2.3 carbohydrates and lipid notes ib biology hl 1 mrs. peters fall 2014
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2.3 Carbohydrates and Lipid Notes
IB Biology HL 1Mrs. PetersFall 2014
U1. Monosaccharides
• Monosaccharides: simplest carbohydrates simple sugars General formula (CH2O)n
Major nutrients for cells
U1. Monosaccharides
• Monosaccharides: Linked using
condensation reaction to disaccharides and polysaccharides
Ex: glucose, fructose, galactose C6H12O6
U1. Monosaccharides
• Glucose: energy source carried by the blood to cells
• Galactose: used to make milk
U1. Monosaccharides
• Fructose: used to make fruit sweet tasting and attractive to animals
U1. Disaccharides
• Disaccharides: • two monosaccharides
joined by a glycosidic linkage (covalent bond between monosaccharides using condensation) Ex: sucrose;
maltose; lactose
U1. Disaccharides
• Sucrose: glucose + fructose; carried by phloem to transport energy to cells in plants
U1. Disaccharides
• Maltose: 2 glucose; used in creating starch
• Lactose: glucose + galactose; the sugar in milk; source of energy
U1. Polysacchrides
• Polysaccharides: storage and structural macromolecules made from a 40- over 1000 monosaccharides using the condensation reaction Ex: starch, glycogen, cellulose
U1.Polysaccharides
Storage Polysaccharides Starch: found in plants, polymer made of long
chains glucose molecules that coil into a helical shape, used for energy, compact shape and insoluble
U1. Polysaccharides
Storage Polysaccharides **Glycogen: found in animals, a highly
branched polymer of glucose (short term energy storage in liver and muscle cells), insoluble
U1. Polysaccharides
Structural Polysaccharides Cellulose: used to make strong fibers; major
components on plant cell walls, long straight chains of glucose
Bioweb.wku.edu
U2. Fatty Acids
Fatty Acid: a long hydrocarbon “tail” with a carboxyl group at the head end
U2. Fatty Acids
Fatty Acid Types: Saturated: have no
double bonds in the carbon chains
Unsaturated: have double bonds in carbon chains
U2. Fatty Acids
Fatty Acid Types: Monounsaturated:
have one double bond in carbon chains
Polyunsaturated: have more than one double bond in carbon chains
U3. Unsaturated Fatty Acids
Types of Unsaturated Fatty Acid Structures:•cis-fatty acids: the hydrogen atoms bonded to the two carbons of the double bond are on the same side
U3. Unsaturated Fatty Acids
Types of Unsaturated Fatty Acid Structures:•cis-fatty acids:
Have a bend in the carbon chain Usually liquid at room temp – oils Have a lower melting point
U3. Unsaturated Fatty Acids
Types of Unsaturated Fatty Acid Structures:•trans-fatty acids: the hydrogen atoms bonded to the carbons in the double bond are on the opposite sides.
U3. Unsaturated Fatty Acids
Types of Unsaturated Fatty Acid Structures:•trans-fatty acids:
Do not have a bend in the carbon chain Solid at room temperature – usually
artificially produced – margarine and partially hydrogenated
U4. Triglycerides
Triglyceride: Examples: fat in
adipose tissue, oil in sunflower seeds
U4. Triglycerides
• Triglyceride: Consists of three fatty acids linked to glycerol by condensation reactions
• Used as energy stores, used during aerobic cell respiration
• Examples: fat in adipose tissue, oil in sunflower seeds
Types of Lipids
Phospholipids: major components of cell membranes Hydrophilic head Two fatty acid
tails (hydrophobic)
Draw and label a phospholipid
Carbohydrates vs. Lipids
Carbohydrates• Easily digested, energy
is released more rapidly
• Soluble in water, easy to transport
• Short term energy storage
• Stored as glycogen in animals and starch in plants
Lipids• Twice as much energy per
gram than carbs, but harder to break down (slow process)
• Non-polar, insoluble• Long term energy storage• Lipid storage is lighter for
same amount of carbs; • stored as fat in animals• Used for insulation and
buoyancy in animals
Time to Build!!
• Practice condensation and hydrolysis reactions by building different types of carbohydrates.
Time to build!!
• Practice condensation and hydrolysis reactions by building different types of lipids.
Role of Condensation and Hydrolysis
• Describe how condensation