular files or group offiles on different drives on disk.

5) Settings :-

Allows to change system setting for different peripheraldevices like printer, internet, network, fonts etc.

6) Documents :-

Shows list of all recently opened documents.

7) Program :-


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This shows list of all application softwareavailable on our PC. We can start any application by click on the nameof that application.

Display Properties of desktop :-

1) Wallpaper :-

It is background pattern given to desk top called aswallpaper. To change wallpaper.

a) Press right button of mouse on desktop. A shortcut menu will getappeared.

b) Click on properties option in it.

c) Click on Desktop tab and change the Background setting andclick on apply to make changes permanent.

2) Screensaver :-

A moving pattern appeared on screen when here is nomovement of mouse or keyboard is called as screen

saver. To Change screen saver.


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a) Press right button of mouse on desktop. A shortcut menuwith get appeared.

b) Click on properties option in it.

c) Click on Screen Saver tab and change the screen saversetting and click on apply to make changes permanent

Task Bar Properties :-

To change taskbar properties

1) Place mouse pointer on taskbar

2) Press right button of mouse

3) Click on Properties option.

We can set following properties of task bar

a) Lock the taskbar : -

This will not allow movement of task bar.

b) Auto hide taskbar : -

This will automatically hide the taskbar when it is not inuse

c) Keep the taskbar always on top :-

This keeps task bar on top even if any other applicationwindow is opened.

d) Group similar taskbar button :-

This will group similar taskbar windows in one window.

e) Show quick launch :- This shows Quick Launch toolbar.


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f) Show the clock :-

Shows clock on right side on the task

g) Hide inactive icons :-

This hides inactive icons on task.

Explorer :-

To open windows explore Press right button of mouse onstart button. A Shortcut menu will appeared Click on explore option. Astart menu window will get appeared which explores each folder andsubfolder on given path.

a) In this explorer window click on file menu.b) Click on new option.c) Click on folder option.d) This will create new folder. Give new name to folder.


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If folder is already created then we can change the name offolder by pressing right button on folder and select option rename andchange the name of folder. To delete folder click on delete option fromsame shortcut menu.

To create folder on desktop press right mousebutton. A shortcut menu appeared. Click on new -> folder.

Creating a shortcut :-

To create short cut Click on file menu in explorer.Then click on NEW-> Shortcut. " Create Shortcut" Dialog will getappeared on screen. This will ask ask for the file or program to whichyou want to create shortcut. Give that filename with path or select thatfile suing . Brows button. Then click on next button and give name to

the shortcut and click on finish button.To create Shortcut on desktop press right mouse

button. A shortcut menu appeared . Click on New-> Shortcut. "CreateShortcut" . Dialog will get appeared on screen and then select file orgive path of file and then click on next button give name to shortcut andclick on finish button.

My Computer :-

The icon shown is always present on desktop. To open

that right click on it and select open option form shortcut menu ordouble click on the icon to open my computer. It will displays systemconfiguration and all drives available out computer

Recycle Bin :-

When we delete any file in windows operatingsystem in come in recycle Bin . We can restore all deleted files fromRecycle Bin. To restore files from recycle bin click on file menu and

click on "Restore" option. To delete files permanently from recycle binclick on file menu and click on "Empty Recycle Bin" Option.

Calculator :-

To open Calculator Click Start-> Program -> Accessories->CalculatorFollowing calculator window will appear.


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Calculator is used for numeric calculation. Calculator has twoview i.e. Standard and scientific and we can operate in hexadecimal oroctal or binary or decimal no. system .

Notepad :-

Notepad is a simplest word processing software. Itswindow


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contains. Title bar, Menu bar, Status Bar. By default file name innotepad is "Untitled . txt" where .txt is extension indicates that it createstext file. Follow following window.

To open Notepad Click on Start->Program->Accessories->Notepad

File Menu :-

1) Creating a new file:-

a) Click on file menu .b) Click on option new.c) Type the contents of file.

2) Saving the file :-

a) Click on file menu. b) Click on option Save as to vive new name to file and to save

modifications click on savec) A ' Save as' dialog box will appear, give file name.d) Click on save button.


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3) Open existing file :-

a) Click on file menu.

b) Click on open option.c) Select file name from appropriate path.d) Click on open button.

4) To Change the page setup :-

a) Click on file menu .b) Click on page setup .c) Set paper size, orientation, margins and header footer and click ok

button to apply the settings.

5)Print the file :-

a) Click on file menu .b) Click on print option .c) Give the number of copies and select printer and click on print

button .

To exit from notepad click on "Exit" option in File menu.

Edit menu:-

1) Undo :- This option cancels unsaved action.

2) To cut and paste text :-

a) Select the text which you want to cut .b) Click on edit menu .c) Click on cut option .d) Place the cursor where you want to paste.e) Place the cursor where you want to paste .f) Click on paste option from edit menu .

3) To copy and paste text :-

a) Select the text which you want to copy .b) Click on edit menu .c) Click on copy again .d) Place the cursor where you want to paste .e) Click on paste option form edit menu .

4) To delete the text :-


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a) Select the text which you want to delete .b) Click on edit menu .c) Click on delete option .

5) To find a particular text :-

a) Click on Edit menu .b) Click on find option

c) Give the word which we want to fine . Match case matches the upperand small letters.d) Click on Find next to find the word.

6) To find and replace :-


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a) Click on Edit menub) Click on replace option

c) Give the word which we want to find . Also specify the word withwhich you want replace current word. Match whole word matches thewords and match case matches for the upper and small letters.

d) Click on replace to find and replace one word at a time and click onreplace all to find and replace one word at a time and click on replace allto find and replace all words at a time.

To select whole file Click on select All option or press"Ctrl+A".To insert date and time Press F5 or click on "Time/Date".

Format Menu :-

1) Word wrap :-

This enables to display text in multiple line or cursorcomes automatically to next line end of first line is there. When it isinactive all text get typed on one line only.

2) Font :-

We can change font , font size , and font style.


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Help Menu :-

We can help about note pad from help menu.


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PAINT BRUSH

Paint brush is a drawing Software used to create simpledrawings. That drawings can be black & white or color & can be savedas bitmap files (.bmp is extension) Paint Brush is also used to workwith perches such as jpg or.bmp files."Untitled.bmp " is by defaultfilename in paint brush.

Following task are performed when you are using paint.

1) Draw straight line

2) Fill area with color

3) Work with images from digital camera or scanner.

How to start paint


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1) Click on 'start button'.

2) Click on 'programs' a menu will appear.

3) Click on 'accessories' menu.

4) Click on 'paint'.

Following paint screen get appear.:-

There are 16 tools are available on tool box for painting.Status bar gives status of file.

Tools in Paint Brush :-

1) Jig Jag cut tool :-

This tools is used to select random area in picture.

2) Selection tool :-

This tools is used to select rectangle area in file.

3) Eraser tool :-

This tools is use to select rectangle area in file.

4) Fill with colour :-

This tool is used to fill color in given object

5) Pick up a colour :-

This tool is use to copy color bitmap File.

6) Zoom Tool :-

To Magnify the Picture this tool is used.


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7) Rectangle tool :-

This tool is used to draw a rectangle drag & method. To

draw exact square this tool is used with shift key & drag rectangle toolto get exact square.

8) Rounded Rectangle Tool :-

This tool is use to draw rectangle with rounded corners.To draw exact square press shift key and then drag and draw roundedrectangle.

9) Circle / Ellips :-

This tool is used to draw ellips. To draw exact ellipspress shift key and then drag and draw circle. In all rectangle and ellipstool we can change the format of tools from the format given below tool

box.

10) Straight line :-

This tool is used to draw straight line in any direction. Ifthis tool is used with Shift key then straight line can drawn only in

perpendicular direction. We can also change the thickness of line fromthe thickness give below tool box.

11) Air Brush :-

This tool is used to spray color. We can change the sizeof air brush.

12) Brush tool :-

This tool is used to fill color . We can change the shapeof brush.

13) Curve line :-

This tool is used to draw curve line. To draw a curve line

first draw a straight line using this tool and then curve effect on bothside of line.


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14) Text :-

This tool is used to type text in picture

15) Polygone tool :-

This tool is used to draw polygone.

16) Pencil :-

This tool is used for free hand drawing.

File Menu :-

Creating a new file :-


b) Click on option new.

Saving the file :-


b) Click on option Save as to give new name to file and to savemodifications click on save

c) a 'Save as ' dialog box will appear, give file menu.

d) Click on save button.

Open existing file :-

a) Click on file menub) Click on open optionc) Select file name from appropriate pathd) Click on open button.

Print Preview :-


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Print preview means view of picture before printing it.


b) Click on 'Print Preview' Option following dialog will appear

Where Print is used to print the file 'One page'/ 'TwoPage' are used to display one or two pages at time 'Zoom In' and 'ZoomOut' is used to view picture in magnified form. 'Next Page' and'Previous Page' is used to switch between various pages. To close this

view click on close button.

To change the page setup :-

a) Click on file menub) Click on page setupc) Set paper size, orientation, margins and header footer and click ok

button to apply the settings in Page Setup Dialog Box.

Print the file :-


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a) Click on file menub) Click on print optionc)Give the number of copies and select printer and click on print button.

To exit from notepad click on "Exit" option in File menu.

Set as Background (Tile/Center) : - This will set the current opened

There is a list of recently opened files in file menu. andexit is used to exit form paint brushes.

Edit Menu :-

1) Undo :-

This option cancels recent unsaved action.

2) Repeat :-

This repeat the action which is recently canceled.

To cut and paste text :-

a) Select the Picture which you want to cut.b) Click on edit menuc) Click on cut optiond) Click on paste option form edit menue) Cut Past is smae4 as moving a picture.(Ctrl+x is shortcut key for copyand Ctrl+v is shortcut key for paste)

To copy and paste text :- (Ctrl+C is shortcut key forcopy)

a) Select the picture or part of picture which you want to copy.b) Click on edit menu.c) Click on copy optiond) Click on paste option form edit menu.

To delete the text (Del) :-

a) Select the picture which you want to delete.b) Click on edit menu.

c) Click on delete option


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Select All :-

Selects Whole Picture Ctrl+A is shortcut key for SelectAll.

Copy to:-

To copy selected drawing or whole drawing to anothernew file this option is used.

a) Select a part of drawingb) Click on Edit-> Copy toc) Give new file name in copy to dialog box.d) Click on ok.

Paste From :-

To bring a drawing from another file to current file this option isused.

a) Click on Edit-> Paste From.

b) Select existing file name in paste from dialog box

c) Click on open.

View Menu :-

This menu is related with display of tool box, color box,status bar, text tool bar on screen. We can active or inactive them fromview menu by clicking on corresponding option.e.g. if color box is

inactive to active it click on View-> Color box. A check mark indicatesthat it is active. To inactive it do same View-> color box. Text tool baris active if Text tool is selected from tool box. It is used to change font ,font size text. Ctrl+T is shortcut key to activate tool box and Ctrl+Lactive color box.

1) Zoom in : -

This option is used to display picture in magnified formor large size and normal size.


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2) Show grid :-

This option shows grid line so we can drawpicture by taking measurement. This option is active only in magnified

form. It is inactive in normal form.

3) Show Thumbnail is also active in magnified form which showspicture in normal form when we are working in zoom in or magnifiedview.

4) View Bitmap Shows picture on full screen. Ctrl+F is shortcut key.

Image menu :-

Flip Rotate :-

This option allows to rotate picture by 90,180,270degrees. Flip Horizontal rotate take horizontal image and Flip vertical.


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gives Vertical image. Click on ok to apply Ctrl+R is short cut key forflip and rotate effects.

Stretch and skew ( Ctrl+W) :-

Select a part of picture. Stretch horizontal changes widthof picture and Stretch vertical changes height

of picture according to given percentage. Skew horizontaland Skew vertical apply skew effect according to given degrees.

Invert Color ( Ctrl+A) :-

This invert the existing color. Convet black into whit, redinto green etc.


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Attributes :-

This changes the picture size Give width and height

select unit for measurement i.e. inches or cm or pixels. Black and whiteshows black and white picture.

Clear Image clear the whole image (Ctrl+Shift+N) is shortcutkey for clear image.

Draw opaque: -

When this is active or having check mark pictureis selected with White paper background and when it is inactive

background is transparent.

Color Menu :-

We can edit different colors in color box used Color->Edit colors option .


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Help menu provides help about paint brush.

WORD PAD

Word Pad is advance software than Notepad. To open word padclick on Start -> Program -> Accessories -> Word pad. A WordPadwindow appears on screen as shown below.

Word Pad contains tool bars and Menu bar and ruler and statusbar as shown above. In word pad by default file name is documet.doc.We can also create rich text document and Unicode documents inWordPad.

File menu :-


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To create New file (Ctrl+N) :-

1) Click File-> New

2) New Dialog will appear3) Select Text Document and click on ok

To Save New file (Ctrl+S) :-

1) Click file -> Save as to give new name to file.2) In save as dialog box give file name and click on save button.3) Select Text Document and click on ok.

To open existing file (Ctrl+O) :-

a) Click on file->Openb) Selected file name from appropriate path and Click on open

button. To save modification in already saved file use save option infile menu.

Print Preview :-

Print preview means view of document before printing it.

a) Click on file menub) Click on 'Print Preview' option following dialog will appear

Where Print is used to print the file 'One Page'/'TwoPage' are used to display one or two pages at a time 'Zoom In' and'Zoom Out' is used to view picture in magnified form. 'Next Page' and'Previous Page' is used to switch between various pages. To close thisview click on close button.

To change the page setup :-

a) Click on file->page setupb) Set paper size , orientation, margins and header footer and click okbutton to apply the settings in Page Setup Dialog Box.

Print the file :-

a) Click on file-> print optionb) Give the number of copies and select printer and click on print button.

To exit form WordPad click "Exit" option in File menu. Filemenu in word pad also contains list of four recently opened files.


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Edit Menu :-

1) Undo :-

The option cancels recent unsaved action.

2) Repeat :-

This repeat the action which is recently canceled.

To cut and paste text :- (Ctrl+X, Crtl+V)

a) Select the text which you want to cutb) Click on Edit->Cut option and place the where you want to paste thetextc) Click on paste option from edit menu.

To copy and paste text :- ( Ctrl+c is shortcut

key for copy)

a) Select the textb) Click on Edit-> Copy and place the cursor where you want to paste

the textc) Click on paste option form edit menu.

Paste Special :-

This option is used to paste cut or copied text in special

format.i.e. in unformatted text or in picture format.

To delete the text (Del) :-

a) Select the text which you want to delete.b) Click on Edit-> Clear option.

Select All :-

Selects Whole text. Ctrl+A is shortcut key forSelect All.


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To find particular text (Ctrl+F) :-

a) Click on Edit-> find option Find dialog box same as in Note pad willget appear.

b) Give the word which we want to find. Match case matches for theupper and small letters.c) Click on Find next to find the word . F3 is shortcut key for find next.

To find and replace (Ctrl+H) :-

a) Click on Edit-> Replace option. Replace dialog same as in notepadwill appear.

b) Give the word which we want to find. Also specify the word withwhich word you want replace current word. Match whole word matchesmatches the words and match case matches for the upper and smallletters.c) Click on replace to find and replace one word at a time and click onreplace all to find and replace all words at a time.

View Menu:-

This menu is related with display of Tool bar, Formatbar, Status bar and Ruler. We can active or inactive them form viewmenu by clicking on corresponding option. e.g. if Tool bar is inactivethen to active it click on View-> Tool bar. A check mark indicates that it is active. To inactive it dosame view-> Tool bar.

Tool Bar :-

This bar also contains shortcut tools to create new file,open existing file, save existing file, Print file to display previews alsofor cut, copy, paste, undo and date/time tools .

Formatting bar :-

Using this bar we can one age formatting of text usingfont, font size, bold, italic etc tools.

Status bar gives of Num lock, Caps lock etc and status of file.


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Ruler is used to change indents of paragraph.

Options :-

This is also used to activate or inactivate format bar,

toolbar, status bar and ruler.also we make wrap setting and set measurement unit

form options tab. Wrap to window means new line stat at end of window.

and wrap to ruler means new line start at end of ruler i.e. rightindent of paragraph.

Insert Menu :-

1) Date and time :-

using this option we can insert date and time in requiredformat where the cursor is placed.


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2) Object :-

Using this option we can insert new object file fromdifferent software like Corel draw or paint brush etc.

a) Click Insert -> Objectb) Select software from which you want to insert object and click on okbutton.

Format Menu :-

Font :-

To change font, font style , font size and color of selected

text font is used.

a) Click Format ->Font

b) Set font font , font style , font size and color in font dialog box.

Bullet Style :-


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This will apply bullets to each paragraph inselected text.

Paragraph :-

This is used to left , right , first line margin andalignment of selected paragraph.

a) Click Format -> Paragraph following dialog appear

b) set left , right line margin and set alignment and click on ok applysettings.


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a) Click Format -> Tab following Tab dialog will appear.

b) Give tab stop position 1 and click on set.

c) To apply tab settings click on ok button and to cancel tab settingsclick on Clear all.

In following dialog if you set tab and 1 position then if cursorwill move to 1 tab position when tab key pressed on new line

Help in Word pad is used to display help about WordPad.


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INTRODUCTION TO WORD

INTRODUCTION :-

We have seen Notepad and Word pad in windows. Weknow that they are word processor software. But there are somelimitations. We can not create table, we can not create differentwindows. We can not insert page breaks very easily or user friendly. MSWord is a software developed by Microsoft. It is a part of MS-Office. Itis specially designed for word processing purpose. MS word is a word

processing software which is used to create documents or process on the

text by applying different effects available in it. It is part of on the text by applying different effects available in it. It is part of MS-Officewhich is more advanced than Notepad and WordPad. There are differentversions of MS-Office i.e. Office 2000 or office 2003 etc. There is aslight difference between them. Here we are referring Office 2000.

Starting MS-Word :-

To start MS-Word click on Start->Programs-

>MS-Word. The following window will appear.

This window contains Title Bar, Menu Bar , Standard Toolbar.Formatting Toolbar, Drawing Toolbar and Status Bar. By default filename in MS-Word is ' Document1.doc' where doc is extension specifiesthat this is document file.


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Title Bar :-

This bar contains title of document , Minimize ,Maximize and close button.

Menu Bar :-

There are 9 different menus on menu bar containssubmenus and options to complete the job. We will see application ofdifferent menus later in this book .

Standard Toolbar :-

Standard tool bar contains tools for creation,opening, printing and editing text documents as shown below .


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1) New :- Opens new file.

2) Open :- Open existing file.

3) Save :- Save file.

4) Print :- Print current file.

5) Print Preview :- To Display preview of current document.

6) Spelling and Grammar :- Used to check spelling andgrammatical.

7) Cut :- To cut selected text

8) Copy :- To copy selected text.

9) Paste :- To paste cut or copied text.

10) Format Painter :- This tool copies formatting of selectedtext and apply it to another text selection.

11) Undo :- This cancels recent action.

12) Redo :- This repeat recent cancelled action.

13) Insert table :- Insert table with specifies no columns androws.

14) Inset Excel Sheet :- Insert Part of excel worksheet.

15) Zoom :- Displays text in specified zoom percentage.

16) Help :- Used to display windows help.

Formatting Tool Bar :-

Formatting tool bar contains different tool forformatting text like font, font size, font style, alignment, bulleting,numbering, color etc. These tools are as shown below.

1) Style :-


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Status Bar :-

This bar displays status of the document. Where is cursoris placed i.e. line no. section no. total no. of pages, current page no.

WORKING WITH FILE MENU :-

1) Creating New Document :-

a) Click on File->New or press Ctrl+N keys from keyboard.

Following New dialog will get displayed.

b) We can create different new files in word like template, letter or webfile. In all these option click on 'New Blank Document' in General taband click on OK button.

This will create new file in MS-Word.


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2) Saving New File :-

a) Click on File->Save As or press Ctrl+S keys from keyboard.Following 'Save as' dialog will get displayed.

b) Select the path where you want to store the document and then givefile name and click on button 'Save'. The name given by you will appearon Title bar.

If we to save modifications in file then click on Save option fromFile menu. To save document as web page then click on 'Save as WebPage' from File Menu.

3) Version :-

We can save different versions of document usingVersions option if File Menu.

4) Open Existing Document :-

a) Click on File->Open or Ctrl+O keys from keyboard.


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Following dialog will get displayed.

b) Select file name which you want to open from appropriate path andclick on Open.

5) Page Setup :-

To change page setup click on 'File->Page Setup'

There are four tabs in Page setup Margins, Paper Size , PaperSource and Layout.

In Margin Tab we can set Top, Bottom, Left, Right andGutter(Margin for binding purpose) margins of paper. We can also setHeader and Footer margin and mirror margin.


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In Paper size tab we can set paper size, we can also set paper sizeaccording to our requirement. Orientation may be portrait or landscape .In Layout tab we can set header footer and we can set border and linenumbers.

6) Print Preview :-

This is used to display view of page before printing it. Byviewing the preview of document we can change the page setup

according to our requirement. Web page preview will display thedocument that how it will get displayed on web page.

7) Send To :-

Using send to we can send the document to destinationusing fax, using mail etc.

8) Properties :-

This option displays general properties of file and we canset properties like read only, archive, hidden or system file.


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General properties displays where it is stored. When it is created,when it is modified and when it is accessed. It also displays how many

paragraphs are there, how many words are there and how many lines arethere etc. in current file.

File menu also display recently opened file also display recentlyopened files and also Exit is used to close MS-Word.

WORING WITH EDIT MENU :-

As we have studied earlier Edit menu is relatedwith modifications and editing in document. Following are thesubmenus in edit menu.

1) Undo (Ctrl+Z) :-

This is used to cancel recently done action in currentdocument.

2) Redo (Ctrl+Y) :-


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This is used to repeat the actions those are cancelled. Ifwe have not cancel or undo any action then Redo is inactive.

3) Moving text :-

To move text form one place to another use CUT(Cut+X) and Paste (Ctrl+V ) in edit menu.

a) Select the text which you want to move.b) Click on Edit->Cut.c) Place the cursor where you want to paste it.d) Click on Edit-> Paste.

You found that the test is moved from source to destination.

4) Copying Text :-

To copy text from one place to another place use Copy(Ctrl+C) and Paste (Ctrl+V) from Edit menu.

a) Select the text which you want to copy.b) Click on Edit->Copy.c) Place the cursor where you want to copy it.d) Click on Edit->Pate.

You will get two copies of selection. One is at Source and on is atdestination.

5) Paste Special :-

We can paste cut or copied text in some specialformat.i.e.rich text, picture, unformatted text, or formatted text using

paste special.


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6) Clear (Del) :-

This option is used to delete selected text.

7) Select All (Ctrl+A) :-

This option is also used to Select whole document.


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8) Finding Text :-

We can find a word or text in current document usingEdit->Find.

a) Click Edit->Find Following dialog will appear. If search options arenot visible then click on More button.

b) Type the text which you want to find in 'Fi